3 4 4 5 h 0382489 h

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Gas Desorption Studies

Vol. 2. Deaeration in a Packed Column and a Barometric Intake System

A. Golshani
F. C. Chen

ORNL/R.I-7438/VZ D i s t . Category UC-64

C o n t r a c t No. W-7405-eng-26

OCEAN THERNAL ENERGY CONVERSION GAS DESORPTION STUDIES

Vol.

2. D e a e r a t i o n i n a Packed Column and a Barometric I n t a k e System

A. Golshani E n g i n e e r i n g Technology D i v i s i o n
F. C. Chen Energy D i v i s i o n

Date P u b l i s h e d :

September 1 9 8 1

It is subject to revision or correction and therefore does not represent a final report.

NOTICE This documen? c o n t a m informatton of a prelimtnary nature.

Prepared f o r t h e Department of Energy Ocean Energy Systems D i v i s i o n

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Prepared by t h e

Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 o p e r a t e d by U N I O N CARBIDE CORPORATION f o r the DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

3 445b 0382489 b

iii

CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOMENCLATURE

............................................ 4.5 A p p l i c a t i o n t o OTEC Open-Cycle P l a n t and Economic Evaluation ................................................ 5 . CONCLUSIONS ................................................... REFERENCES ........................................................ APPENDIX. ESTIMATED VALUE OF HTU FOR 8.89-cm (3.5-in.) PLASTIC PALL RING ......................................
4.4
R e s u l t s of Deaeration i n t h e Barometric Leg of t h e I n t a k e System

...................................................... ABSTRACT .......................................................... 1. .................................................. 2. .................................................... 3 . TEST DESIGN .............................................. 3.1 M o d i f i c a t i o n Dissolved Oxygen Measurement ............. 3.2 D e s c r i p t i o n of Equipment ................................. 3.3 General Flow D e s c r i p t i o n ................................. 3.4 Test S e c t i o n Packed Column ............................... 3.5 Flow Control Water Pumps ................................. 3.6 Oxygen-Measuring S t a t i o n ................................. 3.7 Vacuum System ............................................ 3.8 Barometric-Leg Water Holding Tank ........................ 3.9 Barometric I n t a k e System ................................. 3.10 Steady-State Operation .................................. 4 . RESULTS DISCUSSION ........................................ 4.1 Results Vacuum Deaeration i n a Packed Column .......... 4.2 C o r r e l a t i o n ...................................... 4.3 Maximum Flow of Water Through Packed Column ..............
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*~~~

V V i i

1
1

3
7 7

LOOP

of

7 10

11
13

13
13 14 14

15
16 16

AND

of

of Data

29
32 32 47 50 51 53

ACKN OWLED G?lE NT S

T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was performed a t t h e Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l Laborat o r y (ORNL), o p e r a t e d by Union Carbide C o r p o r a t i o n f o r t h e Department of Energy (DOE). Division. The a u t h o r s wish t o express t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e a s s i s t a n c e of many ORNL s t a f f members, p a r t i c u l a r l y H. W.
R.

The s t u d y was a p a r t of t h e g e n e r a l Ocean Energy Conversion

program b e i n g c a r r i e d o u t by ORNL f o r t h e DOE Ocean Energy Systems

Hoffman, J. W. M i c h e l , and

R. W. Murphy f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s throughout t h e program and

L. Linkous ( p r o j e c t t e c h n i c i a n ) f o r o p e r a t i n g the t e s t equipment, c o l -

l e c t i n g d a t a , and w r i t i n g S e c t . 3 ( T e s t Loop Design) of t h i s r e p o r t .

vii
NCFIENCLATURE e f f e c t i v e area of l i q u i d g a s i n t e r f a c e per u n i t volume, m2/m3 d i a m e t e r of packed column, c m c o e f f i c i e n t of d i f f u s i o n f o r s o l u t e g a s i n l i q u i d , m2/h t o t a l h e i g h t of d e a e r a t o r , cm
H

Henry's l a w c o n s t a n t ,

(kg mole/m3) kPa

hl

h e i g h t of packing [(l?TU)*(HTU)], cm h e i g h t of packing e q u i v a l e n t t o end e f f e c t s , c m h e i g h t of t r a n s f e r u n i t ( u s i n g l i q u i d ) , c m gas f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t , kg mole (h'm3 ) (kg mole/m3 ) kg mole (h*m3)(kg mole/m3)

he nd HTU

o v e r a l l c o e f f i c i e n t based on c o n c e n t r a t i o n liquid film coefficient, L

l i q u i d flow r a t e , kg/(h*m2) maximum l i q u i d f l o w r a t e f o r a g i v e n packing, kg/(h*m2 ) m o l e c u l a r weight normalized p e r c e n t a g e of d e a e r a t i o n , ( X i number of t r a n s f e r u n i t s p r e s s u r e of g a s i n t h e g a s phase, kPa a b s o l u t e vacuum a i r p r e s s u r e , kPa p e r c e n t a g e of d e a e r a t i o n , ( X i - Xo)/Xi l i q u i d flow r a t e , m3/h Reynolds number empirical constant Schmidt number
water v e l o c i t y , cm/s

Lmax
11

ND P
NTU P

Xo)/(Xi-

Xe)

Pair PDA
QL
Re

sc
V

whsw
XI

w a r m seawater f l o w , kg/h
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s o l u t e i n l i q u i d e n t e r i n g tower, kg g a s kg water P Pm
106,

viii

XO

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s o l u t e i n l i q u i d l e a v i n g tower,
P Pm

kg gas kg water

106,

xe
X

c o n c e n t r a t i o n of s o l u t e i n l i q u i d i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h g a s phase c o s t of packing s u p p o r t p l a t e , $/m2 c o s t of l i q u i d d i s t r i b u t o r s , $/m2

Y
2

c o s t of p a c k i n g , $/m3
empirical constant

cr
E
TI

stage efficiency o v e r a l l deaerator efficiency v i s c o s i t y , Pa's d e n s i t y , kg /m

u
P

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION GAS DESORPTION STUDIES

Vol. 2. D e a e r a t i o n i n a Packed Column and a Barometric I n t a k e System

A.

Golshani

F.

C.

Chen

ABSTMCT

Seawater d e a e r a t i o n i s a p r o c e s s a f f e c t i n g almost a l l proposed Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) open-cycle power systems. I f t h e noncondensable d i s s o l v e d a i r i s n o t removed from a power system, i t w i l l accumulate i n t h e cond e n s e r , reduce t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of c o n d e n s a t i o n , and r e s u l t i n d e t e r i o r a t i o n of system performance. A g a s d e s o r p t i o n s t u d y was i n i t i a t e d a t Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y (ORNL) t o m i t i g a t e t h e s e e f f e c t s ; t h i s study i s designed t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e vacuum d e a e r a t i o n process f o r OTEC c o n d i t i o n s where c o n v e n t i o n a l s t e a m - s t r i p p i n g d e a e r a t i o n may n o t be a p p l i c a b l e . S t u d i e s were c a r r i e d o u t i n two areas: (1) vacuum d e a e r a t i o n i n a packed column and ( 2 ) d e a e r a t i o n i n a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system. A s t h e second i n a s e r i e s d e s c r i b i n g t h e ORNL s t u d i e s , t h i s r e p o r t (1) reviews p r e v i o u s r e l e v a n t s t u d i e s , ( 2 ) des c r i b e s t h e d e s i g n of a g a s d e s o r p t i o n t e s t l o o p and a barometric i n t a k e system, ( 3 ) p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s of vacuum dea e r a t i o n i n a packed column and a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system, and ( 4 ) d i s c u s s e s t h e s a v i n g s t h a t can be achieved when t h e packed column i s combined w i t h t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system. Vacuum d e a e r a t i o n l a b o r a t o r y experiments u s i n g t h r e e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of packings i n a packed column t e s t s e c t i o n and a series of b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e d e a e r a t i o n experiments have been performed. A c o n c e p t u a l OTEC d e a e r a t i o n subsystem d e s i g n , based on t h e s e r e s u l t s , and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s on a n OTEC-open c y c l e power system a r e p r e s e n t e d .

1.

INTRODUCTION

D e a e r a t i o n ( n o n c o n d e n s i b l e s removal) i s a gas d e s o r p t i o n p r o c e s s . Since t h e major power components of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) open-cycles ( i n c l u d i n g Claude- and v a r i o u s l i f t - c y c l e c o n c e p t s ) w i l l be o p e r a t i n g under a subatmospheric p r e s s u r e environment, d e a e r a t i o n and/or noncondensibles removal from t h e power systems a r e e s s e n t i a l t o m a i n t a i n t h e proper power g e n e r a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y .

A g a s d e s o r p t i o n s t u d y was i n i t i a t e d , and a t e s t l o o p was assembled

t o i n v e s t i g a t e v a r i o u s c o n c e p t s of vacuum d e a e r a t i o n and noncondensibles removal. The p r e v i o u s a c t i v i t i e s of t h e Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r y (ORNL) s t u d y i n c l u d e d (1) t h e o r i e s of g a s d e s o r p t i o n , ( 2 ) d e s i g n of exp e r i m e n t s , ( 3 ) p r e v i o u s r e l e v a n t s t u d i e s , ( 4 ) d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e g a s des o r p t i o n t e s t p l a n , and (5) p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t r e s u l t s and d i s c u s s i o n s . I n t h e p r e s e n t r e p o r t , r e s u l t s of a d d i t i o n a l packed column t e s t s on d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of packings are p r e s e n t e d , and t h e d e a e r a t i o n t e s t of a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system i s d i s c u s s e d . I n t h e Claude-cycle OTEC power The h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e of system, w a r m seawater a t ambient p r e s s u r e i s fed t o a vacuum f l a s h evapor a t o r through a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system. f l o w s upward. ditions.

water g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s e s i n t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e pipe a s w a r m seawater

Dissolved a i r i n seawater w i l l be evolved under t h e s e conpower system.2 D e a e r a t i o n i n a barometClaude had i n c l u d e d t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e d e a e r a t i o n concept i n

h i s d e s i g n of a n OTEC open-cycle

r i c i n t a k e p i p e i s a f f e c t e d by p h y s i c a l and g e o m e t r i c a l parameters s u c h a s system p r e s s u r e d r o p , mass flow, f r i c t i o n , p i p e d i a m e t e r , and e x i s t i n g

n u c l e i i n seawater. t i o n on t h i s s u b j e c t .
A l i t e r a t u r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e d no p r e v i o u s i n v e s t i g a -

Barometric-leg

d e a e r a t i o n should have t h e advantage

of p a r t i a l p r e d e a e r a t i o n and t h u s avoid p a r t of t h e c o s t p e n a l t y of adding

a n e x t r a component; a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f t h e concept was i n i t i a t e d . This r e p o r t documents t h e d e a e r a t i o n experiments on packed columns and t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system. o f t h e 10031We open-cycle R e s u l t s d e r i v e d from t h e s e t e s t s are used t o update t h e c o n c e p t u a l b a s e l i n e d e s i g n of t h e d e a e r a t i o n subsystem power system.

3
2.

BACKGROUND
phenomenon. Like any

Gas d e s o r p t i o n from water i s a m a s s - t r a n s f e r

t r a n s f e r p r o c e s s , t h e movement of d i s s o l v e d g a s i n t h e l i q u i d phase i s d r i v e n by t h e o v e r a l l a v a i l a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t a c r o s s t h e i n t e r phase and i s r e t a r d e d by d i f f u s i o n a l and i n t e r f a c i a l r e s i s t a n c e s i n and between t h e phases. The r a t e of g a s d e s o r p t i o n i n a d e v i c e can be ind i f f e r e n c e s e i t h e r by r e d u c i n g creased f o r given concentration-gradient s u r f a c e area.

t h e d i f f u s i o n a l and i n t e r f a c i a l r e s i s t a n c e s o r by i n c r e a s i n g t h e a v a i l a b l e F a l l i n g f i l m c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s a n example of a g a s desorpc o e f f i c i e n t i s maintained by res t r i p p i n g i s usuSteam o r foreign-gas t i o n d e v i c e i n which a h i g h m a s s - t r a n s f e r ducing t h e l i q u i d f i l m t h i c k n e s s .

a l l y used i n g a s d e s o r p t i o n o p e r a t i o n s t o m a i n t a i n a h i g h o v e r a l l partialp r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e when t h e column i s o p e r a t e d a t h i g h e r t o t a l p r e s s u r e . I n c r e a s i n g t h e f l o w t u r b u l e n c e l e v e l by dynamic a g i t a t i o n o r by s t a t i c t u r b u l e n t promoters c a n r e d u c e d i f f u s i o n a l and i n t e r f a c i a l r e s i s t a n c e s . The u s e of packing i n c r e a s e s t h e i n t e r f a c i a l area. The m a s s - t r a n s f e r c o e f f i c i e n t kL i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e m o l e c u l a r d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t D i n t h e s t a g n a n t f i l m t h e o r y and i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s q u a r e r o o t of D i n t h e p e n e t r a t i o n and surface-renewal v a l u e s of n l y i n g between 0.50 and 0.75, c o n d i t i o n s of t h e e x p e r i m e n t s . The performance of a g a s d e s o r p t i o n d e v i c e may i n v o l v e two o r more means of m a i n t a i n i n g a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t : by u s i n g packed columns and s p r a y towers. ficult. Among t h e o t h e r t h e o r i e s , kL was c o r r e l a t e d w i t h D t o t h e n t h power f o r depending on t h e f l u i d dynamic t h e o r i e s . 3-5

(1) steam s t r i p p i n g

a n d / o r ( 2 ) r e d u c i n g d i f f u s i o n a l r e s i s t a n c e and e x t e n d i n g i n t e r p h a s e area However, t h e combination of t h e s e e f f e c t s and t h e complicated geometry make t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s d i f In Sherwood and Holloway's s t u d y 6 of g a s d e s o r p t i o n i n a packed Concepts of l i q u i d and and numcolumn and i n many l a t e r similar s t u d i e s , s i m p l e t h e o r e t i c a l models were u n a b l e t o p r e d i c t t h e g a s d e s o r p t i o n phenomenon. gas f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t s (kLa, k g a ) , h e i g h t of t r a n s f e r u n i t s (HTU), s o r p t i o n d a t a e m p i r i c a l l y w i t h v a r i o u s nondimensional parameters.

b e r of t r a n s f e r u n i t s (NTU) were i n t r o d u c e d and used t o c o r r e l a t e g a s de-

4 A m o d i f i e d v e r s i o n of t h e e m p i r i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n formula proposed by Sherwood and Holloway2 i s commonly used i n gas d e s o r p t i o n s t u d i e s :

and

These e q u a t i o n s are d e r i v e d from t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s form, b u t an unknown f a c t o r having t h e dimension of l e n g t h i s o m i t t e d from t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e and from t h e f i r s t group on t h e right-hand s i d e of t h e e q u a t i o n s . Because of t h i s omission t h e e q u a t i o n s are n o t d i m e n s i o n l e s s , and t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y c o n s t a n t a i s expected t o v a r y w i t h the n a t u r e of the packing mate-

r i a l and t h e u n i t s employed.
D e g a s i f i c a t i o n i s a major m a s s - t r a n s f e r p r o c e s s i n i n d u s t r i a l u n i t operation. uids. P r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s v a r y from degassing of p e t r o c h e m i c a l s d e g a s s i n g s t u d i e s can be found i n t h e and i n d u s t r i a l f l u i d s t o d e a e r a t i o n of b o i l e r f e e d water and p o t a b l e l i q Many a p p l i c a t i o n - o r i e n t e d literature. Because of t h e unique OTEC c o n d i t i o n s , only t h o s e s t u d i e s i n (1954) on

v o l v i n g vacuum d e a e r a t i o n and seawater a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e of r e l e v a n c e t o t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; t h e s t u d i e s i n c l u d e Knoedler and Bonilla packed-column d e a e r a t i o n , Chambers (1959) on seawater s p r a y d e a e r a t i o n , E i s s e n b e r g s review9 (1972) of the performance of deaerators i n desalinat i o n p i l o t p l a n t s , and t h e vacuum d e g a s s i n g a n a l y s i s by Rasguin e t a l . l o (1977). Knoedler and B o n i l l a i n v e s t i g a t e d vacuum d e g a s i f i c a t i o n of water i n a packed column. t h e s o l u t e gas.
A c l o s e d t e s t loop w a s c o n s t r u c t e d , and oxygen w a s used as

Knoedler and B o n i l l a observed t h a t end e f f e c t s were apBelow t h e l o a d i n g p o i n t

X

p r e c i a b l e and depended p r i m a r i l y on temperature. of l i q u i d flow ( i . e . ,

l i q u i d flow r a t e i s less than 39

t h e i r vacuum d e a e r a t i o n r e s u l t s f o r Stedman t r i a n g u l a r packing were expressed by t h e f o l l o w i n g c o r r e l a t i o n :

lo3 kg/h*m2),

HTU

= 1.478

(L)Oo3

(3)

A spray-type vacuum d e a e r a t i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h seawater d e s a l i n a t i o n w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d by Chambers.8 Winkler t i t r a t i o n . I n h i s experiments, a i r w a s used a s t h e s o l u t e g a s w i t h o n l y t h e d i s s o l v e d oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n measured by Assumptions had t o be made a s t o t h e r a t e of n i t r o g e n The d i s s o l v e d a i r r e l e a s e i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e performance of t h e vacuum d e a e r a t o r because oxygen and n i t r o g e n a r e b o t h s p a r s e l y s o l u b l e i n water. c o n t e n t i n t h e water a t reduced p r e s s u r e s was computed from t h e d i s s o l v e d oxygen measurements by u s i n g Henry's l a w of g a s d i s s o l u t i o n and D a l t o n ' s

l a w of p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e f o r oxygen and n i t r o g e n .

Chambers'

found t h a t

t h i s method w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r p r e d i c t i n g t h e vacuum d e a e r a t o r p e r f o r mance and r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e HTU f o r t h e spray-type vacuum d e a e r a t o r t e s t e d i n h i s experiment v a r i e d from 21.3 t o 45.7 cm (0.7 t o 1.5 f t ) . i n t h e vacuum chamber w a s reduced. pressure w a s presented. Eissenbergg (1972) has reviewed t h e o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e of vacuum d e a e r a t o r s f o r seawater d i s t i l l a t i o n p l a n t s ; t h e s e d a t a came from t e s t s a t p l a n t f a c i l i t i e s i n San Diego, C a l i f o r n i a ; F r e e p o r t , Texas; W r i g h t s v i l l e Beach, North C a r o l i n a ; and Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Because of t h e s t r i n g e n t d e g a s s i n g requirement f o r d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t s , steam s t r i p p i n g was used. To a c h i e v e h i g h r a t e s of d e s o r p t i o n , a combination of f l a s h i n g f e e d , s p r a y n o z z l e s , and packed o r t r a y columns w a s employed t o i n c r e a s e t h e i n t e r phase area and m a s s - t r a n s f e r coefficient. Eissenberg concluded t h a t sati s f a c t o r y d e a e r a t o r s f o r d e s a l i n a t i o n p l a n t s could be designed u s i n g one o r more mechanisms b u t t h a t f u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l work w a s r e q u i r e d t o opt i m i z e c o s t s and t o d e s i g n f u l l - s c a l e units. Rasquim, Lynn, and HansonlO (1977) s t u d i e d v a r i o u s methods of d i s solved a i r removal from water i n packed columns through mathematical modeling. They s t u d i e d c a s e s of b o t h c o u n t e r c u r r e n t d e s o r p t i o n ( w i t h and They found t h a t without steam s t r i p p i n g ) and c o c u r r e n t g a s d e s o r p t i o n . H i s data showed t h a t t h e v a l u e of HTU approached 45.7 c m (1.5 f t ) a s t h e p r e s s u r e N c o r r e l a t i o n between HTU and vacuum o

t h e g a s removal r a t e i n a two-stage c o c u r r e n t column was comparable t o t h e c o u n t e r c u r r e n t column with steam s t r i p p i n g and t h a t l e s s energy was consumed. Very f e w s t u d i e s have been performed on d e a e r a t i o n i n a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system. l l a r c h a n d l l i n d i c a t e d t h a t , from t h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s ,

6
o n l y 3% d e a e r a t i o n w a s p o s s i b l e i n t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e c o n f i g u r a t i o n . However, he d i d n o t e l a b o r a t e on t h e method of c a l c u l a t i o n o r any kind of p h y s i c a l and g e o m e t r i c a l e f f e c t s on h i s c a l c u l a t i o n .

3.

TEST LOOP D E S I G N

The t e s t l o o p d e s i g n and d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e equipment f o r OTEC Gas D e s o r p t i o n Test F a c i l i t y (OTEC-GDTF) was e x p l a i n e d i n d e t a i l i n Vol.

of t h e ORNL s t u d y .

However, some m o d i f i c a t i o n s and expansion have t a k e n

p l a c e s i n c e t h e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e c o n f i g u r a t i o n system t o the g a s d e s o r p t i o n t e s t column.

3.1

l l o d i f i c a t i o n of D i s s o l v e d Oxvnen Measurement

A s noted i n t h e p r e v i o u s r e p o r t , t h e o n - l i n e dissolved-oxygen ana-

l y z e r (Beckman Nodel 7002) was used f o r t h e d i r e c t - d i s s o l v e d c e n t r a t i o n measurement i n water. t o question.

oxygen con-

However, t h e performance of t h e oxygen

a n a l y z e r s e n s o r i n t h e vacuum environment of t h e s e experiments i s s u b j e c t Because of t h i s problem, water samples were c o l l e c t e d under vacuum c o n d i t i o n s i n 1-L f l a s k s , and t h e y were t h e n brought up t o atmos p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n s ( s e e oxygen-measuring s t a t i o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g subsection).
Samples t h e n were t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o 300-cc b i o l o g i c a l oxygen demand

(BOD) b o t t l e s , and a n oxygen a n a l y z e r (Yellow S p r i n g s I n s t r u m e n t ?lode1 5 7 ) measured t h e dissolved-oxygen c o n t e n t of water i n p a r t s per m i l l i o n .

As a

supplemental check f o r v e r i f i c a t i o n and c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e sampling techn i q u e , water samples i n BOD b o t t l e s were p e r i o d i c a l l y s e n t t o a chemical l a b o r a t o r y f o r dissolved-oxygen t r a t i o n method. 3.2 D e s c r i D t i o n of EauiDment c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s by t h e Winkler w e t ti-

The OTEC-GDTF used i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s shown i n a flow diagram ( F i g . 1 ) and i n a n o v e r a l l view ( F i g . 2). ( 2 ) vacuum system, ( 3 ) lower barometric-leg metric-leg materials. These major l o o p components
( 1 ) test section,

a r e e x p l a i n e d i n d e t a i l i n S e c t s . 3.3 through 3.10:

water s t o r a g e t a n k , ( 4 ) upper

water s t o r a g e t a n k and pumps, ( 5 ) oxygen-sampling s t a t i o n s , and (6) baro-

8
O R N L - D W G 81-8427
ETD

TOP H E A D SECTION

ROTAMETER BAROMETRIC

PUMP NO. 2

WATER SUPPLY

ATER STORAGE T A N K NO. 1

T A N K WATER SAMPLING STATION

TANK DRAIN

F i g . 1 . Generalized f l o w diagram of OTEC packed column-barometic intake f a c i l i t y .

H 0

10 3.3
General Flow D e s c r i p t i o n

Flow d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system are i n d i c a t e d by

arrows i n t h e s i m p l i f i e d schematic diagram (Fig. 3 ) . system c o n s i s t s of f o u r components:

The e x p e r i m e n t a l

a water h o l d i n g t a n k equipped w i t h
system.
' h o separated

manual l e v e l c o n t r o l t o m a i n t a i n d i f f e r e n t water h e i g h t s , a b a r o m e t r i c l e g , a sampling s t a t i o n , and a w a t e r - r e t u r n i n g systems are used f o r a e r a t i o n when t h e system i s i n closed-loop o p e r a t i o n

ORNL-DWG 81-7866

ETD

OXYGEN SAMPLING STATION

AROMETRIC LEG

=CD $O SN E

FLOOR

PROCESS WATER

DRAIN

Fig. 3.

Barometric i n t a k e s i m p l i f i e d flow diagram.

11
mode, and a b u i l d i n g water l i n e w i t h a hand-regulated v a l v e d i r e c t l y prov i d e s s o u r c e water i n once-through o p e r a t i o n s . The l o o p i s designed t o o p e r a t e under vacuum c o n d i t i o n s and up t o 310 kPa. I n t h e c l o s e d l o o p , water s t o r a g e t a n k No. 1 (Fig. 3 ) was f i l l e d t o t h e d e s i r e d h e i g h t w i t h a i r - s a t u r a t e d b u i l d i n g water. Through t h e use of
Water sam-

a vacuum system, water was p u l l e d up i n t o t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g .

p l e s were t a k e n as i t e n t e r e d t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g and a g a i n a t t h e end of b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e l e g a s t h e water l e f t t o go i n t o t h e t e s t column. l o o p o p e r a t i o n o r i n t o a b u i l d i n g d r a i n f o r open-loop o p e r a t i o n . by a n a r r a y of a i r s t o n e s (Kordon C o r p o r a t i o n No. 62501). From t h e t e s t column, water was r e c i r c u l a t e d i n t o t h e h o l d i n g t a n k f o r closedDuring t h e closed-loop o p e r a t i o n , a i r was c o n t i n u o u s l y i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e system I n t h e openA manually

l o o p o p e r a t i o n mode, a i r - s a t u r a t e d water w a s c o n t i n u o u s l y f e d from t h e b u i l d i n g water s u p p l y a t a r a t e e q u a l t o t h a t being d r a i n e d . t a i n c o n s t a n t l i q u i d l e v e l i n t h e tank. o p e r a t e d v a l v e l o c a t e d a t t h e t o p of h o l d i n g t a n k No. 1 w a s used t o mainExcess water e n t e r i n g t h e t a n k

w a s d r a i n e d through v a l v e s l o c a t e d on t h e s i d e of t h e t a n k ( F i g . 4 ) .
Water flow w a s measured by a t u r b i n e flowmeter ( F L W TECHNOLOGY) a s i t

e n t e r e d t a n k No. 2, and i t s t e m p e r a t u r e was measured by t h e r m i s t o r s (Yellow S p r i n g s Instrument Company).

3.4
T e s t S e c t i o n Packed Column

The primary f u n c t i o n of t h e t e s t s e c t i o n column i l i q u i d flow l e v e l . top-head

t h e ba o m e t r i c - l e g

experiment i s t o p r o v i d e a measuring s t a t i o n f o r t e m p e r a t u r e and a v i s u a l

As t h e water l e a v e s t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g , i t e n t e r s t h e

s e c t i o n of t h e t e s t s e c t i o n and p a s s e s through t h e main body of The top-head The h e i g h t of The column

t h e column where t h e t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e l i q u i d i s measured. s e c t i o n a l s o p r o v i d e s t h e c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e vacuum s o u r c e . water i n t h e column a l s o p r o v i d e s head p r e s s u r e f o r pump A. connections.

i s made of c l e a r p l a s t i c , and O-ring g a s k e t s are used on a l l removable

12

F i g . 4.

Water s t o r a g e t a n k .

13
3.5 Flow C o n t r o l Water Pumps (5-hp) cen-

The water from t h e column was c i r c u l a t e d by a 3.73-kW t r i f u g a l pump ( A l l i s Chamber 042-1-99-51) pumped by pump B, a 1.12-kW flow meter (1-in. (1.5-hp) f o r secondary a e r a t i o n f o r t h e c l o s e d loop.

i n t o t a n k No. 2 , which i s used

Water from t a n k No. 2 w a s

c e n t r i f u g a l pump, through a t u r b i n e and r o t a m e t e r ( F i s c h e r holding tank

Flow Technology Model No. FT-16)

S e r i a l No. XII-442512) back i n t o t h e lower barometric-leg

No. 1 f o r closed-loop o p e r a t i o n . open-loop o p e r a t i o n . 3.6

Water was d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g

d r a i n system d i r e c t l y i n s t e a d of t o h o l d i n g t a n k No. 1 i n t h e case of

Oxvgen-Measuring

Station

The oxygen-measuring s t a t i o n c o n s i s t s of a l - L f l a s k connected t o t h e t o p of t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g by 0.95-cm-ID

t l e d r a i n point.

Tygon hose ( F i g . 1 ) .

The f l a s k i s The

a l s o connected and v a l v e d t o t h e vacuum system, atmosphere, and a BOD botThese c o n n e c t i o n s g i v e t h e s t a t i o n f l e x i b i l i t y . vacuum l i n e e q u a l i z e s t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e f l a s k t o t h a t of t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g w h i l e under vacuum. The atmospheric c o n n e c t i o n e n a b l e s t h e water sarnple i n t h e f l a s k t o be brought t o a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e w i t h o u t adding any oxygen t o t h e sample, and f i n a l l y t h e v a l v e d d r a i n e n a b l e s t h e f l a s k ' s c o n t e n t t o empty i n t o a BOD b o t t l e . tion. This s a n p l i n g procedure i s s i m i l a r t o i n t h e i r s t u d y of vacuum deaerat h e one employed by Knoedler and B o n i l l a '

The b o t t l e s can be analyzed by e i t h e r t h e Winkler w e t t r i t r a t i o n tubing-connected vacuum bellow v a l v e s (Hoke Model

I D and 518-in.
OD.

method o r a n oxygen a n a l y z e r (Yellow Springs Model 57 Oxygen Analyzer).

All v a l v e s a r e 318-in.
No. 4213464).

A l l t u b i n g i s Tygon 318-in.

3.7

Vacuum Svstem (4-in.) s t e e l l i n e followed

I n t h e g a s removal system, a 10.2-cm-diam by a 15.24-cm-diam (6-in.) t o t h e vacuum equipment.

An e x i s t i n g two-stage

p i p e c o n n e c t s t h e t o p of t h e d e s o r p t i o n column
steam-jet e j e c t o r i n t h e

b u i l d i n g s e r v e s as t h e vacuum source.

The e j e c t o r h a s a name p l a t e capac-

i t y of removing 13.6 kg/h ( 3 0 l b / h ) of water vapor and 1.36 kg/h ( 3 l b l h )

14
of a i r a t 1.35 kPa a b s (0.4 i n . H a b s ) . g t r o l l e d by a vacuum p r e s s u r e r e g u l a t o r . The vacuum p r e s s u r e i s conIt i s n e c e s s a r y t o b l e e d a small

amount of a i r i n t o t h e vacuum p i p i n g system t o o b t a i n s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n t r o l o f t h e vacuum p r e s s u r e under v a r y i n g t e s t c o n d i t i o n s . 3.8 Barometric-Leg Water Holding Tank

The b a r o m e t r i c - l e g water s t o r a g e t a n k ( F i g . 4 ) was f a b r i c a t e d from 1.27-cm s t a i n l e s s s t e e l p l a t e r o l l e d i n t o a drum 1.04 m i n d i a m e t e r and T h i s t a n k serves a s a s t o r a g e r e s e r v o i r f o r t h e water 76.20, and 137.2 c m 1.83 m i n h e i g h t .

a t f u l l a i r s a t u r a t i o n j u s t before i t e n t e r s t h e v e r t i c a l barometric leg.

The t a n k i s equipped w i t h t h r e e d r a i n p o r t s a t 11.4, from t h e bottom. simply a n overflow p r o t e c t i o n d r a i n . t h e t a n k from a 3.81-cm

Two of t h e s e t h r e e a r e valved l i n e s , and t h e t h i r d i s These two d r a i n l i n e s e n a b l e t h e

t a n k t o m a i n t a i n a c o n s t a n t l e v e l , w h i l e t h e o u t s i d e b u i l d i n g water e n t e r s p r o c e s s water l i n e l o c a t e d a t t h e t o p of t h e t a n k The t a n k i s a l s o a place of water a e r a and r e g u l a t e d by a g l o b e valve.

t i o n and c o n t a i n s a n a r r a y of a i r s t o n e s (Kordon C o r p o r a t i o n ) t h a t a r e connected t o t h e b u i l d i n g a i r s u p p l y a t SO0 kPa. 3.9 Barometric I n t a k e System

perimental tests.

A s t a n d a r d s t a r t - u p procedure w a s implemented f o r each day of exA l l d r a i n s on s t o r a g e t a n k No.

1 were c l o s e d , and t h e

b u i l d i n g water f i l l l i n e was opened. p r e s s u r e f o r t h a t d a y ' s run. t h e colurm was s e t t o zero.

A f t e r a c l o s e l y e s t i m a t e d water

l e v e l w a s a c h i e v e d , t h e vacuum v a l v e w a s opened and set on i t s d e s i r e d water i n t o t h e t e s t column, pump A w a s t u r n e d on and t h e water l e v e l i n I n open-loop o p e r a t i o n s , a l l water w a s t o be d r a i n e d a f t e r one pass through t h e l o o p ; t h e b u i l d i n g water f i l l l i n e a g a i n w a s t u r n e d on and r e g u l a t e d t o m a i n t a i n a c o n s t a n t l e v e l i n water s t o r a g e t a n k No. 1.

As t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g began t o d i s c h a r g e

15
3.10
After start-up,
No.

Steady-State

Operation

a c o n s t a n t l e v e l w a s m a i n t a i n e d i n b o t h water t a n k

1 i n t h e packed column.

Temperature and vacuum p r e s s u r e s were moniconditions existed.

t o r e d t o d e t e r m i n e when s t e a d y - s t a t e perature (&0.loC)

Steady s t a t e w a s assumed when t h e r e w a s no s i g n i f i c a n t change i n t e m and flow r a t e changes were l e s s t h a n +2% throughout t h e Once s t e a d y s t a t e was a c h i e v e d ) t h e f o l l o w i n g system over a 10-nin span.
d a t a were r e c o r d e d :

( 1 ) f l o w r a t e through t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g , ( 2 ) t e m -

p e r a t u r e of t h e water i n t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g , ( 3 ) p a r t s per m i l l i o n of oxygen c o n t e n t of t h e water i n s t o r a g e t a n k No. 1, ( 4 ) water samples t a k e n a s

i t reached t h e t o p of t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g (7.8 t o 8.8 m from t h e water l e v e l

i n t a n k No. 2 )

and ( 5 ) t h e system vacuum p r e s s u r e .

These e x p e r i m e n t a l

d a t a were f e d t o a computer t o c a l c u l a t e t h e d e a e r a t i o n e f f e c t i v e n e s s of barometric intake configuration. A f t e r a l l d a t a were recorded and water samples were t a k e n f o r a n a l y s i s , t h e water f l o w r a t e through t h e b a r o m e t r i c l e g w a s changed; a d j u s t -

ments were made u n t i l a new s t e a d y s t a t e c o n d i t i o n was achieved. m e n t a l d a t a were a g a i n r e c o r d e d , and t h e procedure was r e p e a t e d .

Experi-

16
4. 4.1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

R e s u l t s of Vacuum D e a e r a t i o n i n a Packed Column tower f i l l e d

Vacuum d e a e r a t i o n of water w a s s t u d i e d i n a 28-cm-ID w i t h two k i n d s of packings:

ceramic Raschig r i n g and p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s .

Packing h e i g h t s were v a r i e d from 0 t o 90 cm, l i q u i d r a t e s from 34,000 t o 146,000 kg/h*m2, and t h e column vacuum p r e s s u r e from 3.4 t o 34 kPa a b s . L i q u i d s a m p l e s , t a k e n a t t h e t o p of t h e packing and a t t h e o u t l e t of t h e tower, were a n a l y z e d by a n oxygen a n a l y z e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d i s s o l v e d oxygen. The f i r s t s e r i e s of r u n s (110 i n a l l ) was completed, and t h e r e s u l t s were p r e s e n t e d i n Vol. 1 of t h i s r e p o r t . ' t h e packing was 3.81-cm I n t h i s f i r s t series of r u n s , ceramic Raschig r i n g s , and t h e measured d e a e r a t i o n

used f o r c a l c u l a t i o n of c o e f f i c i e n t s i n c l u d e d d e a e r a t i o n t h a t t a k e s p l a c e on t h e packing as w e l l as between t h e s e n s o r of t h e oxygen a n a l y z e r and t h e t o p of t h e packed column. Because of t h e end e f f e c t , t h a t i s , t h e a d d i t i o n a l d e a e r a t i o n t h a t o c c u r s i n t h e i n l e t d i s t r i b u t o r and t h e d e a e r a t e d water r e s e r v o i r of t h e packed column, d a t a o b t a i n e d i n t h e f i r s t
s e r i e s should a p p l y o n l y t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r c o n d i t i o n s of t h e t e s t s e t u p .
A new g r o u p of r u n s ( 1 2 1 i n a l l ) w a s t h e n made i n which t h e l i q u i d

e n t e r i n g t h e packing w a s sampled a t t h e t o p of t h e packing by u s i n g t h e c o l l e c t i n g f l a s k and BOD b o t t l e as d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . nade w i t h 2.54-cm p a l l r i n g s ( T e s t Series 3 ) . t i o n of m a s s - t r a n s f e r These r u n s w e r e plastic
p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s ( T e s t S e r i e s 2 ) and 3.81-cm

Although t h e method of c o r r e l a t i o n p r e s e n t e d
Data
Data on

i s based on t h e f i r s t s e r i e s r u n s , t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e d i c -

c o e f f i c i e n t s i s t h e new group of 121 r u n s .

o b t a i n e d i n t h e l a t t e r group are p r e s e n t e d i n Tables 1 through 4. and 3.81-cm p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s are shown i n F i g s . 5 and 6 .

t h e l i q u i d f i l m c o e f f i c i e n t of t h e d e s o r p t i o n of a i r from water f o r 2.54Most of t h e

t e s t d a t a were o b t a i n e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s w i t h i n a few d e g r e e s of 25"C, and

t h e v a l u e s r e p o r t e d have been c o r r e c t e d t o 25C by t h e use of e m p i r i c a l relation.

6

The e f f e c t of vacuum p r e s s u r e i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e d a t a of Fig. 7, t a k e n from T e s t S e r i e s 3 w i t h 3.81-cm p l a s t i c p a l l rings.

17
L
.176E+05 .176E+05 .172E+05 .175E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .273E+05 .273Et05 .273Et05 ,273Et05 .179E+05 .179E+05 .179E+05 .179E+05 .210E+05 .210Et05 .210E+05 .210Et05 .242E+05 .242E+05 ,242Et05 ,242Et05 .179E+05 .1?9E+05 .179E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .271E+05 .273E+05 .273E+05
T a b l e 1.
TEHP

'TEST

PAIR 5.86 5.86 5.81 5.81 5.83 5.83 5.83 5.89 5.88 5.97 5.97 5.88 5.86 5.86 5.86 5.86 3.97 3.97 3.91 3.91 3.90 3.90 3.92 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.92
7.70 7.70 7.71

T e s t Series 2 (1-in. p a l l rings)n X I X I

XE

NTU

SC

PACKING HEIGHT
0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0 0.0

701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753

82.1 82.1 82.1 82.0 81.9 82.0 82.0 82.1 81.7 81.6 81.6 81.7 81.7 81.8 81.7 81.8 83.6 83.6 83.6 83.6 83.5 83.5 83.4 83.4 83.8 83.8 83.8 83.8 82.0 82.0 81.9 82.1 82.1 81.9 81.6 81.7 81.7 81.6 81.4 81.4

4.46 4.68 4.35 4.63 4.83 4.96 5.08 4.82

5.51 5.63 5.40 5.59

4.43 3.46 2.72 2.36 4.39 3.21 3.46 2.46 4.60 3.74 3.11 2.75 4.78 3.68 3.07 2.80 3.80 2.9? 2.25 1.90 4.08 3.05 2.30 1.95 3.95 3.00 2.40 2.00 5.16 3.67 2.90 5.90 3.76 2.99 5.02 3.75 3.12 4.97 3.88 3.20

1.53

1.57 1.56 1.56

.01 .50 .88 1.34

0.67 26.07 37.47 49.03

.934E-04 .934E-04 .933E-04 .932E-04 .932E-04 .932E-04 .932E-04 .934E-04 .929E-04 .927E-04 .927E-04 .929E-04 .929E-04 .930E-04 .929E-04 .929E-04 .953E-04 .953E-04 .952E-04 .952E-04 .952E-04 .952E-04 ,950E-04 .951E-04 .955E-04 .955E-04 .955E-04 .955E-04 .932E-04 .932E-04 .932E-04 .933E-04 .934E-04 .931E-04 .927E-04 .929E-04 .929E-04 .92?E-04 .926E-04 .926E-04

.351E+03 .350E+03 .351E+03 .351E+03 .352E+03 .352E+03 .352E+03 .351E+03 .354E+03 .355E+03 ,355Ei.03 .354E+03 .354E+03 .353E+03 .354E+03 .354E+03 .338E+03 .338E+03 .338E+03 .338E+03 .338E+03 .338E+03 .339E+03 .339E+03 .336E+03 .336E+03 .336E+03 .336E+03 .351E+03 .351E+03 .352E+03 .351E+03 .351E+03 .352E+03 .355E+03 .354E+03 .354E+03 .355E+03 .356E+03 .356E+03

1.57 1.57 1.57 1.58 1.58 1.61 1.61 1.58

1.58 1.58 1.58 1.58
1.05 1.05 1.03 1.03

.I4

.62 1.30

-72

9.11 35.28 31.89 48.96 16.52 33.57 42.41 50.81 14.49 33.33 42.18 49.18 5.71 24.81 43.89 52.50 19.21 39.60 55.08 60.92 22.24 40.36 52.48 59.60 7.86 30.75 47.84 1.34 34.27 47.08 16.19 32.43 46.67

22.0

11.0 33.0

.26 .63 .93 1.23

0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0

5.59 5.52 5.31 5.51 4.03 3.95 4.01 4.00 5.05 5.05 5.12 4.99
5.08 5.03 5.05 4.95

.23 .63 .92 1.17

.08 .41 .90 1.23 .28 .69 1.17 1.46 .33 .71 1.08 1.40
-13 .70

0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0

0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0
0.0 1 I .O 22.0 33.0 0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0
0.0 14.0 33.0

1.03 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03

2.07 2.07 2.07 2.06 2.06

5.60 5.30 5.56 5.98 5.72

5.65

1.44

7.67 7.70 7.71 7.72 7.71 7.71 7.83 7.86 7.86

2.07

.77 1.36 .29 .73 1.29 .22 .69 1.27

.O?

0.0 14.0 33.0 0.0 14.0 33.0

5.99 5.55 5.85 5.68 5.64 5.95

2.08 2.08 2.08 2.11 2.12 2.12

12.50 31.21 46.22

0.0 14.0 33.0

18

Table 1 (continued)

TEST 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777

L
.200E+05 .200E+05 .200E+05 .231E+O5 .231E+05 .231E+05 .261E+05 .263E+05 .261E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 ,273Et05 .273Et05 .273E+05 .368Et05 .365Et05 .365E+05

TENP 82.4 82.2 82.3 82.2 82.2 82.2 82.1 82.1 82.2 83.1 82.6 82.6 82.6 82.7 82.7 81.6 81.6 81.6 81.8 81.7 81.6

PAIR

X I

Xd 3.87 2.37 1.50 3.80 2.40 1.60 3.68 2.40 1.50 3.70 2.36 1.42 3.85 2.32 1.50 3.80 2.39 1.52 3.78 2.50 1.64

XE 0.54 0.52 0.51

0.50 0.52 0.52

NTU .11 -69 1.25

.23 .76 1.33

D
.937E-04 .935E-04 .936E-04 .935E-04 .935E-04 .935E-04 .934E-04 .934E-04 .935E-04 .947E-04 ,940E-04 .940E-04 .940E-04 .941E-04 .941E-04 ,928E-04 .927E-04 .928E-04 .929E-04 .929E-04 ,927E-04

SC

PACKING HEIGHT
0.0 14.0 33.0

2.03 1.92 1.92 1.88 1.95 .95

4.27 4.20 3.96 4.66 4.53 4.61 4.85 4.56 4.57 4.43 4.44 4.45 4.68 4.53 4.46 4.83 4.72 4.73 4.77 4.76 4.67

9.31 43.57 62.12 18.45 47.02 65.29 24.12 47.37 67.18 16.48 46.85 68.09
17.74 48.79 64.37

.348E+03 .350E+03 .349E+O3 .350E+03 .350E+03 .350E+03 .350C+03 .350E+03 .350E+03 .341E+03 .346E+03 .346E+03 .346E+03 .345E+03 .345E+03 .355E+03 .355E+03 .355E+03 .354E+03 .354E+03 .355E+03

0.0 14.0 33.0 0.0 14.0 33.0 0.0 14.5 33.0

0.0 14.5 33.0

.90 .88 .89

2.07 2.29 2.29 2.19 2.19 2.29 2.22 2.08 2.05 2.16 2.04 2.02

0.51 0.50 0.51 0.55 0.61 0.61 0.58 0.58 0.61

.31 1.41

.76

.21 .78 1.56

.23 .82 1.46

0.60 0.56 0.55

0.58 0.55 0.54

.82 1.46

.28

21.33 49.36 67.86 20.75 47.48 64.88

0.0 14.5 33.0

.27 .77 1.33

14.5 33.0

0.0

U V a r i a b l e s are e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g u n i t s :
L = lb/h*ft2

Temp =

OF

P a i r = i n . Hg

= ft'/h

Packing h e i g h t = i n .

Table 2.
TEST SERIES

T e s t S e r i e s 2a

L
.175E+05 .210E+05 ,242Et05 .273E+05 .179E+05 . 2 1 OE+05 .242E+05 ,179Et05 .210E+05 .242E+05 ,272Et05 .200E+05 .231 E t 0 5 .261E+05 .210E+05 ,242Et05 .273E+05 .366E+05

PAIR
5.84 5.65 5.92

TEnP
82.1

HTU
2.093

HTU25
2.23 2.72 3.03 3.12

HU
2.04 2.04

KLA
.134E+03 .132E+03 .136E+03 t49E+03 .123E+03 .149E+03 .152E+03 .136E+03 .162E+03 .14 1 E t 0 3 .166Et03 .132E+03 .148E+03 .167E+03 .166E+03 .174E+03 .189E+03 .225E+03

L/HU
.857E+04 .103E+05 118Et05 ,134Et05 .892E+04 .105E+05 .121Et05 .876E+04 .lU3E+05 1 18 E + 0 5 .133E+05 .982E+04 1 1 4E+05 .128E+05 .104E+05 .120E+05 .133E+05 .178E+05

K/DSC
,643Et.05 .634E+05 . 6 5 1E t 0 5 .716E+05 .591 E t 0 5 .714E+05 .729E+05 .65 1E t 0 5 .77?E+05 .677E+ 05 . 7 9 8 E * 05 .632E+05 .?11E+05

END EFF

701

705
709 713 721

725 - 728 729 - 732

742 745 748 751

704 708 712 716 724

82.0
81.7 81.8 83.6 83.5

2.560

5.86
3.94 3.90 3.91 7.70 7.69

2.865 2.942 2.329 2.556 2.115 2.083

2.05
2.04

- 750

744 747

757 760
763

766

753 759

7.72 7.85

83.8 82.0 82.0 81.7

81.5 82.3

2.268

2.52
2.46 2.78

2.756

2.25 2.21

2.00 2.00 2.00

2.04 2.04

4.932 9.773 9.433 1 7.998 10.431 3.532 9.687 7.363 4.322 7.659 9.234 4.935

0.640

.m

769 772 -

762 765 768

771 774

2-22 2.22
2.11

1.96 1.93 1.89

82.2
82.2 82.8
82.7 81.6 81.7

2.639 2.436 2,510 2.036

2.92 2.79

2.60

2.05 2.05
2.03 2.03 2.03

. .

2.227

2.507 2.228
2.329 2.610

775 -

777

2.07

2.67 2.67 2.19 2.39 2.46 -.. 76 7

2.02 2.02 2.05

2.05

.802E+05 .
?94E+05 .837E+05 .905E+05 .108E+Ob

6.559 8.025

8. a 6 3

a V a r i a b l e s are e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g u n i t s : L = lb/h*ft2
P a i r = i n . Hg

Temp =

O F

HTU = f t

HTU25 = f t
c1 =

lbm/ft*h

kLa = lb r n o l e / ( h * f t 3 ) ( l b r n o l e / f t 3 )
L/U = I / f t

k/DSc = l / f t 2
End Eff = i n .

20
Table 3. TEST 900 90 1 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 91 1 912 913 91 4 91 5 916 917 91 8 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939
L

OTEC gas desorption test loop Test Series 3 (1.5-in.

TEflP 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.5 70.1 70.1 70.2 70.2 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 72.1 72.1 73.4 73.4 72.0 72.0 72.0 73.3 73.4 73.4 71.2 71.2 71.2 73.9 73.8 73.9 72.5 72.5 72.4 72.4 73.4 73.4 72.4 72.4 73.6 73.6 72.4 72.5
PAIR

pall rings)a
SC

XI

XB 3.96 3.10 2.26 1.60 4.41 3.51 2.75 2.18 4.11 2.37 2.50 2.11 4.39 2.95 4.35 2.96 4.46 3.48 3.07 4.55 3.52 3.11 4.56 3.52 3.11 4.32 3.39 2.96
5.12 4.08 5.15 4.43

XE 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.36 0.33

0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32

#TU
.OO .30 .64 1.00

u
.798E-04 .798E-04 ,798E-04 .799E-04 .784E-04 .784E-04 .784E-04 .784E-04 .798E-04 .798E-04 .798E-04 .?98E-04 .805E-04 .806E-04 .822E-04 .821E-04 .805E-04 .805E-04 ,805E-04 .820E-04 .821E-04 .E21 E-04 .796E-04 .796E-04 .?96E-04 .827-04 .826E-04 .827E-04 .811E-04 .811E-04 ,809E-04 .809E-04 .821E-04 .821E-04 .810E-04 ,810E-04 .824E-04 .824E-04 .809E-04 .8tIE-O4

P A C K I N G HEIGHT
0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0

.179E+05 .179E+05 .179E+05 .179E+05 .368E+05 .368E+05 .368E+05 .368E+05 .395E+05 .395E+O5 .395E+05 .395E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .210E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .242E+05 .273E+05 .273E+05 .273E+05 .273E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05 .315E+05

1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.06 1.22 1.12 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 4.32 4.40 4.46 4.58 4.39 4.40 4.44 4.36 4.36 4.40 4.39 4.39 4.49 4.36 4.56 4.56 8.25 8.31 8.28 8.28 8.26 8.38 8.28 8.28 8.38 8.40 8.28 8.26

3.96 4.09 4.00 3.79 4.88 4.87 5.10 4.82 4.64 3.36 4.75 4.76 6.02 6.06 5.95 5.91 6.12 6.12 6.29 6.39 6.29 6.01 6.47 6.39 6.40
6.10

0.00 24.21 43.50 57.78 9.63 27.93 46.08 54.77 11.42 29.46 47.37 55.67
27.08 51.32 26.89 49.92

.469E+03 .469E+03 .469E+03 .469E+03 .486E+O3 .486E+03 .485E+03 .485E+03 .470E+03 .469E+03 .469E+03 .469+03 .462E+03 .461E+03 .445E+O3 .446E+03 .462E+03 .462E+03 .462E+03 .446E+03 .4 46E +03 .446E+03 .472E+03 .472E+03 .4?2E+03 .439E+O3 .440E+03 .439E+03 .456E+03 .456E+03 .457E+03 .457E+03 .446Et03 .446E+03 .457E+03 .45?E+03 .443E+03 .443E+03 .457E+03 .456E+O3

.11 .35 .69 .89 .13 .39 .71 .91 .42 1.06 .42 1.03 .42 .79 1.04 .44 .80 .95 .46 .83 1.05 .46 .83 1.06 .38 .95 .38 .72 .36 .93 .45 1.07 .46 .80 .51 1.11

22.0
33.0

0.0 11.0

0.0 11.0 22.0 33.0

11.0 33.0 11.5 33.0

1.27 1.29 1.29 1.33 1.29 1.29 1.31 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.30 1.33 1.26 1.32 1.32 2.41 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.40 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.43 2.43 2.42 2.42

27.12 43.14 51.19 28.79 44.04 48.25 29.52 44.91 51.41 29.18 44.33 50.99 19.87 39.10 19.66 32.37 18.86 37.50 23.64 41.85 23.36 35.07 26.05 43.86

22.0
33.0

11.0

22.0
33.0 11.0

11.0

22.0

6.09 6.04 6.39 6.41 6.55

33.5 11.0 22.0 33.0 12.3 33.0 22.0

11.5 33.0 "1.0 33.0
11.0

6.?0

10.5

6.31 6.40 6.98 6.69 6.72 6.70 6.91 7.00

5.12 4.00 5.33 3.89

5.15 4.35 5.11 3.93

23.0 11.0 34.0

21
Table 3 (continued)

'TEST 940 941 942 943 944 945

L
.368E+05 .368E+05 .368E+05 .158E+05 .158E+05 .158Et05

TENP 73.6 73.6 73.6 67.4 67.4 67.4

PAIR 8.40 8.40 8.40 8.38 8.38 8.38

XI
6.91 6.65 6.68 6.81 6.86 6.90

Xfl
5.20 4.36 3.96 5.40 4.40 4.05

XE 2.43 2.43 2.43 2.57 2.57 2.57

NTU
.48 .78 1.02
.40 .85 1.07

7 .
24.75 34.44 40.72

D
,824E-04 .823E-04 ,823E-04 .749E-04 .749E-04 .749E-04

SC

PACKING HEIGHT 11.0 22.0 33.0 11.0 22.0 33.5

.443E+03 .443E+03 .443E+03 .529E+U3 .529E+03 .529E+03

20.70 35.86 41.30

% a r i a b l e s a r e expressed i n t h e following u n i t s :

L = lb/h*ft2
Temp = O F
Pair
=

in. H g

D = ft2/h

Packing h e i g h t = i n .

The v a l u e s of HTU s c a t t e r between 70 t o 100 c m a t t h e t e s t i n g vacuum p r e s s u r e range. The same c o n c l u s i o n was o b t a i n e d from t h e d a t a of t h e f i r s t s e r i e s w i t h 3.81-cm d e a e r a t i o n i n 2.54and 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . uid flow r a t e .
Because of c h a n n e l i n g of l i q u i d n e a r t h e w a l l s of t h e packed column, i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o use a n e x p e r i m e n t a l column w i t h a r a t i o of d i a m e t e r t o

ceramic Raschig r i n g s .

The p r a c t i c a l conclu-

s i o n i s t h a t HTU i s independent of vacuum p r e s s u r e . and 3.81-cm

The d a t a on HTU o f

p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s are shown i n Figs. 8

These f i g u r e s a r e p l o t t e d on log-log

scale, and t h e

p o i n t s s c a t t e r around a s t r a i g h t l i n e up t o q u i t e h i g h v a l u e s of t h e l i q -

packing dimension of a t l e a s t 8 : l i f t h e r e s u l t s a r e t o be c o n s i d e r e d repr e s e n t a t i v e of l a r g e s c a l e o p e r a t i o n ( e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e packed d e p t h i s s u f f i c i e n t l y g r e a t t o p e r m i t channeling t o develop). (30-cm) a l l packings used. The packed h e i g h t w a s l i k e w i s e a compromise and was u s u a l l y less t h a n common i n i n d u s t r i a l p r a c t i c e .
A l a r g e packed h e i g h t r e s u l t s i n more de-

With t h e 12-in.

tower of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e minimum r a t i o w a s exceeded f o r

s o r p t i o n and g r e a t e r a c c u r a c y i n measuring t h e r a t e of d e a e r a t i o n , b u t t h e d r i v i n g f o r c e a t t h e bottom of t h e column i s t h e n v e r y small and d i f f i c u l t

610'P ES6'8

ZOt3106'

OLP'E

OELY

6E8'9

62'2

OE'Z

6t"Z 6c"Z

LP'Z LZ'Z

6P'Z PZ'f

E6'Z

860'8 OSC'P PZP 'E ZSL'S C'6P.P OSP'O-

SO + 3EEP POt36E9' SOt36E8' S O t 3 Z P 1 ' S0+3f8L ' S0+3L 1 ' SO W 8 9 Sot38 1 1 * SOt396S' S O t 3 E O 1 SO t 3 ZGL' SOt36f 1 ' SOt3829' SOt3O.O I ' S0+3E9S9 P O t 3 Z Z 6 * Sot3 188'

SOt3LZ8' Got3 1 OS'

Got369 1 ' SOt3SS I =

POt3S9L'

EOt3SL1' E0+3t91' EOt3EPl' EOt3PZl' EOt3bSl' E0+3lEl' E0+39I1' P0+3E8L9 EOt3ZLL'

0+3trOl'

ZE'Z OE'Z EC'Z

16'Z 36'; El* 6L'Z SL'Z

L8Z'f

OLO'E LZL'E
19P'E

808'Z E8P'E E80.E

P'L9 9'EL

8E.8

EE'8 0'8 8Z.8

OP'8

S0+38S 1 SOt389E' SO+ 35 1 E * SOt3ELZ'

lL6.L' L06'Z

S0+3ZPZ' SOt3S IE' SOt3ZbZ' SOt301Z'

1E6 LZ6

SP6 ZP6 6'26 Sf6

- ?Eb - if6 - 8E6

EP6 Ob6

LE'Z

EE'Z

ZZ'E G1'E

LS'Z

SPP'E
fllH

S0+3S6E

816 SI6
116 LO6 E06

616

PSL'Z

O'EL 6'ZL P'ZL 8'2L O'ZL L'ZL C'IL Z*OL S'LL

dW31

EP'P LP'P PP'b 60'1 61'1 60'1

SOt389E
1

916 216
806

SOt36L1'

- PO6 006

AA3 U N 3

3su/x

nw/1

w1N

SZnlH

YIVd

S3IY3S 1S32

23

n
c

z
0
N

z X

ce

2
a

I
h l

24

I l l I

cv

1 1 1 1

I
m
X

25
ORNL-DWG 81-8430
23.70 27.0 30.40
ETD

VACUUM AIR

3.38 8
7 6

6.76

10.14

13.52

16.90

PRESSURE (kPa)
20.30

5
4

102 3 9

5
4

100

I
1
2

I
4

I
5
6

3 x 10
9

VACUUM AIR PRESSURE (in. Hg)

Fig. 7.

E f f e c t of vacuum p r e s s u r e on HTU a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e .

t o measure w i t h accuracy.

A v e r y s h o r t packed h e i g h t r e s u l t s i n l a r g e

d r i v i n g f o r c e s a t b o t h ends of t h e column, b u t t h e amount of a i r transf e r r e d i s small and a n a p p r e c i a b l e f r a c t i o n of t h e t o t a l t r a n s f e r may t a k e p l a c e a t t h e t o p and bottom of t h e packing i n t h e r e g i o n s of s p r a y and splashing. I n our i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e packing h e i g h t w a s v a r i e d from 15 t o

90 cm.
The e f f e c t of packed h e i g h t on NTU w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d i n our s t u d i e s by t a k i n g l i q u i d samples j u s t above and below t h e packing. That end e f f e c t s have indeed been minimized i s e v i d e n t from Fig. 10 ( T e s t s 701 through 704 and 900 through 903); i t shows a n e g l i g i b l e v a r i a t i o n of NTU a t z e r o int e r c e p t w i t h packing h e i g h t s , i n d i c a t i n g uniform l i q u i d d i s t r i b u t i o n and liquid-gas-interfacial area.

ORNL-DWG 81-8431

ETD

LIQUID FLOW RATE [kg/(h-m2)1

io4

io5

7
* .

z 5

k z
W
LL

3 4 a

c n 2 3 a
0 tw
LL

I -

3 2 I

>
a
0
0

102

LL

v)

8
7

a
LL

I -

a
-

6
5

W
W

0 tI
I

4
1 1 o4

I
2
LIQUID FLOW RATE [lb/(h*ft2)1

I
3

I
4

5
(1-in.)

3 x 10

F i g . 8. E f f e c t of l i q u i d f l o w r a t e on HTU f o r 2.54-cm p l a s t i c pall r i n g .

27

w
N

n +

2
7

(v

e
0
7

1 1

28
ORNL-DWG 81-8046

TESTS
SYMBOL

184- 186

701-704

900-903

ETD

0
29.3

0
19.74

AIR PRESSURE (kPa) 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4

3.68

z
IJJ

1.3
1.1

3 1.2

a
U

2 I -

1.0 0.9

u 0.8 . 0 E 0.7

5 z

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

c

25.4

PACKING HEIGHT (cm)

50.8

76.2

88.9

Fig. 10. R e l a t i o n s h i p between NTU and packing h e i g h t a t d i f f e r e n t l i q u i d flow rates and packing.

E x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e l i n e ( T e s t s 184 t h r o u g h 186) of Fig. effect.

10 t o z e r o NTU

g i v e s t h e h e i g h t of a d d i t i o n a l packing t h a t would be e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e end This l i n e ( T e s t s 184 t h r o u g h 186) i s from t h e f i r s t series of t h e The end e f f e c t w a s minimized i n

tests i n which end e f f e c t w a s a problem.

our r e c e n t d a t a by p l a c i n g a p a r t i t i o n i n t h e upper p o r t i o n of t h e test s e c t i o n and by improving t h e d i s t r i b u t o r system so t h a t water comes down t h r o u g h t e n 15-cm-long t u b e s t h a t a c t u a l l y t o u c h t h e t o p of t h e packing. I n t h i s case, t h e l i q u i d flows down w i t h o u t f a l l i n g t h r o u g h t h e a i r a t a l l and s p r e a d s o u t w i t h no s p l a s h i n g .

29

d e r e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s a l l o w i n g measurement of some d e s o r p t i o n i n t h e s p r a y s e c t i o n above t h e packing and t h e water l i n e l e a d i n g t o t h e column. With t h e r e v i s e d sampling technique and improvement of t h e d i s t r i b u t o r s y s t e m , t h e v a l u e s of t h e new group are b e l i e v e d t o be more r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e packing e f f i c i e n c y under vacuum d e s o r p t i o n of a i r .
Data from t h e new group of runs w i t h d e s o r p t i o n of a i r on 2.54-

As d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e f i r s t series of 110 r u n s 1 w a s made un-

and

3.81-cm

p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g s . 11 and 12.

In each

c a s e , t h e d a t a have been c o r r e c t e d t o 25C. 4.2 C o r r e l a t i o n of Data on c o r r e l a t i o n of d a t a i n a They have shown t h a t KLa

The method of Sherwood and Holloway'

packed column i s adapted i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . v a r i o u s packing materials a s KLa a L1-n t e s t e d , i t i s 0.25 f o r 3.81-cm

and HTU may be e x p r e s s e d a s power f u n c t i o n s of L f o r d e a e r a t i o n t e s t s on and (HTU)L cx Ln.

The v a l u e of n

v a r i e s w i t h both packing s i z e and t y p e ; f o r t h e t h r e e s i z e s of r i n g s

ceramic Raschig r i n g , 0.34 f o r 2.54-cm

plastic p a l l rings.

p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g , and 0.28 f o r 3.81-cm

The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of mass t r a n s f e r can a l s o be c o r r e l a t e d t o Schmidt number i n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s :

HTU =

(L/~)"(SC>~

(5)

These r e l a t i o n s are d e r i v e d from t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s form s i m i l a r t o t h a t used by G i l l i l a n d and Sherwood12 i n c o r r e l a t i n g d a t a on v a p o r i z a t i o n i n a wetted-wall right-hand column, b u t a n unknown f a c t o r w i t h t h e dimension of Because of t h i s omission, t h e equal e n g t h i s o m i t t e d i n t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e and i n t h e f i r s t group on t h e s i d e of b o t h e q u a t i o n s . t i o n s are n o t d i m e n s i o n l e s s , and t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y c o n s t a n t a may be expected t o vary w i t h t h e n a t u r e of t h e packing m a t e r i a l and t h e u n i t s employed.

LIQUID FLOW RATE/VISCOSITY ( l / m )

5 -

2 -

io5 5 -

**
-3c

* *

2 -

ORNL-DWG 81-8433

ETD

105
w

1o4

F i g . 11. Co r e l a t i o n of d a t a on vacuum d e s o r p t i o n of a i r i n 2.54-cm (1-in.) p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g .

ORNL-DWG 81-8434

ETD

LI QU I D F LOW R ATE/VISCOS ITY ( 1/m)

2x

io4

2.3

2.6

2.45

3.3

5.6

1o5

9
8
7

**/*&
* *
+

*
w
P

1o4 6 x

-///
03

LIQUID FLOW1o4 9 RATE/VISCOSITY ( l / f t )

I
1.7

Fig. 12. C o r r e l a t i o n of d a t a on vacuum d e s o r p t i o n of a i r i n 3.81-cm (1.5-in.) p l a s t i c pall r i n g .

32
Data from t h e f i r s t series are c o r r e l a t e d by a v a l u e of 0.50 f o r s ,

i n d i c a t i n g t h a t KLa v a r i e s as t h e 0.50 power of t h e l i q u i d d i f f u s i v i t y f o r t h e 3.81-cm

ceramic Raschig r i n g .

Sherwood and Holloway6 have concluded

t h a t f o r mass t r a n s f e r i n a packed column t h e s v a l u e i s 0.50 f o r a l l s i z e s and t y p e s of packing. Therefore, Eqs. ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) would become

HTU =

;L / P ) ~ ( S C ) ~ * ~ ~ (

(7)

Table 5 summarizes v a l u e s of a and n f o r t h r e e packing materials f o r which d a t a are presented.

Table 5. Values of a and n f o r t h r e e d i f f e r e n t packings ( s = 0.50)a Packing ab 19.57 113.6 34.86 n 0.25 0.34 0.28

3.81-cm ceramic Raschig r i n g

2.54-cm p l a s t i c p a l l ring plastic pall ring

3.81-cm

aThe ( 1 3 ) v a l u e s are the s l o p e of l i n e s i n Figs. 11 and 12. The a v a l u e s are t h e i n t e r c e p t of l i n e s w i t h t h e x-axis.

b A l l t h e q u a n t i t i e s i n Eqs. ( 6 ) and ( 7 ) must b e expressed i n m*kg*h u n i t s i f t h e s e v a l u e s of a are used.

'Data

presented i n Vol. 1 (Ref.1).

4.3

Maximum Flow of Water Through Packed Column

(1) l i q u i d holdup i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y w i t h l i q u i d flow r a t e , ( 2 ) t h e f r e e area f o r g a s flow becomes smaller, and ( 3 ) t h e p r e s s u r e drop rises more rapidly. Packed columns a r e operated b e s t below t h i s l o a d i n g p o i n t .

I n t h e vacuum d e a e r a t i o n , l o a d i n g i s known as t h e c o n d i t i o n where

33
Flooding and l o a d i n g v e l o c i t i e s i n random packings are w e l l c o r r e l a t e d by Treybal. l 3 ing.

H i s method i s adopted i n t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o d e t e r -

mine t h e maximum l i q u i d ( l o a d i n g p o i n t ) f l o w rates f o r each t y p e of packkg/h*m2) and a t t h e maximum l i q u i d flow rate are l i s t e d i n Table 6 . Table 6. Elaximum l i q u i d flow rates f o r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and s i z e s of packing The c o r r e s p o n d i n g HTU v a l u e s a t a c o n s t a n t l i q u i d flow r a t e (122,000

Packing

Size (cm)

Maximum l i q u i d flow, L a x [ l o 3 kg/(h'm2)]

niu

La

b Lmax
92.0 7.' 65 90.2 103.9 133.8d

Ceramic Raschig ring P l a s t i c pall ring

3.81 5.08 2.54 38 .1 8.89

~ ~

122.0 146.5

92.0 7.' 25 80.8 88.4 126.5d

171.0
220.0 293.0

&I, = 122 x lo3 [kg/(h*m2)]. L '

=

~~~~

L a x [kg/(h*m2>1-

v a l u e s are d e r i v e d from e x t r a p o l a t i o n by t h e method shown i n t h e Appendix.

'The HTU v a l u e s p r e s e n t e d are from t h e model of Sherwood and Holloway.

4.4

R e s u l t s of D e a e r a t i o n i n t h e Barometric Leg of t h e I n t a k e System system r e q u i r e s bub-

Vacuum d e a e r a t i o n i n a b a r o m e t r i c w a t e r - i n t a k e b l e s t o grow i n d e p r e s s u r i z i n g flow.

The f o r m a t i o n of bubble p o p u l a t i o n

i n a flow f i e l d i s s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d by t h e i n i t i a l n u c l e i c o n t e n t .

Be-

c a u s e t h e r e i s no s o l i d s u r f a c e o t h e r t h a n t h e pipe w a l l f o r vacuum d e a e r a t i o n i n a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e p i p e , i t i s h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e rate of dea e r a t i o n may be a f f e c t e d by t h e i n i t i a l n u c l e i c o n t e n t i n t h e incoming

water as w e l l .

The q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n and

34
s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of bubble n u c l e i i n t h e incoming water i s beyond t h e scope of t h i s s t u d y b u t i s being s t u d i e d elsewhere by H y d r o n a ~ t i c s . ~ However, a q u a l i t a t i v e a t t e m p t t o c l a s s i f y t h e n u c l e i c o n t e n t i n t h i s s t u d y i n c l u d e d t h r e e cases: tions. I n t h e case of i n i t i a l low n u c l e i c o n t e n t , t h e t e s t water i s l e f t o v e r n i g h t t o e l i m i n a t e as many bubble n u c l e i as p o s s i b l e , and t h e t e s t l o o p can o n l y be o p e r a t e d i n a once-through mode. In t h e moderate n u c l e i content case, a e r a t i o n i s applied only a f t e r the barometric intake test i n water t a n k No. 2 (Fig. 3); a e r a t i o n i s a p p l i e d t o b o t h water t a n k
Nos.

low, moderate, and h i g h n u c l e i concentra-

1 and 2 i n t h e c a s e of h i g h n u c l e i c o n t e n t experiments.
v e r t i c a l pipe.

The vacuum

d e a e r a t i o n i n a b a r o m e t r i c water-intake (2-in.) sure.

s y s t e m was t e s t e d i n a 5-cm-diam

Water w a s l i f t e d through t h e p i p e by vacuum p r e s A series of r u n s f o r

The water v e l o c i t y v a r i e d from 60 t o 180 cm/s. Tables 7 t h r o u g h 9.

t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e s y s t e m w a s completed, and r e s u l t s are p r e s e n t e d i n In t h e s e r u n s , t h e water s a m p l e s were t a k e n a t t h e

Table 7.
TEST 801 803 805 807 809 813 814 815 816 817 819

Data of barometric system, 8.8-m intake with moderate nucleia

L
28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8 28.8

TEHP 79.6 79.2 79.1 74.9 77.1 78.1 78.1 77.8 78.7 78.8 78.9

PAIR
1.33 2.13 2.04 2.49 1.63 1.45 2.39 1.87 1.82 1.10 2.22

U
3.51 2.82 3.12 2.68 3.37 3.73 2.59 3.28 3.10 3.86 2.55

XI
7.98 8.00 8.11 8.29 8.14 8.10 8.10 8.10 8.22 8.32 8.24

XB
6.52 6.80 6.99 7.27 6.98 7.00 6.95 7.26 6.63 6.98

XE
.37 .59 .56 .71 .46 .40 .66 .52 .61

x
18.3 15.0 13.8 12.3 14.3 19.8 13.6 14.2 11.7 20.3 15.3

RE .635E+05 .508E+05 .561E+05 .456E+05 .591E+05 .663E+05 .459E+05 .580E+05 .555E+05 .691E+05 .457E+05

NPD
.192E+00 .162E+00 .148E+00 .135E+00 .151E+00 .208E+00 .148E+00 .152E+00 .124E+00 ,211 E t 0 0 .165E+00

6.50

.50

.30

=Variables are expressed in the following units :

= ft

Temp = OF

Pair = in. Hg

D = ft2/h

= ftls

35

Table 8.

Data of barometric i n t a k e w i t h no nuclei"

TEST
800 804 808 720 727 728 731 732 733 734 735 739 747

L
28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3 28.3

TEHP
70.4 66.1 70.2 70.0 71.1 71.4 71.7 72.1 73.8 73.6 72.1 74.9 75.7

PAIR 2.81 3.00 4.60 2.33 4.43 3.43 .82 2.48 1.16 1.86 3.02 3.67 2.33

V
3.95 4.02 2.28 3.13 2.90 2.37 5.85 3.75 5.10 3.35 3.95 3.02 4.02

XI
8.00 9.29 8.78 8.03 8.32 8.32 8.30 8.30 8.41 8.41 8.20 8.12 8.10

XB
7.25 8.22 7.97 7.50 7.80 7.69 7.25 7.53 6.90 7.10 7.50 7.49 7.20

XE
.84 .93 1.38 .70 1.31 1.01 .24 .73 -34 .54 .89 1.05

x
9.4 11.5 9.2 6.6 6.3 7.6 12.7 9.3 18.0 15.6 8.5 7.8 11.1

RE .636Et05 .609Et05 ,367Et05 ,502Et05 .471Et05 .386Et05 ,956Et05 .616EtO5 .856Et05 .561Et05 .649EtO5 - 5 1 4Et05 .691 E+05

.66

1OSEtBO ,128Et130 .109Et00 .723E-01 .742E-0 1 .862E-01 ,130EtOQ .102E t o 0 .187Et08 .166Et00 P57E-0 1 .891 E-01 ,121Et00

NF D

"Variables
L = ft

are expressed i n t h e f o l l o w i n g u n i t s :

Temp = O F

P a i r = in. H g
= ft/s

D = ft2/h

e n t r a n c e t o t h e barometric l e g and a g a i n a t t h e end of barometric i n t a k e . Tables 7 and 9 are f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n of moderate n u c l e i when t h e i n t a k e h e i g h t s a r e 8.8 and 7.8 m, r e s p e c t i v e l y . remains o v e r n i g h t i n t h e t a n k u n d i s t u r b e d . The b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system d e a e r a t i o n i s p r e s e n t e d according t o t h e following equations:
PDA = a ( v ) b NPD = e(Relf

Table 8 shows t h e r e s u l t s of In t h i s c a s e , water

b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e when few n u c l e i e x i s t i n t h e water.

NPD = c ( v ) ~

.
The percentage of d e a e r a t i o n (PDA) and normalized

Table 10 summarizes v a l u e s a through f f o r v a r i o u s i n t a k e h e i g h t s and amounts of n u c l e i . p e r c e n t a g e d e a e r a t i o n (NPD) vs water v e l o c i t y (V) and Reynolds number
( R e ) are shown i n Figs.

13 through 22.

36

T a b l e 9.

Data of b a r o m e t r i c s y s t e m 7.8-m i n t a k e w i t h moderate n u c l e i a

U 5.48 2.49 2.90 3.38 4.14 4.91 5.46 5.15 3.73 4.61 2.38 3.12 4.14 5.91 5.13 2.45 3.30 4.29 4.98 5.54 5.64 5.23 4.56 3.79 3.34 2.82

TEST
71 1 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 721 722 723 724 725 729 730 736 737 740 74 1 742 744 745 746 748 749 750

L
25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5 25.5

TENP 74.2 78.3 78.5 78.1 77.1 78.7 78.6 78.9 76.5 77.1 77.2 77.9 77.6 77.6 77.9 75.4 75.8 78.4 78.4 78.8 77.9 78.1 78.3 77.2 77.4 77.4

PAIR
1.69 4.47 4.29 3.87 3.12 2.25 1.27 1.74 3.13 1.75 5.05 4.59 3.56 1.09 2.41 4.78 4.53 2.74 2.02 1.48 1.45 2.20 2.83 3.70 4.13 4.59

XI
8.45 7.80 7.71 7.78 7.80 7.65 7.70 7.60 8.25 8.18 8.20 8.12 8.10 8.30 8.40 8.24 8.22 7.97 8.16 8.00 8.19 8.15 8.21 8.20 8.05 8.05

Xfl 7.59 7.10 7.28 7.17 6.95 6.90 6.50 6.70 7.42 7.50 7.63 7.50 7.45 7.10 7.40 7.60 7.63 7.35 7.10 6.79 7.28 7.31 7.39 7.60 7.45 7.35

XE .49 1.24 1.19 1.08 .87 .62 .35 .48 .88 .49 1.42 1.28 .99 .31 .67 1.36 1.29 .76 .56 .41 .40 .61 .78 1.04 1.15 1.28

x
10.2 9.0 5.6 7.8 10.9 9.8 15.6 11.8 10.1 8.3 7.0 7.6 8.0 14.5 11.9 7.0 7.2 7.8 13.0 15.1 11.1 10.3 10.0 7.3 7.5 8.7

RE .925E+05 .443E+05 .518Et05 .600E+05 .725Et05 .878Et05 .976Et05 .924EtO5 ,649Et05 .807E+05 .418Et05 .553Et05 .730E+05 .104Et06 .909Et05 .4 19EtO5 .58 1 Et05 .765E+05 .888Et05 .993E+05 .998Et05 .928Et05 .8 13Et05 ,666Et05 .587E+05 .496E+05

NPD
,108Et00 107E t o 0 .659E-01 . 9 l OE-01 .123E t o 0 .10?Et00 .163E t o 0 .126E t o 0 .113Et00 .885E -0 1 .840E-0 1 .906E-0 1 .915E-0 1 ,150EtoO ,129Et00 .930E-01 .85 1 E-01 .860E-0 1 .139E+00 159Et00 . 1 1 ?E t o 0 ,111Et00 .11 OEtOO .838E-0 1 .870E-01 .103Et00

a V a r i a b l e s are e x p r e s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g u n i t s : L = ft
Temp =
OF

P a i r = i n . Hg
= ft/s

D = ft2/h

37

Table 10. Intake system

Empirical values f o r barometric intake systema Variables

a
0.340 0.314 0.325 0.027

b
0.691 0.85 0.727 1.33

d
0.525 0.74 0.597

f
0.523 0.74 0.599 0.26

7.8 m and moderate nuclei 8.8 m and moderate nuclei

0.843 0.552 0.662

0.03 0.0048 0.015 0.067

Variable height with no nuclei

8.4 m and high nuclei

aEqs. (8) through (10).

102

E
z
k

0 -

a
P
X
X
0

2
UJ

2
101

I.- Ix-

5 2 -

=-

00

000

PDA = 26.67 x lo PDA = (5.62 x lo4) INTAKE PIPE = 5.08-cm I D 8.4 m T A L L WATER TEMPERATURE = 25OC f 3OC

100

Fig. 13.

OTEC barometric intake configuration.

6x 102

lo1

WATER VELOCITY (crn/s)

ORNL-DWG 81-8435 ETD

102

122

152

1 0
5

xx

x x
w

03

2
Fig. 14. nuclei.

3
WATER VE LOClTY (ft/s)
Percentage d e a e r a t o n i n 8.8-

i n t a k e system w i t h moderate

39

I I I I I I

1111I I I I

B
DD D
m

1 1 1 1 I

1111I I 1 I

I
. -

0
c

ORNL-DWG 81-8437 ETD

WATER VELOCITY (cm/s)

V %

7 V

vv

88 .-

Fig. 16. V a r i a t i o n of normalized d e a e r a t i o n w i t h water v e l o c i t y i n i n t a k e s y s t e m with moderate n u c l e i .

102

61

5 -

91.4

121.9

152.4

182.9

21 3.4

ae 0

2 X X

a w
w

5
K

10'

X X

X
X

3 %

X X

5 -

2 -

100 2 x 100

I
4 WATER VELOCITY (ft/s)

I
5

I
6

7.8-

Fig. 17. V a r i a t i o n of p e r c e n t a g e d e a e r a t i o n with water v e l o c i t y i n i n t a k e s y s t e m w i t h moderate n u c l e i .

42

1lllI I 1

I
I I

IllI I I I

(%) NOllVt13V3a

43

Ill I I
I
I

I
I

1111I I I

e l
0

I n

h l

. -

LD

O N

(%I

NOllvt13V3a a3Zllvwt1ON

ORNL-DWG 81-8441

ET0

WATER VELOCITY (cmh)

102

ae z
0

5 2 -

61

91.4

121.9

152.9

182.9

213.9

a K W a W
0
W

P 10'

5!
J

5 -

v v

2 -

100

Fig. 20. Variation of normalized deaeration with water v e l o c i t y f o r barometric intake with no n u c l e i .

45

Ill I I I
I

IIIIII I I

46

3
I

I -

111 I I I I
I
IIIII I I I

iI 3
z
I

cu
0
Lo

IIII I I
(%I

cv

IIIII I I 1
7

0
F

I n

cv

I
NOllvt13v3a a3ZllvVUtlON

47 4.5 A p p l i c a t i o n t o OTEC Open-Cycle P l a n t and Economic E v a l u a t i o n

The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s and d e r i v e d d a t a from t h e g a s a b s o r p t i o n t e s t s were a p p l i e d t o t h e Westinghouse d e a e r a t o r subsystem d e s i g n The d e a e r a t o r c o s t i s based on t h e f o l l o w i n g :

z = c o s t of packing,

to

compute t h e d e a e r a t o r c o s t and t h e pumping power f o r v a r i o u s packings.

3

$353/m3 f o r ceramic Raschig r i n g s and $141/m

for plastic pall rings;

x = c o s t of packing s u p p o r t p l a t e s , $215.30/m2;
y = c o s t of l i q u i d d i s t r i b u t o r s , $269.10/m
2

The c o s t of t h e d e a e r a t o r e n c l o s u r e i s n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h i s summation because i t i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be p a r t of t h e h u l l . flow rates y i e l d a lower-cost w i t h l i q u i d rate i s s m a l l i n t h e range t e s t e d . The c o s t of t h e column i n t e r n a l d e r i v e d by Westinghouse s e n t e d as i s repreEvidently, l a r g e r l i q u i d d e a e r a t o r because t h e v a r i a t i o n of t h e HTU

where
E

= stage efficiency,

Whs,

Lax=

= warm seawater flow, kg/h,

maximum l i q u i d flow r a t e f o r a g i v e n packing,

HTU = h e i g h t of t r a n s f e r u n i t , cm.

The i t e m s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e t o t a l d e a e r a t o r h e i g h t and t h e magn i t u d e of each c o n t r i b u t i o n a r e g i v e n i n t h e Westinghouse study. 147.2 cm; t h i s v a l u e i s a r e a l i s t i c estimate. The t o t a l h e i g h t i n c e n t i m e t e r s of t h e packed column i s t h e n h = 147.2 h e i g h t of major d e a e r a t o r components e x c l u d i n g t h e packing h e i g h t i s

The

+ hi ,

48 where t h e h e i g h t of packing i s

T h e r e f o r e , Eq. (12) can be e x p r e s s e d as h = 147.2

[(HTU)ln(l

E)]

The pumping power i n megawatts i s whsw 36.65 x 109Q

riw =

whsw 36.650

[147.2

(HTU)ln(l

E)-]

(15)

The pump combined e f f i c i e n c y was assumed t o be 0.715. R e s u l t s of d e a e r a t i o n c o s t and t h e pumping power f o r v a r i o u s packings

and f o r the b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system (8.4i n Table 11.

h e i g h t i n t a k e ) are t a b u l a t e d

warm ( 2 7 O C ) s e a w a t e r .

R e s u l t s are shown f o r t h e c o n d i t i o n of 455 x

lo6

kg/h of

T a b l e 11. Deaerator c o s t and pumping power f o r v a r i o u s packings and f o r b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e system* Barometric i n t a k e d e a e r a t i o n e f f e c t Packing Size
(cm)

Without haerator cost ($ x 1 0 9 2.58 2.85 1.50 1.22 Pumping power

with &aerator cost ( $ x 106) 2.40 2.56 1.38 1.12 Pumping power 4.57 4.23 4.83 5.49

(Mw)

Ceramic Raschig ring

Plastic p a l l ring

3.81 5.10 3.81 8. 90

5.10 4.68 5.43 6.26

%arm seawater flow rate = 455 x lo6 kg/h; d e a e r a t o r e f f e c t i v e n e s s = 0.80.

49
R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t u s e of t h e l a r g e r p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g h a s a v e r y f a v o r a b l e impact on t h e c o s t , b u t t h e power consumption i s i n c r e a s e d somewhat

The d e a e r a t o r c o s t estimates and t h e pumping power needs f o r baromet-

r i c i n t a k e and a d e a e r a t o r packed w i t h d i f f e r e n t t y p e s and s i z e s of packTable 11. i n g were computed a c c o r d i n g t o Eqs. (8), ( l l ) , and (15) and are l i s t e d i n

50

CONCLUS I O N S

The f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s were drawn from t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y f o r vacuum d e a e r a t i o n i n a packed column and i n a b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e c o n f i g u r a tion:

1.

Vacuum d e a e r a t i o n HTU i n f o r m a t i o n f o r two s i z e s of p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s

w a s o b t a i n e d because t h e r e was no mass-transfer/HTU i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e

l i t e r a t u r e for the plastic p a l l rings.
2.

W found t h a t d e a e r a t i o n o c c u r s i n b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e t o a packed c o l e umn.

water f l o w r a t e of 1 . 8 m / s w i t h h i g h n u c l e i c o n t e n t .

I n t h e system t e s t e d , d e a e r a t i o n of up t o 27% w a s found f o r a

The b a r o m e t r i c Deaeration i n a

i n t a k e w i l l have t h e advantage of a c h i e v i n g a p a r t i a l p r e d e a e r a t i o n and t h u s r e d u c e t h e c o s t of a f u l l d e a e r a t i o n system. b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e may be a f f e c t e d by p h y s i c a l parameters such as water f l o w r a t e , t h e e x i s t e n c e of n u c l e i i n t h e water, and t h e vacuum pressure.
I

3.

Our s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t w i t h t h e b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e d e a e r a t i o n e f f e c t ,

-10% r e d u c t i o n s b o t h i n c o s t and pumping power c a n be a c h i e v e d when

b a r o m e t r i c i n t a k e i s combined w i t h t h e packed column.

51
REFERENCES

1.

A. Golshani and F. C. Chen, OTEC G s Desorption Studies, ORNL/'Ma 7438/V1 (October 1980).
G. Claude, "Power from T r o p i c a l Seas," Mech. Eng. 52, 1039 (Decemb e r 1930).

2.
3. 4.

Eng. Chem. X V I , 1215 (1924).

J. T. L e w i s and W.

G. Whitman, " P r i n c i p l e s of Gas Absorption," I d .

R. H i g b i e , "The Rate of Absorption of a Pure Gas i n t o a Liquid Duri n g S h o r t P e r i o d of Exposure," Trans. Am. Inst. chem. Eng. 3, 365 (1935). P. V. Danckwerts, " S i g n i f i c a n c e of Liquid-Film C o e f f i c i e n t s i n Gas Absorption," Ind. Eng. &em. 43, 1460 (1951). T. K. Sherwood and A. L. Holloway, "Performance of Packed Towers Liquid F i l m Data f o r S e v e r a l Packings," Trans. Am. I n s t . Chem. Eng. 36, 39 (1940).

5. 6.

7. 8.

a Packed Column," (%em. Eng. Prog. 50(3), 125-133

E.

L. Knoedler and C.

F.

B o n i l l a , "Vacuum D e g a s i f i c a t i o n of Water i n (1954).

J. T. Chambers, Sea Water Conversion, I n s t i t u t e of Engineering Res e a r c h , U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , Berkeley, S e r i e s 75, I s s u e No. 16, Sept. 3, 1959.
D. M. E i s s e n b e r g , Swranary of Present Status

9 .
10.

Water, ORNL/llI-3454

f o r Design and Analysis of Vacuum Deaerators for DistiZZation Plants, O f f i c e of S a l i n e

( A p r i l 1972).

E. A. Rasquin, G. Lynn, and D. N. Hanson, "Vacuum Degassing of Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen from Water i n Packed Columns," Ind. Eng. &em., Fundam. 1 6 ( 1 ) , 170-174 (1977).

11.

P. Harchand, "Recent French OTEC Work i n t h e Area of OTEC Systems," 7 t h Ocean Energy Conference, Washington, D.C., June 1980. E. R. G i l l i l a n d and T. K. Sherwood, " D i f f u s i o n of Vapors I n t o Air Steams," Ind. Eng. &em. 26, 516 (1934).
R. E. T r e y b a l , Mass Transfer Operations, pp. 159 163, llcGraw-Hi11, New York, 1968.

12. 13. 14.

W. T. Lindenmuth, and H. L. Liu, Hydronautics Inc., p e r s o n a l commun i c a t i o n t o A. Goshani, Oak Ridge N a t i o n a l Laboratory, February 1981.

15.

Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp., 100 W e OTEC Alternate Power Systems, F i n a l Report, DOE C o n t r a c t EG-77-C-05-1473 (Harch 1979).

53
Appendix ESTINATED VALUE OF H U FOR 8.89-cm T PLASTIC PALL RING (3.5-in.)

As e x p l a i n e d e a r l i e r , t h e r a t i o of t h e column d i a m e t e r t o packing
dimension should be a t least 8:l. used. Because t h e d i a m e t e r of t h e column p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s could not be b e i n g i n v e s t i g a t e d i s 30.48 cm, 8.89-cm

T h e r e f o r e , e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b t a i n e d d a t a were e x t r a p o l a t e d t o estip a l l rings. The Sherwood and Holloway HTU v a l v e s f o r v a r i o u s s i z e s of ceramic

mate t h e HTU f o r 8.89-cm

Raschig r i n g s and d i f f e r e n t l i q u i d flow rates i n kilograms per hour p e r s q u a r e meter are g i v e n i n Table A.1. p r i o r v a l u e i s 1.11 ( T a b l e A.1). The r a t i o of one HTU v a l u e t o t h e T h e r e f o r e , t h i s t a b l e c a n be e x t r a p o This

l a t e d f u r t h e r by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e l a s t HTU v a l u e by 1.11, t h u s y i e l d i n g t h e n e x t HTU v a l u e when t h e r i n g s i z e i s incremented by 1.27 cm.

Table A.2 shows e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined HTU v a l u e s f o r two r i n g s i z e s and f l o w rates. The HTU r a t i o f o r t h e p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s a t a flow r a t e o f 9.76 x l o 4 kg/h*m2 i s 1.105, and t h e HTU r a t i o a t a f l o w rate of 1.71 x 105 kg/h*m2

same method h a s been used t o extrapolate f o r p l a s t i c pall r i n g s .

i s 1.075.

Using t h e s e v a l u e s , t h e HTU f o r an 8.89-cm

plastic p a l l r i n g

c a n be e x t r a p o l a t e d as shown i n Table A.3.

HTUs c a n be d e f i n e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n :
HTU = a ( L ) b

,
p a l l r i n g i n T a b l e A.3:

(A. 1)

where a and b are changing w i t h each r i n g and L i s t h e l i q u i d flow rate. Consider t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e 8.89-cm L = 9.76
x

lo4

HTU = 123.6 HTU = 129.54 y i e l d s t h e following simultaneous

L = 1.71 x 105
equations : 123.6 = a(9.76 129.54 = a(1.71
x 104)b

S u b s t i t u t i n g t h e s e v a l u e s i n t o Eq. (A.1)

x 105)b

54
Table A.l. HTU v a l u e s f o r v a r i o u s s i z e s of ceramic Raschig r i n g

2.54 3.81 5.08

35.11 39.01 43.29

x

1.11
1.11
kg/h*m2. kg/hom2.

41 48 46.02 51.22

1.11 1.11

aL = 85.4
L '
=

17.9 x

lo3 lo4

Table A.2. Ring s i z e s (4

HTU v a l u e s f o r p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g

HT@ (cm)

R a t i o of HTU2/HTUla

HTUb (cm)

R a t i o of HTU2/HTUlb

2.54 3.81

75 82.91
~

1.105
~~ ~

90.22 97.0

1.105

aL = 9.76

l o 4 kg/hom2.

bL = 1.71 x l o 5 kg/hom2.

Table A.3. HTU v a l u e s f o r p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g obtained by e x t r a p o l a t i o n method

5.08 6.35 7.62 8.89

91 62 101.23 111.9 123.6

~~~ ~ ~

104.27 112.1 120.5 129.54

kg/h*m2.

aL = 9.76

lo4

bL = 1.71 x l o 5 kg/h*m2.

55
Solving t h i s system of equations y i e l d s a

the following equation f o r 8.89-cm p l a s t i c p a l l r i n g s :

47.08 and b = 0.084, giving

HTU = 47.08(L)0*084
of 135.5 cm.

(A. 2)

Substituting a flow r a t e of 2.93 x l o 5 kg/hom2 i n t o Eq. (A.2) g i v e s an HTU

57 ORNL/TM-7438/V2
Dist. Category UC-64

INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION

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43.

44.
45. 46.

47.
48.

49 .
50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

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A. E. M o l i n i , Chemical E n g i n e e r i n g Dept., U n i v e r s i t y of P u e r t o Rico, C o l l e g e S t a t i o n , MayagGez, P u e r t o Rico 00708

58 56. 57. 58. 5 9. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 6 9. 70. 71-331. L a r r y I. Moss, P O . . Box 1496, Estes Park, CQ 80517 T. R. Penney, S o l a r Energy Research I n s t i t u t e , 1536 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 T. Rabas, Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp., Power G e n e r a t i o n Divis i o n s , Lester, P A K. F. Read, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402 S. L. Ridgeway, R&D A s s o c i a t e s , 4640 Admiralty Way, P.O. Box 9695, Marina d e l Rey, CA 90291 J. W . Rushing, DOE, Oak Ridge O p e r a t i o n s , Oak Ridge, TN 37830 B. Shelpuk, S o l a r Energy Research I n s t i t u t e , 1536 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 L. A. Spielman, Dept. of C i v i l / C h e m i c a l Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711 L. J Thibodeaux, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, U n i v e r s i t y of . Arkansas, F a y e t t e v i l l e , AR 72701 G. B. Wallis, School of Engineering, Dartmouth C o l l e g e , Hanover, NH 03755 L. Wechsler, Hydronautics, Inc., P i n d e l l School Rd., L a u r e l , MD 20810 K. R. Weisbrod, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, The U n i v e r s i t y of I l l i n i o s , Champaign, I L 61801 C. E. Wicks, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Oregon S t a t e Univers i t y , C o r v a l l i s , OR 97331 C. Zener, Dept. of Physics, Carnegie-Mellon U n i v e r s i t y , 5000 Forbes Ave., P i t t s b u r g h , P A 15213 O f f i c e of A s s i s t a n t Manager f o r Energy Research and Development, DOE, ORO, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 Given d i s t r i b u t i o n as shown i n DOE/TIC-4500 under c a t e g o r y UC-64 (Ocean Energy Systems)

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