Name: Juliene Christiann Hinds Class: Upper six A Subject: chemistry {contribution to group assignment} The uses of the

components of crude oil of crude oil and as raw materials for the petrochemical industry.
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units. In many ways, oil refineries use much of the technology of, and can be thought of as types of chemical plants. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot (tank farm) at or near an oil refinery for storage of bulk liquid products. An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.

Components of Crude Oil Crude oil is essentially a mixture of many different hydrocarbons, all of varying lengths and complexities. In order to separate the individual components that make up the raw natural resource, the crude oil must be fractionally distillated so that chemical components can be removed one at a time according the their boiling points.

a) Light Distillates: i) Naphtha - Made into gasoline/petrochemicals ii) Kerosene

b) Middle distillates i) Light gas oil - made into jet/diesel furnace fuels

ii) Heavy gas oil - further processing to produce naphtha and other products. The components of crude oil are petrol, tar, oil, dissolved gases and kerosene also known as petroleum.

c) Residue Further processed into refinery fuels, heavy fuel oil, waxes, greases, asphalts [the lighter the stuff the higher the price]

Petrol is a complex mixture of chemicals and is manufactured by blending different products obtained from the distillation of crude oil with performance-enhancing chemicals. Petrol was first used as a product name by a London chemical company (Carless, Capel & Leonard) at the end of the nineteenth century. The term Petrol is an abbreviation of petroleum, derived from the Greek words petros (meaning rock or stone) and oleum (oil). Petrol has also been sold as motor spirit, petroleum spirit, mogas and gasoline (often shortened to gas). Nearly 50 thousand litres (11 thousand gallons) of petrol are used every hour in the UK. Petrol is not particularly toxic and accidental poisoning is very rare. However, if petrol is swallowed, medical advice should be obtained immediately as there is a risk of lung damage if vomiting occurs resulting in

droplets of petrol being inhaled.

Tar was used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well as painting exterior walls of log buildings. Tar is also a general disinfectant. In Finland wood tar was once considered a panacea reputed to heal "even those cut in twain through their midriff". A Finnish proverb states thatif sauna, vodka and tar won't help, the disease is fatal. Wood tar is used in traditional Finnish medicine because of its microbicidial properties. Wood tar is also available diluted as tar water, which has numerous uses: As a flavoring for candies (e.g. Terva Leijona) and alcohol (Terva Viina) As a spice for food, like meat As a scent for saunas. Tar water is mixed into water which is turned into steam in the

sauna As an anti-dandruff agent in shampoo As a component of cosmetics As a component in cigarettes

Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint has a translucent brownish hue, and can be used to saturate and tone wood and protect it from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.

USES OF OIL

Petroleum is far more prevalent in our society than most of us even realize. We have allowed oil to become, as Jeremy Leggett points out, vital to virtually everything we do. We are not only dependent on petroleum for transportation fuels and heating oil, but for a long list of products that we rarely associate with oil. Every day we use and rely on petroleum in a multitude of ways: from the gas in our cars to the fertilizer and pesticides for our crops, and from the clothes we wear to the paint on our walls. Although a large percentage of the oil we refine does go toward fueling our vehicles and heating our homes, some of the petroleum, refined into chemicals, is the building block for many products that are commonplace in our society. Products such as plastic, synthetic rubber, and synthetic fibers such as nylon, vinyl, acrylic and polyester are all derived from petrochemicals. Examples of products we use (or encounter) every day that contain petroleum are: GASOLINE Gasoline is used primarily in light- and medium-duty cars and trucks. 45% of all oil used in the U.S. goes to gasoline, which means we consume in excess of 180 million gallons of gasoline a day. DIESEL FUEL Diesel, unless it is biodiesel, is made from refining crude oil. It is generally used in medium- and heavy-duty vehicles requiring a great deal of power and torque, like garbage trucks, road equipment, buses, and trains. HEATING OIL Heating oil is a petroleum product used to fuel furnaces or boilers. In the U.S., most heating oil is consumed in the northeast. JET FUEL The standard type of jet fuel, Jet A, is a petroleum product with a number of additives to prevent sparking, gumming, corrosion, and icing. BUNKER FUEL Bunker fuel, which is also know as heavy oil, is used to power ships. It typically contains a high number of pollutants and contaminants. Use is increasing with the shipping associated with global commerce. PLASTICS All plastic, unless it is bioplastic, is made from petrochemicals. Every product made from or containing plastic is a product that exists only through the distillation of petroleum. SYNTHETIC RUBBER Synthetic rubber is used for car tires and rubber soles on shoes. The demand for synthetic rubber is four times greater than that for natural rubber. SYNTHETIC FIBERS Polyester, nylon, and acrylic are all derived from petrochemicals. They are used for curtains, carpets, rope and even the clothes you wear. FERTILIZERS/PESTICIDES All major commercial fertilizers are ammonia based, made from natural gas, and most commercial pesticides come from oil.

PAINT Plastic and oil based paints, as well as paint additives, are manufactured from petrochemicals. DETERGENT All soapless detergents used to wash clothes and dishes are derived from the petrochemical glycerin. Additional products include: PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM Photographic film is a product of the petrochemical ethylene. PLASTICS All plastic is made from petrochemicals. Every product made from or containing plastic is a product that exists only through the distillation of petroleum. FOOD ADDITIVES (canned food) Food additives, derived from petrochemicals, help to increase the shelf life of canned food. SYNTHETIC RUBBER (car tires and shoes) Synthetic rubber is used for car tires and rubber soles on shoes. The demand for synthetic rubber is four times greater than that for natural rubber. MEDICINE (pill bottles) Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient in many pain reliever medicines, is manufactured from petrochemicals. SYNTHETIC FIBERS (such as clothes, curtains, and carpets) Polyester, nylon, acrylic are all derived from petrochemicals. They are used for curtains, carpets, rope and even the clothes you wear. MAKE-UP Make-up, containing oils, perfumes, waxes and color, are derived from petrochemicals. DYES The majority of dyes we use, ranging anywhere from pens to hair dye, come from petrochemicals. PAINT Plastic and oil based paints, as well as paint additives, are manufactured from petrochemicals. DETERGENT All soapless detergents used to wash clothes and dishes are derived from the petrochemical glycerin. FERTILIZERS/PESTICIDES (show a picture of crops) All major commercial fertilizers are ammonia based, made from natural gas, and most commercial pesticides come from oil. CANDLES Wax is a raw petroleum product. To find out what you can do to minimize the amount of oil you use on a daily basis, please visit Kick the Habit.

What are the Uses of Kerosene? While Kerosene fuel is widely used for powering jet-engine aircraft, it is also has many domestic uses. It can be used as an efficient and economical alternative for heating or lighting a home or business. It can be used to operate portable stoves for camping trips. It can also be used as a heat source during power outages. Additionally, it can be used as a

cleaning solvent, a lubricant, and a pesticide. Undoubtedly, Kerosene is a versatile liquid that can be used for multiple functions. Some of the more interesting uses of Kerosene include its performances for entertainment. Fire dancers, fire breathers, fire jugglers, and Poi participants choose to use Kerosene because of its low flame temperature, which leads to less danger for the performer in case of an accident. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/5007872

Crude oil is a complex mixture of many different components. The separation of these components into useable products is known as refining. Refineries must be designed to handle the type of crude oil they are going to process. Crude oil from the Appalachian Basin (Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil) contains a lot of wax and paraffin. The amounts of gasoline and fuels that are produced or distilled are relatively small, and in some conditions are by-products of the refining process. The lubricating stocks and waxes that are obtained from Pennsylvania Grade Crude oil are the most desired portions. Other crude oil, such as that from Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, contain much less wax and far more fuel. The bottoms or residue left after the distillation are very asphaltic and very good for making road tar and heavy burner fuel. From the analysis of the crude oil, it can be determined what the basic composition of the crude is and what applications it is best suited for. As as example as crude oil comes out of the ground, it can be The American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity methodology determines these differences. The Pennsylvania Grade Crude oil can be broken down into the following basic fractions, or components: Gasoline, Kerosene and Fuel Oil, Gas Oil, Wax Distillate, and Cylinder Stock or Bottoms.

The gasoline fraction is further refined and through a variety of processes is converted into the fuel we power our cars with. Certain portions of the gasoline fraction are removed (depentanized) and others have their chemical structure changed (isomerized). Some impurities are removed (desulfurized), and others have components added to produce the final product (reformulated gasoline). The kerosene and fuel oil fraction is basically unchanged and used as fuel for the trucking and construction industry. This fraction can also be processed into some of the specialty solvents used in manufacturing. The gas oil fraction is a heavy, relatively slow burning, non-volatile fuel, or it is frequently used as a light lubricating oil. This fraction can be used either as a fuel or as an oil. If the gas oil fraction is hydroprocesssed, it can be made into white oil (sewing machine oil) or high quality oils for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. The wax distillate is a valuable source of lubricating stock and paraffin. By removing the wax or paraffin one of the basic components of lubricant is produced (neutral). Neutrals can be further refined through distillation (fractionation) and hydroprocessing (catalyzation) to produce a series of specialized components used in the manufacture of engine oils, gear lubricants, and greases. The addition of additives to control oxidation, thermal degradation, and viscosity produce the high quality lubricants used today. Paraffins are used in many different aspects of our daily life. They are used not only in candles, but in cosmetics, paper coating, inks, fabrics, and even on our foods. The Cylinder Stock or Bottoms fraction is what is left over after the crude oil has been put through the distillation tower. The wax portion is removed to create a product called Micro Wax. Micro has a much higher melting point than paraffins and is therefore suitable for a variety of products we use daily, such as a component of many plastics, candy, and in building materials. Many types of candy that would be too soft otherwise, have their form because of the inclusion of micro wax. A Canadian company has even developed a process to form micro wax and polymers

into a structural material that does not require maintenance, in essence it is a wax brick. The oil portion of the cylinder stock is further processed to remove the resins. These resins are used to create many different products ranging from high temperature insulations to undercoatings or fuels for ocean going barges. The oil portion of cylinder stock is then a heavy lubricant base stock used in heavy duty gear oil applications and many industrial lubricants. The refining of crude oil is a complex and involved operation that generate many different components that are the building blocks for virtually every product we use in our daily lives. As you can now see, the products of the refining process are not just limited to the automotive industry, as many people would think, but are important components in almost every modern convenience manufactured today.

The various components of crude oil have different sizes, weights and boiling temperatures; so, the first step is to separate these components. Because they have different boiling temperatures, they can be separated easily by a process called fractional distillation. The steps of fractional distillation are as follows:

1.

You heat the mixture of two or more substances (liquids) with different boiling points to a high temperature. Heating is usually done with high pressure steam to temperatures of about 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius. 2. The mixture boils, forming vapor (gases); most substances go into the vapor phase.

3.

The vapor enters the bottom of a long column (fractional distillation column) that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps (like a loosened cap on a soda bottle) in them to allow the vapor to pass through. They increase the contact time between the vapor and the liquids in the column and help to collect liquids that form at various heights in the column. There is a temperature difference across the column (hot at the bottom, cool at the top). 4. The vapor rises in the column. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substance's boiling point, it will condense to form a liquid. (The substance with the lowest boiling point will condense at the highest point in the column; substances with higher boiling points will condense lower in the column.). 7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions. 8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers, which cool them further, and then go to storage tanks, or they may go to other areas for further chemical processing Fractional distillation is useful for separating a mixture of substances with narrow differences in boiling points, and is the most important step in the refining process.

5. 6.

As the vapor rises through the trays in the column, it cools.

The oil refining process starts with a fractional distillation column. On the right, you can see several chemical processors that are described in the next section. Very few of the components come out of the fractional distillation column ready for market. Many of them must be chemically processed to make other fractions. For example, only 40% of distilled crude oil is gasoline; however, gasoline is one of the major products made by oil companies. Rather than continually distilling large quantities of crude oil, oil companies chemically process some other fractions from the distillation column to make gasoline; this processing increases the yield of gasoline from each barrel of crude oil. In the next section, we'll look at how we chemically process one fraction into another.