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A PROJECT REPORT ON
SUBMITTED BY:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project entitled wind and solar powered street lamp submitted in the partial fulfillment, for the award of degree of Bachelor of technology [Electrical and Electronics] of UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Lucknow; at K.N,G.D MODI ENGGINEERING COLLEGE, Modinagar, by Vivek Jaiswal Roll No. 0619521055 is carried out by him/her under my supervision. The matter embodied in this project work has not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma in any university/institution to the best of our knowledge and belief.
Director (Engineering)
Date: __/__/____
College Seal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Mr. Vikas Singh, Head, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, K.N.G.D.Modi Engineering College, Modi Nagar, Ghaziabad for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Er. Priyank Chaudhry ,Er Shweta Agarwal [Lecturer], Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, K.N.G.D.Modi Engineering College, Modi Nagar, Ghaziabad for their full support and assistance during the development of the project. We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the development of our project. Last but not the least, we acknowledge our friends for their contribution in the completion of the project. Signature: Name : Roll No.: Date :
ABSTRACT
Hybrid power system can be used to reduce energy storage requirements. The influence of the Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP), Relative Excess Power Generated (REPG), Energy to Load Ratio (ELR), fraction of PV and wind energy, and coverage of PV and wind energy against the system size and performance were analyzed. The technical feasibility of PVwind hybrid system in given range of load demand was evaluated. The methodology of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) for economic evaluation of stand-alone photovoltaic system, standalone wind system and PV-wind hybrid system have been developed and simulated using the model. The comparative cost analysis of grid line extension energy source with PV-wind hybrid system was studied in detail. The optimum combination of solar PV-wind hybrid system lies between 0.70 and 0.75 of solar energy to load ratio and the corresponding LCC is minimum. The PV-wind hybrid system returns the lowest unit cost values to maintain the same level of DPSP as compared to standalone solar and wind systems. For all load demands the levelised energy cost for PV-wind hybrid system is always lower than that of standalone solar PV or wind system. The PV-wind hybrid option is techno-economically viable for rural electrification.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Figure Of Wind and Solar Powered Hybrid Street Lamp Wind Turbine for hybrid system History of Wind Power Small "Hybrid" Solar and Wind Electric Systems Electricity Generation from Wind Types of Wind Turbines Parts used Stepper motor Using as a Dynamo Solar panel
LED street lamp A Typical Led Panel Advantages of Wind And Solar Powered Lamp Disadvantages of Wind And Solar Powered Lamp
Application
Declaration
INTRODUCTION
The innovative wind and solar powered hybrid street lamp concept can not only produce light by using renewable energy, also its a boost to an everyday object that can operate completely offgrid. This concept was derived from the effort of designers to create a more sustainable future that integrates a range of reusable energy technologies into everyday life objects. These lamps comprise a solar array connected with a wind turbine, and can produce up to 380W of power.
These wind/solar powered street lamps are fitted to locally made usual galvanized steel poles and can be easily swapped with previous street lamps. The turbines can be either a horizontal axis wind turbine or a 2nd generation 300W vertical axis wind turbine. Two solar panels are mounted on the side of the pole that is capable of producing up to 80W of power.
Energy is vital for the progress of a nation and it has to be conserved in a most efficient manner. Not only the technologies should be developed to produce energy in a most environment-friendly manner from all varieties of fuels but also enough importance should be given to conserve the energy resources in the most efficient way. Energy is the ultimate factor responsible for both industrial and agricultural development. The use of renewable energy technology to meet the energy demands has been steadily increasing for the past few years, however, the important drawbacks associated with renewable energy systems are their inability to guarantee reliability and their lean nature. Import of petroleum products constitutes a major drain on our foreign exchange reserve. Renewable energy sources are considered to be the better option to meet these challenges. More than 200 million people, live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power [4]. In India, over 80,000 villages remain to be un-electrified and particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu, about 400 villages (with 63% tribes) are difficult to supply electricity due to inherent problems of location and economy. The costs to install and service the distribution lines are considerably high for remote areas. Also there will be a substantial increase in transmission line
losses in addition to poor power supply reliability. Like several other developing countries, India is characterized by severe energy deficit. In most of the remote and nonelectrified sites, extension of utility grid lines experiences a number of problems such as high capital investment, high lead time, low load factor, poor voltage regulation and frequent power supply interruptions. There is a growing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources since they are naturally available, pollution free and inexhaustible. It is this segment that needs special attention and hence concentrated efforts are continually provided in implementing standalone PV, wind, bio-diesel generator and integrated systems at sites that have a large potential of either solar, wind or both. Traditionally, electrical energy for remote villages has been derived from diesel generators characterized by high reliability, high running costs, moderate efficiency and high maintenance. Hence, a convenient, cost-effective and reliable power supply is an essential factor in the development of any rural area. It is a critical factor in the development of the agro industry and commercial operations, which are projected to be the core of that areas economy. At present, standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively larger scale [7]. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. For example, standalone solar photovoltaic energy system cannot provide reliable power during non-sunny days. The standalone wind system cannot satisfy constant load demands due to significant fluctuations in the magnitude of wind speeds from hour to hour throughout the year. Therefore, energy storage systems will be required for each of these systems in order to satisfy the power demands. Usually storage system is expensive and the size has to be reduced to a minimum possible for the renewable energy system to be cost effective. Hybrid power systems can be used to reduce energy storage requirements.
Windmill electricity
Mankind been harnessing the wind's energy for many years. From Holland to traditional farms around the world, windmills were used in the past for pumping water through primitive irrigation systems or used to grind grain. Then, the wind turned large "sails" which were connected by a long vertical shaft that was attached to a grinding machine or to a wheel that turned and drew water from a well. Today's turbines - can utilize the energy of the wind to turn large metal blades which in turn spins a generator that manufactures electric power. Windmill electricity turbines, unlike the machines of old, are mounted on very tall towers in order to capture the most wind energy available. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, wind turbines can take advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind. Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades. Usually, two or three blades are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor. A blade acts much like an airplane wing. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the blade toward it, causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is actually much stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller, and the turning shaft spins a generator to make power. In recent years, government have invested enormous amounts of (taxpayer) money in windmill electricity "wind farms" to generate electric power. The only problem with wind generated power is that when the wind stops, so does the generator and therefore the electric power production. Electric power cannot be produced and stored for consumption later. Therefore, wind power can only be counted on mostly when the wind is blowing at optimal speeds and only in locations where the prevailing winds are such that it makes economic sense to build these
power plants and this may not be when and where the power is needed. Stand-alone windmill electricity turbines are typically used for water pumping or communications. However, homeowners, farmers, and ranchers in windy areas can also use wind turbines as a way to cut their power bills. Small windmill electricity systems also have potential as distributed energy resources. Distributed energy resources refer to a variety of small, modular power-generating technologies that can be combined to improve the operation of the electric power delivery system.
There is an increasing focus worldwide on renewable energy sources. Wind Power is one of the best forms of creating renewable energy. In this article we explore some of the basics of wind electricity generation. A windmill is a device that converts wind energy in other forms of energy. In most cases this involves the wind energy being transformed into mechanical energy when the blades start to spin. It is this mechanical energy which is then transformed into electricity. Given that wind is a naturally occurring, free, renewable resource, the ability to make use of the wind for electricity generation makes it very useful in the current times of rising energy prices. Wind energy is best utilized in farms and rural areas. It may also work in "suburbia", but is unlikely to be much use in densely populated areas due to the increased number of obstacles preventing the free flow of the wind. There are two important prerequisites for the windmill: * Ideally the windmill should be erected on an area of not less than one hectare. Any smaller than this and it won't work as well due to there being insufficient wind energy for the windmill to work. * The average wind speed in this area should be about 11 mph. As stated above, try to avoid areas where the windflaw is distorted. And of course, it pays to install it in area where there is good consistent wind strength.
* The shaft -- the shaft joins the blades to the tower and
ensures that they rotate smoothly.
* The base -- the base holds everything together and ensures that
it is solid and stable
Since ancient times, people have harnessed the wind's energy. Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptians used wind to sail ships on the Nile River. Later, people built windmills to grind wheat and other grains. The earliest known windmills were in Persia (now called Iran). These early windmills looked like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of Holland improved the basic design of the windmill. They gave it propeller-type blades, still made with sails. Holland's windmills are world renowned.
American colonists used windmills to grind wheat and corn, to pump water, and to cut wood at sawmills. As late as the 1920s, Americans used small windmills to generate electricity in rural areas without electric service. When power lines began to transport electricity to rural areas in the 1930s, local windmills were used less and less, though they can still be seen on some Western ranches.
There are two types of wind machines (turbines) used today, based on the direction of the rotating shaft (axis): horizontal-axis wind machines and vertical-axis wind machines. The size of wind machines varies widely. Small turbines used to power a single home or business may have a capacity of less than 100 kilowatts. Some large commercial-sized turbines may have a capacity of 5 million watts, or 5 megawatts. Larger turbines are often grouped together into wind farms that provide power to the electrical grid.
tall and 50 feet wide. Vertical-axis wind machines make up only a very small share of the wind machines used today.
Parts used
Vertical blades as wind turbine Dynamo for generating electricity Solar panel for generating electricity Light emitting diodes (LED) as street light
It is difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers, meaning they are often installed nearer to the base on which they rest, such as the ground or a building rooftop. The wind speed is slower at a lower altitude, so less wind energy is available for a given size turbine. Air flow near the ground and other objects can create turbulent flow, which can introduce issues of vibration, including noise and bearing wear which may increase the maintenance or shorten the service life. However, when a turbine is mounted on a rooftop, the building generally redirects wind over the roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of the rooftop mounted turbine tower is approximately 50% of the building height, this is near the optimum for maximum wind energy and minimum wind turbulence.
Introduction Variable Reluctance Motors Unipolar Motors Bipolar Motors Bifilar Motors Multiphase Motors
Introduction
Stepping motors come in two varieties, permanent magnet and variable reluctance (there are also hybrid motors, which are indistinguishable from permanent magnet motors from the controller's point of view). Lacking a label on the motor, you can generally tell the two apart by feel when no power is applied. Permanent magnet motors tend to "cog" as you twist the rotor with your fingers, while variable reluctance motors almost spin freely (although they may cog slightly because of residual magnetization in the rotor). You can also distinguish between the two varieties with an ohmmeter. Variable reluctance motors usually have three (sometimes four) windings, with a common return, while permanent magnet motors usually have two independent windings, with or without center taps. Center-tapped windings are used in unipolar permanent magnet motors. Stepping motors come in a wide range of angular resolution. The coarsest motors typically turn 90 degrees per step, while high resolution permanent magnet motors are commonly able to handle 1.8 or even 0.72 degrees per step. With an appropriate controller, most permanent magnet and hybrid motors can be run in half-steps, and some controllers can handle smaller fractional steps or microsteps. For both permanent magnet and variable reluctance stepping motors, if just one winding of the motor is energised, the rotor (under no load) will snap to a fixed angle and then hold that angle until the torque exceeds the holding torque of the
motor, at which point, the rotor will turn, trying to hold at each successive equilibrium point.
Unipolar Motors
Unipolar stepping motors, both Permanent magnet and hybrid stepping motors with 5 or 6 wires are usually wired with a center tap on each of two windings. In use, the center taps of the windings are typically wired to the positive supply, and the two ends of each winding are alternately grounded to reverse the direction of the field provided by that winding. The motor cross section is of a 30 degree per step permanent magnet or hybrid motor -- the difference between these two motor types is not relevant at this level of abstraction. Motor winding number 1 is distributed between the top and bottom stator pole, while motor winding number 2 is distributed between the left and right motor poles. The rotor is a permanent magnet with 6 poles, 3 south and 3 north, arranged around its circumfrence. For higher angular resolutions, the rotor must have proportionally more poles. The 30 degree per step motor in the figure is one of the most common permanent magnet motor designs, although 15 and 7.5 degree per step motors are widely available. Permanent magnet motors with resolutions as good as 1.8 degrees per step are made, and hybrid motors are routinely built with 3.6 and 1.8 degrees per step, with resolutions as fine as 0.72 degrees per step available. As shown in the figure, the current flowing from the center tap of winding 1 to terminal a causes the top stator pole to be a north pole while the bottom stator pole is a south pole. This attracts the rotor into the position shown. If the power to winding 1 is removed and winding 2 is energised, the rotor will turn 30 degrees, or one step. To rotate the motor continuously, we just apply power to the two windings in sequence. Assuming positive logic, where a 1 means turning on the current through a motor winding, the following two control sequences will spin the motor illustrated in Figure 1.2 clockwise 24 steps or 2 revolutions: Winding Winding Winding Winding Winding Winding Winding Winding 1a 1b 2a 2b 1a 1b 2a 2b 1000100010001000100010001 0010001000100010001000100 0100010001000100010001000 0001000100010001000100010 time --->
1100110011001100110011001 0011001100110011001100110 0110011001100110011001100 1001100110011001100110011 time ---> Note that the two halves of each winding are never energized at the same time. Both sequences shown above will rotate a
permanent magnet one step at a time. The top sequence only powers one winding at a time thus, it uses less power. The bottom sequence involves powering two windings at a time and generally produces a torque about 1.4 times greater than the top sequence while using twice as much power. The section of this tutorial on Mid-Level Control provides details on methods for generating such sequences of control signals, while the section on Control Circuits discusses the power switching circuitry needed to drive the motor windings from such control sequences. The step positions produced by the two sequences above are not the same; as a result, combining the two sequences allows half stepping, with the motor stopping alternately at the positions indicated by one or the other sequence. The combined sequence is as follows: Winding Winding Winding Winding 1a 1b 2a 2b 11000001110000011100000111 00011100000111000001110000 01110000011100000111000001 00000111000001110000011100 time --->
Bipolar Motors
Bipolar permanent magnet and hybrid motors are constructed with exactly the same mechanism as is used on unipolar motors, but the two windings are wired more simply, with no center taps. Thus, the motor itself is simpler but the drive circuitry needed to reverse the polarity of each pair of motor poles is more complex. The schematic in Figure 1.3 shows how such a motor is wired, while the motor cross section shown here is exactly the same as the cross section The drive circuitry for such a motor requires an H-bridge control circuit for each winding; these are discussed in more detail in the section on Control Circuits. Briefly, an Hbridge allows the polarity of the power applied to each end of each winding to be controlled independently. The control sequences for single stepping such a motor are shown below, using + and - symbols to indicate the polarity of the power applied to each motor terminal: Terminal 1a +---+---+---+--++--++--++--++--
Terminal 1b --+---+---+---+-
--++--++--++--++
-++--++--++--+++--++--++--++--+
Note that these sequences are identical to those for a unipolar permanent magnet motor, at an abstract level, and that above the level of the H-bridge power switching electronics, the control systems for the two types of motor can be identical. Note that many full H-bridge driver chips have one control input to enable the output and another to control the direction. Given two such bridge chips, one per winding, the following control sequences will spin the motor identically to the control sequences given above: 1010101010101010 1111111111111111 1x0x1x0x1x0x1x0x 1100110011001100 0101010101010101 1111111111111111 x1x0x1x0x1x0x1x0 0110011001100110 time ---> To distinguish a bipolar permanent magnet motor from other 4 wire motors, measure the resistances between the different terminals. It is worth noting that some permanent magnet stepping motors have 4 independent windings, organized as two sets of two. Within each set, if the two windings are wired in series, the result can be used as a high voltage bipolar motor. If they are wired in parallel, the result can be used as a low voltage bipolar motor. If they are wired in series with a center tap, the result can be used as a low voltage unipolar motor. Enable Direction Enable Direction 1 1 2 2
Bifilar Motors
Bifilar windings on a stepping motor are applied to the same rotor and stator geometry as a bipolar motor, but instead of winding each coil in the stator with a single wire, two wires are wound in parallel with each other. As a result, the motor has 8 wires, not four. In practice, motors with bifilar windings are always powered as either unipolar or bipolar motors. Figure 1.4 shows the alternative connections to the windings of such a motor.
Figure 1.4
To use a bifilar motor as a unipolar motor, the two wires of each winding are connected in series and the point of connection is used as a center-tap. Winding 1 in Figure 1.4 is shown connected this way. To use a bifilar motor as a bipolar motor, the two wires of each winding are connected either in parallel or in series. Winding 2 in Figure 1.4 is shown with a parallel connection; this allows low voltage high-current operation. Winding 1 in Figure 1.4 is shown with a series connection; if the center tap is ignored, this allows operation at a higher voltage and lower current than would be used with the windings in parallel. It should be noted that essentially all 6-wire motors sold for bipolar use are actually wound using bifilar windings, so that the external connection that serves as a center tap is actually connected as shown for winding 1 in Figure 1.4. Naturally, therefore, any unipolar motor may be used as a bipolar motor at twice the rated voltage and half the rated current as is given on the nameplate. The question of the correct operating voltage for a bipolar motor run as a unipolar motor, or for a bifilar motor with the motor windings in series is not as trivial as it might first appear. There are three issues: The current carrying capacity of the wire, cooling the motor, and avoiding driving the motor's magnetic circuits into saturation. Thermal considerations suggest that, if the windings are wired in series, the voltage should only be raised by the square root of 2. The magnetic field in the motor depends on the number of ampere turns; when the two half-windings are run in series, the number of turns is doubled, but because a well-designed motor has magnetic circuits that are close to saturation when the motor is run at its rated voltage and current, increasing the number of ampere-turns does not make the field any stronger. Therefore, when a motor is run with the two halfwindings in series, the current should be halved in order to avoid saturation; or, in other words, the voltage across the motor winding should be the same as it was.
For those who salvage old motors, finding an 8-wire motor poses a challenge! Which of the 8 wires is which? It is not hard to figure this out using an ohm meter, an AC volt meter, and a low voltage AC source. First, use the ohm meter to identify the motor leads that are connected to each other through the motor windings. Then, connect a low-voltage AC source to one of these windings. The AC voltage should be below the advertised operating voltage of the motor; voltages under 1 volt are recommended. The geometry of the magnetic circuits of the motor guarantees that the two wires of a bifilar winding will be strongly coupled for AC signals, while there should be almost no coupling to the other two wires. Therefore, probing with an AC volt meter should disclose which of the other three windings is paired to the winding under power.
A less common class of permanent magnet or hybrid stepping motor is wired with all windings of the motor in a cyclic series, with one tap between each pair of windings in the cycle, or with only one end of each motor winding exposed while the other ends of each winding are tied together to an inaccessible internal connection. In the context of 3-phase motors, these configurations would be described as Delta and Y configurations, but they are also used with 5-phase motors, as illustrated in Figure 1.5. Some multiphase motors expose all ends of all motor windings, leaving it to the user to decide between the Delta and Y configurations, or alternatively, allowing each winding to be driven independently. Control of either one of these multiphase motors in either the Delta or Y configuration requires 1/2 of an H-bridge for each motor terminal. It is noteworthy that 5-phase motors have the potential of delivering more torque from a given package size because all or all but one of the motor windings are energised at every point in the drive cycle. Some 5-phase motors have high resolutions on the order of 0.72 degrees per step (500 steps per revolution). Many automotive alternators are built using a 3-phase hybrid geometry with either a permanent magnet rotor or an
electromagnet rotor powered through a pair of slip-rings. These have been successfully used as stepping motors in some heavy duty industrial applications; step angles of 10 degrees per step have been reported. With a 5-phase motor, there are 10 steps per repeat in the stepping cycle, as shown below: Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal 1 2 3 4 5 +++-----+++++-----++ --+++++-----+++++--+-----+++++-----++++ +++++-----+++++--------+++++-----+++++time --->
With a 3-phase motor, there are 6 steps per repeat in the stepping cycle, as shown below: Terminal 1 Terminal 2 Terminal 3 +++---+++----+++---++++---+++---++ time --->
Here, as in the bipolar case, each terminal is shown as being either connected to the positive or negative bus of the motor power system. Note that, at each step, only one terminal changes polarity. This change removes the power from one winding attached to that terminal (because both terminals of the winding in question are of the same polarity) and applies power to one winding that was previously idle. Given the motor geometry suggested by Figure 1.5, this control sequence will drive the motor through two revolutions. To distinguish a 5-phase motor from other motors with 5 leads, note that, if the resistance between two consecutive terminals of the 5-phase motor is R, the resistance between nonconsecutive terminals will be 1.5R. Note that some 5-phase motors have 5 separate motor windings, with a total of 10 leads. These can be connected in the star configuration shown above, using 5 half-bridge driver circuits, or each winding can be driven by its own fullbridge. While the theoretical component count of half-bridge drivers is lower, the availability of integrated full-bridge chips may make the latter approach preferable.
This design allows for very precise control of the motor: by proper pulsing, it can be turned in very accurate steps of set degree increments (for example, two-degree increments, halfdegree increments, etc.). They are used in printers, disk drives, and other devices where precise positioning of the motor is necessary.
There are two basic types of stepper motors, unipolar steppers and bipolar steppers.
Like other motors, stepper motors require more power than a microcontroller can give them, so youll need a separate power supply for it. Ideally youll know the voltage from the manufacturer, but if not, get a variable DC power supply, apply the minimum voltage (hopefully 3V or so), apply voltage across two wires of a coil (e.g. 1 to 2 or 3 to 4) and slowly
raise the voltage until the motor is difficult to turn. It is possible to damage a motor this way, so dont go too far. Typical voltages for a stepper might be 5V, 9V, 12V, 24V. Higher than 24V is less common for small steppers, and frankly, above that level its best not to guess.
To control the stepper, apply voltage to each of the coils in a specific sequence. The sequence would go like this: Step wire 1 1 High 2 low 3 low 4 high wire 2 low high high low wire 3 high high low low wire 4 low low high high
To control a unipolar stepper, you use a Darlington Transistor Array. The stepping sequence is as shown above. Wires 5 and 6 are wired to the supply voltage.
To control a bipolar stepper motor, you give the coils current using to the same steps as for a unipolar stepper motor. However, instead of using four coils, you use the both poles of the two coils, and reverse the polarity of the current.
Solar panel
Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels, also known as photovoltaics, are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power elecrical loads. Light from the sun is a renewable energy resource which provides clean energy, produced by solar panels. Solar panels can be used for a including remote power systems equipment, remote sensing, and electricity by residential and wide variety of applications for cabins, telecommunications of course for the production of commercial solar panel systems.
On this page, we will discuss the history, technology, and benefits of solar panels. We will learn how solar panels work, how solar panels are made, where you can buy solar panels, and how solar panels create electricity.
Using solar panels is a very practical way to produce electricity for many applications. The obvious would have to be off-grid living. Living off-grid means living in a location that is not serviced by the main electric utility grid. Remote homes and cabins benefit nicely from solar power systems. No longer is it necessary to pay huge fees for the installation of electric utility poles and cabling from the nearest main grid access point. A solar electric system is potentially less expensive and can provide power for upwards of three decades if properly maintained.
Besides the fact that solar panels make it possible to live off-grid, perhaps the greatest benefit that you would enjoy from the use of solar power is that it is both a clean and a renewable source of energy. With the advent of global climate change, it has become more important that we do whatever we can to reduce the pressure on our atmosphere from the emission of greenhouse gases. Solar panels have no moving parts and require little maintenance. They are ruggedly built and last for decades when porperly maintained.
Last, but not least, of the benefits of solar panels and solar power is that, once a system has paid for its initial installation costs, the electricity it produces for the remainder of the system's lifespan, which could be as much as 15-20 years depending on the quality of the system, is absolutely free! For grid-tie solar power system owners, the benefits begin from the moment the system comes online, potentially eliminating monthy electric bills or, and this is the best part, actually earning the system's owner additional income from the electric company. How? If you use less power than your solar electric system produces, that excess power can be sold, sometimes at a premium, to your electric utility company!
There are many other applications and benefits of using solar panels to generate your electricity needs - too many to list here. But as you browse our website, you'll gain a good general knowledge of just how versatile and convenient solar power can be.
for places where replacing light bulbs is expensive, inconvenient or otherwise difficult. LEDs are highly energy efficient. While compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) recently have been touted as the standard in green lighting, LEDs actually have double their energy efficiency [source: Rosenthal and Barringer]. They use 15 percent of the energy of an incandescent bulb while generating more light per watt [source: Taub]. LEDs produce 80 lumens per watt; traditional streetlights can only muster 58 lumens per watt [source: Bailey]. Because of their energy efficiency and long lifespan, LED streetlights are advocated as a means for reducing carbon emissions. According to one estimate, converting all American light fixtures to LEDs would halve the amount of energy used for lighting in the country [source: Rosenthal and Barringer]. By integrating solar panels, the lights can become selfsufficient and even send excess energy back to the grid, with the adoption of so-called "smart" energy grids. So what else do these lights have going for them? For one, there's no warm up needed -- they're quick to turn on. They don't produce ultraviolet light, which is what attracts bugs. Because they produce "directional" light -- light emitted in one direction, rather than a diffused glow -- they can be used to direct light on specific areas. Unlike compact fluorescent lamps, they can be dimmed, allowing for more flexibility in controlling light levels. Some cities have harnessed LED lights to create clever effects, such as increasing in brightness when a pedestrian walks by or integrating systems that alert officials when a particular light needs maintenance. They can also be used to blink rapidly to signal to emergency responders where they are needed.
Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed pitch rotor designs.
A wind and solar powered lamp can be located nearer the ground, making it easier to maintain the moving parts.
wind and solar powered lamp have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs. Typically, they start creating electricity at 6 m.p.h. (10 km/h).
wind and solar powered lamp may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited.
wind and solar powered lamp situated close to the ground can take advantage of locations where mesas, hilltops, ridgelines, and passes funnel the wind and increase wind velocity.
wind and solar powered lamp may have a lower noise signature.
Most wind and solar powered lamp produce energy at only 50% of the efficiency of HAWTs in large part because of the additional drag that they have as their blades rotate into the wind. Versions that reduce drag produce more energy, especially those that funnel wind into the collector area.
A wind and solar powered lamp that uses guy-wires to hold it in place puts stress on the bottom bearing as all the weight of the rotor is on the bearing. Guy wires attached to the top bearing increase downward thrust in wind gusts. Solving this problem requires a superstructure to hold a top bearing in place to eliminate the downward thrusts of gust events in guy wired models.
While wind and solar powered lamp parts are located on the ground, they are also located under the weight of the structure above it, which can make changing out parts nearly impossible without dismantling the structure if not designed properly.
APPLICATIONS
wind and solar powered lamp can be used in many places like:
In our cities in place of street light polls we can use this wind and solar powered lamp with lights attached to it so that it can generate electricity any time or any season and give light.
It can be used in many other places where there is problem in reaching sun light or the area is covered with high buildings and does not got much area to to put horizontal wind turbines.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
It is pertinent that economic justification should be made while attempting to optimize the size of integrated power generation systems favouring an affordable unit price of power produced. The economic analysis7 of the hybrid system has been made and the cost aspects have also been taken into account for optimization of the size of the systems. Using the model developed various costs namely, LEC, LUC and LCC have been computed considering the life period and replacement costs of the individual systems. Life cycle cost analysis is a tool used to compare the ultimate delivered cost of technologies with different cost structures the pay back analysis method for PV wind hybrid system depends on the various parameters such as investment, replacement cost, annual operation and maintenance cost, income etc. Table-1 shows the cost values of the economic parameters and components for the base case.
References
greenterrafirma.com www.alvestaenergy.com www.vawtmuce.com www.reuk.co.uk www.petersonpower.com www.envirotekpower.co.uk www.solarpanelinfo.com www.tatabpsolar.com www.greenpower4less.com www.energysavers.gov
CONCLUSION
In the present scenario standalone solar photovoltaic and wind systems have been promoted around the globe on a comparatively larger scale. These independent systems cannot provide continuous source of energy, as they are seasonal. The solar and wind energies are complement in nature. By integrating and optimizing the solar photovoltaic and wind systems, the reliability of the systems can be improved and the unit cost of power can be minimized. A PV wind hybrid systems is designed for rural electrification for the required load at specified Deficiency of Power Supply Probability (DPSP). A new methodology has been developed to determine the size of the PV wind hybrid system using site parameters, types of wind systems, types of solar photovoltaic system, number of days of autonomy of battery and life period of the system. A primary model was developed to optimize PV-wind hybrid system for any specific location, by considering the parameters DPSP and REPG. The developed model processes the input parameters pertaining to the wind velocity, solar insolation, environment temperature, load distribution, wind and PV system parameters like cut-in-speed, cut-off-speed, rated speed, rotor diameter, hub height, peak module power, capacity of the PV panel and wind systems. It computes the output parameters like PV capacity, array configuration, number of modules, tilt angle, inverter capacity, battery capacity, charge controller capacity and wind machine capacity. The optimal size of the hybrid system is determined based on the calculated values of REPG for a specified DPSP. Thus the model suggests the optimum combination of the capacity of wind, PV and battery units of a chosen type that can generate power with a minimum REPG by implementation of iterative technique. A secondary model developed for optimizing techno economic aspects like LCC, LEC or LUC considering the parameters like life period of solar system, wind system, battery discount rate, escalation rate, cost of the module, wind machine, battery, inverter BOS components and CO2 mitigation cost for solar photovoltaic wind hybrid system.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.