SUPERCRITICAL BOILER OPTIONS FOR FIRING LOW VOLATILE CHINESE COALS

Stephen J. Goidich and David E. Wagner

FOSTER WHEELER NORTH AMERICA CORP.

ABSTRACT Chinas tremendous growth in power generation capacity can be characterized as trending from 300 MWe and 600 MWe class subcritical boilers, to supercritical boilers ranging from 600 MWe to 1,000 MWe. The use of high cycle efficiency supercritical boilers is a key part of any strategy to lower the total acid rain and greenhouse gas forming emissions. In China, there are abundant reserves of low volatile coal. The use of low volatile fuels has been successfully demonstrated and implemented in 300 and 600 MWe class subcritical Arch-Fired Pulverized Coal units, and in 300 MWe class subcritical Circulating Fluidized Bed units. This paper presents the application of supercritical technology and boiler design to the proven combustion methods of Arch Fired Pulverized Coal and Circulating Fluid Bed for boiler sizes exceeding 600 MWe. The ability to successfully burn these low volatile fuels in an efficient manner, and within emission control standards is of critical importance to the future growth of the Chinese power generation industry. INTRODUCTION The selection of the proper steam generator technology is a critical step in the basic design of a new power project. The fuel to be fired and the steam cycle to be adopted dictates the type of steam generator needed to satisfy the requirements of the project. Foster Wheeler pulverized coal arch fired boilers and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers have successfully fired solid fuels (lean coals, anthracites and pet cokes) with volatile matter content as low as 5% on an as received basis. Please see Table 1 for list of recent FW low volatile fuel boiler installations of 300 MW capacity and greater. FW has numerous drum type, subcritical arch-fired and CFB steam generators in service firing a wide range of fuels. However, in todays power generation market, more and more projects are adopting the supercritical steam cycle. FW is currently offering once-through supercritical arch fired and CFB boilers, suitable for firing low volatile coals. Both designs incorporate the Siemens BENSON Vertical Tube (VT) technology for the furnace circuitry. FW has recently licensed its arch fired technology for supercritical cycles to a Chinese boiler supplier and is currently executing a European contract to design and supply a supercritical, once- through CFB of 460 MWe capacity.
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PROJECT CLECO, Rodemacher 3 USA Jiangzi JiuJiang PRC JEA Northside USA Hebei Hanfeng PRC Yangcheng PRC Hubei Ezhou PRC

BOILER TYPE CFB Arch CFB Arch Arch Arch

CAPACITY 2 x 330 MW

FUEL

Petcoke, Coal 2 x 385 MW Anthracite

SERVICE DATE ~2009 2004 2001 2000 2000 to 2002 1999

Petcoke, Coal 2 x 716 MW Anthracite 6 x 380 MW Anthracite 2 x 335 MW Anthracite

2 x 300 MW

Table 1. Recent FW Steam Generators for Low Volatile Fuels ( 300 MWe)

FUELS Volatile Matter and Fixed Carbon Content of the Coals One of the most important fuel constituents is the volatile matter (VM) content. This

constituent has a very large impact on the ignitability and burnout characteristics of the coal. VM is driven out of the fuel when the fuel is heated and ignites readily, thus supporting ignition of the coal.

Fixed carbon (FC) is the major constituent in the coal that burns. FC is more difficult to ignite and burns more slowly than VM. As the VM decreases the ratio of the FC to VM increases. A coal with a higher FC/VM ratio is more difficult to burn than a coal with a lower ratio. VM is often measured and reported on several basis; these include as received, dry-ash-free and dry, mineral-matter-free. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method D 388-88 Standard Classification of Coals by Rank classifies coals according to their fixed carbon and gross calorific heating values. The fixed carbon limits are considered on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis. The higher carbon content fuels such as anthracite, semi-anthracite and low volatile bituminous coals are also presented in ASTM D388-88 with their corresponding volatile matter (VM) limits (also on a dry, mineral-matter-free basis). The dry, mineral-matter-free basis is important because it excludes certain non-burnable compounds
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from the VM content. These compounds include the water from clay hydration and carbon dioxide from carbonates. This is very important information for low VM coals because ignitability can be affected by these compounds. This is especially important when dealing with high ash, low volatile coals. Note that much of the Chinese low volatile coals used for power generation contains 20% - 25% ash. Regardless of the basis of measurement, the general rule is that as the VM decreases (and the FC/VM ratio increases) the coal becomes harder to ignite and burns more slowly. Based on the discussion above, VM content is often used as an indication of the ease of combustion of a coal. It is Foster Wheelers experience that the transition from "easy to burn" to hard to burn occurs at approximately 18-20% VM on an as received basis. Reactivity Index Foster Wheeler discovered many years ago that VM alone was not sufficient for predicting the burning characteristics of a coal. While the general trend showed coals with lower VM content were more difficult to burn than coals with a higher VM content, there appeared to be a relatively large difference in burning characteristics for coals of the same VM. Further investigation into the ignition of coals resulted in the establishment of a Reactivity Index (RI). The RI is the temperature (in deg C) at which a sample being heated in a special oxygensupplied, adiabatic furnace achieves a 15C per minute temperature rise rate. This index indicates the temperature at which devolatilization and self-sustaining combustion of the coal takes place. Therefore, the lower the RI, the easier it is to ignite the coal. A RI of greater than 275C typically requires an arch fired boiler to ensure stable combustion without support fuel through a reasonable load range. Figure 1 is a plot of the VM content of a number of coal samples versus their respective RI. This shows that the RI tends to increase significantly when the VM drops below 18%. It is this correlation that supports FWs position that fuels of approximately 18% VM (ar) should be considered hard to burn fuels.

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Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA)

measures the weight loss of a sample as a function of time and a steadily rising temperature. TGAs are conducted on

both the coal and the coal char. Hard to burn fuels lose their burnable fractions (weight loss) at higher temperatures and the rate of weight loss is smaller than for other coals. Thus, the TGA of a coal sample yields information about its ignitability that complements the RI. The separate TGA of the char provides information about the time required for burnout after devolatilization of the coal. The combustion characteristics of coal is a very complex subject and is treated superficially in the paragraphs above. However, for this paper it is sufficient to say that low volatile coals are less reactive than other coals and therefore require special firing conditions to achieve ignition and complete burnout of the coal particles. BOILER DESIGNS ARCH FIRED AND CFB TYPE To successfully fire low volatile fuels, the firing system of the steam generator must address the combustion process of the specific fuels. As noted above low VM fuels are more difficult to burn than fuels with higher VM content. The steam generator design must address ignition and carbon burnout of the fuels. The arch fired and CFB steam generators, have addressed these issues in different ways. Arch-Fired Pulverized Coal Combustion The general characteristics of the arch furnaces [1] developed for low volatile fuel firing are shown in Figure 2 and the special type of burner employed is shown in Figure 3. The special features of the furnace and burner depicted, which distinguish them from conventional wall fired units, all relate to the poor ignition and burnout characteristics of the low volatile fuels.
Figure 1. Volatile Content vs Reactivity Index

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MAIN FLAME SCANNER VENT VALVE AIR/COAL INLET PIPE RIFFLE DISTRIBUTOR

BURNER VENT PIPE

ADJUSTABLE ROD AND VANE

SIGHT PORT

DOUBLE CYCLONE BURNER

OIL BURNER (OPTIONAL)

BURNER NOZZLE FLAME SCANNER AND IGNITOR VENT AIR DAMPER VENT PIPE ADJUSTABLE ROD AND VANE DOUBLE CYCLONE BURNER CONTROL DAMPERS SECONDARY AIR PORTS

ENG39

Figure 3. Double Cyclone Burner

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Figure 2. Arch-Fired Boiler

Ignition The main provisions employed to get prompt and stable ignition are: Double cyclone burners for removal of air from the air/coal mixture entering the burner nozzles to discharge a fuel rich mixture to the furnace. Preheat type burner nozzles to rapidly heat pulverized coal particles to secondary air temperature prior to discharge to the furnace. Compartmented windbox with control dampers to proportion the air flow to limit the amount of combustion air in the ignition zone. Burner and arch geometry to induce back-flow of some of the hot combustion gas into the ignition zone. Refractory lining of the lower furnace to radiate heat back to the ignition zone.

Complete Burnout A high degree of burnout (low combustible loss) of the ignited fuel is achieved by providing: Furnace and burner configuration to create W shaped flame pattern to provide sufficient residence time in the hot portion of the furnace.

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Compartmented windbox and air wall with control dampers to stage admission of secondary combustion air in the proper amounts and at the optimum points along the flame path downstream of the ignition zone.

To achieve rapid ignition and good carbon burnout, the coal particles must be delivered to the burners at a high degree of fineness. Typically 85% to 90% fines passing a 74 micron mesh is the minimum fineness required to successfully fire low VM coals.

As illustrated in Figure 4, the fuel is fired substantially downward together with a portion of the air required for combustion. The remaining

combustion air is admitted through the vertical walls below the burners in such a direction and velocity as to induce a partial backflow of hot furnace gases into the fuel rich ignition zone without causing intense turbulent mixing. In

this scheme of air admission a large volume of air is withheld from the ignition zone thus preventing the severe temperature dilution that would occur if all the air were admitted with the fuel. The bulk of the combustion air is mixed progressively into a developing flame on its downward path. The creation of a small amount of recirculation back into the ignition zone is a simple means of significantly raising its temperature to promote rapid heating of the incoming fuel. An additional design adjustment is to apply refractory covering to a portion of the furnace wall below the arches. The amount of backflow and amount of refractory coverage can therefore be varied to match the burning properties the fuel fired.
Figure 2. Arch-Fired Combustion Pattern

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It is FWs vast experience with arch fired boilers with various low volatile fuels from around the world that enables us to properly design a boiler to achieve rapid ignition and stable combustion with low volatile fuels without need for coal blending to improve combustion. Stable combustion is maintained throughout a wide load range, typically down to 40% of maximum boiler load, without need to costly support fuel. Lastly, the FW arch boiler design typically provides adequate margin to successfully fire lower than expected VM coals without need for blending to improve combustion. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Figure 5 schematically illustrates the CFB combustion process. As shown, coal is crushed to a top size of approximately 13mm and is dropped into the lower furnace through air swept fuel chutes. Limestone is
800 - 900oC 4.5 - 5.0 m/s Flue Gas 800 - 900oC

crushed to a topsize of about 1mm is pneumatically injected into the lower furnace. Primary air for

combustion is passed through a grid of nozzles on the furnace floor that uniformly distribute the air into the combustion zone. The cross-sectional area of the

Air Fuel 12 mm x 0 Limestone 1 mm x 0 Air CaSO4

furnace is designed to achieve an air/gas velocity within the furnace that is high enough to entrain the coal, sorbent, and residual ash produced from the combustion

Figure 5. CFB Process

process. The finer size solids that are entrained are lifted into the upper furnace and are collected by centrifugal action within a single or multiple solids separators (depending on unit size). The collected solids are discharged from the solids separators into an aerated sealing device that allows the solids to flow back into the lower furnace while providing a seal that prevents furnace gases from back-flowing up through the bottom of the separator and negatively impacting the solids collection efficiency. The coarser fraction of solids that are too large to be completely entrained in the up-flowing gases fall back (reflux) to the lower furnace where they mix with the finer fraction of solids that were externally circulated, collected, and returned back to the lower furnace. This flywheel of circulation and mixing solids provides a relatively uniform temperature for combustion, and by continually recirculating the combustion products, provides a long residence time for fuel burn-up and for
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emission control reactions to occur. The flywheel of circulating solids allows a wide range of fuels to be fired in the same unit as well as low-grade fuels that cannot be effectively fired in a pulverized fuel furnace.

By injecting a sorbent, such as limestone, into the combustion zone, the calcium in the limestone reacts with the sulfur in the coal to form calcium sulfate which is a solid material that can be drained from the furnace, leaving the flue gas compliant with emission regulations without the need for costly downstream scrubbing equipment.

A relatively low temperature (800-900C) for combustion is optimum for achieving maximum sulfur capture within the furnace. This low temperature, along with staged

combustion (substoichiometric primary air with multiple levels of over-fire secondary air) also minimizes nitrogen oxide formation. Further reduction in NOx can be simply achieved by a Selective Non-Catalytic Reaction (SNCR) system that uses small amounts of ammonia or urea injection into the solids separator inlet.

These features of CFB combustion process provide an excellent means for firing low volatile Chinese coals for efficient, cost effective power generation. BENSON VERTICAL OTU BOILER DESIGN Technology Description Critical to the design of a supercritical once-through boiler is the design of the furnace steam/water evaporator circuitry, the associated start-up system, and how they are integrated with the firing and heat recovery area (HRA) systems. The Siemens' BENSON Vertical Tube OTU technology offers the latest advancements in once-through supercritical boiler design and has been integrated with Foster Wheelers arch-fired and CFB boiler technologies.

To provide safe and reliable operation of a once-through supercritical boiler requires minimizing peak tube metal temperatures and limiting the temperature differential between adjacent enclosure tubes. The BENSON Vertical boiler addresses these issues in the following unique and effective ways:

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Limit tube-to-tube temperature differentials.

In a once-through boiler which

operates at supercritical pressure, there is no distinction between liquid and vapor phases, and there is a continual increase in fluid temperature with heat input. With radial unbalances in heat absorption (caused by tube geometric position, burner heat release pattern, and furnace cleanliness), and variations in flow rate (caused by hydraulic resistance differences from tube-to-tube), variations in tube temperatures occur. High differential temperatures induce high thermal stresses, which, if not limited, can result in tube failure. Historically, this issue has been addressed in two different ways: In units with multiple passes in the furnace evaporator, the differential temperature is limited by the fact that each pass picks up a fraction of the total evaporator duty which limits the magnitude of the unbalance and intermediate mixing occurs before the fluid is distributed to the next downstream pass. However, with multiple passes, the furnace must operate at supercritical pressure to avoid the difficulties of uniformly distributing a steam-water mixture to the down stream passes. In units with a spiral tube configuration, the unbalance issue is addressed by having each inclined tube pass through the varying heat absorption zones so that each tube absorbs approximately the same amount of heat. With a single up-flow pass, the spiral design can operate with variable pressure steam, which minimizes part load auxiliary power requirements and allows matching of steam and turbine metal temperature for extended steam turbine life. However, the spiral tube evaporator configuration requires a special support system for the inclined tubes, which are not self-supporting. Both the multi-pass and the spiral designs use high fluid mass flows. High fluid mass flow rates result in high pressure losses as well as a once-through flow characteristic which, as illustrated in Figure 6 means that strongly heated tubes have a reduction in fluid mass flow and a correspondingly high increase in fluid and therefore metal temperature which can result in excessive tube-to-tube temperature differentials.

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In the FW BENSON Vertical design, the furnace enclosure is formed from a single, upflow pass of vertical tubes. The tube size and spacing is selected to provide a low fluid mass flow rate of approximately 1000 kg/m2-s for the arch fired units and approximately 750 kg/m2-s for the CFB units. As illustrated in Figure 7, with low mass flow rates, the frictional pressure loss is low compared to the gravitational head, and as a result, a tube that is heated strongly, i.e., absorbs more heat, draws more flow. With an increase in flow to the strongly heated tube, the temperature rise at the outlet of the tube is limited which limits the differential temperature between adjacent tubes. This is known as the "natural circulation characteristic".

Figure 6. Once-Through Characteristic

Figure 7. Natural Circulation Characteristic

Minimize peak tube metal temperatures. To minimize peak tube metal temperatures, multiple pass and spiral types designs use high fluid mass flow rates to achieve good tube cooling. This results in the "once through characteristic" noted above.

The BENSON Vertical technology is characterized by low fluid mass flow rates. Normally, low fluid mass flow rates do not provide adequate tube cooling when used with smooth tubing. Unique to the BENSON Vertical technology is the use of optimized rifled tubes in
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high heat flux areas to eliminate this concern (rifled in the lower furnace, smooth-bore in the upper furnace). The greatest concern for tube overheating occurs when the evaporator

operating pressure approaches the critical pressure. In the 210 to 220 bar (3055 - 3200 psig) pressure range the tube wall temperature required to cause film boiling (departure from nucleate boiling DNB) quickly approaches the fluid saturation pressure. DNB will occur in this region and a high fluid film heat transfer coefficient is required to suppress the increase in tube wall temperature. As shown in the

example in Figure 8, standard rifled tubing will provide an improvement in heat transfer. However, full load mass
2

flow

rate

of

Figure 8. Optimized vs Standard Rifled Tubes

approximately 1500 kg/m -s would be required at full load to have a sufficiently high heat transfer coefficient at reduced loads when passing through the critical pressure. This mass flow rate would be would be too high to achieve a natural circulation flow characteristic as described above. What permits the use of a lower mass flow rate is an optimized rifled tube rib configuration (Figure 9) that will improve tube cooling as illustrated in Figure 8. Extensive

laboratory and field testing has been conducted to define the optimum rib geometry (lead angle, rib height, corner/ edge rounding, etc.) that will provide the best enhancement to heat transfer. The benefits of the low mass flow rate FWFigure 9. Optimized Rifled Tube

BENSON Vertical evaporator design can be summarized as follows: Self-compensating to accommodate heat absorption variations
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Vertical tube wall construction, which simplifies erection, maintenance and repair Low pressure loss for improved plant efficiency Full variable furnace/superheater pressure for cycling or two-shift operation Excellent tube cooling with optimized rifled tubes (for pc type / arch fired boilers) Low minimum once-through load (BENSON load); not limited by min. mass flux

Start-Up System Before fuel can be fired in a once-through boiler, a minimum fluid mass flow rate must be established within the evaporator tubes that form the furnace enclosure to protect the tubes from overheating. This minimum flow can be provided by the feedwater pump orby a recirculation pump that returns the heated water back to the boiler in a closed loop for maximum heat recovery. During this

start-up phase the boiler is controlled similar to a drum type unit by having inline steam/water separators downstream of the evaporator (refer to Figures 10 and 11) to separate liquid and vapor phases. The load at which boiler control is switched from drum type control to a once-through mode is called the BENSON load (typically 25% load). Separated water is drained to a water collecting vessel from which the water is pumped back to back to the economizer. To ensure that subcooled water enters the pump, a small amount of cold feedwater is piped to the pump inlet line. The design includes several, depending on unit size, tangential type separators, with a single water collecting vessel. The separator design is an optimized configuration developed to minimize pressure loss and also, vessel size. During initial firing, the inventory of water within the evaporator expands. Excess
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Figure 10. Steam/Water Circuitry and Start-Up System

HEIGHT (% Total) 100 WALL-FIRED

(High Input/Plan Area)

80 60
WALL-FIRED (Low Input/Plan Area)

40 20
Figure 11. Steam/Water Separator
REFRACTORY COVERED AREA

ARCH-FIRED (Typical)

20 40 60 80 100 120 HEAT FLUX (% WF Max.)

Figure 12. Heat Flux Profile Comparison

ARCH-FIRED

WALL-FIRED

TRANSITION HEADERS WORST Front Wall Tube (Through Burners)

One(1) ~600 mm Diameter Igniter Opening

Two(2) ~300 mm Diameter Burner/Vent Openings

Three(3) ~1500 mm Diameter Burner Openings

AVERAGE Side Wall Tube

Figure 13. Worst and Average Tubes in Arch- and Wall-Fired Furnaces

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water is drained from the water collecting vessel to a flash tank to maintain an acceptable water level within the water collecting vessel. Arch-Fired PC OTU Design Foster Wheeler has integrated the BENSON Vertical OTU technology with its advanced arch-firing technology for low volatile fuels. The marriage of these two technologies is a good match for several reasons. In an arch-fired furnace, localized peak heat fluxes are essentially the same as in a wall-fired unit as illustrated in Figure 12. One difference in the arch-fired unit is that refractory coverage of the furnace walls in the arch area to improve fuel combustion, reduces the size of the region of the highest heat fluxes. Relative to temperature unbalances, at first glance (refer to Figure 13), the arch-fired unit would appear to have greater unbalances due to the shape requirements of the lower furnace to form the arch. However, from the point of view of steam/water-side flow unbalances that can lead to significant tube temperature differences, the arch-fired worst tube, which passes through the burners, is actually shorter and with less bends than a comparable burner tube in a wall-fired unit. As shown in Figure 14, the worst tube in a wall- fired unit must pass in series though multiple large burner and overfire airport openings, whereas in an arch-fired unit the burner/igniter openings are significantly
PLAN VIEW of ARCH -FIRED UNIT BURNER OPENINGS

smaller. The largest flow resistance will occur in the tubes that pass through the burner openings. However, since the tubes that are bumped out-of-plane to form the burner openings are not heated, the added length does not contribute to increased heat absorption.

ISOMETRIC VIEW of WALL-FIRED UNIT BURNER OPENINGS

Figure 14. Burner Opening Size Comparison

The added tube length that comes with forming the front and rear wall arches does increase the overall heat absorbed and this increased absorption is greater in the arch fired unit by about 5%.
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An advantage of the arch-fired furnace is that refractory is used in the lower furnace to provide the optimum temperature for fuel combustion. Since the refractory will be incorporated in the design for combustion related reasons, its design can be adjusted accordingly to balance heat absorption differences between the furnace walls (front, rear, side) to minimize tube temperature differences. The amount of heat transfer area covered, the type (conductivity) and thickness of refractory, and anchor type and density can be singularly or in combination varied in the various zones illustrated in Figure 15 to balance heat absorption. Integration of the BENSON Vertical OTU boiler technology with the Foster Wheeler arch-fired furnace technology is therefore an excellent combination for:

Figure 15. Lower Furnace Refractory

efficient combustion of low reactivity, difficult to burn fuels and, efficient power production resulting from supercritical operating pressure

A good understanding of the heat absorption profiles within the furnace (as illustrated in Figure 16) is required to design an OTU boiler. Foster Wheeler's extensive experience with arch-fired coal combustion technology provides an extensive database. This database,

combined with todays analytical tools, enables a reliable, cost effective design.

Figure 16 Heat Flux Profiles in a Typical Arch-Fired Boiler

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CFB OTU Boiler Design

Much of the discussion above relating to OTU boiler design and BENSON Vertical Tube evaporators also applied to CFB boilers. However, unique for CFB

HEIGHT (% Total) 100 80

boiler application [2] are the following:

Heat fluxes in a CFB boiler are less than half of those typically experienced in a typical PC boiler (Figure 17). The highest heat flux occurs just above

60

PC
40 20

CFB

the refractory covered zone in the lower furnace where the fluid is at a low temperature for supercritical pressures and is a sub-cooled liquid when at reduced load sub-critical steam pressure. Because of the low heat flux, smooth enclosure
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 HEAT FLUX (% PC Max.)

Figure 17. PC vs CFB Heat Flux Comparison

tubes can be used in lieu of rifled tubes to achieve proper cooling so that excessive temperature excursions are not experience when passing near the critical pressure.

The two (2) side heated full height evaporator panels used to minimize furnace height, require standard rifled tubes to provide adequate cooling when load is passed near the critical pressure. Optimized rifled tubes with a steeper lead angle and more pronounced ribs are not required, as would be used for all the tubes in the lower furnace of a PC BENSON Vertical boiler.
kW/m2

Because of the low heat fluxes in a CFB furnace, the full load mass flow rate can be in the 500 to 700 kg/m2-s range, as compared to about 1000 kg/m2-s for a PC unit. This reduced mass flux will give the CFB boiler a greater natural circulation characteristic, and with the flywheel of circulating solids giving a more uniform heat flux distribution (Figure 18), will result in reduced tube-to-tube temperature
Figure 18. CFB Heat Flux Distribution

differentials.
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CONCLUSIONS

Foster Wheeler is currently offering arch fired steam generators and CFB steam generators, both with the BENSON Vertical Tube furnace circuitry, for super-critical cycles. These boiler

designs, with their corresponding firing systems, will provide for successful firing of low volatile coals in while producing steam for high efficiency, supercritical steam cycles. FW provided the sub-critical 2 x 715 MW arch fired boilers for the Hebei Hanfeng Power Project. These are the worlds largest arch fired steam generators. These units have been in service since 2001, successfully firing very low volatile Chinese coals. Also, FW has just entered into a license agreement with a major Chinese boiler supplier to provide large capacity, arch fired boilers for super-critical cycles. (See Figure 19).

In addition, FW is currently building a state-of-the-art, a 460 MWe CFB OTU boiler for Poludniowy Koncern Energetyczny SA (Polands largest utility) for the Lagisza project located in Bedzin, Poland [3]. The design is complete and a full notice to proceed with procurement, fabrication, and construction was received at the end of December 2005. When the Lagisza unit (See Figure 20) goes into operation in 2009, it will be the worlds largest CFB and first supercritical CFB boiler.

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FOSTER WHEELER ARCH-FIRED BOILER TECHNOLOGY

SIEMENS BENSON VERTICAL OTU TECHNOLOGY

Figure 19. 660 MW Arch Fired OTU Boiler

Figure 20. Lagisza 460 MW CFB OTU Boiler

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REFERENCES

1.

J. A. Garcia-Mallol, T. Steitz, C. Y. Chu, P. Jiang, Ultra-Low NOx Advanced FW Arch Firing: Central Power Station Applications, 2nd U.S.-China NOx and SO2 Control Workshop, Dalian, Liaoning, PRC, August 2005.

2.

S. J. Goidich, Integration of the BENSON Vertical OTU Technology and the Compact CFB Boiler, POWER-GEN International, Orlando, USA, November 14-16, 2000.

3.

I. Venalainen, R. Psik, 460 MWe Supercritical CFB Boiler Design for Lagisza Power Plant, POWER-GEN Europe, Barcelona, Spain, May 25-27, 2004.

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