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MARIFE D. FULLEDO RAYMOND CARALE MERY ROSE RIBAY SOLLY FATIMA LAGRIADA MA. LORENA NAJERA MARIE CLAUDINE TRANGQUILINO SUBMITTED TO: MS. ROXANNE ANCHETA

TOPIC TITTLE;

I N T E R N E T
TOPIC OUTLINE:
DEFINITION OF THE INTERNET

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast array of information resources and services, most notably the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail. Most traditional communications media, such as telephone and television services, are reshaped or redefined using the technologies of the Internet, giving rise to services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper publishing has been reshaped into Web sites, blogging, and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated the creation of new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking sites. The origins of the Internet reach back to the 1960s when the United States funded research projects of its military agencies to build robust, fault-tolerant and distributed computer networks. This research and a period of civilian funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation spawned worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies and led to thecommercialization of an international network in the mid 1990s, and resulted in the following popularization of countless applications in virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth's population uses the services of the Internet. The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the overreaching definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, theInternet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by a maintainer organization,

REPORT CONTENT

HISTORY DEFINITION EVOLUTION COMPONENT SERVICES FUNCTION

OF THE INTERNET
History of the Internet
Before the wide spread of internetworking (802.1) that led to the Internet, most communication networks were limited by their nature to only allow communications between the stations on the local network and the prevalent computer networking method was based on the central mainframe computermodel. Several research programs began to explore and articulate principles of networking between physically separate networks, leading to the

development of the packet switching model of digital networking. These research efforts included those of the laboratories of Donald Davies (NPL), Paul Baran (RANDCorporation), and Leonard Kleinrock at MIT and at UCLA. The research led to the development of several packet-switched networking solutions in the late 1960s and 1970s, including ARPANET and the X.25 protocols. Additionally, public access and hobbyist networking systems grew in popularity, includingunix-to-unix copy (UUCP) and FidoNet. They were however still disjointed separate networks, served only by limited gateways between networks. This led to the application of packet switching to develop a protocol for internetworking, where multiple different networks could be joined together into a super-framework of networks. By defining a simple common network system, the Internet Protocol Suite, the concept of the network could be separated from its physical implementation. This spread of internetworking began to form into the idea of a global network that would be called the Internet, based on standardized protocols officially implemented in 1982. Adoption and interconnection occurred quickly across the advanced telecommunication networks of the western world, and then began to penetrate into the rest of the world as it became the de-facto international standard for the global network. However, the disparity of growth between advanced nations and the third-world countries led to a digital divide that is still a concern today. Following commercialization and introduction of privately run Internet service providers in the 1980s, and the Internet's expansion for popular use in the 1990s, the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce. This includes the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail (e-mail), text based discussion forums, and theWorld Wide Web

THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET

The underpinnings of the Internet are formed by the global interconnection of hundreds of thousands of otherwise independent computers, communications entities and information systems. What makes this interconnection possible is the use of a set of communication standards, procedures and formats in common among the networks and the various devices and computational facilities connected to them. The procedures by which computers communicate with each other are called "protocols." While this infrastructure is

steadily evolving to include new capabilities, the protocols initially used by the Internet are called the "TCP/IP" protocols, named after the two protocols that formed the principal basis for Internet operation. On top of this infrastructure is an emerging set of architectural concepts and data structures for heterogeneous information systems that renders the Internet a truly global information system. In essence, the Internet is an architecture, although many people confuse it with its implementation. When the Internet is looked at as an architecture, it manifests two different abstractions. One abstraction deals with communications connectivity, packet delivery and a variety of end-end communication services. The other abstraction deals with the Internet as an information system, independent of its underlying communications infrastructure, which allows creation, storage and access to a wide range of information resources, including digital objects and related services at various levels of abstraction. Interconnecting computers is an inherently digital problem. Computers process and exchange digital information, meaning that they use a discrete mathematical binary or two-valued language of 1s and 0s. For communication purposes, such information is mapped into continuous electrical or optical waveforms. The use of digital signaling allows accurate regeneration and reliable recovery of the underlying bits. We use the terms computer, computer resources and computation to mean not only traditional computers, but also devices that can be controlled digitally over a network, information resources such as mobile programs and other computational capabilities. The telephone network started out with operators who manually connected telephones to each other through patch panels that accepted patch cords from each telephone line and electrically connected them to one another through the panel, which operated, in effect, like a switch. The result was called circuit switching, since at its conclusion, an electrical circuit was made between the calling telephone and the called telephone. Conventional circuit switching, which was developed to handle telephone calls, is inappropriate for connecting computers because it makes limited use of the telecommunication facilities and takes too long to set up connections. Although reliable enough for voice communication, the circuit-switched voice network had difficulty delivering digital information without errors.

For digital communications, packet switching is a better choice, because it is far better suited to the typically "burst" communication style of computers. Computers that communicate typically send out brief but intense bursts of data, then remain silent for a while before sending out the next burst. These bursts are communicated

as packets, which are very much like electronic postcards. The postcards, in reality packets, are relayed from computer to computer until they reach their destination. The special computers that perform this forwarding function are called variously "packet switches" or "routers" and form the equivalent of many bucket brigades spanning continents and oceans, moving buckets of electronic postcards from one computer to another. Together these routers and the communication links between them form the underpinnings of the Internet. Without packet switching, the Internet would not exist as we now know it. Going back to the postcard analogy, postcards can get lost. They can be delivered out of order, and they can be delayed by varying amounts. The same is true of Internet packets, which, on the Internet, can even be duplicated. The Internet Protocol is thepostcard layer of the Internet. The next higher layer of protocol, TCP, takes care of re-sending the postcards to recover packets that might have been lost, and putting packets back in order if they have become disordered in transit. Of course, packet switching is about a billion times faster than the postal service or a bucket brigade would be. It also has to operate over many different communications systems, or substrata. The authors designed the basic architecture to be so simple and undemanding that it could work with most communication services. Many organizations, including commercial ones, carried out research using the TCP/IP protocols in the 1970s. Email was steadily used over the nascent Internet during that time and to the present. It was not until 1994 that the general public began to be aware of the Internet by way of the World Wide Web application, particularly after Netscape Communications was formed and released its browser and associated server software. Thus, the evolution of the Internet was based on two technologies and a research dream. The technologies were packet switching and computer technology, which, in turn, drew upon the underlying

technologies of digital communications and semiconductors. The research dream was to share information and computational resources. But that is simply the technical side of the story. Equally important in many ways were the other dimensions that enabled the Internet to come into existence and flourish. This aspect of the story starts with cooperation and far-sightedness in the U.S. Government, which is often derided for lack of foresight but is a real hero in this story. It leads on to the enthusiasm of private sector interests to build upon the government funded developments to expand the Internet and make it available to the general public. Perhaps most important, it is fueled by the development of the personal computer industry and significant changes in the telecommunications industry in the 1980s, not the least of which was the decision to open the long distance market to competition. The role of workstations, the Unix operating system and local area networking (especially the Ethernet) are themes contributing to the spread of Internet technology in the 1980s into the research and academic community from which the Internet industry eventually emerged. Many individuals have been involved in the development and evolution of the Internet covering a span of almost four decades if one goes back to the early writings on the subject of computer networking by Kleinrock Licklider Baran Roberts and Davies The ARPANET, described below, was the first wide-area computer network. The NSFNET, which followed more than a decade later under the leadership of Erich Bloch, Gordon Bell, Bill Wulf and Steve Wolff, brought computer networking into the mainstream of the research and education communities. It is not our intent here to attempt to attribute credit to all those whose contributions were central to this story, although we mention a few of the key player

Internet Components
There are five main things that you can do with the Internet: 1) send and receive e-mail ('e' stands for 'electronic'), 2) subscribe to news and discussion groups, 3) log on to computers remotely, 4) transfer text, graphic, sound, and even animation files, and 5) cruise the World Wide Webusing a software vehicle called a 'browser'. E-Mail Electronic mail, or 'e-mail', is capable of sending text and files over the Internet. It is superior to regular postal mail (aka 'snail mail') by virtue of its lightning speed and low cost. Essentially, e-mail is a way to communicate with people globally without buying a stamp.

Newsgroups News or discussion groups are like huge bulletin boards where people post typed commentary on an incredible variety of subjects. Newsgroup categories number in the tens of thousands. These groups are organized under the title USENET. USENET is not a physical thing, but rather, is a set of conditions that apply to the use of newsgroups. Long Distance Computing - Telnet Long distance computing is what happens when scientists log on to powerful computers around the world to do work and run programs. When you access a database such as a library's card catalogue, you are accomplishing long-distance computing. This process is accomplished via the Telnet application. File Transfers - FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the part of the system that is used to accomplish file transfers. File transferring is related to long distance computing in that you log on to another computer remotely, but instead of doing work or reading databases, you are able to 'grab' files from the public directories and transfer them directly to your computer. Entire books can be downloaded to your computer relatively quickly. Cruising the Web Cruising web pages is becoming a national pastime. A web page is nothing more than a screen full of text, graphics, sound, and/or animation that the viewer experiences via a software program called a browser. Web pages can be very simple, text-only affairs, or monstrously bright and gaudy, complete with sound and animation. How a web page looks is determined by the skill, needs, and vision of the person designing it, as well as the limitations of the browser software which is being used to view it. Furthermore, web pages can be linked together using hypertext links. All that's needed is a simple bit of code and you can link parts of your web page to virtually any other web page. The uses for a web page are diverse. Commercial companies use them for delivering information about products and services and as electronic 'storefronts' for selling. Teachers and students use web pages for research, collaboration, sharing lesson plans, etc. Families can create a 'virtual family reunion' where the respective branches can share baby pictures, family stories, current news, and even talk with each other in 'real time' complete with live video. As a mode of self-expression the Web is unsurpassed. Where else can you tell potentially millions of people that you listen to Pavarotti, knit sweaters from dog fur, and watch reruns of The Lawrence Welk Show without any fear of being thought of as strange? In fact, strangeness is celebrated on the Web. Some of the best web pages are the most bizzare!

Internet Services
The main services used on the internet include:

Web browsing - Supported by the HTTP protocol, this functions allows users to view web pages using a web browser. E-mail - Allows people to send and receive electronic messages.

Other lesser used services include telnet (allows remote login to computers), FTP (Allows quick file transmission to remote computers), and gopher (An early form of text based form of reading internet documents which is rarely used today).

Internet Functions
The internet provides for the following two functions which support communications. Without the communications support mentioned below, the internet could not function. These two functions are provided by internet service providers listed below under the "Internet Organizations" header.

Physical lines that data is sent across. Routing of data - There are special machines on the internet called routers, that determine where data needs to go to get from the sender of the data to the receiver of the data.

RESPONSIBILITY

MARIFE D. FULLEDO- RESEARCH AND EDIT RAYMOND CARALE -25 SOLLY FATIMA LAGRIADA-25 MERY ROSE RIBAY-25 MA.LORENA NAJERA-25 MARIE CLAUDINE TRANGQUILINO-25