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Physics 105 Fall 2011 !

Physics for Decision Makers:!
The Global Energy Crisis!
Professor Jordan Goodman!
" "!
Shanghai Aug19, 2011
Physics 105 Fall 2011
You are taking a Marquee course!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Imagine. Investigate. Innovate.

The I Series courses are designed to investigate significant issues and
inspire innovative ideas. Unique to the Maryland undergraduate
experience, they fulfill university general education requirements in a
creative and contemporary way.

The classes challenge students to apply diverse intellectual traditions to
todays big issues, such as: Is the rise of artificial intelligence a good
thing? How do ideas spread through social networks like Facebook or
Twitter? Is it always wrong to kill another human being?

Launched as a pilot program in Spring 2010, the I Series begins the
transformation of the universitys General Education Program for
freshmen and transfer students, though all students should find the
courses attractively complex.

http://www.iseries.umd.edu/
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Physics 105 - What is it?!
What if you had to make decisions that could ultimately
determine the survival of our planet? What would you
need to know? !
!
Questions: !
"What about global warming, shrinking oil supplies,
biofuels, nuclear power?!
"Is the planet really warming? !
Should we limit energy use? !
Should we invest in biofuels?!
Is nuclear the answer what about Fukushima?!
What about solar and wind?!
"Are biofuels causing food prices to rise? !
!
!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Recent News!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Front Page of Yesterdays NYTimes!
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Our Choices!
Well, thank God
we all made it out
in time. Course,
now were equally
screwed!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
The Energy Crisis a quote!
Tonight I want to have an unpleasant talk with you about a
problem unprecedented in our history. With the exception of
preventing war, this is the greatest challenge our country will
face during our lifetimes. !
The energy crisis has not yet overwhelmed us, but it will if we do
not act quickly. It is a problem we will not solve in the next
few years, and it is likely to get progressively worse through
the rest of this century. !
We must not be selsh or timid if we hope to have a decent
world for our children and grandchildren.!
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- President Jimmy Carter 1977.!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Recent News US bans some incandescent bulbs !
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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This is a Science course!
This course is about the physics of energy and
its production and consumption in society, but
it's also about making *scientic* decisions
about what's true. It's science interacting with
politics and economics in decisions about policies.!
!
Science is a particular way of knowing about the world. In science, explanations are
restricted to those that can be inferred from the conrmable data the results obtained
through observations and experiments that can be substantiated by other scientists. Anything
that can be observed or measured is amenable to scientic investigation. Explanations that
cannot be based upon empirical evidence are not part of science. - National Academy of
Science
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
!! A fact is a hypothesis that is so rmly supported by evidence
that we assume it is true, and act as if it were true. !
!! There is no sharp line between speculation, hypothesis, theory,
principle, and fact, but only a difference along a sliding scale, in
the degree of probability of the idea. When we say a thing is a
fact, then, we only mean that its probability is an extremely
high one: so high that we are not bothered by doubt about it
and are ready to act accordingly. !
!! The National Academy of Science makes a similar point:!
Scientists most often use the word "fact" to describe an
observation. But scientists can also use fact to mean something
that has been tested or observed so many times that there is no
longer a compelling reason to keep testing or looking for
examples. !
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Physics 105 - What is it?!
!!Am I going to tell you
the answer and expect
you to write it down
and give it back to me?!
!!NO!!
-!Because I dont know
the all the answers!
-!I think I can help you
understand the
method to nd
answers!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Contact Info!
TAs
Wrick Sengupta (Monday) - wsengupta@gmail.com
Michael Jarret (Friday) mjarret@umd.edu
Professor Goodman
!
Email:goodman@umd.edu!
Office: 4328 Physics !
Phone:301-405-6033!
Office Hours: Tuesday 2-3
(Drop in anytime)!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Coming for Help - Goodman!
"Physics building 4328!
"Ofce hours: Tuesday 2-3 or just drop by!
M"
1412"
4
th
Floor"
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Course Website!
!
!!Check for homework, late breaking news, etc.!
!!Check your grades!
!!We will be using Blackboard software!
!!https://elms.umd.edu !
!!Also a Facebook group PHYS105!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Books!
!! Text:
-! Richard Wolfson, Energy, Environment, and Climate
!! Other books (not required but interesting):
-! Gordon Aubrecht, Energy: Physical, Environmental and
Social Impact
-! K. S. De!eyes, Hubberts Peak: The Impending World Oil
Shortage
-! Spencer Weart, The Discovery of Global Warming
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Grading!
Extra Credit will be given if you attend at lease one of the Marquee
Lectures to be given on Sept 28 or Nov 14.
http://www.marqueecourses.umd.edu/marqueelectures.html

Physics 105 Fall 2011
Reading!
Chapter 1 , Wolfson
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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First Assignments!
!!Watch CHAPTER 2 of PBS Frontline:!
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/heat/view/!
-!Answer the questions in Elms (assignment 1a)!
!!Due Sept 7 (Wednesday by midnight)!
!!Come to my ofce and check off your
picture from the list posted there (and say
hello)!
!!Due by next Thursday (Sept 8)!
!!Marquee Survey (due Sept 14)!
CHAPTER TWO (starts at 11:36 runs 10:48)
Fossil Fuels, the Engine of Our Lives
Physics 105 Fall 2011
Clickers are !
Required!
!
!
!! clickers.umd.edu!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Clickers - required!
Setting up your clickers:"
Set channel 41:"
Press Go/Ch for 3 sec"
Yellow/Red ashing light"
Press 41"
Press Go again"
Register your clicker at"
http://clickers.umd.edu/
Id # contains 0 not o(h)"
"
Buy at Online or at book store - cheaper version OK; used OK
Physics 105 Fall 2011
XR Clickers!
!Press menu until you see main screen
!Use down arrow to select Change Channel
!Press Enter
!If the current channel is 41, press Enter, otherwise..
!Use keypad to enter 41, then press Enter
Register your clicker at"
http://clickers.umd.edu/
Id # contains 0 not o(h)"
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Other Devices!
!! You can respond on a laptop, iPhone!
Blackberry but you need a license!
-! $16/year!
!! See Clickers.umd.edu for details!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Clicker Test!
1.! I am a Freshman!
2.! I am a Sophomore!
3.! I am a Junior!
4.! I am a Senior!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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How to do well in Physics 105!
!! Read the book and web materials before the lecture and
refresh yourself after. !
!! Do the homework. # There will homework assignments given
regularly. You may collaborate on homework assignments, but
you will be responsible for producing your own work.!
!! Work with your group on the projects. There are three
projects and they count 15% each. You need participate with
your group!
!! Attend the lectures. # The lectures, demonstrations, and
discussions are how you will learn. # Material covered in lecture
but not in the book may appear on exams. Clickers will be used
to count class participation. !
!! Attend Discussion - much of your project work will be done in
these sections - you will be graded on your participation.!
!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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How to do well in Physics 105!
!! Contribute to the projects. There will be major group
projects. Participation in these projects is essential and will
hopefully be enjoyable. Students will work together in groups
for each project, and there will be a self-assessment.!
!! Talk to your classmates, friends, and parents. Trying to
explain something to someone else is often the best way for you
to fully understand the concept. Soon you will nd people coming
to you with questions.!
!! Ask questions in lecture and discussion. #The only no stupid
question is the question that goes unasked!
!! Read papers, web sites, blogs this topic will be in the news
every day.!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
Group Projects!
!! You will be assigned to a group of 3 or 4 people in your
discussion section!
-! You will work on the projects with this group!
!! You will also be expected to sit with you group in lecture!
-! A seating area for your group will be assigned (Next Slides)!
!! During lecture we will occasionally ask you to discuss things
with your group!
!! I will call on groups from time to time!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Monday Group/Seating Assignments !
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8ouoms, Ma[or uanlel 1 u, L 24/23
8ower, Alexandra C 1 u, L 24/23
8rown, Ausun S 1 u, L 24/23
Conu, Mlchael 8yan 1 u, L 24/23
8uas, eLer Splro 2 8,C 24/23
Creco, kalLlln 2 8,C 24/23
ng, Mlchael !oseph 2 8,C 24/23
8amos, !enae ChrlsLa 2 8,C 24/23
8ernsLeln, Molly 8achel 3 C,u 31/32
khallq, Ahsen naslr 3 C,u 31/32
Solomon, uanlel 3 C,u 31/32
1orlola, Clabode Samuel 3 C,u 31/32
kenlsLon, !ohn lranklln 4 L,l 31/32
kenney, Lve uavlLa 4 L,l 31/32
kramer, 8en[amln !oseph 4 L,l 31/32
Marengo, Lllse nlkole 4 L,l 31/32
klm, Andrew P 3 l, C 23/26
Llu, !oanne !. 3 l, C 23/26
McLaughlln, !ulla Lynne 3 l, C 23/26
Morfessls, Mlchael kelLh 3 l, C 23/26
Section 0101
8aslL, Samad 6 P,C 31/32
8[erke, 1homas Ausun 6 P,C 31/32
uavls, Marcus !amal 6 P,C 31/32
MaLhls, Mlrlam SLopak 6 P,C 31/32
uublnsky, Lauren 8eLh 7 C,u 39/40
kwon, Sandy 7 C,u 39/40
CsLergaard, kevln 8andoll 7 C,u 39/40
Slddlql, lreeha SaadaL 7 C,u 39/40
CalLher, kelll krlsuna 8 L,l 40/41
Mellman, ?edeedya 8. 8 L,l 40/41
lsarlck, 1homas !. 8 L,l 40/41
8lppln, Colln Clenn 8 L,l 40/41
Marsh, Pannah 8obln 9 C,u 31/32
Culnn, Cullen ? 9 C,u 31/32
8odrlguez, uanlel A 9 C,u 31/32
SalnL-Cyr, Wldner 9 C,u 31/32
8rown, 8yan aLrlck 10 A,8 31/32
8epac, 8rluany Marle 10 A,8 31/32
Sclllngo, Chrlsuna Laura 10 A,8 31/32
xle, !lng 10 A,8 31/32
Section 0102
Physics 105 Fall 2011
Friday Group/Seating Assignments!
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Section 0104
Section 0105
Adeslna, Abdul LaLeef 11 L, l 34/33
8lock, 8en[amln uavld 11 L, l 34/33
Puang, Clara Wu 11 L, l 34/33
8odrlguez, Leah 11 L, l 34/33
CaLo, Akwasl Alex 12 A, 8 33/36
Plmmelfarb, uanlel 12 A, 8 33/36
kohler, 8reu Ldward 12 A, 8 33/36
Lluleford, Mlchael 12 A, 8 33/36
CarpenLer, 1homas 13 L, l 31/32
uoherLy, Mauhew l 13 L, l 31/32
erry, kaLhleen C 13 L, l 31/32
Slddlqul, Shu[aaL u 13 L, l 31/32
Carrlere, naLhanael 14 A, 8 39/40
kerbel, !udah Arl 14 A, 8 39/40
SombaL, 1ed 14 A, 8 39/40
Woods, Lrlc !ames 14 A, 8 39/40
llamlng, !acob Andrew 13 C, u 34/33
ParrlngLon, vlncenL u 13 C, u 34/33
MlLman, !oshua Mark 13 C, u 34/33
8obles, Adrlan 13 C, u 34/33
PorowlLz, !eremy 16 L, l 37/38
kaendera, nazla SLephanle 16 L, l 37/38
MaLsangakls, nlcolas 16 L, l 37/38
Mehal, Anes 16 L, l 37/38
8aLe, Marun Cameron 17 P,C 34/33
Pan, kangxl 17 P,C 34/33
vu, Alexander 1uan-kleL 17 P,C 34/33
Llu, !ames ?an 18 P,C 41/42
8aoum, Seung Woo 18 P,C 41/42
SLelnberg, Mlchael 18 P,C 41/42
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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A little about me Dr. Jordan Goodman!
!! I am a professor of Physics !
!! This is the the only class I am teaching this
semester!
-! My job is to not only disseminate knowledge,
but to also create knowledge!
!! I work doing research in Particle Astrophysics!
-! This eld blends elements of high energy
physics and astrophysics. !
-! We study gamma rays and neutrinos from
space to understand the sources of high
energy particles in space!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Particle Astrophysics - Goodman!
!! HAWC Sierra Nerga Mexico!
-! Milagro Los Alamos - NM!
!! Gamma-rays from space!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Particle Astrophysics!
!! IceCube South Pole!
-! Km
3
Neutrino telescope!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Other Info!
!! Solid Terp 3 degrees wife and two kids 6 more degrees!
!! Sports I participate in:!
-! Skiing, Tennis, Bicycling, Basketball!
!! Teams I root for:!
-! Redskins*, Terps, Wizards, Caps, Nationals!
!! Teams I dont like:!
-! Cowboys, Eagles, Giants!
-! DUKE!!
!! Music:!
-! Springsteen, Counting Crows, REM, Petty, Dylan, Clapton, Who!
!! Photography!
-! Used to do it professionally!
-! Still a major hobby!
!! Travel I do a lot of traveling mostly for work.!
-! In the last few years India, UK, Mexico, New Zealand, South Pole,
Russia, China (Beijing, Tibet, Hong Kong, Shanghai), Italy (Sicily, Rome,
Venice), Germany, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Austria, Poland, Greece!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Course Topics (preliminary)!
Week Topic
1 Physics and energy: Work, power and electricity
2 Demographics, free lunches, and the Tragedy of the Commons
3 The limits of efficiency: Laws of thermodynamics
4 Energy production, usage and loss
5 Conservation of energy vs energy conservation
6 Fossil fuel resources, Peak Oil
7 Waste, heat, pollution and transportation
8 Weather vs climate; anthropogenic change
9 Global warming: Treaties, regulations, responses
10 Solar energy: Wind and photovoltaics
11 Biomass: ethanol, sugar cane, etc; Energy costs of agriculture
12 Nuclear: Fission and fusion
13 Energy storage and load management
14 The view from Congress, the White House and the Courthouse

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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Sample questions you will learn the answer to:!
!! What is Energy!
!! Why is hydrogen not a source of energy!
!! Difference between!
-! Energy and Power!
-! Climate and Weather!
!! Where does the mass of trees come from!
!! Why does a refrigerator make your house warmer!
!! Why do plug-in hybrid cars help!
!! What is the greenhouse effect!
!! Why does the University of Maryland generate its own
electricity!
!! What is the advantage of nuclear fusion over ssion!
!! What are the pluses and minuses of different energy sources!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Estimation - an important skill!
!! How many dentists are there in Maryland?!
-! ~6 million people in Maryland!
-! How often do you go to the dentist!
-!Average maybe once per year!
-!So 6 million visits per year in the state!
-! How long is a visit with the dentist?!
-!~1 Hr!
-!So a dentist can see 40 patients max a week (maybe 30 is a
better guess).!
-!So 30 * 50 weeks is 1500 patients/dentist!
-! 6x10
6
/1.5x10
3
= 4x10
3
= 4000!
!! Last count 4169 !
-! (I made a few lucky guesses but unlikely to be off by more
than a factor of 2)!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
What has happened in your lifetime???!
!! 1991:!
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1
st
Gulf War
Physics 105 Fall 2011
World Population!
!! 1992 5.4 Billion!
!! 2011 6.958 Billion (est Today)!
!!Should Hit 7 Billion!
before the end of the!
year (6 Billion in 1999)!
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Difference is equal to entire world
population in 1910 !!
http://www.worldometers.info/
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
World Energy Consumption!
!! 1991 384 Quadrillion BTUs (Quads)!
!!2009 490 Quads!
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Quadrillion = 10
15
BTU British Thermal Unit
Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Energy Consumption!
!! 1991 84 Quadrillion BTUs (Quads)!
!! 2008 100 Quads!
!! 2009 95 Quads (~20% of World Consumption)!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
World Oil Production!
!! 1991 58 million barrels/day!
!! 2008 87 million barrels/day!
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(1 barrel = 42 gallons)
Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Oil Production!
!! 1991 7.4 million barrels/day!
!! 2009 5.3 million barrels/day!
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(1 barrel = 42 gallons)
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Gasoline Prices!
!! 1991 - $ 1.75!
!! 2008 - $ 4.00!
!! 2009 - $ 1.79 !
!! 2010 - $ 2.40!
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Adjusted for inflation
Physics 105 Fall 2011 Marquee Lecture 4/12/11!
How much do we (US) spend on oil?!
!!The United States consumed 18.8 million
barrels per day of petroleum products during
2009. !
!!At the current price ~$100/barrel this is ~
$2B/day or $700B/yr!
!!Discretionary spending US Govt.: $1.368 trillion !
-!-$663.7 billion Department of Defense!
-!Total US Government discretionary spending
$700B/yr!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Gasoline Prices!
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Adjusted for inflation
Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Fleet average miles per gallon!
!! 1991 22 miles per gallon!
!! 2008 21 miles per gallon!
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120 hp
2900 lbs
268 hp
3300 lbs
1987-1991 325i/is - 2.5 L 168 hp
2007-2011 335i 3.0 L 300 hp
BMW 3 series
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
US Fleet average vehicle weight!
!! 1991 3400 lbs.!
!! 2008 4200 lbs.!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Price of Corn!
!! 1991 - $2.28/bushel!
!! 2008 $5.37/bushel!
!!2011 - $7.45/bushel!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
CO
2
in the atmosphere (parts per million ppm)!
!! 1991 352 ppm!
!! 2010 390 ppm!
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The Earth is Warming!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Global average temperature!
!! 1991 14 C (57.2 F)!
!! 2008 14.4 C (57.9 F)!
!! 2010 14.5 C (58.1 F)!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Temperature through last year!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
Your lifetime!
!! Current life expectancy:!
-! If you are a 20 yr. old male - 76.5 Years!
-! If you are a 20 year old female - 81.5 Years!
- look at the changes in 20 years -

what will happen in the next 60 years?
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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What is Energy?!
!!Physics Denition - The capacity to do work!
!
!! What is Work?!
-! Work is a force times a distance - !
-! Examples:!
-! raise an object up - give it potential energy!
-! apply a force to a car (by the wheels on the road) over a
distance and it gains (or looses) Kinetic energy!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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What is Energy (and Power)?!
!
!!Several different forms of energy: !
-!kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical,
nuclear, and mass !
-!The basic unit of energy is a Joule!
!!Energy is conserved!
-!Energy cannot be created or destroyed - only
transformed from one form to another or transferred
from one system to another!
!!Power is the energy/time !
-!the basic unit of power is a Watt= Joule/Second!
!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Energy Units!
!! Joule = 1 kg m
2
/s
2
- Metric unit of energy !
!! kWh = 1000 Joule/s for one hour = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ!
!! calorie = energy to raise temperature of 1 g of water by one
degree C!
!! 1 calorie = 4.186 J!
!! Calorie (food) = 1 kcal = 1,000 calories!
!! 1 kcal (Calorie) is the equivalent energy to a 100w light bulb on
for about 7 minutes!
!! BTU (British Thermal Unit) = energy to raise temperature of 1 lb
of water by one degree F = 1,055 J = 0.25 Kcal!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Energy!
!
!!Energy = The ability to do work!
-!Mechanical (motion)!
-!Thermal (heat)!
-!Chemical (re)!
-! Nuclear !
-! Electromagnetic (light, RF)!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Energy Equivalents!
="
550 Calories"
1500 kg at 50 m/s"
" (120 mph)"
2.3 MJ"
chemical
mechanical
1 gallon of gasoline contains 130 MJ of
energy = ~40 Big Macs !
40 Big Macs weigh ~10-15 lbs vs 8 lbs
for gasoline!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
!! Power = Energy per unit time!
!! 1 Watt = 1 Joule/s!
!! 1 Horsepower = 746 Watts!
-!200 HP engine = 150 kW engine!
!!Power times Time is energy (kiloWatt-hour)!
!!kWh = 1000 J/s for one hour = 3,600,000 J = 3.6 MJ!
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Power!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
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Energy!
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Physics 105 Fall 2011
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U.S. Energy Consumption by Source!
Physics 105 Fall 2011
Page 66
Energy needs per adult (kcal/person/day)!
!! Primitive 2,000!
!! Hunter-gatherer 5,000!
!! Early agriculture 12,000!
!! Later agriculture 20,000!
!! Early industrial 60,000!
!! Modern industrial 125,000!
!! Current U.S. 250,000!
Kill something and eat it!
Kill something, cook it and eat it!
Use a horse or ox to plow eld!
Use a windmill or waterwheel!
Steam, coal, wood - make steel!
Electricity, oil, coal, nat. gas!
!