EE742 Chap4 ElectromagneticPhenomenon

Y.Baghzouz Fall2011

Introduction Thischapteraddressestheelectromagnetic interactionsthatoccurwithinagenerator immediatelyfollowingadisturbance. Thesedynamicshaveatimescaleofseveral milliseconds atimeperiodwheretheinertia oftheturbineandgeneratorissufficientto preventanychangeinrotorspeed. Willconsidervarioustypesoffaults,roundand salientpolegenerators,andwhenagenerator issynchronizedwiththegrid.

Fundamentals
Lawofconstantfluxlinkage:Themagneticfluxlinkinginaclosed windingcannotchangeinstantly, thecurrentthroughan inductorandtheenergystoredinitcannotchangeinstantly. InthesimpleDCcircuitbelow:
Thecircuitwasatsteadystate,whentheswitch(makebefore break)isactivated. Thecurrentthroughtheinductorstartsfromi0 thendecays exponentially.

SimpleRLCircuit
CircuitEquation:

Solution:

Forcedresponse

Naturalresponse(DCoffset)

where

3phaseshortcircuitatgeneratorterminals
(noloadandneglectresistance) Faultoccursatt=0,therotorpositionisat Thedamperwindingimbeddedintherotorpolesurfacesis denotedbyD. Initialfluxlinkagesinarmature(stator)windings:

Prefaultexcitation Fluxperpole

3phaseshortcircuitatgeneratorterminals
(noloadandneglectresistance) Afterthefault,therotorcontinuestorotateandfluxlinkages continuetochangeinasinusoidalfashion: Inordertokeepthetotalfluxlinkageineachphaseconstant, additionalcurrentsmustbeinducedinthestatorwindingsto generatethedifferencebetweentheinitialfluxlinkageand changeabove

Cont.
Stator currents (contain both AC and DC components):

When the winding resistance is neglected, im(t) = im(0) = constant These currents produce an armature reaction mmf, hence armature reaction flux across the air gap.

Cont.
Asthefieldanddamperwindingsareclosed,thetotalflux linkagemustremainunchangedimmediatelyafterthefault. Therefore,additionalcurrentmustflowinthesewindingsto compensateforthearmaturereactionfluxesthatlinkwiththe rotor. Thefigurebelowshowsthenecessaryrotorfluxlinkageforthis andthefieldanddamperwindingcurrentstosetupsuch linkages. BothcurrentscontainACandDCcomponents.

Cont.
Underthepresentofwindingresistance,theDCcomponentof statorwindingswilldecayexponentiallytozerowithatime constantTa =L/R.

WhythepeakvalueoftheACcomponentvaries?
TheinducedDCcurrentsintherotorwindingsbytheACcomponentof thestatorcurrentswilldecaywithtimeconstantsTa (fordamper winding)andTa (forfieldwinding). AstheDCrotorcurrentsinduceACstatorcurrents,im(t)willdecaytoits steadystatevaluewiththetwotimeconstants.

thedamperwindingresistanceismuchlargerthanthatofthe fieldwinding Ta <<Ta.

ShortCircuitCurrentsinGeneratorWindings

Armaturefluxpaths
(Questforquantifyingim(t)) Thevalueofthearmaturereactancewillbedifferentastheinduced rotorcurrentsforcethearmaturefluxtotakeadifferentpath.
Subtransientstate(a):inducedrotorcurrentskeeparmaturereactionflux outofrotorcore tomaintainrotorfluxlinkagesconstant. Transientstate(b):Onceenergyisdissipatedindamperwinding resistance, thearmaturefluxentersthedamperwinding,butnotthefieldwinding. Steadystate(c):Onceenergyisdissipatedinthefieldwinding resistance, thearmaturefluxentersthefieldwindingandcrossestherotor core.

Equivalentreactances atdifferentstates
Itisconvenienttoaanalyzethegeneratordynamicsatdifferent statesseparately Assigndifferentreactances foreachstate. Inductance:ratiooffluxlinkagestothecurrentproducingthe flux Lowreluctancepathresultsinlargefluxandlarge inductanceorreactanceandviceversa. Reminder:Parallel(series)fluxpathscorrespondtoseries (parallel)connectionofreactances seeillustrationbelow.This principalisappliedtothesynchronousmachineatdifferent states.

Generatorreactanceatdifferentstates

Xd<Xd<Xd

3Stepapproximationofgeneratormodel
Followingafault,thegeneratorbecomesadynamicsourcewith timevaryingreactanceX(t)andinternalvoltageE(t). Itisconvenienttoconsiderthethreestatesseparatelyusing conventionalACcircuitanalysis. Ineachstate,thegeneratorisrepresentbyaconstantemf behindaconstantreactance.

qaxisreactances
Whenthegeneratorisoperatingunderload,orforothertypesof disturbances,thearmaturemmf isnolongerdirectedonthed axis,andwillhavebothd andq components Analyzethetwo componentsseparatelyusingthetworeactionmethodpresented inChap.3. Subtransient State:forthearmaturemmf componentdirected ontheqaxis,thecurrentsforcingthearmaturereactionfluxout oftherotoraretherotoreddycurrentsandqaxisdamper winding(ifany).
Ingeneratorswithqaxisdamperwindings,Xq Xd Ingeneratorswithnoqaxisdamperwindings,Xq >Xd.Thedifference betweenthesereactances iscalledsubtransient saliency.

TransientState:thecurrentsforcingthearmaturereactionflux outoftherotoraretherotoreddycurrents,henceXq >Xd.

Saliencyindifferentstates

Typicalgeneratorparametervalues

Relationbetweenopen andshortcircuittimeconstants
Firstapproximation neglectXl:

InsertdamperwindingresistanceisserieswithXD,then computethetimeconstantofeachcircuit.

EquivalentCircuitinsubtransientState

I:subtransientcurrent

Equivalentcircuitintransientstate

I:transientcurrent

Equivalentcircuitinsteadystate

I:steadystatecurrent Ed =0 Eq =Ef Forroundrotormachine,Xd =Xq

Determiningtheinitial Valuesoftheemfs.
I0:initialcurrent

Generatorwith roundrotor

Generatorwith Salientpolerotor

Examples
Refertopp.140

FormulaofShortcircuitcurrentundernoload
Undernoload,thearmaturecurrentiszero.Hence, Sincethedaxiscomponentsarezero,thegeneratorequivalent circuitcanbesimplifiedasshownbelow. TheamplitudeoftheACfaultcurrentcomponentsaregivenby

FormulaofShortcircuitcurrentundernoload

FormulaofShortcircuitcurrentundernoload

Withsubtransient saliency(i.e.,Xd Xq),thecurrentexpressionbecomes

Shortcircuitcurrentunderload
Underloadcondition,theinitialvaluesofthesubtransient and transientemfs arefunctionsoftheinitialloadcurrent. Thesevaluescanbecomputedasillustratedintheprevious example. Thedaxisemf forcestheflowofq axisACcurrents(sine),while theqaxisemf forcestheflowofd axisACcurrents(cosine). Theresultingcurrentexpressionsbecomes

InfluenceoftheAVRonfaultcurrent
Rotatingexciterorstaticexciterfedbyauxiliarysource:currentincreases Staticexciterfedsolelyfromgeneratorterminalvoltage:currentdecaysto zero. Compoundstaticexciter:currentsettletononzerovalue.

Subtransienttorque 4components
1. TorqueduetoACcomponent ofshortcircuitcurrent(fig.a) 2. Torquecorrespondingto powerlossinstatorwindings: 3. Torqueduetopowerlossin rotorwindings: 4. 4th componentifsub transientsaliencyistaken intocount

Phasetophasefault
(Currentandfluxwithwindingresistanceneglected)

Armaturemmf andimpactonrotorcurrents(pp.155)

Impactonsubtransientsaliency:severedistortion(pp.157)

Impactofwindingresistance(pp.161)

where

Subtransienttorque(pp.162)
Withoutsubtransientsaliency,

Withsubtransientsaliency,

Unlikethecaseofathreephasefault,thetorqueproduced duringaphasetophasefaultdependsonthefaultinstant.

Subtransienttorquecurves(pp.162)

Withoutsubtransient saliency

Withstrongsubtransient saliency

Synchronization
Idealsynchronizationoccurswhen Inpractice,theseconditionsandnotexactlysatisfied.Hence,there willbeacirculatingcurrentthatcontainsbothACandDC components. Forsimplicity,assumeadifferenceinvoltageVandignorestator windingresistanceandrotorsubtransient saliency.

Torqueduringsynchronization
Maximumvaluesofbaxiscurrentcomponentandresultingtorque (duetoitsDCcomponent nottorquefromACcomponent):

Maximumvaluesofaaxiscurrentcomponentandresultingtorque (duetoitsACandDCcomponents):

Torqueduringsynchronization
Resultanttorque:

WhenEf Vs,thentheaboveexpressionsimplifiesto

Fig(a):torquevariationandFig(b):maximumtorquefordifferent valuesof.

Shortcircuitinanetwork
Mostfaultsoccuratsomedistanceawayfromthegenerator terminals.WhenafaultoccursatF2,thetransformerreactance mustbeaddedtothegeneratorreactances: Secondly,thetransformerresistancemustbetakenintoaccount (i.e.,theDCcomponentwilldecaymorerapidly affectsthe valueofTa.).Inaddition,

3phasefaultanditsclearing

Phasetophasefaultanditsclearing