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Solid
Liquid
Gas
MELTING
SOLID
Very weak
Energy content very
high
Matter experiences
change of state when
heat energy is absorbed
or released.
BOILING
LIQUID
FREEZING
GAS
CONDENSATION
The temperature at which a solid changes to become a liquid is called its melting point.
The temperature at which a liquid changes to become a liquid is called its freezing point.
Explanation for Heating Process of Matter
Temperature/C
F
D
E
B
C
A
Time/s
When the solid is heated, the particles move faster and its energy content increases. This is
because it absorbed heat. Therefore, he state of matter is changed.
Point
A to B
C to D
State of Matter
Explanation
Solid
-When heated, heat energy is absorbed by the particles in the solid.
-Particles obtained more kinetic energy and vibrate at a faster rate.
Solid ad liquid
-At the melting point(point B), particles in the solid will obtain
enough energy to overcome the force of attraction between the
particles.
-Particles now can move freely. The solid melt o form a liquid.
Liquid
D to E
E to F
Gas
B to C
Freezing point : refer to the temperature when a liquid changes to solid. During the freezing
process, the temperature remains unchanged because the heat lost to the environment is cool by the
heat released when the liquid particles rearranged themselves to become solid.
Explanation of Cooling Process of Matter
Temperature/C
P
R
Q
T
S
U
Point
P to Q
State of Matter
Gas
Q to R
R to S
Liquid
S to T
T to U
Solid
Time/s
Explanation
Rutherford
Neils Bohr
James Chadwick
2. Subatomic particles
Subatomic particles Symbol Charge Relative Atomic Mass
Position
Electron
e
Proton
p+
+
Neutron
n
neutral
a. Proton Number = number of protons in the nucleus of an atom in an element.
Number of protons= number of electrons in a neutral atom.
b. Nucleon Number : The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
c. Symbol of element
A
X
Z
d.
Example:
Oxygen : O
Aluminium : Al
Magnesium : Mg Calcium : Ca
Nitrogen : N
Chlorine : Cl
Sodium : Na
Hydrogen : H
X Symbol of element
A Nucleon number of atom X
Z - Proton number of atom X
Example :
i) 39
The element Potassium has a nucleon of 19 proton number of 19.
K
19
so, the number of neutrons equals 20, the number of protons equal 19,
and the number of electrons equals 19.
3. Isotopes
Example : 1
Nucleon number = 1
H
1
Usage of isotopes :
In the medical field to detect brain cancer.
- to detect thrombosis( blockage in blood vessel).
- Sodium-24 is used to measure the rate of iodine absorption by thyroid
gland.
- Cobalt-60 is used to destroy cancer cell.
- to kill bacteria in the sterilizing process.
In the industrial field to detect wearing out in machines.
- to detect any blockage in water, gas or oil pipes.
- to detect leakage of pipes underground.
- to detect defects/cracks in the body of an aeroplane.
In the agriculture field to detect the rate of absorption of phosphate fertilizer in plants.
- to sterile in sect pests for plants.
In the archeology field Caron-14 can be used to date objects.
4. Electron Arrangement
a) the electrons are filled in specific shells. Every shell can be filled only with a certain
number of electrons. For the elements with the atomic number 1-20 :
First shell can be filled with a maximum of 2 electrons.
Second shell can be filed with a maximum of 8 electrons.
Third shell can e filled with a maximum of 8 electrons.
First shell filled with 2 eletrons(duplet)
Second shell filled with 8 electrons(octet)
Third shell filled with 8 electrons(octet)
b) Symbol of Element
1
Hydrogen Atom
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement
H
1
Helium Atom
He
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement
Li
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement
Be
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement
Na
Number of protons
Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron Arrangement
Lithium Atom
Berryllium Atom
Sodium Atom
23
11
Atom
Valence
Electron
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
6
6
11
15
16
19
12
27
-
2.8.3
P atom and Q atom are isotopes because they contain the same number of proton
but different number of nucleon.
WRITE THE PARTICLE RATIO, MOLE RATIO, AND MASS RATIO FOR THE
FOLLOWING REACTION.
1. Mg + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2 + H2
2CuOH + H2
2Pb + CO2
2NaOH + H2
Zn(NO3)2 + H2
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Silver nitrate + Sodium chloride
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Copper(II) oxide + Hydrogen chloride
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Potassium oxide + Water
Potassium hydroxide
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Lead(II) nitrate
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Magnesium + Chlorine
Magnesium chloride
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Hydrogen sulphate + Sodium hydroxide
____________________________________________________________________________
8. Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen nitrate
____________________________________________________________________________
FORMULA
Sodium sulphate
Ammonium carbonate
Magnesium nitrate
Hydrochloric acid
Potassium oxide
Magnesium oxide
Lead(II) carbonate
Iron(III) sulphate
Magnesium chloride
Zinc sulphate
Silver nitrate
Ammonium sulphate
Zinc oxide
Nitric acid
Ammonia gas
Copper(II) sulphate
COMPOUND
Zinc carbonate
Ammonium carbonate
Silver chloride
Sulphuric acid
NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS
Copper(II) nitrate
1) Na2CO3
_________________________________
Hydrogen gas
2) NaOH
_________________________________
3) MgBr2
_________________________________
4) KCl
_________________________________
5) FeCl2
_________________________________
Oxygen gas
Aluminium sulphate
Lead(II) chloride
Potassium iodide
6) FeCl3
_________________________________
Copper(II) carbonate
7) Zn(OH)2
_________________________________
Potassium carbonate
8) Be2SO4
_________________________________
Sodium hydroxide
9) CrF2
_________________________________
Ammonium chloride
Sodium sulphate
10) Al2S3
__________________________________
11) PbO2
- __________________________________
12) Ag2SO3
- __________________________________
13) NH4OH
- ___________________________________
- ____________________________________
FORMULA