APWH Semester Exam Study Guide Chapter 1 Slash and burn, Farming technique in the neolithic era (around

9000 B.C.E.) that included the slashing and then the burning of natural plants in order to provide nutrients for the soil and provide land for farming. sympathetic magic, Cave paintings and animals in the Paleolithic Era. Catal Huyuk, Important Neolithic settlement in anatolia (7250--6150 B.C.E.) Jomon, Paleolithic settlement located in central Japan Venus figurines Small Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features Chapter 2 Epic of Gilgamesh, Mesopotamian literature that tell of the stories of Lex talionis, Law and retaliation, laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes; the most famous examples is Hammurabis Laws Hammurabi, Hammurabis Code: Sophisticated law code associated with the Babylonian king Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.) Sumer, Earliest Mesopotamian society Sargon, Sargon of Akkad (2370-2315 B.C.E.) ordered a coup against king of Kish and seized trade routes and natural resources. Assyrians, Southwest Asian people who built an empire that reached its height during the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E.; it was known for a powerful army and a well-structured state. Hitties, Group that settles in central Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E., establishes powerful kingdoms, conquers the Babylonian empire in 1595 B.C.E., and dissolves about 1200 B.C.E. Technological feats include iron metalurgy and light horse-drawn chariots. Indo-Europeans Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia Chapter 3

Old Kingdom, The Old Kingdom (2660-2160 B.C.E.) was when the great pyramids were built. It was violent between Egypt and Nubia, which later became Kingdom of Kush. It had interactions through diplomacy, Nubian mercenaries, and intermarriage. Middle Kingdom, Had turmoil. Nomadic horsemen named Hyksos invade Egypt. They used bronze weapons and chariots, captured Memphis in 1674 B.C.E., and causes revolts in Upper Egypt. Khufu, The largest of the great pyramids built in the Old Kingdom. Kushites Kush: Nubian African kingdom that conquered and controlled Egypt from 750 to 663 B.C.E. Chapter 4 Harappa, Early brilliant Indian society centered around Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Dravidians, People who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500 B.C.E Aryans, European tribes who settled in India after 1500 B.C.E.; their union with indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism Upanishads Indian reflections and dialogues (800-400 B.C.E.) that reflected basic Hindu concepts Chapter 5 Mandate of heaven, Chinese belief that the emperors ruled through the mandate, or approval, of heaven contingent of their ability to look after the welfare of the population. Huang He Chapter 6 Olmec, Early Central American society (1200-100 B.C.E.) that centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapoted and that influenced later Maya Chichen Itza, Teoituacan, Central American society (200 B.C.E.-750 C.E.); its Pyramid of the Sun was the largest structure in Mesoamerica. Popol Vuh,

Mayan creation epic Chavin, Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000-300 B.C.E.) Austronesian People who, by as early as 2000 B.C.E., began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean basin Chapter 8 confucius, Confucianism: Philosophy, based on the teachings of the chinese philosopher Kong Fizu (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity han wudi, Han Dynasty: Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values, The empire taxes agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory. qin shihuangdi Qin: Chinese dynasty (221-207 B.C.E) that was founded by Qin Shihuangdi and was marked by the first unification of China and the early Construction of defensive walls. Chapter 9 kautalya, chandragupta maurya, Ashoka Chapter 11 plebeians, Roman common people. latifundia, Huge state-run and slave-worked farms in ancient Rome punic wars Chapter 13 theme, hagia sophia, Greek orthodox temple constructed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later converted into a mosque. Caesaropapism Concept relating to the mixing of political and religious authority, as with the Roman emperors, that was central to the church versus state controversy in medieval Europe. Chapter 14 Abu Bakr, First caliph after the death of muhammad

Hijra, Muhammads migration from Mecca to Medina in 622, which is the beginning point of the Islamic calandar and is considered to mark the beginning of the Islamic faith. Umayyad Dynasty, Arabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to spain in the west and India in the east. Abu al-Abbas Chapter 15 Tang Taizong, Chinese emperor (r.627-649) who founded the Tang Dynasty (618-907) Song Tarzu, Song dynasty: Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society. Nara Period Japanese period (710-794), centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence. Chapter 17 Charles Martel, Visigoths, Carolingian Dynasty, Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carplingian Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy. Pope Leo III Chapter 18 Golden Horde, Mongol tribe that controlled Russia from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries. Temujin Chapter 19 Mali, African kingdon founded in the thirteenth century by Sundiata; it reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa Gao, Mansa Musa The grandnephew of Sundiata who made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324. Upon his return, he built mosques and Islamic schools in Mali. Chapter 20 Hugh Capet, Reconquista, 4th Crusade Everything else

Melaka, Ilon Battuta, Hongwu, hundred years war, zheng he,