This art icle was downloaded by: [ Nat ional I nst it ut e of Technology - Hamirpur]

On: 27 Sept ember 2011, At : 02: 32

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
I nforma Lt d Regist ered in England and Wales Regist ered Number: 1072954 Regist ered
office: Mort imer House, 37- 41 Mort imer St reet , London W1T 3JH, UK
Numeri cal Heat Transf er, Part A:
Appl i cat i ons
Publ i cat i on det ai l s, i ncl udi ng i nst r uct i ons f or aut hor s and
subscr i pt i on i nf or mat i on:
ht t p: / / www. t andf onl i ne. com/ l oi / unht 20
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR THE
PHENOMENA OF VORTEX-INDUCED
VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A
CIRCULAR CYLINDER
S. K. Wang
a
, T. C. Hung
a
, G. W. Li n
b
& B. S. Pei
b
a
Depar t ment of Mechani cal and Aut omat i on Engi neer i ng, Da- Shu,
Kaohsi ung Count y, Tai wan
b
Depar t ment of Engi neer i ng and Syst ems Sci ences Syst em
Engi neer i ng, Tsi nehu, Tai wan
Avai l abl e onl i ne: 17 Aug 2010
To ci t e t hi s art i cl e: S. K. Wang, T. C. Hung, G. W. Li n & B. S. Pei ( 2004) : NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
FOR THE PHENOMENA OF VORTEX- INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A CIRCULAR CYLINDER,
Numer i cal Heat Tr ansf er, Par t A: Appl i cat i ons, 45: 7, 719- 736
To l i nk t o t hi s art i cl e: ht t p: / / dx. doi . or g/ 10. 1080/ 10407780490424901
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTI CLE
Full t erms and condit ions of use: ht t p: / / www. t andfonline. com/ page/ t erms- and- condit ions
This art icle may be used for research, t eaching and privat e st udy purposes. Any
subst ant ial or syst emat ic reproduct ion, re- dist ribut ion, re- selling, loan, sub- licensing,
syst emat ic supply or dist ribut ion in any form t o anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warrant y express or implied or make any represent at ion
t hat t he cont ent s will be complet e or accurat e or up t o dat e. The accuracy of any
inst ruct ions, formulae and drug doses should be independent ly verified wit h primary
sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, act ions, claims, proceedings,
demand or cost s or damages what soever or howsoever caused arising direct ly or indirect ly
in connect ion wit h or arising out of t he use of t his mat erial.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS FOR THE PHENOMENA OF
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER OF
A CIRCULAR CYLINDER
S. K. Wang and T. C. Hung
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University,
Da-Shu, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan
G. W. Lin and B. S. Pei
Department of Engineering and Systems Sciences System Engineering,
Tsing-Hua University, Tsinehu, Taiwan
Fluidstructure interaction and heat transfer of a circular cylinder located in a spatially and
temporally uniform, two-dimensional, laminar ow eld was investigated. A pressure-based
high-order upwind scheme using the PISO algorithm was applied to the simulation of
vortex-induced vibration and heat transfer. The cylinder was allowed to move under the
inuence of a resultant force due to both pressure and shear drags. Combining cylinder
movement with the NavierStokes equations, the behavior of natural coupling and heat
transfer was hence simulated. The present study successfully simulated the motion of a
cylinder and the associated vortex pattern as well as the lock-in phenomenon. In the ow
eld under natural coupling, the trajectory of the cylinder movement follows the shape of an
8. Meanwhile, the motion pattern is sensitive to the variation of lift and drag coefcients.
Heat transferred from a vibrating cylinder under natural coupling is enhanced as compared
to the case of a xed cylinder, especially when Reynolds number exceeds 400. If the vi-
bration pattern can be precisely controlled, interference to the thermal boundary layer is
expected to contribute to the enhancement of cylinder heat transfer.
INTRODUCTION
The problem of vibration of exible structures in cross ow holds considerable
interest since uidstructure interactions occur in many engineering elds such as
building construction, aero-industry, nuclear and conventional power generation,
oshore exploration and drilling, naval and marine hydrodynamics, underwater
acoustics, electrical power transmission, and petroleum transportation. A common
uidstructure interaction problem is the ow-induced vibrations on structure
caused by vortex shedding from the structure. In the case of a ow past a stationary
cylinder at a particular Reynolds number, vortices are shed at a constant natural
Received 7 March 2003; accepted 1 December 2003.
This research work was supported by the National Science Council, Taiwan, ROC, under grant
NSC91-2516-S-214-001.
Address correspondence to T. C. Hung, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
I-Shou University, Da-Shu, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan 840. E-mail: tchung@isu.edu.tw
Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A, 45: 719736, 2004
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Inc.
ISSN: 1040-7782 print=1521-0634 online
DOI: 10.1080/10407780490424901
719
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

shedding frequency. For an oscillation cylinder, there exists a range of forcing fre-
quencies where the vortex shedding is controlled by the oscillation of the cylinder,
resulting in a considerable increase in drag and lift forces. This phenomenon is re-
ferred to lock-in, as rst proposed by Bishop and Hassan [1]. Grin and Ramberg
[2] pointed out that lock-in augments the intensity of vortices.
Although vortex-induced vibration has been investigated for over a hundred
years, early studies were mainly concentrated on some experiments that gave rise to
the origin of vortices and their ow patterns thus induced. Early studies such as the
forced-vibration experiments of Koopmann [3] and the free-vibration experiments of
Feng [4] established the viewpoint that a cylinder experiences signicant vibration
only when the characteristic shedding frequency nearly coincides with the natural
structural frequencya state termed lock-in. Numerical simulations have become
popular in recent years, such as the recent computational studies by Meneghini and
Bearman [5], Anagnostopoulos [6], and Akbari and Price [7]. Their studies con-
stituted important advances in the understanding of these complicated owbody
interaction phenomena. Yet most studies were based on a xed cylinder or a cylinder
with a prescribed motion pattern, and studies on the natural coupling behavior in-
duced by the interaction of structure vibration and vortex ow are scarce.
Heat transfer between a circular cylinder and ambient uid has been an issue
under wide investigation. Experimental and theoretical studies can be found in the
work of Lange et al. [8], Kaplun [9], and Wood [10], to mention a few. A complete
summary of numerical studies can be found in the work of Ahmad [11]. However,
previous studies mainly investigated heat transfer on a xed cylinder, and studies on
a natural-coupling cylinder are scarce. As a cylinder vibrates under uidstructure
interaction, the oscillatory motion is bound to inuence the growth of the thermal
boundary layer, and presumably, enhance heat transfer of the cylinder. Since the
NOMENCLATURE
a acceleration
A
p
area
C
d
drag coecient F
x
=
1
2
rU
2
D
_ _
C
l
lift coecient F
y
=
1
2
rU
2
D
_ _
C
p
uid thermal capacity
D cylinder diameter
f vortex-shedding frequency for xed
cylinder
f
n
natural vibration frequency of
structure 1=2p

k=m
_
_ _
f
v
vortex-shedding frequency
H local density-weighted uid enthalpy
k uid thermal conductivity
k spring constant
m mass per unit length
Re Reynolds number
rUD
m
_ _
St Strouhal number
f
v
D
U
_ _
S
u
source term
U uid inlet velocity
u

p
predicted velocity
u
n
p
old velocity
x displacement of cylinder in X
direction
x
I
displacement
y displacement of cylinder in Y direction
D p
p
pressure drop term at point p
Dt time step
DV volume
m viscosity coecient of uid
x damping ratio
r uid density
Sa
nb
constant
o natural frequency of structure
Subscripts
mean mean value
I in X (or Y) direction
rms root mean square
720 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

uid-induced vibration of the cylinder occurs naturally, the enhancement of heat
transfer is thus due to a passive mode, i.e., no external action is required.
Therefore, the study of heat transfer of a cylinder under natural coupling with the
uid has a potential application in areas where passive cooling mode is required,
such as electronics cooling.
The current study is a numerical simulation of a two-dimensional ow eld of
uidstructure interaction including the natural coupling phenomenon using an
approach of computational uid dynamics. The software, in conjunction with the
NavierStokes equations and an equation of motion which updates cylinder posi-
tions, provides a useful tool in simulating 2-D natural coupling by analyzing the
eects of parameters including mass of the cylinder, damping ratio, and restoration
force (spring constant).
MATHEMATIC MODEL
The problem under investigation in this study is a cylinder fully immersed in a
uniform cross ow, and the inuences due to damping and restoration forces are
simulated by springs and dampers.
The mass, momentum, and energy equations for the ow eld are expressed as
follows:
qr
qt

qru
i

qx
i
S
m;p
1
for mass balance, where S
m;p
is the source term;
qru
i
qt

qru
i
u
j

qx
i

qt
ij
qx
i

qp
qx
i
rB
i
S
u
i
;p
2
for momentum balance, where B
i
is the component of total body force per unit
volume, S
u
i
;p
is the momentum source=sink term, and t
ij
is the viscous stress tensor;
and
qrH
qt

qru
i
H
qx
i

q
qx
i
k
c
p
qH
qx
i
_ _
3
for energy balance, where H is the local density-weighted mean uid enthalpy, k is
the uid conductivity, and c
p
is the uid thermal capacity.
Motion of the cylinder is due to the resultant force of the restoration force,
damping force, and other forces acting on the surface. Combining all the forces
acting on the cylinder yields the equation of motion:
m
d
2
x
I
dt
2
2mo
I
x
dx
I
dt
kx
I
F
I
t 4
and
Restoration force kx
I
Damping force c
crit
xdx
I
=dt 2m k=m
1=2
xdx
I
=dt 2mo
I
xdx
I
=dt
Net force acting on surface F
I
t
__
A
i
PdA
i
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 721
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

The initial temperature of the ambient uid (water) is 293.15 K, while a con-
stant temperature of 333.15 K is prescribed to the cylinder. The prescribed boundary
conditions are: inlet condition Uj
X0
U, outlet condition Pj
XL
P
0
, upper and
lower boundary conditions in the Y direction far from the cylinder qU=qyj
Y
0
and Vj
Y
0. The mesh geometry and computational domain used in this study
were optimized based on a maximum Reynolds number of 1,000, a spring constant
of 0.05 kg=s
2
, mass per unit length of 15.71 kg=m, and a damping ration of 0.3. The
maximum amplitude of cylinder vibration is less than 0.6 of the cylinder diameter,
and the maximum computational error is less than 3%. The geometry of the mesh
grids and the corresponding computational domain are shown in Figure 1.
NUMERICAL SCHEMES
The NavierStokes equations are solved to yield velocity and pressure dis-
tributions. The net force acting on the cylinder by ambient uid is then fed into an
externally built FORTRAN program to calculate the updated positions of the cy-
linder using the Runge-Kutta numerical method. By solving the equation of cylinder
motion and the NavierStokes equations simultaneously in the same time step, the
natural coupling behavior between the structure and the uid can be simulated. Since
the ow eld under consideration is two-dimensional, incompressible, with a low
Reynolds number, the governing equations involve one continuity equation, two
momentum equations, and one energy equation. In solving the Navier-Stokes
equations of a two-dimensional, incompressible ow, pressure-based methods are
commonly used because they are more ecient and numerically more stable for this
type of ow problem. In the current study, the PISO algorithm is chosen. This is
basically an improved version of the well-known SIMPLE, SIMPLER, and SIM-
PLE-C schemes. Unlike its predecessors, PISO is time-accurate and does not require
iterations to march from one time step to another. Basically, PISO uses discretized
momentum equations that are substituted into the continuity equation to yield a new
pressure-linked equation. This equation is further combined with the momentum
equations to yield a pressurevelocity coupled equation. Velocity and pressure
Figure 1. (a) Mesh grids of computational domain. (b) Close-up of cylinder region.
722 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

distribution are thus solved using predictorcorrector steps. The modied
momentum equation in PISO algorithm using a single grid point can be expressed as
I
Dt
DV
a
p
r
_ _
ru

a
nb
u
nb
D
i
p
n
p
A
p
S
u
DV
r
n
Dt
u
n
p
5
where S
u
DV is the source term, Sa
nb
u
nb
is the velocity term after simplication,
D
i
P
n
p
A
p
is the pressure term, and DV=Dta
p
=rru

p
is the predicted velocity
term.
A pressure equation can be formed by combining the momentum equations
and the continuity equation of the system. The solutions of the system are derived by
iterative substitutions among the conservation equations of momentum, the con-
servation equation of mass, and the pressure equation.
In order to expedite the occurrence of vortices and shorten the computational
time to reach convergence, the inlet of the ow domain is divided into two parts with
a small velocity perturbation (4% of the free-stream velocity).
RESULTS
FluidStructure Interaction
In this study, the rst step was the evaluation of the accuracy of the simulation.
This was done by comparing the simulated results with previous studies appeared in
the literature. Then, a complete parametric study was performed by varying the
parameters, including inlet velocity, mass per unit length, spring constant, and
damping ratio, in order to yield various ow patterns. Results including lift coe-
cient, drag coecient, cylinder natural frequency, vortex-shedding frequency,
streamlines of the ow eld, and the trajectory of the cylinder movement were
analyzed based on the nondimensional parameters Re and St.
Variations of flow field under different Reynolds numbers. The effects of
Reynolds number on flow field are discussed in the following subsections.
1. Under a constant mass of 15.71 kg=m and a constant damping ratio of 0.3,
ow elds for Reynolds numbers of 20, 140, 400, and 1,000 are shown in
Figure 2. For ows of low Reynolds numbers (i.e., Re 20 and 140), ow
separation does not occur on the cylinder surface and no vortex is formed
behind the cylinder. As Reynolds number increases, separation occurs on
the rear half of the cylinder and small vortices form in the wake region of
the cylinder. The vortices further grow slowly in a staggered fashion, and
other vortices of this kind form continuously to yield a regular vortex
street in the downstream direction. For an even higher Reynolds number,
the separation point moves forward slightly and the frequency of vortex
shedding increases accordingly. The simulated results were compared with
the study of Lienhard [13], and the ow elds are very similar.
2. Relation between Re and St. A complete dependence of Strouhal number on
Reynolds number on a xed cylinder can be found in Lienhard [13]. The
simulated results of the current study are in favorable agreement with the
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 723
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

literature. A set of comparisons of nondimensional parameters with some
recent studies is shown in Table 1, and the agreement is also favorable.
3. Trajectory of moving cylinder. The trajectory of a cylinder under natural
coupling shows a stable pathway in the fashion of the Arabic number 8 as
shown in Figure 3. This pattern of movement is a direct result of the net
force acting on the cylinder and the force results from the imbalance be-
tween the front impact due to incoming ow and the pressure drop induced
by the vortex motion due to viscosity. It was also found that the vibration
frequency of the cylinder in the x direction is approximately twice of that in
the y direction. However, the trajectory becomes less symmetric in the x
direction as Reynolds number increases. This is possibly due to the fact that
the cylinder experiences a larger net force in the x direction as both the front
impact and the trailing vortices intensify.
Also shown in Figure 3 is the ratio of the maximum lateral ( y-direction) dis-
placement to the maximum in-line (x-direction) displacement of the cylinder as a
function of Reynolds number. This ratio is very high for low Reynolds numbers and
reaches a constant for Reynolds number higher than 400.
Figure 2. Streamlines of a ow across a xed cylinder for (a) Re 20, (b) Re 140, (c) Re 400, (d)
Re 1,000.
Table 1. Comparisons of nondimensional parameters for a xed cylinder
Source of information Re St C
d mean
C
lt rms
Stansby and Slaouti [14] 100 0.166 1.317 0.248
Williamson [15] 100 0.164
Zhou et al. [16] 100 0.162 1.476 0.219
This study 100 0.165 1.401 0.223
Blackburn and Henderson [17] 250 1.446 0.581
This study 250 0.197 1.376 0.570
724 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

Effects of damping ratio on flow field. As reported by King [18], the factor
that influences cylinder motion the most is damping forcea larger damping force
yields a vibration with smaller amplitude. In this aspect, three cases with different
damping ratios, all with a constant Reynolds number of 1,000 and a constant mass
per unit length of 15.71 kg=m, were performed. The results are listed in Table 2. As
the damping ratio increases, the amplitude of vibration decreases and so do the lift
coefficient and the drag coefficient. In other words, vibration of the cylinder can be
substantially suppressed by a large damping ratio and the damping ratio has a cru-
cial influence on the occurrence of lock-in phenomena.
Effects of mass and spring constant on flow field. The trajectories of a
cylinder for various masses and spring constants (with a constant mass=spring ratio)
under a fixed Reynolds number of 1,000 and a fixed damping ratio of 0.3 are shown in
Figure 3. Trajectory of cylinder in natural coupling: (a) Re 140; (b) Re 250; (c) Re 400; (d)
Re 1,000 (solid lines are x=D, dashed lines are y=D); (e) ratio of amplitudes versus Reynolds number.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 725
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

Figure 4. the ratio of mass per unit length and spring constant is fixed in order to yield
a fixed natural frequency of the cylinder. As shown in Figure 4, the amplitude of vi-
bration is largely suppressed as m and k increase. A physical interpretation is that a
body with a large spring constant would store more energy in the system; and accord-
ingly, the system is less influenced by any external force. As shown in Table 3, the ef-
fects of mass and spring constant on lift coefficient and drag coefficient show the same
trend. The mass of the cylinder has a direct impact on the amplitude and trajectory of
cylinder vibration. An obvious observation is the reduction of amplitude for cases with
higher values of m. Furthermore, the counterclockwise motion of the upper half of the
trajectory turns into a clockwise motion as m and k increase.
Effects of frequency ratio (f
n
=f
v
) on flow field. The effects of the ratio
between cylinder natural frequency and vortex-shedding frequency for a fixed cylinder
on a flow field are presented here for flows of two Reynolds numbers, 250 and 400.
A fixed mass of 15.71 kg=m and a fixed damping factor of 0.3 were used for all cases,
while the spring constant was varied to yield various natural frequencies of the
cylinder. Similar to the study of Koopman [3], the occurrence of the lock-in phenom-
enon was examined in terms of cylinder natural frequency, vortex-shedding
frequency, and amplitude of cylinder vibration.
Table 2. Eects of damping ratio on lift coecient, drag coecient, and amplitude of vibration
Damping ratio Lift coefcient Drag coefcient
2 times of
amplitude in y
direction=cylinder
diameter
2 times of
amplitude in x
direction=cylinder
diameter
x 0.3 1.278 1.812 1.148 0.189
x 0.6 0.934 1.535 0.682 0.103
x 0.9 0.844 1.455 0.464 0.048
Figure 4. Eects of m and k on trajectories of cylinder motion: (a) m15.71; k 0.05; (b) m31.42,
k 0.1; (c) m62.83; k0.2.
726 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

As the ration of f
n
=f increases and approaches unity, the ratio of f
v
=f increases
dramatically, i.e., the vortex-shedding frequency is roughly proportional to the cy-
linder natural frequency before lock-in occurs, as can be seen in Figure 5. Also
shown in Figure 5, as lock-in occurs (at a ratio of f
n
=f ranging from approximately 1
to 2 for Reynolds numbers of 250 and 400), further increase of the ratio of f
n
=f will
not increase the ratio of f
v
=f and the vortex-shedding frequency under lock-in be-
comes the vortex-shedding frequency for a xed cylinder. This is not exactly the same
as the well-known observation of the lock-in phenomenon: as the ow velocity is
increased or decreased so that the shedding frequency approaches the natural fre-
quency of the structure, the vortex-shedding suddenly locks into the structure fre-
quency. The discrepancy is probably due to a narrow velocity range of the ow
employed in the present study, and thus, the dependence of the variations of the
vortex-shedding frequency was examined based mostly on the cylinder natural fre-
quency rather than the ow velocity. The ratio of the vortex-shedding frequency to
the cylinder natural frequency expressed in terms of the reduced velocity, U=f
n
D, is
shown in Figure 6. Unlike what was suggested by Blevins [12], a at portion of the
curves corresponding to a ratio of unity for f
v
=f
n
, indicting the occurrence of lock-in,
is not clear in the present study, probably due to the same reason mentioned above.
The lock-in resonant oscillations of the near-wake provide energy to the cylinder so
that large-amplitude vibrations can be produced, and this can be seen in Figure 7.
Figure 5. Dependence of vortex-shedding frequency on cylinder natural frequency normalized by vortex-
shedding frequency for a xed cylinder (*m31.42 kg/m).
Table 3. Eects of m and k on lift coecient and drag coecient
m (kg=m), k(N=m) Lift coefcient C
l
Drag coefcient C
d
Frequency ratio f
n
/f
v

m15.71, k 0.05 1.278 1.812 1.824

m31.42, k 0.1 1.197 1.572 1.634
m62.83, k 0.2 1.072 1.441 1.553
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 727
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

The amplitude increases rapidly as the frequency ratio f
n
=f approaches a value
around 1, and the maximum amplitude indicts the occurrence of lock-in.
Lock-in can also be observed from ow streamlines. Figure 8a shows the
streamlines of the case with a frequency ratio of 1.91 without the occurrence of lock-
in, and the strength of the vortices decreases as they move away from the cylinder.
As the frequency ratio changes to 1.0, i.e., toward the range of lock-in, the strength
of vortices become stronger, as shown in Figure 8b. Comparing to Figure 8a, where
no lock-in occurs, the vortices survive rather farther downstream in the wake when
lock-in occurs. This is due to the fact that the vortices are generated and sustained
(or diminished) by the ow eld rather than by the cylinder before lock-in occurs,
Figure 6. Dependence of vortex-shedding frequency on cylinder natural frequency normalized by reduced
velocity.
Figure 7. Eects of frequency ratio f
n
=f on cylinder vibration amplitude.
728 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

while the situation reverses when lock-in occurs, i.e., the energy of the vortices is
more likely supplied by the cylinder motion.
Trajectories and their enveloping contours for various frequency ratios are
shown in Figure 9. As the frequency ratio increases, the amplitude of oscillation in
the y direction increases and reaches a maximum value corresponding to the oc-
currence of lock-in. The trajectory of cylinder motion follows the shape of an 8,
and the direction of trajectory is counterclockwise for the upper half in this region.
As the frequency increases further, the amplitude of oscillation starts to decrease and
the direction of trajectory nally becomes clockwise, indicting a region moving away
Figure 8. Streamlines of ow eld: (a) f
n
=f 1.91; (b) f
n
=f 1.00.
Figure 9. Trajectories and their enveloping contours of cylinder vibration.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 729
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

from lock-in. In other words, the trajectory can serve as a criterion indicting the
occurrence of lock-in.
Eects of the frequency ratio f
n
=f on drag and lift coecients for dierent
Reynolds numbers are shown in Figure 10. the drag and lift coecients increase
sharply as the frequency ratio f
n
=f increases to a range roughly between 1 and 2,
indicting the occurrence of lock-in. As the frequency ratio f
n
=f increases further, the
drag and lift coecients drop slowly and reach constant values, indicting a region
moving away from lock-in. It is interesting to note that the mass of the cylinder has
an important inuence on the occurrence of lock-in. From Figure 4 and Table 4, as
the mass of the cylinder increases while keeping the cylinder natural frequency f
n
a constant, the trajectory of oscillation changes from a counterclockwise motion into
a clockwise motion and the drag and lift coecients as well as the frequency ratio
f
n
=f
v
all decrease. This indicts that the case with a mass of 15.71 kg=m and a spring
constant of 0.05 N=m is most likely in the lock-in region, while the case with a mass
of 62.83 kg=m and a spring constant of 0.2 N=m is away from the lock-in region.
Table 4. Parameters and occurrence of lock-in for Re 400
Parameter
Fixed
cylinder
Vibration in
x direction
Vibration in
y direction
Occurrence of
lock-in
Life coefcient 0.663 0.667 0.339 0.117
Drag coefcient 1.195 1.220 1.457 1.101
Vortex-shedding frequency 0.0021 0.00104 0.00154 0.00154
Figure 10. Eects of frequency ratio f
n
=f on drag and lift coecients.
730 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

Since the frequency ratio f
n
=f
v
decreases as the mass increases, this means that
lock-in would occur at a lower value of the frequency ratio f
n
=f for a lower value of
the mass. This can clearly be seen in Figure 10, in which the maximum values of drag
and lift coecients (i.e., the occurrence of lock-in) for the case with a mass of 31.42
kg=m correspond to a much lower frequency ratio f
n
=f. A similar trend can also be
seen in Figures 5 and 7. In other words, comparing to Figure 9, a higher value of the
mass would yield a narrower range of the frequency f
n
=f for lock-in to occur. This
means that, by increasing the mass of the cylinder, lock-in can be substantially
suppressed.
Figure 12. Variation of cylinder lift coecient for Re 100.
Figure 11. Temperature distribution of a xed cylinder with Re 100.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 731
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

Heat Transfer
Fixed cylinder. In order to see the effect of natural coupling on heat transfer,
an investigation was performed for the case of a fixed cylinder for comparison.
Figure 11 shows the temperature distribution of a fixed cylinder with a Reynolds
number of 100. Local Nusselt numbers along the surface of the cylinder are taken
at four different instances corresponding to the extreme values of cylinder lift coeffi-
cient as shown in Figure 12. Figure 13 shows the distribution of the local Nusselt
number for four instances as indicated in Figure 12, where the bold solid line stands
for the time with the maximum lift coefficient, the thin solid line for the minimum lift
coefficient, and two broken lines for zero lift coefficient. The distribution of local
Nusselt number agrees qualitatively well with the results of Ahmad [11]. As shown
Figure 14. Temperature distribution of a xed cylinder with R700.
Figure 13. Local Nusselt number for a xed cylinder with Re 100.
732 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

in Figure 13, local Nusselt numbers at different instances do not show noticeable dif-
ference even around the rear stagnation point, i.e., around y 0 and 180. This
means that wake due to fluidstructure interaction has little effect on heat transfer,
since clear vortices and vortex shedding do not occur under low Reynolds number.
Temperature distribution and local Nusselt number for Re 700 are shown in
Figures 14 and 15, respectively. Significant fluctuations can be seen in the wake
region, indicating a strong influence of vortex shedding.
Cylinder under natural coupling. Heat transfer for a cylinder under natural
coupling was investigated for the case of a cylinder with a constant mass of 15.71
kg=m, a constant damping ratio of 0.3, and a spring constant of 0.05. In order to
Figure 16. Trajectory and displacement of a cylinder under natural coupling with Re 250.
Figure 15. Local Nusselt number for a xed cylinder with Re 700.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 733
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

compare with the results of the case with a fixed cylinder, local Nusselt numbers were
taken at four different instances corresponding to the extreme values of cylinder dis-
placement in the y direction, since the variation of cylinder displacement in the y di-
rection roughly matches the variation of cylinder lift coefficient. Trajectory and local
Nusselt number are shown in Figures 16 and 17, respectively, for Re 250. Com-
pared to the case of a fixed cylinder, local Nusselt number show significant fluctua-
tions in wake region, indicating the influence of vortex formation. This effect is
further amplified as Reynolds number increases, and the influence extends to the
Figure 17. Local Nusselt number for a cylinder under natural coupling with Re 250.
Figure 18. Local Nusselt number for a cylinder under natural coupling with Re 700.
734 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

whole surface of the cylinder as shown in Figure 18 for Re 700. Figure 19 shows
the average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number. It can be seen that heat
transferred from a vibrating cylinder under natural coupling is enhanced as
compared to the case of a fixed cylinder, especially when Reynolds number
exceeds 400.
CONCLUSIONS
As compared with literature, the 2-D simulations of the natural coupling of this
study show comfortable accuracy. Other than the observation of the ow eld with
the generation of vortices and some parameters including lift coecient, drag
coecient, and Strouhal number, lock-in phenomena can be directly identied by the
trajectories of a moving cylinder. The present study successfully simulated the mo-
tion of cylinder and the associated vortex pattern as well as the lock-in phe-
nomenon. In the ow eld under natural coupling, the trajectory of the cylinder
movement follows the shape of an 8. Meanwhile, the motion pattern is sensitive to
the variation of lift and drag coecients. when lock-in occurs, the factors that play
important roles in determining the ow eld are the vibration in the vertical direction
and the corresponding vibration frequency of the cylinder. The amplitude of cylinder
oscillation in ow eld with lock-in phenomenon can be substantially reduced by
raising the value of mass m, spring constant k, or damping ratio x. The occurrence of
lock-in can further be eliminated and prevented if the amplitude of cylinder oscil-
lation is below a critical value. Heat transferred from a vibrating cylinder under
natural coupling is enhanced as compared to the case of a xed cylinder, especially
when Reynolds number exceeds 400. If the vibration pattern can be precisely
controlled, the interference to the thermal boundary layer is expected to contribute
to the enhancement of cylinder heat transfer.
Figure 19. Average Nusselt number versus Reynolds number.
VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATION AND HEAT TRANSFER 735
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1

REFERENCES
1. R. E. D. Bishop and A. Y. Hassan, The Lift and Drag Forces on a Circular Cylinder in a
Flowing Field, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. A, vol. 277, pp. 5175, 1964.
2. O. H. Grin and S. E. Ramberg, The Eects of Synchronized Cylinder Vibrations on
Vortex Formation and Strength, Velocity Fluctuations, and Mean Flow, Paper E-3,
Symp. on Flow Induced Structural Vibrations, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1416 August, 1972.
3. G. H. Koopan, The Vortex Wakes of Vibrating Cylinders at Low Reynolds Numbers,
J. Fluid Mech., vol. 28, pp. 501512, 1967.
4. C. C. Feng, The Measurement of Vortex-Induced Eects in Flow Past Stationary and
Oscillation Circular and D-Section Cylinders, M.A.Sc. thesis, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1968.
5. J. R. Meneghini and P. W. Bearman, Numerical Simulation of High Amplitude Oscilla-
tion Flow about a Circular Cylinder, J. Fluids Struct., vol. 9, pp. 435455, 1995.
6. P. Anagnostopoulos, Numerical Study of the Eects of the Transverse Cylinder Oscilla-
tion on the Laminar Wake, in M. P. Paidoussis et al. (eds.), Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on
Fluid-Structure Interactions, Aeroelasticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, vol. 1, pp.
1119, 1997.
7. M. H. Akbari and S. J. Price, Simulation of the Incompressible Viscous Cross-Flow
around an Oscillating Circular Cylinder via the Random Vortex Method, in M. P.
Paidoussis et al. (eds.), Proc. Fourth Int. Symp. on Fluid-Structure Interactions,
Aeroelasiticity, Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise, vol. 1, pp. 2132, 1997.
8. C. F. Lange, F. Durst, and M. Breuer, Momentum and Heat Transfer from Cylinders
in Laminar Crossow at 10
4
Re 200, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 41, pp.
34093430, 1998.
9. S. Kaplun, Low Reynolds Number Flow past a Circular Cylinder, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 6,
pp. 595603, 1957.
10. W. W. Wood, Calculation for Anemometry with Fine Hot Wires, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 32,
no. 1, pp. 919, 1968.
11. R. A. Ahmad, Steady-State Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes and Energy
Equations around a Horizontal Cylinder at Moderate Reynolds Numbers from 100 to
500, Heat Transfer Eng., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 3181, 1996.
12. R. D. Blevins, Flow-Induced Vibration, Krieger, Malabar, FL, 1986.
13. J. H. Lienhard, Synopsis of Lift, Drag and Vortex Frequency Data for Rigid Circular
Cylinders, Washington State Univ. Coll. Eng. Res. Div. Bull., vol. 300, 1996.
14. P. K. Stansby and A. Slaouti, Simulation of Vortex Shedding including Blockage by the
Random-Vortex and Other Methods, Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol. 17, pp. 10031013,
1993.
15. C. H. K. Williamson, Oblique and Parallel Models of Vortex Shedding in the Wake of a
Circular Cylinder at Low Reynolds Numbers, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 206, pp. 579627, 1989.
16. C. Y. Zhou, R. M. C. So, and K. Lam, Vortex-Induced Vibration of an Elastic Circular
Cylinder, J. Fluids Struct., vol. 13, pp. 165189, 1999.
17. H. Blackburn and R. Henderson, Lock-in Behavior in Simulated Vortex-Induced
Vibration, Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 184189, 1996.
18. R. King, A Review of Vortex Shedding Research and Its Application, Ocean Eng., vol. 4,
pp. 141171, 1977.
736 S. K. WANG ET AL.
D
o
w
n
l
o
a
d
e
d

b
y

[
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
e

o
f

T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y

-

H
a
m
i
r
p
u
r
]

a
t

0
2
:
3
2

2
7

S
e
p
t
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
1
1