TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide For Programmers Computer Chat

TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers
Michael J. Donahoo Kenneth L. Calvert Morgan Kaufmann Publisher $14.95 Paperback
Computer Chat
!
How do we make computers talk?
How are they interconnected?

Internet Protocol (IP)
Internet Protocol (IP)

! !
IP Address
! ! ! !
Datagram (packet) protocol Best-effort service

! ! ! !
Loss Reordering Duplication Delay
32-bit identifier (IPv4, IPv6=128 bits) Dotted-quad: 192.118.56.25 www.mkp.com -> 167.208.101.28 Identifies a host interface (not a host)
Host-to-host delivery
192.18.22.13 209.134.16.123
Transport Protocols
Best-effort not sufficient!
! !
Ports
Identifying the ultimate destination
! ! !
Add services on top of IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

! !
Data checksum Best-effort Data checksum Reliable byte-stream delivery Flow and congestion control
IP addresses identify hosts Host has many applications Ports (16-bit identifier) 1-65,535
Application Port WWW 80 E-mail 25 Telnet 23
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

! ! !
192.18.22.13
Socket
How does one speak TCP/IP?
! !
!
Sockets
Identified by protocol and local/remote address/port Applications may refer to many sockets Sockets accessed by many applications
Sockets provides interface to TCP/IP Generic interface for many protocols
TCP/IP Sockets
!
Specifying Addresses
!
Family TCP UDP

!
Type SOCK_STREAM SOCK_DGRAM
Protocol IPPROTO_TCP
Generic
!
mySock = socket(family, type, protocol); TCP/IP-specific sockets

PF_INET
struct sockaddr { unsigned short sa_family; /* Address family (e.g., AF_INET) */ char sa_data[14]; /* Protocol-specific address information */ }; struct sockaddr_in { unsigned short sin_family; /* Internet protocol (AF_INET) */ unsigned short sin_port; /* Port (16-bits) */ struct in_addr sin_addr; /* Internet address (32-bits) */ char sin_zero[8]; /* Not used */ }; struct in_addr { unsigned long s_addr; /* Internet address (32-bits) */ };
Socket reference
!
File (socket) descriptor in UNIX
Clients and Servers

!
IP Specific
IPPROTO_UDP
TCP Client/Server Interaction

Server starts by getting ready to receive client connections
Server Create a TCP socket Assign a port to socket Set socket to listen Repeatedly: a. Accept new connection b. Communicate c. Close the connection
Client: Initiates the connection

Client: Bob Hi. Im Bob. Hi, Bob. Im Jane
1. 2.
Server: Jane
Nice to meet you, Jane.

!
3. 4.
Client Create a TCP socket Establish connection Communicate Close the connection
1. 2. 3. 4.
Server: Passively waits to respond

/* Create socket for incoming connections */ if ((servSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) DieWithError("socket() failed");

echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */ echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);/* Any incoming interface */ echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Local port */ if (bind(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0) DieWithError("bind() failed");
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Server Create a TCP socket Bind socket to a port Set socket to listen Repeatedly: a. Accept new connection b. Communicate c. Close the connection
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.

/* Mark the socket so it will listen for incoming connections */ if (listen(servSock, MAXPENDING) < 0) DieWithError("listen() failed");

for (;;) /* Run forever */ { clntLen = sizeof(echoClntAddr); if ((clntSock=accept(servSock,(struct sockaddr *)&echoClntAddr,&clntLen)) < 0) DieWithError("accept() failed");
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.

Server is now blocked waiting for connection from a client

Later, a client decides to talk to the server
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.

/* Create a reliable, stream socket using TCP */ if ((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) DieWithError("socket() failed");

echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; /* Internet address family */ echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(servIP); /* Server IP address */ echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* Server port */ if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0) DieWithError("connect() failed");
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.

echoStringLen = strlen(echoString); /* Determine input length */ /* Send the string to the server */ if (send(sock, echoString, echoStringLen, 0) != echoStringLen) DieWithError("send() sent a different number of bytes than expected");

if ((clntSock=accept(servSock,(struct sockaddr *)&echoClntAddr,&clntLen)) < 0) DieWithError("accept() failed");
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.

/* Receive message from client */ if ((recvMsgSize = recv(clntSocket, echoBuffer, RCVBUFSIZE, 0)) < 0) DieWithError("recv() failed");

close(sock); close(clntSocket)
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4.
TCP Tidbits
! !
Closing a Connection
! !
Client knows server address and port No correlation between send() and recv()
close() used to delimit communication Analogous to EOF
Client
send(Hello Bob)
Server
recv() -> Hello recv() -> Bob send(Hi ) send(Jane)
Client
send(string) while (not received entire string) recv(buffer) send(buffer) close(socket)
Server
recv(buffer) while(client has not closed connection) send(buffer) recv(buffer)
recv() -> Hi Jane
close(client socket)
TCP/IP Byte Transport Constructing Messages

beyond simple strings
!
TCP/IP protocols transports bytes

Application
byte stream Here are some bytes. I dont know what they mean.
Application
byte stream Ill pass these to the app. It knows what to do.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP
Application protocol provides semantics
Application Protocol
! !
Primitive Types
!
Encode information in bytes Sender and receiver must agree on semantics Data encoding
! !
String
! !
Character encoding: ASCII, Unicode, UTF Delimit: length vs. termination character
77 M 0 o 111 111 0 m 109 109 0 \n 10
Primitive types: strings, integers, and etc. Composed types: message with fields
3
77
Primitive Types
!
Primitive Types
!
Integer
!
Integer
!
Strings of character encoded decimal digits

55 7
!
Native representation
0 0 92 246 23,798 4-byte twos-complement integer
49 1
57 9
57 9 1. 2. 1. 2.
56 8
55 7
48 0
10 \n
Little-Endian
Advantage: Disadvantage:
Human readable Arbitrary size Inefficient Arithmetic manipulation
Big-Endian
!
246
92
Network byte order (Big-Endian)

! !
Use for multi-byte, binary data exchange htonl(), htons(), ntohl(), ntohs()
Message Composition
!
Beware the bytes of padding -- Julius Caesar, Shakespeare

! !
Message composed of fields

!
Fixed-length fields integer short short
Architecture alignment restrictions Compiler pads structs to accommodate
Variable-length fields i k e 1 2 \n
struct tst { short x; int y; short z; };

! !
[pad]
[pad]
Problem: Alignment restrictions vary Solution: 1) Rearrange struct members 2) Serialize struct by-member
TCPEchoClient.c #include #include #include #include #include #include <stdio.h> <sys/socket.h> <arpa/inet.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <unistd.h> /* /* /* /* /* /* for for for for for for printf() and fprintf() */ socket(), connect(), send(), and recv() */ sockaddr_in and inet_addr() */ atoi() */ memset() */ close() */ servIP = argv[1]; echoString = argv[2]; /* First arg: server IP address (dotted quad) */ /* Second arg: string to echo */
if (argc == 4) echoServPort = atoi(argv[3]); /* Use given port, if any */ else echoServPort = 7; /* 7 is the well-known port for the echo service */ /* Create a reliable, stream socket using TCP */ if ((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) DieWithError("socket() failed"); /* Construct the server address structure */ memset(&echoServAddr, 0, sizeof(echoServAddr)); echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(servIP); echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* /* /* /* Zero out structure */ Internet address family */ Server IP address */ Server port */
#define RCVBUFSIZE 32
/* Size of receive buffer */ /* Error handling function */
void DieWithError(char *errorMessage); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int sock; struct sockaddr_in echoServAddr; unsigned short echoServPort; char *servIP; char *echoString; char echoBuffer[RCVBUFSIZE]; unsigned int echoStringLen; int bytesRcvd, totalBytesRcvd;
/* /* /* /* /* /* /* /*
Socket descriptor */ Echo server address */ Echo server port */ Server IP address (dotted quad) */ String to send to echo server */ Buffer for echo string */ Length of string to echo */ Bytes read in single recv() and total bytes read */
/* Establish the connection to the echo server */ if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0) DieWithError("connect() failed"); echoStringLen = strlen(echoString); /* Determine input length */
if ((argc < 3) || (argc > 4)) /* Test for correct number of arguments */ { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <Server IP> <Echo Word> [<Echo Port>]\n", argv[0]); exit(1); }
/* Send the string to the server */ if (send(sock, echoString, echoStringLen, 0) != echoStringLen) DieWithError("send() sent a different number of bytes than expected");
TCPEchoServer.c /* receive the same string back from the server */ totalBytesRcvd = 0; printf("Received: "); /* Setup to print the echoed string */ while (totalBytesRcvd < echoStringLen) { /* Receive up to the buffer size (minus 1 to leave space for a null terminator) bytes from the sender */ if ((bytesRcvd = recv(sock, echoBuffer, RCVBUFSIZE - 1, 0)) <= 0) DieWithError("recv() failed or connection closed prematurely"); totalBytesRcvd += bytesRcvd; /* Keep tally of total bytes */ echoBuffer[bytesRcvd] = '\0'; /* Terminate the string! */ printf(echoBuffer); /* Print the echo buffer */ } printf("\n"); close(sock); exit(0); } void DieWithError(char *errorMessage) { perror(errorMessage); exit(1); } /* Print a final linefeed */ #include #include #include #include #include #include <stdio.h> <sys/socket.h> <arpa/inet.h> <stdlib.h> <string.h> <unistd.h> /* /* /* /* /* /* for for for for for for printf() and fprintf() */ socket(), bind(), and connect() */ sockaddr_in and inet_ntoa() */ atoi() */ memset() */ close() */
#define MAXPENDING 5
/* Maximum outstanding connection requests */ /* Error handling function */ /* TCP client handling function */
void DieWithError(char *errorMessage); void HandleTCPClient(int clntSocket); int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int servSock; int clntSock; struct sockaddr_in echoServAddr; struct sockaddr_in echoClntAddr; unsigned short echoServPort; unsigned int clntLen;
/* /* /* /* /* /*
Socket descriptor for server */ Socket descriptor for client */ Local address */ Client address */ Server port */ Length of client address data structure */
if (argc != 2) /* Test for correct number of arguments */ { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <Server Port>\n", argv[0]); exit(1); } echoServPort = atoi(argv[1]); /* First arg: local port */
/* Create socket for incoming connections */ if ((servSock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) DieWithError("socket() failed"); /* Construct local address structure */ memset(&echoServAddr, 0, sizeof(echoServAddr)); echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(echoServPort); /* /* /* /* Zero out structure */ Internet address family */ Any incoming interface */ Local port */
for (;;) /* Run forever */ { /* Set the size of the in-out parameter */ clntLen = sizeof(echoClntAddr); /* Wait for a client to connect */ if ((clntSock = accept(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoClntAddr, &clntLen)) < 0) DieWithError("accept() failed"); /* clntSock is connected to a client! */ printf("Handling client %s\n", inet_ntoa(echoClntAddr.sin_addr));
/* Bind to the local address */ if (bind(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0) DieWithError("bind() failed"); /* Mark the socket so it will listen for incoming connections */ if (listen(servSock, MAXPENDING) < 0) DieWithError("listen() failed"); }
HandleTCPClient(clntSock); } /* NOT REACHED */
Transport Protocols
! ! !
Transport Protocols
!
Best-effort, host-to-host insufficient Transport protocols add services to IP Ports make end-to-end protocols
Application Port WWW 80 E-mail 25 Telnet 23
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

! !
Adds ports and data checksum to IP Best-effort
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

! ! ! !
Adds ports and data checksum to IP Reliable byte-stream delivery Flow and congestion control Etc.
192.18.22.13
Socket Protocols
!
TCP Client
1. 2.
Protocol Family
!
PF_INET Internet Protocol Family SOCK_STREAM Reliable byte-stream SOCK_DGRAM Best-effort datagram IPPROTO_TCP IPPROTO_UDP
Create a TCP socket using socket() Establish a connection to the server using connect() Communicate using send() and recv() Close the connection with close()
Protocol Type
! !
3.
Protocol
! !
4.
TCP Server
1. 2.
Protocols
! !
3.
4.
Create a TCP socket using socket() Assign a port number to the socket with bind() Tell the system to allow connections to be made to that port, using listen() Repeatedly do the following:
a.
We want to make computers talk Protocol: Agreement on exchange

Bob Hi. Im Bob. Hi, Bob. Im Jane Jane
b.
c.
Call accept() to get a new socket for each client connection. Communicate with the client via that new socket, using send() and recv() Close the client connection using close()
Nice to meet you, Jane.
TCPEchoServer-Fork.c #include "TCPEchoServer.h" #include <sys/wait.h> /* TCP echo server includes */ /* for waitpid() */
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int servSock; int clntSock; unsigned short echoServPort; pid_t processID; unsigned int childProcCount = 0;
/* /* /* /* /*
Socket descriptor for server */ Socket descriptor for client */ Server port */ Process ID from fork() */ Number of child processes */
for (;;) /* Run forever */ { clntSock = AcceptTCPConnection(servSock); /* Fork child process and report any errors */ if ((processID = fork()) < 0) DieWithError("fork() failed"); else if (processID == 0) /* If this is the child process */ { close(servSock); /* Child closes parent socket */ HandleTCPClient(clntSock); exit(0); } printf("with child process: %d\n", (int) processID); close(clntSock); /* Parent closes child socket descriptor */ childProcCount++; /* Increment number of outstanding child processes */ while (childProcCount) /* Clean up all zombies */ { processID = waitpid((pid_t) -1, NULL, WNOHANG); /* Non-blocking wait */ if (processID < 0) /* waitpid() error? */ DieWithError("waitpid() failed"); else if (processID == 0) /* No zombie to wait on */ break; else childProcCount--; /* Cleaned up after a child */ } } } /* Child process terminates */
if (argc != 2) /* Test for correct number of arguments */ { fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s <Server Port>\n", argv[0]); exit(1); } echoServPort = atoi(argv[1]); /* First arg: local port */
servSock = CreateTCPServerSocket(echoServPort);
#define MAXPENDING 5
/* Maximum outstanding connection requests */ /* Error handling function */ #include <stdio.h> /* for printf() */ #include <sys/socket.h> /* for accept() */ #include <arpa/inet.h> /* for sockaddr_in and inet_ntoa() */ void DieWithError(char *errorMessage); /* Error handling function */
void DieWithError(char *errorMessage);
int CreateTCPServerSocket(unsigned short port) { int sock; /* socket to create */ struct sockaddr_in echoServAddr; /* Local address */ /* Create socket for incoming connections */ if ((sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_TCP)) < 0) DieWithError("socket() failed"); /* Construct local address structure */ memset(&echoServAddr, 0, sizeof(echoServAddr)); echoServAddr.sin_family = AF_INET; echoServAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); echoServAddr.sin_port = htons(port); /* /* /* /* Zero out structure */ Internet address family */ Any incoming interface */ Local port */
int AcceptTCPConnection( int servSock ) { int clntSock; /* Socket descriptor for client */ struct sockaddr_in echoClntAddr; /* Client address */ unsigned int clntLen; /* Length of client address data structure */ /* Set the size of the in-out parameter */ clntLen = sizeof(echoClntAddr); /* Wait for a client to connect */ if ((clntSock = accept(servSock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoClntAddr, &clntLen)) < 0) DieWithError("accept() failed"); /* clntSock is connected to a client! */ printf("Handling client %s\n", inet_ntoa(echoClntAddr.sin_addr)); return clntSock; }
/* Bind to the local address */ if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &echoServAddr, sizeof(echoServAddr)) < 0) DieWithError("bind() failed"); /* Mark the socket so it will listen for incoming connections */ if (listen(sock, MAXPENDING) < 0) DieWithError("listen() failed"); return sock; }
Resources/References
http://cs.ecs.baylor.edu/~donahoo/practical/C Sockets http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~beej/guide
! !
Network programming Unix Interprocess communication

TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide For Programmers Computer Chat

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TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers

Michael J. Donahoo Kenneth L. Calvert Morgan Kaufmann Publisher $14.95 Paperback

How do we make computers talk?

How are they interconnected?

Internet Protocol (IP)

Datagram (packet) protocol Best-effort service

Loss Reordering Duplication Delay

Add services on top of IP User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Sockets provides interface to TCP/IP Generic interface for many protocols

Family TCP UDP

Type SOCK_STREAM SOCK_DGRAM

mySock = socket(family, type, protocol); TCP/IP-specific sockets

File (socket) descriptor in UNIX

Clients and Servers

TCP Client/Server Interaction

Client: Initiates the connection

Nice to meet you, Jane.

Server: Passively waits to respond

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

TCP Client/Server Interaction

close() used to delimit communication Analogous to EOF

recv() -> Hi Jane

TCP/IP Byte Transport Constructing Messages

TCP/IP protocols transports bytes

Application protocol provides semantics

Strings of character encoded decimal digits

Human readable Arbitrary size Inefficient Arithmetic manipulation

Network byte order (Big-Endian)

Beware the bytes of padding -- Julius Caesar, Shakespeare

Message composed of fields

Fixed-length fields integer short short

Architecture alignment restrictions Compiler pads structs to accommodate

struct tst { short x; int y; short z; };

/* Size of receive buffer */ /* Error handling function */

HandleTCPClient(clntSock); } /* NOT REACHED */

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Adds ports and data checksum to IP Best-effort

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

We want to make computers talk Protocol: Agreement on exchange

Nice to meet you, Jane.

void DieWithError(char *errorMessage);

Network programming Unix Interprocess communication

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/* Size of receive buffer / / Error handling function */