Abigail Salazar

BPE III-3

The Nature and Fundamental of the Learner Sensation

Senses are the physiological capacities within organisms that provide inputs for perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitiv, psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception. The nervous system has a specific sensory system or organ, dedicated to each sense. Human being have a multitude of senses.

Five senses
Sight Hearing Taste Smell Touch Temperature Kinesthetic senses Pain Balance Acceleration (ophathalmaception) ( audioception) (gustaoception) (olfacoception or olfhacception) (tactioception) (thermoception) (proprioception) (nociception) (equilibrioception) (kinesthesioception)

Other senses

Sight or vision
Is the ability of the eyes to focus and detect images of visible light on protoreceptors in the retina of each eye that generates electrical nerve impulses for varying colors, hues, and brightness. There are two types of photoreceptors rods and cones. Rods are very sensitive to light, but do not distinguish colors. Cones distinguish colors, but are less sensitive to dim light. There is some disagreement as to whether this constitutes one, two or three senses. Neuroanatomists generally regard it as two senses, given that different receptors are responsible for the perception of color and brightness. Some argue that stereopsis, the perception of depth using both eyes, also constitutes a sense, but it is generally regarded as a cognitive (that is, post-sensory) function of the visual cortex of the brain where patterns and objects in images are recognized and interpreted based on previously learned information, This is called visual memory. The inability to see is called blindness. Blindness may result from damage to the eyeball, especially to the retina, damage to the optic nerve that connects each eye to the brain, and/or from stroke (infarcts in the brain). Temporary or permanent blindness can be caused by poisons or medications.

Hearing or Audition
Is the sense of sound perception. Hearing is all about vibration. Mechanoreceptors turn motion into electrical nerve pulses, which are located in the inner ear. Since sound is vibrations propagating through a medium such as air, the detection of these vibrations, that is the sense of the hearing, is a mechanical sense because these vibrations are mechanically conducted from the eardrum through a series of tiny bones to hair-like fibers in the inner ear, which detect mechanical motion of the fibers within a range of about 20 to 20,000 hertz, with substantial variation between individuals. Hearing at high frequencies declines with an increase in age. Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body by tactition. Lower frequencies than that can be heard are detected this way. The inability to hear is called deafness.

Taste (or, the more formal term, gustation; adjectival form: "gustatory)
is one of the traditional five senses. It refers to the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc. Humans receive tastes through sensory organs called taste buds, or gustatory calyculi, concentrated on the upper surface of the tongue. The sensation of taste can be categorized into five basic tastes: sweetness, bitterness, sourness, saltiness, and umami. The recognition and awareness of umami is a relatively recent development in Western cuisine.[3] MSG produces a strong umami taste.

Smell or Olfaction

is the other "chemical" sense. Unlike taste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors (388 according to one source), each binding to a particular molecular feature. Odor molecules possess a variety of features and, thus, excite specific receptors more or less strongly. This combination of excitatory signals from different receptors makes up what we perceive as the molecule's smell. In the brain, olfaction is processed by theolfactory system. Olfactory receptor neurons in the nose differ from most other neurons in that they die and regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smell is called anosmia. Some neurons in the nose are specialized to detect pheromones.

Touch also called Tactitiuon or Mechanoreception

Is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of pressure receptors respond to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.). The touch sense of itching caused by insect bites or allergies involves special itch-specific neurons in the skin and spinal cord. The loss or impairment of the ability to feel anything touched is called tactile anesthesia. Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin that may result from nerve damage and may be permanent or temporary.

Balance and acceleration

Balance, equilibrioception, or vestibular sense
is the sense that allows an organism to sense body movement, direction, and acceleration, and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance. The organ of equilibrioception is the vestibular labyrinthine system found in both of the inner ear. In technical terms, this organ is responsible for two senses of angular momentum acceleration and linear acceleration (which also senses gravity), but they are known together as equilibrioception.

The vestibular nerve conducts information from sensory receptors in three ampulla that sense motion of fluid in three semicircular canalscaused by three-dimensional rotation of the head. The vestibular nerve also conducts information from the utricle and the saccule,

which contain hair-like sensory receptors that bend under the weight of otoliths (which are small crystals of calcium carbonate) that provide the inertia needed to detect head rotation, linear acceleration, and the direction of gravitational force.

Temperature
Thermoception
is the sense of heat and the absence of heat (cold) by the skin and including internal skin passages, or, rather, the heat flux (the rate of heat flow) in these areas. There are specialized receptors for cold (declining temperature) and to heat. The cold receptors play an important part in the dog's sense of smell, telling wind direction. The heat receptors are sensitive to infrared radiation and can occur in specialized organs for instance in pit vipers. The thermoceptors in the skin are quite different from the homeostatic thermoceptors in the brain (hypothalamus), which provide feedback on internal body temperature.

Kinesthetic sense

Proprioception,
the kinesthetic sense, provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the relative positions of the parts of the body. Neurologists test this sense by telling patients to close their eyes and touch their own nose with the tip of a finger. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses. Proprioception and touch are related in subtle ways, and their impairment results in surprising and deep deficits in perception and action.
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Pain
Nociception
(physiological pain) signals nerve-damage or damage to tissue. The three types of pain receptors are cutaneous (skin), somatic (joints and bones), and visceral (body organs). It was previously believed that pain was simply the overloading of pressure receptors, but research in the first half of the 20th century indicated that pain is a distinct phenomenon that intertwines with all of the other senses, including touch. Pain was once considered an entirely subjective experience, but recent studies show that pain is registered in the anterior cingulate gyrus of the brain. The main function of pain is to warn us about dangers. For example, humans avoid touching a sharp needle or hot object or extending an arm beyond a safe limit because it hurts, and thus is dangerous. Without pain, people could do many dangerous things without realizing it.
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PERCEPTION
Chaplin (1985) defines perceptions as the process of knowing objects and objective events by means of senses. This sensory inputs consists of nerve impulses. They carry a sort of raw, undigested information about the environment. The individual must convert it into a meaningful information. Perception then is the organization of sensory input into meaningful experiences. Individuals differ in perception. How a person behaves depends to a large extent on how he perceives his environment. It is for the reason that psychologists believe that the study of perception is the beginning of the understanding of man.

ORGANIZATION IN PRECEPTION
There are organizing tendencies which help us to achieve stability in a world of constantly changing stimulation: 1. 2. Figure & Ground. When we perceive an object, usually one part tends to stand our while the rest seems to remain in the background. Grouping. In grouping, we are concerned more with figure than with the ground. The principles of group, first enunciated by Gestalt psychologist, include similarity, proximity, closure and continuity. a. The principle of similarity stimuli which are similar tend to be perceived as forming a group. b. The principle of proximity there is a tendency to perceive stimuli which are near one another as belonging together. c. The principles of closure when fragmentary stimuli form enough of familiar figure, we tend to perceive the whole figure, ignoring the missing part of parts. d. The principle of continuity stimuli which form a continuous pattern are perceived as a whole, the pattern they make generally appears as a figure apart from the ground.

ATTENTION AND PERCEPTION

Our perceptions are selective. We do not perceive everything at once, we select certain objects to perceive while ignoring others. Hilgard (1971) calls this perceptual focusing, attention. Through attentive processes, we keep in focus selected stimuli and resist distracting stimuli. Attention may be voluntary or habitual. Voluntary attention is involved whenever one intentionally looks or listens. Most of our acts of attention are continuing rather than abruptly assumed, and frequently we are not aware of them. According to Munn (1969), prejudices, and aspirations. A mothers readiness to hear her baby, your own recurring interest in food and drink are examples of habitual attention.

DEPTH PERCEPTION
Depth perception is the ability to see three dimentional space and to accurately judge distances. Simple principles for depth perceptions. Edward (1968)cites the following principles for depth perception: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Near things often appear in front of and hence cover up part of more distant objects. This is the depth factor of relative position or superposition. Objects appear smaller when farther away than when near. The lights and shadows upon parts of an object also give depth cues. Lack of clarity or the presence of haze also coveys information of depth. An additional stimulus produced cue to depth is the relative movement of near and far objects when the observer is moving with respect to the objects.

PERSONAL FACTORS IN PERCEPTION

The way we perceive objects is greatly determined by personal factors such as motives, emotions, attitudes, and frame of reference. The influence of emotion on perception is especially apparent during periods of crisis. Hostile feelings, anxiety, or a desire for reassurance are likely to influence how we perceive other peoples behavior. If two persons had a quarrel and are unsure of their attitudes towards each other, the meanings of each ones acts become uncertain to the other. We often perceive in accordance with prevailing emotions.

ERRORS IN PERCEPTION
Sometimes, we make mistakes in the way we perceive. Under certain stimulus conditions, certain errors of perception occur in nearly everybody. Illusion the term may be defined as a perception which is common but usually considered mistaken. When we experience an illusion, we perceived certain events which do not correspond to the objective situations. It should not be confused with hallucination or delusion. Illusion is an error in perception which depends on stimulus conditions and occurs in normal individuals.

Imagination,
also called the faculty of imagining, is the ability of forming mental images, sensations and concepts, in a moment when they are not perceived through sight, hearing or other senses. Imagination is the work of the mind that helps develop. Imagination helps provide meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which people make sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds."
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It is accepted as the innate ability and process of inventing partial or complete personal realms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world. The term is technically used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind, percepts of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Imagined images are seen with the "mind's eye."

Imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies. Most famous inventions or entertainment products were developed from the inspiration of someone's imagination.

Children often use narratives or pretend play in order to exercise their imagination. When children develop fantasy they play at two levels: first, they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination, and at the second level they play again with their make-believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality that already exists in narrative myth.

References : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senses General Psychology lectures and activities ANGELITA lungan dela cruz Gary l. joson