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2.1 INTRODUCTION:-
Matter in the universe is mainly classified into three kinds solids,
liquids and gases. In solids all the atoms (or) molecules are arranged
in a fixed manner. Solids have a definite shape and size, where as in
liquids and gasses atoms (or) molecules are not fixed. On the basis
of arrangement of atoms (or) molecules solids are classified into two
categories, they are crystalline and amorphous solids.
2.2 CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS:-
In crystalline solids the atoms (or) molecules are arranged in a regular
and orderly manner in three-dimensional pattern called lattice
2.3 AMORPHOUS SOLIDS: -
In amorphous solids, the atoms or molecules are arranged in an
irregular manner otherwise there is no lattice structure
2.4 SPACE LATTICE: -
The property that distinguishes crystals from other solids is that the
constituent particles in crystals are arranged in a three dimensional
periodic manner. In order to describe the periodicity in crystals Bravais
introduced the concept of space lattice.
The atomic arrangement in crystal is called crystal structure. In a
perfect crystal, there is a regular arrangement of atoms. The
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES Engineering Physics
23
periodicity of atoms changes in different directions. It is convenient to
imagine points in space about which these atoms are located; such
points are called lattice points.
Def:-
An infinite array of points in three dimensional space in which every point
has same environment with respect to all other points is called space
lattice.
A two-dimensional space lattice is shown in fig:
The dots represent the lattice points in which atoms can be
accommodated and a
& b
|
\ .
=
Since 2 a r = , substituting for r in the above equation
Packing fraction
3
2
16
2
3 3
a
a c
t
| |
|
\ .
=
3
2
2
3 3
a
a c
t
=
2
3 3
a
c
t
=
Substituting
c
a
value in above equation we get
Packing fraction
2 3
8 3 3
t
= 0.74
3 2
t
= = 74% =
Since the density of packing is 74% it is close packed structure.
Magnesium, Zinc and cadmium crystallize in this structure.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES Engineering Physics
52
2.17 Sodium chloride structure:-
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic crystal. It has FCC structure with
basis of one atom Na
+
ion and one Cl
-
ion in an alternate fashion as
shown in fig.
In this structure Cl
-
ions are situated at corners as well as at the
centers of the faces of cube. The Na
+
ions are situated exactly at the
midpoint of the axial length of the unit cell along each axis.
Thus NaCl crystal can be thought to be composed of two FCC sub
lattices. One of Cl
-
ion having the origin at (0, 0, 0) and the other of
Na
+
ion having the origin at
1
, 0, 0
2
| |
|
\ .
. In this NaCl structure each of
Na
+
is surrounded by 6 Cl
-
ions and vice versa. Therefore the co-
ordination number is 6 for each of the ions. The position of ions is
described by
Cl
: ( ) 0, 0, 0
1 1
, , 0
2 2
| |
|
\ .
1 1
, 0,
2 2
| |
|
\ .
1 1
0, ,
2 2
| |
|
\ .
Na
+
:
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
| |
|
\ .
1
0, 0,
2
| |
|
\ .
1
0, , 0
2
| |
|
\ .
1
, 0, 0
2
| |
|
\ .
Number of Na
+
ions per unit cell:-
Here we have two types of Na
+
ions
- Midpoint Na
+
ions and
- Body centered Na
+
ions
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES Engineering Physics
53
In NaCl structure each Na
+
ion situated at the midpoint of the axial
length is shared by 4 unit cells. Similarly we have 12 midpoint Na
+
ions.
The number of midpoint ions per unit cell =
1
12 3
4
= ions
And each body centered Na
+
ion is shared by 8 corner of the unit
cell.
The number of body centered Na
+
ions =
1
8 1
8
= ion
Total number of Na
+
ions per unit cell = 3 + 1 = 4 ions.
Number of Cl
-
ions per unit cell:-
Here we have two types of Cl
ions
- Corner Cl
ions
- Face centered Cl
ions
Each corner Cl
ions.
Number of face centered Cl
ions at
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
| |
|
\ .
. In this structure Cl
and
the centre is occupied by the Cs
+
ions or vice versa. Hence CsCl
belongs to a simple cubic lattice with basis as 2.