BASIC ENGINEERING PRACTICES

1 POUND = 0.454KG ON AN ENGINEERING DRAWING, USING 1ST ANGLE PROJECTION, THE PLAN VIEW IS PROJECTED BELOW THE FRONT VIEW. THE COLOR CODING ON SHEET METAL INDICATES THE SPECIFICATION OF THE MATERIAL. AMERICAN TYPE FLYING CONTROL CABLES ARE DESIGNATED BY THEIR DIAMETER AND MINIMUM BREAKING LOAD IN POUNDS . THE SYMBOL OF A SKULL AND CROSS BONES ATTACHED TO PIPELINES INDICATES THAT INJURY OR DAMAGE COULD RESULT IF PRECAUTIONS ARE NOT OBSERVED BEFORE DISCONNECTION. CHALK WHEN USED WITH A FINE FILE PRODUCES A FINER FINISH. A FLEXIBLE FUEL PIPE UNDERGOING INSPECTION AFTER A PERIOD OF SERVICE REQUIRES CONTINUITY CHECK FOR INTERNAL BONDING. STIFFNUTS INCORPORATING NON-NETALLIC FRICTION PLATES ELEMENTS SHOULD NOT BE USED ON STRUSTURS EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVE HEAT. A UNF HELICOIL THREAD INSERT MAY BE IDENTIFIED BY AN UNPAINTED TAG. THE HOLE THREAD FOR A HELICOIL INSERT IS CUT WITH A SPECIAL SIZE TAP SUPPLIED BY THE THREAD INSERT MANUFACTURER. THE WAISTED PORTION ON A QUILL DRIVE ALLOWS IT TO SHEAR IN THE EVENT OF COMPONENT FAILURE. A DRY JOINT IS PRODUCED WHEN NOT APPLYING ENOUGH HEAT DURING SOLDERING. CADMIUM PLATING IS A PROTECTIVE PROCESS FOR FERROUS METALS.

 AFTER SOLUTION TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM ALLOY, THE EFFECT OF IMMEDIATE REFRIGERATION (AT -15C TO -20C) IS TO SUSPEND NATURAL AGEING FOR A LIMITED PERIOD. FRETTING CORROSION OF STEEL PARTS MAY BE DETECTED BY DEPOSIT OF DARK COLORED POWDER IN THE VICINITY OF THE JOINT. RESIDUAL STRESS DUE TO MANUFACTURING PROCESS IS RELEAVED BY HEAT TREATMENT. BRITISH IDENTIFICATION OF HEAT TREATMENT OF ALUMINUM ALLOY ITEMS IS DESIGNATED BY A LETTER CODE. AN NDT TESTING SUITABLE FOR ALUMINUM ALLOYS IS ULTRASONIC. THE LIGHT USED IN FLUORESCENT PENETRANT PROCESS FOR CRACK IDENTIFICATION IS ULTRA-VIOLET. A PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER SHOULD BE CHECKWEIGHTED PERIODICALLY (E.G. EVERY 13 MONTHS). AN APPROVED DRAWING IS ONLY PRODUCED BY A DESIGN ORGANIZATION APPROVED BY THE CAA. RESPONSIBILITY TO ENSURE THAT A DRAWING IS APPROVED PRIOR TO USE LIES ON THE LICENCED AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE ENGINEER (LAME). IF AN ALTERATION IS MADE TO A DRAWING ALREADY IN USE, A NEW ISSUE NUMBER AND DATE MUST BE ALLOCATED. HIDDEN DETAIL IS PRESENTED BY SHORT THIN DASHES. A GRID SYSTEM (OR ZONING) ON A DRAWING IS USED SO THAT A CERTAIN FEATURE CAN BE LOCATED. AN ISOMETRIC VIEW USES STRAIGHT LINS DRAWN AT 30 AND 90 TO THE HORIZONTAL. AN OBLIQUE PRJECTION IS DRWAN WITH ONE FACE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL. A DRAWING WHICH GIVES VIEWS OF THE FINISHED TYPE ARTICLE, WITH ALL THE INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR ITS ASSEMBLY, IS CALLED AN ASSEMBLY DRAWING. THE THREAD PITCH OF A OF METRIC MICROMETER IS 0.25MM. THE LENGTH OF ONE VERNIER DIVISION OF MATRIC VERNIER IS 0.98MM.

 THE ACCURACY TO WHICH A VERNIER PROTRACTOR CAN BE READ IS 5 (5 MINUTES). ALLOWANCE IS THE DIFFRENCE BETWEEN DIMENSIONS OF HOLE AND ITS MATING SHAFT. CLASS F FIT REQUIRES GRAT PRESSURE TO ASSEMBLE THE PARTS. CLASSES X, Y AND Z FITS ARE OBTAINED WHEN THE HOLE IS BIGGER THAN THE SHAFT. PRIOR TO TORQUE LOADING AN ASSEMBLY, SCREW THREADS SHOULD BE LUBRICATED (I.A.W. M/M). BOLT ELONGATION METHOD OF TORQUE LOADING IS ONLY SUITABLE FOR BOLTS WHICH ARE ACCESSIBLE FOR MEASUREMENT. TORQUE LIMITING WRENCHES ARE PRESET TO BREAK (OR GIVE) AT A SPECIFIC LOADING. AKRATORK WRENCH IS SET READY FOR USE WHEN A DOT ON THE END OF THE CAM IS IN LINE WITH THE ARROW ON THE HEAD OF THE WRENCH. TO ENSURE THE GREATEST ACCURACY, CHOOSE A TORQUE WRENCH WHICH WILL REGISTER WITHIN THE HIGHER RENGE OF THE SCALE. WHEN CALIBRATING A TORQUE WRENCH USED WITH AN EXTENSION, SET TORQUE = REQUIRED TORQUE L / (L+X). BEFORE FITTING A NUT TO A BOLT IN TORQUE LOADED ASSEMBLY, THE THREADS SHOULD BE INSPECTED FOR DAMAGE. WHEN USING A BENCH GRINDING MACHINE, THE WHEEL SHOULD ROATATE FROM THE TOP DOWNWARD TO THE WORKPIECE. A GRINDING WHEEL IS NORMALLY REFACED BY DRESSING WITH A SPECIAL TOOL. A " HOLE SHOULD BE DRILLED IN TITANIUM DIRECTLY (NOT AFTER CENTER PUNCHING OR CENTER DRILLING). WHEN CHECKING (OR USING) A 15" LONG WRENCH, THE LOAD REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 120LB.IN IS 8LBS. TO AID MARKING OUT, THE SURFACE OF STEEL COMPONENT MAY BE TREATED WITH COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION.

 THE THIMBLE OF A METRIC MICROMETER IS DIVIDED INTO 50 PARTS. RIVET HOLE CLEARNCE IS THE AMOUNT THAT THE HOLE DIAMETER () EXCEEDS THE RIVET . A RIVET SNAP IS USED TO FORM THE RIVET HEAD. UNJ THREAD IS UNIFIED THREAD OF HIGH FATIGUERESISTING PROPERTIES. RUBBER COMPONENTS SHOULD BE STORED IN A DARKENED DRY ROOM AT A TEMPERATURE OF 10C TO 27C. VEE BLOCKS ARE MANUFACTURED IN PAIRS AND IDENTIFIED FOR USE TOGETHER. WHEN USING A HAND FILE, THE DOWNWARD PRESSURE SHOULD BE USED ONLY ON THE FORWARD STROKE. FOR A DRILL TO CUT PROPERLY, IT IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE TIP ANGLE TO BE THE SAME ON EACH SIDE. FOR GENERAL USE, THE ANGLE IS 59. TO CHECK A FLEXIBLE FLUID PIPE FOR OBSTRUCTION, FLUID SHOULD BE PASSED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS AT A PRESSURE EQUAL TO 12 HEAD OF FLUID. A SPHERICL ROLLER BEARING WILL ACCEPT A MINOR MISALIGNMENT BETWEEN OPPOSITE BEARINGS. THE THREADS OF A STUD ARE THE SAME HAND AT EACH END OF THE PLAIN PORTION. THE BASE OF A SUITABLE SOLUTION FOR REMOVING CORROSION FROM A STEEL COMPONENT IN SITU IS PHOSPHORIC ACID. THE "MAGNETIC FLOW" CRACK DETECTION PROCESS DETECTS DEFECTS INCLINED AT BETWEEN 45 AND 90 TO THE MAGNETIC FLUX FLOW THROUGH THE SPECIMEN. THE AMPERE-TURNS REQUIRED FOR "CURRENT FLOW" CRACK DETECTION DEPENDS ON THE LENGTH OF THE SPECIMEN UNDER TEST. UNCLAD ALUMINUM ALLOY ITEMS MAY BE EXAMINED FOR CRACKS BY ANODIC OXIDATION USING CHROMIC ACID PROCESS.