Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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PENNSTATE
AERSP 407 and 504
Goals:
To introduce and study key concepts related to aerodynamic loads, vehicle performance, basic rotor dynamics, and control of helicopters and tilt-rotor aircraft.
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Time:
Monday, Wednesday, Friday: 1:25-2:15pm
Place:
151 Willard Building
Instructor:
Dr. Kenneth S. Brentner 233 D Hammond Building Tel: (814) 865-6433 Email: ksbrentner@psu.edu
Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 10:30-11:30am; by appointment; I also have an open door policy.
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering 2
PENNSTATE
Reference Materials
Textbook:
Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics, J. Gordon Leishman
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PENNSTATE
Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
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Introduction (also read Chapter 1) Fundamentals of Rotor Aerodynamics (Chapter 2) Blade Element Analysis (Chapter 3) Blade Motion and Rotor Control (Chapter 4) Basic Helicopter Performance (Chapter 5) Conceptual Design of Helicopters (first part of Chapter 6) Introduction to Unsteady Aerodynamics, Dynamic Stall, and Rotor Wakes time permitting (portions of Chapters 7-10)
This is my first time teaching this course, so I dont have dates for when we will cover each of the sections.
PENNSTATE
Grading AERSP 407
Homework and computer assignments 35%
Approximately 7-8 assignments
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Mid-term exam
20% in class 10% take-home tentatively Oct 21, 2005
PENNSTATE
Grading AERSP 504
Homework and computer assignments 20% Mid-term exam
20% in class 10% take-home tentatively Oct 21, 2005
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PENNSTATE
Academic Integrity
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Faculty Senate Rule 49-20 states, in part, "Academic integrity is the pursuit of scholarly activity free from fraud and deception and is an educational objective of this institution." Faculty are required to clarify the application of this rule to each course:
You are encouraged to study together and to discuss the homework assignments, but the work that you submit for grading must be your own. Acts of academic dishonesty will result in either a grade of zero for an assignment, or an F for the course. If you have any questions about this, please feel free to talk to me first this will avoid any problems.
PENNSTATE
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BS Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University 1983 MS Aerodynamics, The George Washington University 1987 Ph.D. Acoustics, University of Cambridge (UK) 1991 (J.E. Ffowcs Williams, advisor)
Experience
(1983 2000) Senior Research Engineer at NASA Langley Research Center Rotorcraft Acoustics Computational Aeroacoustics Author of WOPWOP rotorcraft noise prediction program (2000 present) Associate Professor at The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Aerospace Engineering Personal
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering 8
PENNSTATE
Todays Lecture
Introduction to Course Administration Motivation
Introduction to Helicopter Lay ground work for Helicopter Aerodynamics
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PENNSTATE
What is a Helicopter?
Leishman
Helicopters are highly capable and useful rotating-wing vehicles that have a variety of civilian and military applications. Their usefulness lies in their unique ability to take off and land vertically, to hover stationary to the ground, and to fly forward, backwards, or sideways. These unique flying qualities, however, come at a price, including complex aerodynamic problems, significant vibrations, high levels of noise, and relatively large power requirements compared to fixed-wing aircraft.
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Unique features:
Rotating-wing vehicles Ability to hover Land and take off vertically Fly forward, backward, and sideways
PENNSTATE
Introduction and Motivation
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A unique aspect of a helicopter is its ability to hover. The ability to hover is a very useful attribute
Example: A hummingbird is able to feed on the nectar in flowers by hovering for several seconds at a time.
PENNSTATE
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Helicopters perform a wide range of missions that benefit from this unique capability (hover or vertical lift)
PENNSTATE
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Medical evacuation
source: www.hmc.psu.edu/lifelion
source: www.hmc.psu.edu/lifelion
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering 13
PENNSTATE
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PENNSTATE
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PENNSTATE
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Military Helicopters
Boeing AH-64
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering 16
PENNSTATE
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Helicopter
Rotor Produces lift Produces thrust Produces directional control AND unbalanced torque!
PENNSTATE
Unique Helicopter Problems
1. 2. 3.
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4.
Control
Tilting of thrust vector (mechanically difficult) Swashplate and cyclic pitch Cross coupling of motions (pitch, roll, yaw, etc.)
5. 6. 7. 8.
Structural Weight Vibration and Dynamics Issues Interactional Aerodynamics Costs and Complexity
Direct Operating Costs (DOC) of helicopter is significantly higher than fixed-wing aircraft Maintenance hours / flight hour also higher
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PENNSTATE
Rotor Torque Control
Ways of countering the Reactive Torque
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Other possibilities: Tip jets, tip mounted engines Question: Why do each of these methods work? What are the likely advantages and disadvantages of each?
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering 19
PENNSTATE
Main Rotor - Tail Rotor Configuration
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PENNSTATE
Tandem Rotors (Chinook)
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PENNSTATE
Coaxial Rotors (Kamov KA-52)
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PENNSTATE
NOTAR Helicopter
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PENNSTATE
NOTAR Concept
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PENNSTATE
Tilt Rotor (BA 609)
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PENNSTATE
Unequal Lift Distribution
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Vtip = R + V
Vtip = R
Vtip = R V
Lift ~ V2
Kenneth S. Brentner, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
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PENNSTATE
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As the forward speed increases, advancing side experiences shock effects, retreating side stalls. This limits thrust available. Vibrations go up, because of the increased dynamic pressure, and increased harmonic content. Shock noise goes up. Fuselage drag increases, and parasite power consumption goes up as V3. We need to understand and accurately predict the air loads in high speed forward flight.
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PENNSTATE
Interactional Aerodynamics
The aerodynamic environment for a helicopter rotor is complex rotor aerodynamics important for:
Performance Structural Analysis Dynamics Flight Dynamics Acoustics
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PENNSTATE
Next Time
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