SOCIETY PATTERNS IN FYODOR DOSTOEVSKYS A CHRISTMAS TREE AND A WEDDING SHORT STORY: SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH

2nd Group: BAGUS INDRAWANTOKO NOVI KRISTINA A. S. OKTA ENGGIANA P. PUTU IRIN NANDYA A. ROFIQ INDRA S. AGUNG SUBHAKTI ARYA PRAMUDITTA W. 0811110002 0811110014 0811110016 0811110017 0811113075 0811113003 0811113075

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2010

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter discusses the background, problem, and objective of study. This chapter also covers the explanation of the significance of the study to give more detail of the introduction.

1.1 Background of the study Short story is one of result from human creativity and expression. It is an important part of the society. It gives knowledge, entertainment, and many other good things for human life. Even it just a short story it can move the reader heart. It can be a weapon to change the society if the writer wants to. In this globalization era where the need of entertainment is widely needed, a short story may rose up into the society as one of the media needed for entertaining the people. A short story basically is the writer experience or came from what the writer seen. And usually tell us about the condition of the society where the short story is written. One of the short stories that tries to give us the picture of the societys condition is created by Fyodor Dostoevsky entitled A Christmas Tree and a Wedding . The story is mostly telling us about the party which the narrator comes to. The party was known as a children's party, but its real purpose was for the wealthy host's family to talk the business with the rich members of the community. The guest was Yulian Mastakovich, a rotund landowner which turns out to be a pedophile. .

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky actually was a Russian novelist and writer of fiction whose works, including Crime and Punishment in 1866 and The Brothers Karamazov in 1880, have had a profound and lasting effect on intellectual thought and world literature. His literary output explores human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russian society. Fyodor has special point of view to see this short story. He tries to connect sociological approach in his novel. He tries to describe about the condition of people in that era. Beside that, he has made many novels and many of them have a connection with sociological approach. We also interest in this short story because we want to know how Fyodor applies sociological approach in this short story. Based on our understanding about sociological approach, the writers would like to write the research entitled Society Patterns in Fyodor Dostoevskys Christmas Tree and Wedding Short Story.

1.2 Problem of the Study Problem of the study is how is the element of the story draws the condition of the society at that time?

1.3 Objective of The Study Concerning the problem of study above, the purpose of this study is to apply the theory in literary work, especially to reveal what and how element of the story draws the condition of the society at that time.

1.4 Significance of the Study After we apply sociological theory in this short story, we can take significance of study from this short story. First, to the next researchers who feel interested to take this field. We want to give them knowledge from this research as their references. Second, for the students in introduction to literary research class that seek for an extra-infrmation of this part of discussion.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

In this study the writer will explain about a sociological approach in A Christmas tree and a Wedding short story.

2.1. Review of Related Literature 2.1.1 Sociological Approach Literature is the part of society. The first thing that the researcher must do sociological approach is determine the kind of society that created the literary works so we can know the characteristic of that society. After we know the characteristic of the people, the literary works is automatically same with the characteristic. It inspired the author to fight there social structural position. Because of that there is a committed literature or literature engaree ( Damono, 1979:53). Committed literature will create many kinds of literary work based on each author, because they are the one of social group. From this issue, we knows the function of the literature in each social group. It means, in sociological approach there are two patterns ( Junus, 1986:2 ) : 1. Sociology of literature : This approach sees the social features in literary works in the certain time. So, this approach sees the social approach as the major and literature as the minor. The researcher tries to understand the social features inside the literary works. This approach is done by Umar Junus in his dissertation. Because of that, HB Yassin

criticizes as pseudo-ilmiah. He said that the scientific sociological approach, the researchers must move from the literature world or the social features inside the literary works. 2. Literary sociology : This approach moves from the social features in the literary work to understand the social phenomenon outside the text. So, this approach sees the literary works as the major and the social phenomenon as the minor. Sociological approach is the reflection from social reality. From this theory, sociological approach makes a study of relationship between literature and social reality. Our group chooses the second pattern, a literary sociology as a methodology to do the literary research. As a group of people which have the same of the background, the members from social classes have same of experience and comprehension about the circles areas and also the method to keep the balance of that area. The social phenomenon will give the impact for literary research, and literary research also gives the impact in society.

2.1.2 Marxist Theory of Social Class Marxist theory is the term of social theory and political practices that covers work in philosophy influenced by Karl Marx (Wikipedia, 2008). Marxist theory understands society as basically determined by the material conditions that people enter into another to fulfill their basic needs. For Marx, the analysis of social class, class structures and changes in those structures are keys to understanding capitalism and other social systems or modes of

production. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels comment that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles. Analysis of class divisions and struggles is especially important in developing an understanding of the nature of capitalism. For Marx, classes are defined and structured by the relations concerning (i) work and labor and (ii) ownership or possession of property and the means of production. These economic factors more fully govern social relationships in capitalism than they did in earlier societies. While earlier societies contained various strata or groupings which might be considered classes, these may have been strata or elites that were not based solely on economic factors. The main classes in capitalism are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. However, other classes such as landlords, petty bourgeoisie, and peasants also exist, but are not primary. Class, for Marx, is rooted in social relations of production, and cannot be referred in the first place to relations of distribution and consumption or their ideological reflections. In considering the class consciousness of the proletariat, Marxists are not concerned with the ideas of individual workers about their position in society. Marxs class theory rests on the premise that the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle (Marx, 1888:1). Marxs analysis continually centers on how the relationships between men are shaped by their relative positions in society. Here is the ideas follow the famous lines of The Communist Manifesto: The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf,

guild master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. (Cited in Callinocos, 2004, p. 88)

2.1.3 The Stratification of Social Class Social class is defined as a collection of people with similar position, social class is usually measured by education, occupation, and income. Thus, social class is one of the main ways in which society is stratified. Related to the explanation above, the social stratification is also measured by income, occupation, and education. It begins from feudalism era in Europe (especially British) society is divided by the ownership of the land and the wealth they possessed. On the top position, they are capitalist who monopolize and control the society. And of course, the gap between high-class and low class had already exist as the effect of social stratification. According to Marx, class stratification is determined by the ownership or non-ownership of the means of production. The main classes are the capital and labor. Capital (bourgeois or capitalist) includes anyone who gets their income not from labor as much as from the surplus value they appropriate from the workers who

create wealth. The income of the capitalists, therefore, is based on their exploitation of the workers. Labor (proletariat or worker), includes anyone who earns their livelihood by selling their labor power and being paid a wage or salary for their labor time. They have little choice but to work for capital, since they typically have no independent way to survive. They have to sell their labor power to get wages. This condition is such an imperative that people who do not own the capital must sell their labor power in order to live (Capital, Labour and Class Struggle, 1999, para.11). The first condition of life for people who do not own capital is that they must sell their labour power in order to live. Even if they decide to set up a small business or become a sub-contractor or work as a self-employed worker, the relationship is the same. They must labour for the needs of the purchaser of their labour in order to secure the income stream for capital. From the explanation above, those who have capital or wealth are on the top position (high-class). They rule and have power to control society. On the contrary, they who have nothing are ruled and even exploited. After the proletariat realizes that they have been oppressed, this will begin the conflict. It drives the proletariat to struggle to get their equal status and finally overthrow the power of the bourgeois.

2.2.1 Review of Related Study A similar study was conducted by Prasetyo Dwi Martanto (2008) HIPOCRISY IN DAN BROWNS ANGEL AND DEMON NOVEL: A SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH. What makes our study different from that study above is that, though we have the same case (sociological approach) but the study above analyses the hipocrisy in Dan Browns Angel and Demon Novel, but this study analyses about the

society patterns in the Christmas Tree and Wedding short story. Our research is development research in Sociological Approach since the same researches had ever been used by the other researchers.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Methodology can be: 1. The analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline". 2. The systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline". 3. The study or description of methods. A methodology is instantiated and materialized by a set of methods, techniques and tools. A tool is an instrument or apparatus that is necessary to the performance of some task. A methodology doesn't describe specific methods; nevertheless it does specify several processes that need to be followed. These processes constitute a generic framework. They may be broken down in subprocesses, they may be combined, or their sequence may change. However any task exercise must carry out these processes in one form or another. May be a description of process, or may be expanded to include a philosophically coherent collection of theories, concepts or ideas as they relate to a particular discipline or field of inquiry. Methodology may refer to nothing more than a simple set of methods or procedures, or it may refer to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study relative to the scientific method. For example, scholarly literature often includes a section on the methodology of the researchers.

There are so many methods in literary research, such as intuitive, hermeneutic, formal, analysis, dialectic, analysis descriptive, comparative

descriptive, and inductive descriptive. A method that is suitable with sociological approach is dialectic method. Planning and forecasting method in which two or more groups discuss the issues (first separately and then together) to analyze and synthesize various viewpoints into a comprehensive and coherence framework. In this problem, the techniques there are needed to do the dialectical method between social features in literary works with social features in society are: 1. 2. Analyze the social features in literary works that will be observed, Analyze the social features in the society that explain the social condition of

the place where the literary works are created, 3. From the number one and two, the researcher connects the social features in

literary works with social features in the society to find the compatibility. The researcher has to explain the social background where the author was born and lived in there environment.

3.1 Type of Research This study will be conducted by using qualitative method. 3.2 Data and Source of Data The data of this study is the second data from the text of the short story A Christmas tree and a Wedding. 3.3 Instrument of Data Collection The key instrument of the data collection used in this qualitative study was the

researchers themselves. 3.5 Data Analysis 1. Selecting the data which are relevant to the study. 2. Analyze the social features in literary works that will be observed, 3. Analyze the social features in the society that explain the social condition of the place where the literary works are created. 4. Finding the society patterns in the short story. 5.Connecting the social features in literary works with social features in the society to find the compatibility. The researcher has to explain the social background where the author was born and lived in there environment.

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

Based on the problem of study that the writer has mentioned in the first chapter, the writer will analyze the society patterns manifested in the short story.

4.1 Review of the writer.

Dostoyevsky was made a lieutenant in 1842, and left the Engineering Academy the following year. He completed a translation into Russian of Balzac's novel Eugnie Grandet in 1843, but it brought him little or no attention. Dostoevsky started to write his own fiction in late 1844 after leaving the army. In 1846, his first work, the epistolary short novel, Poor Folk, printed in the almanac Petersburg Collection (published by N. Nekrasov), was met with great acclaim. As legend has it, the editor of the magazine, poet Nikolai Nekrasov, walked into the office of liberal critic Vissarion Belinsky and announced, "A new Gogol has arisen!" Belinsky, his followers, and many others agreed. After the novel was fully published in book form at the beginning of the next year, Dostoevsky became a literary celebrity at the age of 24. In 1846, Belinsky and many others reacted negatively to his novella, The Double, a psychological study of a bureaucrat whose alter ego overtakes his life. Dostoevsky's fame began to fade. Much of his work after Poor Folk received ambivalent reviews and it seemed that Belinsky's prediction that Dostoevsky would be one of the greatest writers of Russia was mistaken. Dostoevsky was incarcerated on 23 April 1849 for being part of the liberal

intellectual group the Petrashevsky Circle. Tsar Nicholas I, after seeing the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, was harsh on any type of underground organization which he felt could put autocracy in jeopardy. On November 16 of that year, Dostoevsky, along with other members of the Petrashevsky Circle, was sentenced to death. After a mock execution, in which he and other members of the group stood outside in freezing weather waiting to be shot by a firing squad, Dostoevsky's sentence was commuted to four years of exile with hard labor at a katorga prison camp in Omsk, Siberia. Later, Dostoevsky described his years of suffering to his brother, as being, "shut up in a coffin". In describing the dilapidated barracks which "should have been torn down years ago", he wrote: In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall... We were packed like herrings in a barrel... There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs... Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel... This experience inspired him to write The House of the Dead. Dostoevsky was released from prison in 1854, and was required to serve in the Siberian Regiment. He spent the following five years as a private (and later lieutenant) in the Regiment's Seventh Line Battalion, stationed at the fortress of Semipalatinsk, now in Kazakhstan. While there, he began a relationship with Maria Dmitrievna Isayeva, the wife of an acquaintance in Siberia. After her husband's death, they married in February 1857.

4.2 Review of A Christmas Tree and The Wedding short stories The narrator begins by mentioning to the reader that he had just been to a wedding, but then he recalls a Christmas party that he had found more interesting. The party was given with the pretext of being a children's party, but its real purpose was for the wealthy host's family to talk business with rich members of the community. The wealthiest guest was Julian Mastakovich, a rotund landowner. Without anyone to talk to, the narrator fell to simply observing the guests. The narrator takes particular interest in the children. They were given gifts in accordance with their social standing. The eleven year old daughter of a wealthy government contractor received an expensive doll, while the poorest child - the son of the family governess - received only a small book without illustrations or even a front and back cover. After being bullied by the other richer boys, the poor boy retreats to another room where he and the rich daughter play happily with the doll. Julian Matsakovich also retreats from the rest of the crowd to observe the rich daughter, who already had a dowry set aside of 300,000 roubles. As Mastakovich observes the girl, he calculates what her dowry (with interest) would be at age sixteen, and he comes up with the astounding sum of 500,000 roubles. Perhaps preoccupied with the sum, Mastakovich approaches the girl and kisses her on the head. The girl recoils from his gesture, and she looks to her playmate for protection. Mastakovich tries to scare the poor boy away while trying to get a promise of love from the young girl, and eventually he causes a scene where he chases the poor boy around the party, whipping at him with his handkerchief. After Mastakovich composes himself, the narrator cannot help but try to point

out his dishonorable motives to the host family, but to no avail. The wedding that the narrator came across five years later was indeed the wedding between Julian Mastakovich and the rich girl, now sixteen. The narrator leaves the wedding in disgust.

4.2.1 Characterization of the Characters I The I character, or the narrator here seems to be only an observer. In terms of the connection with the society, we think hes like to alienate himself from the crowd. He likes to watch children.

Little girl The little girl here seems to be the sad character. She cant do anything, cant say no if her parents want her to marry her with Yulian. It is ironic, compare with today, still there are many child cant do anything if her parents want something. What makes it more ironic is, the condition of the society itself is on the level of rich, wealth, but they still act conventional actions.

The little girls parents The little girls parents here represent the condition, the portrays of humans greedy and hypocrisy. We can conclude it from the parents are very happy when Yulian who known as rich man, come to the party, even they give Yulian time to have speech. Finally they give their daughter to marry Yulian, even their daughter still sixteen years old.

Yulian Mastakovitch Yulians character is a character of a rich man, who is doing everything like he want. He doesnt think other, so he deserve to have everything that he want. Also, it is not clear enough, but its like Yulian have sexual disorder to marry a child.

4.3 Review of the Condition of the Society There were some very big changes in this period. Serfdom solidified from about 1750 onwards, this meant that the peasants were obliged to provide either labour for a certain number of days a years or a fixed sum of money to their lords. The labour was when the lord needed it, during sowing and harvesting mainly and had to be done even if the serf's own land was not tilled in time. Some serfs lived in towns, especially in after Russia began to industrialise after about 1880. These industrial serfs worked in factories for no pay. After the emancipation in 1861 the serfs were freed, but they had to buy their freedom. They were granted land, mostly taken from common areas of land around the village, not the land on which they worked, the landlords kept that so the peasants now had to pay to work their land. Emancipation coupled with a drop in grain prices in the latter part of the 19th Century forced many to give up farming and seek a new life in the newly industrialising cities. Prior to Russia's industrialisation workers set up Artels - sort of semi-formal guilds to protect their interests. There were metal-worker's artels, logger's artels, fishermen's artels even thieves artels. Artels were often set up in areas where workers migrated to work - such as logging camps, and were often communal. The biggest change to the labour system was industrialisation. From about 1880

onwards Russia began to industrialise. This was fuelled by the Government who wanted to make Russia a major European power. To this end the government invested in metalworks for arms and railways, textile works for uniforms and the mines for the raw materials and coal to power the industrialisation process. Industrialisation was on a massive scale and the towns and cities could not cope with the influx of people, dormitories, bars, gambling dens and brothels were established for the workers and many towns became semi-lawless, almost wild-west style towns as people (mostly young men) flooded in from the countryside.

4.4 ANALYSIS By knowing the social background of the author, we can analyze the literary work too. The social background that is appeared in a Christmas tree and a wedding short story is materialistic. First Discussion : I was invited to a childrens party. The host was a well-known businessman with many connections, friends and intrigues, so you might think the childrens party was a pretext for the parents to meet each other and to talk things over in an innocent, casual and inadventent manner. Based on Marxisme theory, the host is the bourgeoisie, clearly seen that the host is a businessman with many connextion, and like what many people in high-level status, they make a party, the party that becomes the pretext for the parents to meet each other and to talk things over in an innocent and casual manners. We also take a conclusion, that in Russia at the time where this story occured, the people in bourgeouisie era were doing the things that mentioned in this text. Second Discussion: He was an important person. his name was Yulian

Matakovitch. With one glance, you saw he was a guest of honor. He looked down at the host much as the host looked down on the gentleman who stroked his whiskers. The host and hostess spoke to the important man from across a chasm of cpurtesy, waited on him, gave him drink, pampered him, and brought their guests to him for introductions. They did not take him to anyone. Our analysis based on Marxisme theory, this guest is belong to bourgeouisie member. He was an honourable guest, this is the thing that happens in the society, when an important person come into us, we will greet him like he is a great king. Based on the approach, we think the people at that time gave the more special place from the people from high-social class, that is bourgeoisie. Third Discussion: The guests respectfully pointed out one of the wealthy commissioned tax-gatherers-her father. In a whisper someone said three hundred thousand roubles were already set aside for her dowry. Again, the manner of this society is looked by the way they blowed up the issue about the dowry that was prepared for the girl. The wealthy parents have already prepared the dowry for their daughter in that situation. Fourth Discussion: The little girl-already the owner of three hundred thousand roubles-received the most expensive doll. Then followed presents lowering in value according to the class of the parents of these happy children. Finally, the last gift: a young boy, ten years-old, slender, small, freckled, red-haired, received only a book of stories about the marvels of nature and the tears of devotion-without pictures and even without engravings. He was the son of the governess of the hosts children, a poor widow; he was a little boy, extremely oppressed and frightened. He wore a jacket made from a wretched nankeen. After he received his book, he walked around

the other toys for a long time; he wanted to play with the other children, but he did not dare; he already felt and understood his position. According to Karl Marx, this governess and her son is proletariat people. In this approach, we find that as a proletariat, this child knew his situation and he decided to chooses another option that is suitable in his position. It was common in that era to give the best gift to the wealthiest people, and the worst gift to the poorest people. Fifth Discussion: I noticed that the red-haired boy was so tempted by the costly toys of the other children, especially a theater in which he certainly wanted to take some kind of part, that he decided to act differently. He smiled and began playing with the other children. He gave away his apple to a puffy little boy, who had bound up a full handkerchief of sweets. He even went as far as to carry another boy on his back, so they would not turn him away from a theater. But a minute later, a kind of mischievous child gave him a considerable beating. The boy did not dare to cry. Here the governess, his mother, appeared and ordered him not to disturb the play of the other children. Sociological approach in this discussion sees the governess was frightened if her son made a trouble, but actually the governess knew the one to blame. The governesssalso seemed knowing that the other children came from the wealthy families. Sixth Discussion: "Three hundred--three hundred--eleven--twelve--thirteen-sixteen--in five years! Let's say four per cent--five times twelve--sixty, and on these sixty----. Let us assume that in five years it will amount to--well, four hundred. Hm-hm! But the shrewd old fox isn't likely to be satisfied with four per cent. He gets eight or even ten, perhaps. Let's suppose five hundred, five hundred thousand, at least, that's sure. Anything above that for pocket money--hm-- The bourgeoisies feel that

they have to stay their position by adding their money, however the way, dowry is one of the ways to make you stay wealthy. Seventh Discussion: "He's my governess's son," our host continued in a beseeching tone. "She's a poor creature, the widow of an honest official. That's why, if it were possible for you--" "Impossible, impossible!" Julian Mastakovich cried hastily. "You must excuse me, Philip Alexeyevich, I really cannot. I've made inquiries. There are no vacancies, and there is a waiting list of ten who have a greater right--I'm sorry." "Too bad," said our host. "He's a quiet, unobtrusive child." The Bourgeouisie wont gave the job for the people that he considered as the barrier in his life. Ninth Discussion: The joy was contagious. Everybody shared in it. Even the children were obliged to stop playing so as not to disturb the conversation. The atmosphere was surcharged with awe. I heard the mother of the important little girl, touched to her profoundest depths, ask Julian Mastakovich in the choicest language of courtesy, whether he would honour them by coming to see them. I heard Julian Mastakovich accept the invitation with unfeigned enthusiasm. Then the guests scattered decorously to different parts of the room, and I heard them, with veneration in their tones, extol the business man, the business man's wife, the business man's daughter, and, especially, Julian Mastakovich . The conventional bourgeouisie people, it seemed that the parents very happy with Julian Mastakovitch, the sama status with them. Overall in this short story tells about the social system in that era. In this short story, the culture in that era describes the social class for every one. So, we put sociological theory to analyze this short story. Sociological theory is one theories that

describe all about things that have connection with social culture. Still connect with sociological theory; we know many kinds of characters in short story that describe how people life in that era. Beside that, we know how people see others people from the social class. For example, rich people only make a friendship with rich people. They dont want to have a friend from poor people. In A Christmas tree and a wedding is the writer experience or came from what the writer seen. And usually tell us about the condition of the society where the short story is being written. But, actually the writer must know and how the society gives them the estimation of the writer condition. Both of group will be given the relationship to each other. In this case, the chaos situation that happened in Russia after the Industry Era in Russia made the situation very hard to be faced. There are two big groups, the wealthy bourgeouisie, and the poor proletariat. In this short story, Julian Mastakovitch, the girl, and the parrents versus the governess and her son. In other hand, A Christmas tree and A wedding short story tells about how the people can get his continues life if he gets a girlfriend and he doesnt standing up with his old life. It can be the good position of the people to change of life, because life is not only for the job, but also for to get the real love for the future, like what the principal of people life in this world said.

RESEARCH SCHEDULE

TIME

THINGS TO DO

INFORMATION

The first week

Reading the short story

Christmas tree and a three

wedding The second weeks Deciding the small group and the duties. Decided into The third weeks

small groups. The first group make the background of The first group is Bagus the study, objective of the study, and and Agung.

significant of the study. The fourth weeks The second group

make

the The second group is

methodology, review of the related Novi, Okta and Rofiq. The fifth weeks literature and research schedule. The third group make the organization, The third group is Putu cost, The sixth weeks systematically report, and Irin and Arya. The data from the first, second, and the third The seventh weeks Making the power point for groups. the The power point is the summary of the proposal. The eight weeks Preparing for the presentation. Read the proposal and

references. Collecting and revising all the datas.

presentation.

decide the material for each person.

STRUCTURE OF ORGANIZATION

Chairperson

: Okta Enggia Pradevi

Secretary

: Novi Kristina

Treasurer

: Putu Irin Nandya Ayutami

Secretarial division

: Rofiq Indra Suksmana

Sie Consumtion

: Bagus Indrawantoko

Members

: Agung Subhakti Arya Pramuditta Wardhana

BUDGETS

OUTCOME a. Secretarial Fotocopy Paper @ 1 box Browsing Buy Book Printing b. Food Lunch (100 x Rp. 5000) Snack (100 x Rp. 2500) Aqua Rp. 500.000 Rp. 250.000 Rp. 50.000 + TOTAL Rp.1.580.000 Rp. 200.000 Rp. 80.000 Rp. 150.000 Rp. 200.000 Rp. 150.000

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION After analyze the short stories using sociological approach, we can conclude that the condition of society at that time, or maybe until now, was conventional and materialistics. The girls parents was very proud their daughter marry with the rich man. It is also being portrays on the birthday party, which is actually the party is for the parents, not for the children.

5.2 SUGGESTION For the next researchers who are interested in making analysis in the same object of research in the future, the following are a few suggestions that the writer can offer: 1. We suggest the next researcher include the Cultural Studies to get better understanding about the pattern of society base on their culture, thus it may enrich the analysis. 2. A Christmas Tree and A Wedding short stories can be analyzed using Psychological Approach because one of the character tend to have sexual disorder.

REFERENCES

Corrigan, T. J. 2004. A Short Guide to Analyze Literary Work (5th ed.). US: Pearson Longman.

Devereux, Eoin. 2003. Understanding Sociological Approach. London: Sage Publications, Ltd.

Dostoevsky, Fyodor. 1848. The Christmas Tree and The Wedding.

Pradopo, Prof. Dr. Rachamat Djoko, and friends. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UGM.

Sangidu, M. Hum. 2007. Penelitian Sastra: Pendekatan, Teori, Metode, Teknik, dan Kiat. Yogyakarta : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UGM.