ANALYSIS OF SVPWM METHOD FOR TWO LEVEL INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

Manish G Prajapati1,Rohit D Prajapati2 and Prof. Pinkal J Patel3 1&2 Student,Dept. of Electrical Engineering, S.P.C.E, Visnagar, Gujarat, India 3 Assis. Professor, Dept of Electrical Engineering, S.P.C.E,Visnagar, Gujarat, India E-Mail Id :- manish.er570@gmail.com, rohit.er777@gmail.com and pinkal_ldce@yahoo.com

Abstract The Two level voltage-fed inverters with space vector pulse width modulation strategy are gained importance in Medium power high performance industrial drive applications. This paper simply introduces the working principle of SVPWM for Two Level inverter. And then analysis the method of space vector calculation, deduces the detail equations that can be easily used. This paper proposes a new simplified space vector PWM method With Constant V/Hz Control for a Two-level inverter fed induction motor drive. In such scheme A constant voltage and frequency (V/Hz) supply to a.c drives is invariably obtained from a threephase two level voltage source inverter. The model of a three-phase voltage source inverter is discussed based on space vector theory. Simulation results are obtained using PSIM Software with a 45-KW (60 Hp) motor drive and Analysis of THD in Line Voltage and Line Current Using FFT Spectrums result are presented for various operation condition to verify the system model Index TermsTwo Level Inverter, space vector modulation (SVM), Scalar control (Constant V/Hz), THD, FFT INTRODUCTION HE TWO-Level inverter topology has attracted attention in high power medium voltage drive applications. Fig. 1 shows Main circuit of Three phase voltage source inverter. Single-phase VSI cover lowrange power applications and threeI.

Phase VSI cover the medium- to high-power applications [1]. The Main purpose of these topologies is to provide a three-phase voltage source, where the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the voltages should always be controllable. Although most of the applications require sinusoidal voltage waveforms (e.g., ASDs, UPSs, FACTS, VAR compensators), arbitrary voltages are also required in some emerging applications (e.g., active filters, voltage compensators)[2]. The standard three-phase VSI topology is shown in Fig. 1 it has = 8 eight switching states and are given in Table 1[3]. The switches of any leg of the inverter (S1 and S4, S3 and S6, or S5 and S2) cannot be switched on simultaneously because this would result in a short circuit across the dc link voltage supply. Similarly, in order to avoid undefined states in the VSI, and thus undefined ac output line voltages, the switches of any leg of the inverter cannot be switched off simultaneously as this will result in voltages that will depend upon the respective line current polarity. Out of the eight switching states, two of them (7 and 8 in Table 1) produce zero ac line voltages [2]. In this case, the ac line currents freewheel through either the upper or lower components [9]. The remaining states (1 to 6 in Table 1) produce nonzero ac output voltages. In order to generate a given voltage waveform, the inverter moves from one state to another. Thus the resulting ac output line voltages consist of discrete values of voltages that are Vi , 0, and -Vi for

the topology shown in Fig. 1. The selection of the states in order to generate the given waveform is done by the modulating technique that should ensure the use of only the valid states [2] TABLE 1 SWITCHING VECTORS, PHASE VOLTAGES AND LINE VOLTAGES
Voltage Vector V0 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 Switching Vector a b c 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Line to Neutral Voltage Van Vbn Vcn 0 2/3 1/3 -1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1/3 0 0 -1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 -1/3 -2/3 0 0 -1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1/3 2/3 1/3 0 Line to Line Voltage Vab Vbc Vca 0 1 0 -1 -1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 1 1 0 0 Fig. 1. Three-phase voltage source PWM Inverter

Also, the relationship between the switching variable vector [a, b, c]t and the phase voltage Vector [Va Vb Vc]t can be expressed in eq-2.2 [5][6]. As illustrated in Fig. 1, there are eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three upper power switches [6]. The on and off states of the lower power devices are opposite to the upper one and so are easily determined once the states of the upper IGBT are determined[2]. According to equations (2.1) and (2.2), the eight switching vectors, output line to neutral voltage (phase voltage), and output line-to-line voltages in terms of DC-link Vdc, are given in Table 1 [5]. Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) refers to a special switching sequence of the upper three power IGBT of a threephase inverter [6]. It has been shown to generate less harmonic distortion in the output voltages and or currents applied to the phases of an AC motor and to provide more efficient use of supply voltage compared with sinusoidal modulation technique [4]. Fig 2 Show the basic Switching Vector of SVPWM Technique. In this schemes there are eight valid switching state out of six active switching space vector are evenly distributed 60 interval with 2 Vdc/3 length and form a hexagon also two zero space vector are located at the center of hexagon in the complex plane as shown in fig 2.[7] For a given Magnitude (length) and position, Vref can be synthesized by three near by stationary vectors, based on which the

II.

TWO LEVEL INVERTER SCHEME FOR AN INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE The circuit model of a typical threephase voltage source PWM inverter is shown in Fig. 1 There are the six power switches(IGBT) that shape the output, which are controlled by the switching variables a, a, b, b, c and c[4]. When an upper IGBT is switched on, i.e., when a, b or c is 1,the corresponding lower IGBT is switched off, i.e .,the corresponding a, b or c is 0.Therefore, the on and off states of the upper IGBT S1, S3 and S5 can be used to determine the output voltage[5].The relationship between the switching variable vector [a, b, c]t and the line-to-line voltage Vector [Vab Vbc Vca]t is given by (2.1) in the following:[5][6]
= Vdc

(2.1)

(2.2)

switching states of the inverter can be selected and gate signals for the active switches can be generated [8]. When Vref passes through sectors one by one, different sets of switches will be turned on or off. As a result, when Vref rotates one revolution in space, the inverter output voltage varies one cycle over time. The inverter output frequency corresponds to the rotating speed of Vref, while its output

1V 2

(3.2)

Fig 2 Basic switching vectors and sectors

Voltage can be adjusted by the Magnitude of Vref. The Vref (called the reference vector) vector rotates counter clockwise with the angle varying between 0 and 360 degrees.[9]

It follows that if the ratio V/f remains constant with the change of f, then A also remains constant and the torque is independent of the supply frequency [3]. So in order to get constant torque over the entire operating range The V/f ratio is maintain constant. Since only magnitudes of the input variables frequency and voltage are controlled, this is known as scalar control[10] In actual implementation the ratio between the Magnitude and frequency of the stator voltage is usually based on the rated values of these variables, also known as motor ratings.[6] The realistic control limits that are placed on the applied voltage and frequency are illustrated in Fig. 3 [4] A disadvantage of such a control is that the torque developed is load dependent as it is not controlled directly. Also, the transient response of such a control is not fast due to the predefined switching pattern of the Inverter[10].

III.

PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT V/HZ CONTROL FOR INDUCTION MOTORS

In this type of control, the motor is fed with variable frequency supply generated by the PWM control of an inverter[10]. At steady state the machine terminal voltage is given by V = jA (3.1) IV.

Fig. 3. V/f limits on frequency and voltage.

where V and A are the phasors of stator voltage and stator flux,

ALGORITHAM FOR SIMULATINGTHE SPACE VECTOR PWM Step 1. Determine Vref, and angle (Theta)

Step 2. Determine time duration T1, T2, T0 Step 3. Determine the switching time of each IGBT (s1 to s6)

A. Step 1. Determine Vref, and angle (Theta)

Fig. 4. Vector Diagram When Reference Vector in Sector 1 (Where = 60)

Freq

Speed ref Pole 120 Freq Vbase Fbase

(4.1) C. Step 3: Determine the switching time of each IGBT (s1 to s6) Fig.5 shows space vector PWM switching patterns at each sector. Based on this Fig. the switching time at each sector is summarized in Table 2, and it will be built in Simulink model to simulate SVPWM [5]

Vref

(4.2)

Ma
Theta

Vref Vdc

(4.3)

2 Frequency time (4.4)

B. Step 2. Determine time duration T1, T2,T0 From Fig. 4, the switching time duration in any Sector can be calculated as follows:

Ts

1 Fs

(4.5)

SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 1 and 2

T1

(Ts Ma) sin (pi 3) Theta (4.6)

T2
T0

(Ts Ma) sin (Theta) )

Ts - T1- T2

(4.7)
SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 3 and 4

(4.8)

Where, TS = Sampling Time Ma = Modulation Index Fs = Sampling Frequency

SVPWM Switching Pattern at Sector 5 and 6 Fig 5 Space Vector PWM switching patterns at each secto

Table.2 SWITCHING TIME CALCULATION AT EACH SECTOR

sampling points within one fundamental period should be 2N (where N is an integer).The maximum number of sampling points allowed is 1024.

SECTOR

UPPER SWITCHES (S1,S2,S3) S1 = T1+T2+T0/2 S3=T2+T0/2 S5=T0/2 S1 = T1+T0/2 S3=T1+T2+T0/2 S5=T0/2 S1 = T0/2 S3=T1+T2+T0/2 S5=T2+T0/2 S1 = T0/2 S3=T1+T0/2 S5=T1+T2+T0/2 S1 = T2+T0/2 S3=T0/2 S5=T1+T2+T0/2 S1 = T1+T2+T0/2 S3=T0/2 S5=T1+T0/2

UPPER SWITCHES (S4,S6,S2) S4 = T0/2 S6=T1+T0/2 S2=T1+T2+T0/2 S4 = T2+T0/2 S6=T0/2 S2=T1+T2+T0/2 S4 = T1+T2+T0/2 S6=T0/2 S2=T1+T0/2 S4 = T1+T2+T0/2 S6=T2+T0/2 S2=T0/2 S4 = T1+T0/2 S6=T1+T2+T0/2 S2=T0/2 S4 = T0/2 S6=T1+T2+T0/2 S2=T2+T0/2

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A) Simulation Results of Two level Inverter The proposed scheme is simulated on a 45 kW (60 Hp) 4-Pole,415 volts three-phase induction motor at no load with open loop V/f control for different modulation indices covering the entire speed range. The dc link voltage of around 585V is used. The carrier frequency used for PWM generation is limited to 5kHz. The Analysis circuit for two-level inverter is shown in fig. 7. The open loop dc link capacitor voltage scheme is implemented using DLL (Dynamic Link Library) block of PSIM simulation software package [1]. Output frequency can be varied according to the reference speed input in DLL (Dynamic Link Library) block. Base frequency and Base voltage input in DLL block is used to Maintain V/f ratio constant. At low frequency the reference vector rotate in Sector so the two levels in voltage are getting in inverter.

V.

WHAT IS THD AND FFT ANALYSIS A. Total harmonic distortion

For an ac waveform that contains both the fundamental and harmonic components, the total harmonic distortion of the waveform is defined as:

where V1 is the fundamental component (rms), Vh is the harmonic rms value, and Vrms isthe overall rms value of the waveform. B. Fast fourier transform analysis A Fast Fourier Transform Analysis calculates the fundamental component of the input signal. The FFT algorithm is based on the radix-2/decimation-infrequency method. The number of the

Fig 6 Simulation Circuit For Two level Inverter

The 2-level SVPWM scheme is used for the PWM signal generation, based on the sampled amplitudes of reference phase voltages. The line voltage, line current, THD of Line Voltage and Line Current waveforms for inverter operation are presented in Figs. The simulation results prove the ability of open loop SVPWM scheme.

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 50 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 50 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 0.5 A) Fig 8; Line Voltage, FFT Spectrum of Line Voltage, Line Current and FFT Spectrum of Line Current Waveform at 20Hz, Ma=0.69

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 Khz, Y- axis: 1 div= 50 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 50 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A) (X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 0.5 A) Fig 7; Line Voltage, FFT Spectrum of Line Voltage, Line Current and FFT Spectrum of Line Current Waveform at 10Hz, Ma=0.34 (X- axis: 1 div = 10 KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 50 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 50 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 0.5 A) Fig 9; Line Voltage, FFT Spectrum of Line Voltage, Line Current and FFT Spectrum of Line Current Waveform at 30Hz, Ma=1.02

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 50 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 12.5 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 0.5 A) (X- axis: 1 div = 10 KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 50 V) Fig 11; Line Voltage, FFT Spectrum of Line Voltage, Line Current and FFT Spectrum of Line Current Waveform at 50Hz, Ma=1.73

B) Analysis Results of Two Level Inverter The FFT Spectrums waveforms for the inverter output voltages and load current are shown in Fig.7 to 11.The inverter operates under the condition of f1 = 50 Hz, Ts =1/5000 s, fsw = 5KHz, with At No Load. The THD of two-level inverter has been found using Psim software for different frequencies. The analysis of THD of Line Voltage and Line Current are summarized in Table 2.
Table 3
THD FOR TWO-LEVEL INVERTER
Sr No 1 2 3 4 SET FREQUENC Y INPUT BY KEYPAD CARRIER FREQUENC Y (KHz) 50 5.0 40 5.0 30 5.0 20 5.0 10 5.0 THD VOLTA GE % 55.89 77.06 108.69 147.35 253.13 THD CURREN T % 6.47 8.23 13.49 6.87 5.28

(X- axis: 1 div = 10 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 20 A)

(X- axis: 1 div = 10KHz, Y- axis: 1 div= 0.5 A) Fig 10; Line Voltage, FFT Spectrum of Line Voltage, Line Current and FFT Spectrum of Line Current Waveform at 40Hz, Ma=1.3

(X- axis: 1 div = 20 ms, Y- axis: 1 div= 250 V)

From Above Table It has Been Observed that The THD in Line Voltage is Increase when Frequency is Decrease and this is Due to the Decrease in Fundamental Voltage Vab Because Scalar Control is used.The THD In Line Current remain almost constant. VII. CONCLUSION This paper has presented an overview of SVPWM theory For Two Level inverter. It has been observed The Harmonics Contain in Line current at lower frequency is Higher then the Higher Frequency .The simulation of Two level inverter fed induction motor drive was done and simulated using Psim Software. The total harmonic distortion is very low compared to that of conventional inverter. The simulation result shows that the harmonics have been reduced considerably. The two level inverter fed induction motor system has been successfully simulated and the results of voltage, current, frequency spectrum of voltage and frequency spectrum of current were obtained. The inverter system can be used for industries where the adjustable speed drives are required and significant amount of energy can be saved as the system has less harmonic losses. APPENDIX
Ratings of the three-phase 45 Kw (60H.P), 4-pole, 415 V, 50 Hz squirrel cage induction motor are: Power Output : 45KW Stator resistance (Rs) : 0.07 Rotor resistance (Rr) : 0.025 Stator leak. inductance (Lls) : 0.0008H Rotor leak. inductance (Lllr) : 0.0008 H Magnetizing inductance (Lm) : 0.0228 H 2 Rotor inertia (J) : 0.42kgm

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

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Prof P J Patel, Rakesh A Patel, Vinod Patel,Prof. P. N. Tekwani Implementation