Abstract: In the experiment conducted on a stationary diesel engine (four-stroke) we measured output power generated by varying loads.

Various input parameters were measured for the requisite calculations including the volume flow rate of fuel consumed, volume flow rate of air intake, volume flow rate of cooling water, temperatures of inlet and outlet cooling water, temperature of exhaust gases, power output by means of electricity generated and speed of engine. It allowed us to compare efficiency parameters, obtain friction power via Willans Line Method, apply requisite correction factors for air intake and fuel intake to get corrected brake power and engine torque and to plot the load v/s heat balance sheet.

Objective To conduct a load test on a given stationary single cylinder Four Stroke CI engine and to plot: Load v/s engine torque. Load v/s brake thermal efficiency. Load v/s brake specific fuel consumption. Load v/s mechanical efficiency.

Plot a heat balance sheet for the given engine. To obtain engine friction power by using willan`s line method. To plot load v/s volumetric efficiency of engine an to discuss the reasons for change in volumetric efficiency while changing load. Compare the indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency with air standard efficiency of ideal diesel cycle. To correct engine brake power and engine torque by applying the correction factor for air intake and engine fuel.

INTRODUCTION AND MECHANICAL SETUP

The diesel engine consists of a main cylinder in which the piston reciprocates, This piston is connected to the crankshaft via connecting rod. The top of the cylinder is fitted with the cylinder head which contains the appropriate cooling channels for the water cooled engine as well as holding the valve arrangements. The bottom side of the piston is connected to connecting rod by the gudgeon pin. Piston rings are present in the sides of the piston in contact with the cylinder walls The purpose of the piston rings are ass follows:a. They work to prevent the leakage of gases into the crankcase and hence atmosphere when they are at a high temperature and pressure in the piston. b. They serve the purpose of dissipating heat to the cylinder walls through conduction. c. To allow only the correct amount of lubricating oil onto the cylinder so as not to exceed the required amount. Manifolds are attached to the cylinders, these are the ducts carrying fresh air into the cylinders and burnt gases out. The manifolds are connected to inlet and exhaust valves. Big end of the connecting rod is divided into two halves to make it possible to assemble it around the crankpin. The motion of the piston is a reciprocating motion hence connection of piston to crankshaft with connecting rod enables the conversion to rotary motion which can then be utilized. Cam shaft (at half the speed of crankshaft due to four stroke engine) receives drive from the crankshaft and via the push-rod and rocker arm assembly controls the opening and closing of the valves. A rotating disc with two bolts attached to its circumference is used along with a magnetic counting instrument to measure the revolutions per minute which is displayed digitally. The displayed value must be halved because there are two bolts on the wheel both of which are counted, the two bolts are used so as not to distort the balancing of the wheel. Also, a manometer measuring water head for respective air intake head is present. A meter to measure volume flow rate of cooling water is directly mounted on inlet pipe. The time is measured for 24 milliliters of fuel to flow through a burette and through this the fuel flow rate can be found. Temperature measuring devices (thermocouples) digitally displays the temperature of inlet/outlet cooling water and exhaust gases. Also, the output power is measured with the means of a kW-hr meter.

Load v/s Engine Torque

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Load v/s Brake Thermal Efficiency

25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Load v/s Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

CALCULATED VALUES FROM EXPERIMENT

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Load (Watt) 0 900 1700 2700 4000 Brake Power (Watt) 0 606.06 1142.85 1673.12 2191.78 Average Friction Power(Watt) 700 700 700 700 700 Indicated Power(Watt) 700 1306.06 1842.85 2373.12 2891.78 Mechanical Efficiency(%) 0 46.40 62.01 70.50 75.79

Load v/s Mechanical Efficiency

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

load Brake Power (Watt) 0 900 1700 2700 4000 0 606.06 1142.85 1673.115 2191.78 (N-m) 0 3.86 7.37 10.92 14.86 Torque Brake Thermal Efficiency (%) 0 10.70 15.56 19.00 20.30 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (Kg/kW*hr) Infinite 0.7965 0.5472 0.4500 0.4212 Input Heat (Joule) 4621.60 5644.80 7343.28 8820.00 10785.60 Heat to Cooling water (Joule) 1680 3360 4662 3500 4725 Heat In Exhaust (Joule) 0810.43 1022.44 1283.59 1566.50 1832.32 Un-accounted Losses (Joule) 2131.17 656.30 254.84 2080.38 2036.50

Load v/s Volumetric Efficiency

79 78.5 78 77.5 77 76.5 76 75.5 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000