2192 LABORATORY PRACTICE IV

INDUCTION GENERATOR

CONDUCTED BY : Mr. H.A.I .De Silva

NAME INDEX NO FIELD GROUP DATE OF PER DATE OF SUB

: R.M.R.A.RATHNAYAKA : 090433K : EE : G 11 : 22-08-2011 : 01-09-2011

Objectives:
To study the characteristics of operation of 1. A self-exited induction generator. 2. A grid connected induction generator.

Introduction:
The induction machine as a motor is very popular due to its many advantages. Though not popular as such, it is also capable of working as a generator, either isolated or connected to the grid supply. Irrespective of the form of operation, lagging reactive power has to be supplied to the induction machine by an external source. When operated as an isolated generator, asset of capacitors used to supply the reactive power required. The residual magnetism present in the machine causes a voltage to build up across the terminals. Thus the residual flux in the machine is of utmost importance when operated as an isolated induction generator. When induction generator is connected to the grid supply, lagging reactive power requirement is drawn from the grid supply and by driving the machine at the super synchronous speed in the correct direction; real power can be fed in to the grid.

Apparatus:
1. Induction machine 2. DC dynamometer 3. Stroboscope 4. 3-phase wattmeter 5. AC voltmeter (300V) 6. 2 AC ammeters (5A) 7. Frequency meter(5-10Hz) 8. Oscilloscope 9. Isolating voltage transformer 10. 2 banks of variable resistive loads 11. Capacitor bank (0-120F) PROCEDURE 1) Isolated induction generator

Part (a)

No load characteristic for varying capacitance and constant prime mover speed

Connect the circuit as shown below

DC Dynamometer

Induction Machine
V

Capacitor bank

Drive the dynamometer (prime mover of the induction generation) at 2500 rpm using field current controller of the DC motor. With the terminal of the induction machine open, measure the terminal voltage.(this voltage connect the residual magnetism in the machine).Connect the variable capacitor bank at the machine terminal and increase the capacitor from zero for each value of the capacitance measure the voltage frequency of the generator and magnetizing line current on no-load-at 2500rpm without exceeding 280V. Part b) No load characteristic for varying prime mover speed and constant capacitance Connect the circuit as in part (a) .Connect the capacitance required to obtain the rated voltage under no-load at 2500rpm. Drive the prime mover at different speeds such that the no-load line voltage within the range 200V-280V. Get the reading of Speed, voltage, frequency and the magnetizing current for five different voltages. Part c) Performance of the loaded generator with constant speed Connect circuit as below
A

DC Dynamometer

Induction Machine

Capacitor bank
V

Resistor Bank

Drive the prime mover at 2500rpm. Select the capacitance such that the no-load generator voltage is 280V. While keeping the speed constant, vary the load resistance. (Without exceeding 5A in load circuit. ) Measure voltage, current under different loading conditions. Part (d). Performance of the loaded generator without speed regulation Repeat the same procedure as in (C) above, the prime mover at 2500rpm under no-load and without adjusting the speed at each loading step.

2. Grid connected Induction Generator Connect the circuit as below

DC Dynamometer

Induction Machine

3-Ph Wattmeter
V

Grid

Drive the dynamo meter and observe the rotating direction, also drive the induction machine as a motor and observe the rotational direction and how those terminal was connected, it can useful to drive the both in to same direction. Drive the prime mover at 300rpm. Connect 240V, 50Hz supply to the induction machine. Increase the speed slightly to get the zero wattmeter reading. Under this condition no real power is delivered to the grid. The current read from the ammeter is the excitation current drawn by the induction generator. Note down the line current, voltage, frequency, speed and torque. Increase the speed in steps of 25rpm and until the rated power is delivered to the grid and note down all quantities at each step.

1. Self exited Induction Generator

Part (a)-Line voltage vs Magnetising current
280

270

260

Line voltage (V)

250

240

230

220 1.5 2 2.5 Magnetizing Current (A) 3 3.5

Part (a)-Line voltages vs Capacitance

290

280

270

260 Line Voltage (V) 250 240 230 220 50 55 60 65 Capacitance (uF) 70 75 80

Capacitance required; At 240V C=I/ (2fV) = 2.3/ (2*41*240) = 37.2F (Theoretical) Practical 67F

At 240V & 50 Hz C=I/ (2fV) = 2.3/ (2*50*240) = 30.50F

Part (b)-Voltage vs Speed

300

280

260

Voltage (V)

240

220

200

180 2350

2400

2450

2500

2550

2600

2650

2700

Speed (rpm)

Part (b)-Frequency vs Speed

44.5

44

43.5

43

42.5

Frequncy (Hz)

42

41.5

41

40.5

40

39.5 2350

2400

2450

2500

2550

2600

2650

2700

Speed (rpm)

Part (b)-Magnetising Current vs Speed

3

2.5

Magnetizing current (A)

1.5

0.5

0 2350

2400

2450

2500

2550

2600

2650

2700

Speed (rpm)

Part (c) / Part (d)-Voltage vs Load Current

280

270

260

250

240

with constant speed(2500rpm) Voltage (V) 230 without speed regulation Poly. (with constant speed(2500rpm)) 220 Poly. ( without speed regulation)

210

200

190

180 0 0.5 1 Load Current (A) 1.5 2

Part (c)/ Part (d)-Frequency vs Load Current

42

41.5

41

40.5 Frequency (Hz) with constant speed (2500rpm) without speed regulation 40 Log. (with constant speed (2500rpm)) Poly. (without speed regulation) 39.5

39

38.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Load Current (A)

Part (c) Generator Current vs Load Current

3

2.5

Gen. Current (A)

1.5

0.5

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Load Current (A)

Part (d)-Torque vs Speed of prime mover

3.5

3.3

3.1

2.9

2.7

Torque(Nm)

2.5

2.3

2.1

1.9

1.7

1.5 2400

2420

2440

2460 Speed(rms)

2480

2500

2520

2. Grid connected Induction generator

Power output vs Speed
70

60

50

40 Power Output (W) 30 20 10 0 2980

3000

3020

3040

3060

3080

3100

3120

Speed (rpm)

Line Current vs Speed

4

3.5

2.5

Line Current (A)

1.5

0.5

0 3000

3020

3040

3060 Speed (rpm)

3080

3100

3120

Calculating Efficiency at each conditions

% For a sample calculation

2.866% II. Calculating power factor:

Wattmeter reading =real power Apparent power = V

Sample calculation p.f =10/(1.5220) =0.03

Current(A) 1.5 1.5 1.7 2 3.35

Voltage(V) 220 220 220 224 224

Power(w) 0 10 30 40 60

Speed(rpm) 3003 3028 3048 3076 3100

Torque(Nm) 1.0 1.1 2.0 2.7 3.2

Efficiency % 0 2.866 4.699 4.559 5.77

Power factor

0
0.03 0.08 0.09 0.08

Efficiency Vs speed
7

4 Efficiency(%) 3 2 1 0 2980

3000

3020

3040

3060

3080

3100

3120

Speed(rpm)

Power factor Vs speed

0.1

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

Power factor

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0 2980

3000

3020

3040

3060

3080

3100

3120

Speed (rpm)

DISCUSION: 1. Why the no-load test done under lower frequency than the rated 50Hz At no load condition output power is zero. This can be achieved by keeping synchronous speed (Ns) greater than rotor speed (Nr) (NS ) = 60 fs /p (Nr ) = 60 fr /p NS > Nr 60 fs /p>60 fr /p fs > fr 50Hz> fr To achieve that objective the no-load test was designed to result in a lower frequency than rated frequency of 50 Hz. 2. Cause of variation of the voltage and current wawe forms of the generator when loading In the two cases where we load the generator with load and without loading we can obtain different values of voltage and current wave forms. If we do not change the speed when we increase the load, frequency of the generator decreases. There for the voltage waveform will expand in the time axis as the rotor speed reduces. When we apply more load the generator will have to gives more power. There for when load of the generator is increasing the amplitude of the current wave form will grow higher. And also when frequency drops the current will automatically will expand in the time axis. 3. Importance of induction generator in Sri Lanka Induction generators are often used in wind turbines and some micro hydro installations due to their ability to produce useful power at varying rotor speeds. Sri Lanka is rich in waterfalls which can be used to produce electricity using micro hydro power plants or mini hydro power plants. Also our country have sufficient wind pattern in coastal areas for power generation. This induction generators can be used for generate power using wind. Induction generators are particularly suitable and usually used for wind generating stations as in this case speed is always a variable factor, and the generator is easy on the gearbox. By considering the prices of these generators this induction generators are much more suitable for a developing country like Sri Lanka for power generate to supply to the national grid or use in their own premises. Induction generators are mechanically and electrically simpler than other generator types. So with little technical knowledge this generator can be installed or repaired even without a help of an engineer. They are also more rugged, requiring no brushes or commutators . repair is easy and this machine can last long than other moters. There are two methods that we can use this machine. With grid connect or without grid connection. So we can supply power to the rural areas as well as urban areas.

Advantages of induction generator Induction generators are much suitable for mini & micro small scale power plants and grid wind power plants Cheap compare to Synchronous Generator Size is considerable small No need of supporting structure Robust and Reliable in operation. Simple in construction easy to maintain. 4. Discuss about each graph plotted 1) Self-excited Induction Generator Part (a) Line Voltage (V) Vs Magnetizing Current (I) According to this graph we can see the line voltage is increasing while increasing the magnetizing current. And even close to a linear relationship. Line Voltage Vs Capacitance According to this graph we can see the line voltage is increasing while increasing the Capacitance. Its close to a linear relationship. Part (b) Voltage Vs Speed According to this graph we can see the line voltage is increasing while increasing the Speed. Its very close to a linear relationship. Frequency Vs Speed According to this graph we can see the frequency is increasing while increasing the speed. Its very close to a linear relationship. Magnetizing Current Vs Speed According to this graph we can see the Magnetizing Current is increasing while increasing the speed. Its close to a linear relationship. Part (c) Voltage Vs Load Current According to this graph we can see the Voltage is decreasing while increasing the Load Current. Its so close to a curve relationship. Load Current Vs Frequency

According to this graph we can see the Frequency is decreasing while increasing the load current. Its close to a linear relationship. Load Current Vs Generator Current When load current increases the generator current decreases.This has a linear relationship.

Part (d) Voltage Vs Load Current When load current is increasing voltage decreases. It decrease some kind of exponentially way. The voltage in the constant speed case is much larger than without speed regulation one Frequency Vs Load Current When load current increases frequency decrease. It decrease in a linear way. Frequency in the constant speed motor is higher than frequency in motor which has not got speed control in same load current. Torque Vs Speed According to this graph we can see the Torque is decreasing while increasing the speed, this is a linear graph. 2) Grid connected Induction Generator Power Output vs. Speed According to this graph we can see the power output is increasing while increasing the speed. And also its close to a linear relationship with speed of the generator. Line Current vs. Speed Line current also increases while increasing the speed. This graphs also not a linear one. So line current has no linear relationship with speed. Its kind of polynomial one. Efficiency vs. Speed While the speed is increasing the efficiency of this graph is increase non linearly. Power Factor vs. Speed According to this graph the power factor is increasing with speed up to some limit. And this graph has non linear behavior.