International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.13 No.6

IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is: To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice. inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate wiith one another In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported Please examine the criteria guidelines. and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions. please write the editor. IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila. Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. Criteria for IRRN research reports has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate. adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions Guidelines for contributors The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice sctentists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guidelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables. or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated. rainfed lowland, upland, deep water. tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, Internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practices, etc. Do not use local terms.
When reporting Foil nutrient
studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility, resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grams per pot (g/ pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
Categories of research reported GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement seed technology research techniques data management and computer modeling CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems research methodology data management and computer modeling SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT environment production livelihood EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
CONTENTS
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources 5 Panicle characteristics of some Glaberrima cultivars 6 eui gene for elongated uppermost internode transferred to indica rice 6 5460ps: indica photosensitive genic male-sterile rice 7 New japonica hybrid developed in China 7 Effects of storage on rice germplasm viability Genetics 8 Isozyme polymorphism for Est-2 locus observed at rice vegetative and reproductive phases 8 Inheritance of high density grain in rice Yield potential 9 Performance of new Bw rice varieties compared to Bg 400-1 in Sri Lanka Breeding methods 9 Substituting urea and boric acid for gibberellic acid in hybrid rice seed production 10 Expression and segregation of isozyme genes in rice microsporederived calli 11 Esterase isozyme as a marker in in vitro studies of rice Disease resistance 12 Reaction of selected cultivars to tungro (RTV) and other diseases in Tamil Nadu 12 A conceptual model of disease resistance in rice pathosystems, and its implications for evaluating resistance 13 A method for scoring resistance to tungro (RTV) 14 Reaction of rice to yellow dwarf disease (YDD) and green leafhopper (GLH) 14 Genetic analysis of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in Madhya Pradesh, India 15 Classification of leaf blast (Bl) lesions Insect 16 16 17 resistance Donors for resistance to Andhra Pradesh biotype 4 gall midge (GM) Short-duration donors for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance Mode of feeding on selected wild rices and weight gain of firstinstar larvae of rice leaffolder (LF) 17 Comparison of steam and molecular distillation methods in rice 24 TR-RNR-21, a new medium-duration rice variety, released in Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) 25 MW10, a promising short-duration variety for western West Bengal 25 Improved rice varieties released in North Central Thailand Seed Technology 26 Influence of genetic contamination on seed yield and quality of IR50
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soils and soil characterization 27 Micronutrient status of soils and rice crop in alkali land under reclamation 27 Effect on rice and wheat yields of adding sand and gypsum to saltaffected soils Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer 28 Effect of Sesbania bispinosa decomposition time and sodicity on rice yield Physiology and plant nutrition 29 Influence of new terpenoid analogue of abscisic acid on chilling resistance of rice seedlings Crop management 29 Effect of planting overage seedlings on rice duration, yield, and yield attributes 30 Effect of planting date, seedling age, and planting density on late planted wet season rice Soil fertility and fertilizer management 31 Response of BR3 rice to duckweed (Lemna minor ) application 31 Using iron pyrite to increase nitrogen efficiency in rice under sodic conditions Disease management 32 Effect of micronutrient on rice brown spot (BS) incidence 33 Status of sheath rot (ShR) in eastem Uttar Pradesh (UP), India 33 Rice disease incidence in South Gujarat, India 33 A simple method of estimating rice blast (Bl) severity 34 Orange leaf symptoms on rice 34 Rice yield loss to sheath rot (ShR) 35 A new weed host for rice yellow dwarf (RYD) pathogen 35 Status of brown spot (BS) and narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in eastem Uttar Pradesh (UP), India 36 Control of rice bacterial blight (BB) by nickel nitrate Insect management 36 Brown planthopper (BPH) outbreak in Kanchana Buri Province, Thailand 36 Chemical control of thrips and gall midge (GM) in rainfed lowland rice 37 Effect of sequential neem treatment on green leafhopper (GLH), rice tungro virus (RTV) infection, and predatory mirid and spiders in rice 37 Storing dry Beauveria bassiana mycelium 38 Yield losses in floating rice caused by stem borers (SBs) 38 Comparison of sweep net sampling patterns for estimating population density of green leafhopper (GLH) 39 Yield losses due to rice gall midge (GM) 39 Effect of flooding on Malayan black bug (MBB) egg hatching and parasitoid emergence 39 Effect of pesticides on germination and growth of three fungi of rice insects
Drought tolerance 18 Screening deepwater rice cultivars for drought tolerance under field conditions 19 Pot screening for drought tolerance in rice 20 AS26556, a high -yielding red rice for semidry conditions Adverse soils tolerance 20 Path analysis of rice grain yield under saline conditions 21 Performance of rice cultivar Mahsuri at different salinity levels 21 Manifestation of heterosis in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in a saline environment Integrated germplasm improvement 22 CN704-7-3 a new variety for rainfed deepwater areas in eastem India 22 Improved basmati donors 23 Saleem and Satya released for Andhra Pradesh, India 23 Mutant glutinous rice variety Xiang-zao-nou 1 23 P.837--a promising new rice variety for Pondicherry, India 24 Gall midge (GM)-resistant rice cultivars
40 A simplified method for sampling leaffolders (LFs) and planthoppers 41 Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) on pests of mungbean following rice 42 Parasitization of the Malayan black bug (MBB) by five species of. egg parasitoids 42 Effect of conidia germination on infection of brown planthopper (BPH) by insect fungi Managing other pests 43 Weaverbirds, pests of rice in Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria 44 Rodent damage in ricefields of Madhya Pradesh, India Water management 44 Using hydrological parameters in crop planning in rainfed areas Farm machinery 45 Effect of water depth on field capacity and field efficiency of soil preparation equipment Farming system 45 Performance of rice varieties intercropped with pigeonpea 46 A rice - grain legume cropping system for South Coastal Orissa, India 46 Rice-based cropping sequences for northwestern Himalayas uplands 47 Piara sowing of rabi pulses after rice at South Coastal Orissa, India
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

~~ ~
Production 48 Production potential and economics of rice-based relay cropping systems 48 Economics of N application to rice in rainfed lowland
ANNOUNCEMENTS
49 49 50 50 50 Origin of cultivated rice Rice postproduction manual Upland rice cropping systems UNDP/DTCP short courses UNDP/DTCP relocates
ERRATA
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
Genetic resources
Panicle characteristics of some Glaberrima cultivars
S. Mallik, A. M. Aguilar, and B. S. Vergara, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
One approach to increasing grain filling is to decrease the number of secondary branches on the panicle, since spikelets on those branches usually have poor grain filling. Grain filling may be affected by panicle morphology, anatomy, and the transport system. Glaberrimas are generally known to have few secondary branches on their panicles. We studied 12 panicle characteristics in 16 glaberrima and 5 sativa cultivars from the International Rice Germplasm Center and the Plant Breeding Department of IRRI to study spikelet distribution on primary and secondary
branches and their relationships to other characters. The main culm and two primary tillers from each cultivar were sampled just after complete panicle exsertion. All characters except culm thickness varied widely among cultivars (Table 1). Number of primary branches was generally higher in glaberrimas than in sativas. Number of primary branches among the glaberrimas ranged from 8.0 in Acc. 104233 and Acc, 104254 to 16.3 in Acc. 104003 (the highest). The sativas, mostly IR cultivars, had higher numbers of secondary branches. The ratio of secondary branches to primary branches did not exceed 2 in the glaberrimas (except in Acc. 104233, 104235, and 104254), but in the sativas, the ratio was more than 2. Acc. nos. 103350, 103443, 102198, and 103997 had high numbers of primary branches with very few secondary branches; spikelets on secondary branches totaled less than 20% of total spikelets. Acc. 104001 and
Acc. 104003 had high numbers of primary and secondary branches, with spikelets on secondary branches totaling only 30% of the total spikelets. In the sativas, spikelets on secondary branches totaled 58% or higher. The number of vascular bundles from just below the neck node is usually correlated with the number of primary branches. Acc. 103443 had the highest number of inner and outer vascular bundles and also high numbers of primary branches, possibly indicating a better transport system. Acc. 103443 also had the largest culm diameter and medullary cavity. The number of primary branches and spikelets on primary branches were positively correlated with number of inner and outer vascular bundles (Table 2). These two characters had no relation with number of secondary branches or spikelets on secondary branches, indicating scope for increasing the number of spikelets on the primary
Table 1. Panicle characteristics in O. glaberrima and O. sativa cultivars. IRRI, 1987.a Cultivar PB (no.) SB (no.) SPB (no.) SSB no. % of TSP 16 7 18 5 17 33 52 48 61 10 14 16 13 30 31 24 67 62 59 58 64 TSP (no.) IVB (no.) OVB (no.) CD (mm) MC (mm) CTh (mm)
SB/PB
O. glaberrima Acc. 102318 Acc. 103350 Acc. 103437 Acc. 103438 Acc. 103443 Acc. 104026 Acc. 104233 Acc. 104235 Acc. 104254 Acc. 102198 Acc. 103995 Acc. 103997 Acc. 103999 Acc. 104001 Acc. 104003 Acc. 104013 O. sativa IR20 IR30 IR36 IR60 IR66 LSD (0.05)
aPB
14.0 15.4 12.0 13.2 15.3 13.0 8.0 8.7 8.0 15.7 12.3 15.0 13.3 16.0 16.3 13.7 10.2 10.7 9.2 9.8 10.0 1.2
8.7 4.0 7.3 2.2 11.3 17.3 22.0 20.3 27.7 6.0 7.3 11.0 5.0 22.7 18.7 14.0 34.0 24.8 22.8 21.7 29.8 4.1
0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.7 1.3 2.7 2.3 3.5 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.4 1.1 1.0 3.3 2.3 2.5 2.2 3.0
108 123 89 92 124 97 54 57 51 122 98 125 79 139 126 105 53 54 50 52 57 14
20 9 20 5 26 47 59 52 79 13 16 24 12 60 56 34 117 87 72 73 100 14
128 132 109 97 150 144 113 109 130 135 114 149 91 199 182 139 170 141 122 125 157 12
17.0 17.3 14.4 15.0 18.7 14.0 14.7 15.0 15.0 14.7 13.7 16.7 16.0 18.0 17.7 15.3 23.0 23.7 17.7 17.7 19.0 1.2
23.0 25.7 22.3 22.0 36.0 21.7 22.3 22.0 22.0 23.7 17.3 26.7 24.3 27.0 28.3 25.0 21.5 22.2 20.8 19.0 19.7 1.8
2.0 2.2 2.1 2.0 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 2.4 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.1
1.4 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 0.1
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1
= primary branch, SB = secondary branch, SPB = spikelet on PB, SSB = spikelet on SB, TSP = total spikelets, IVB = inner vascular bundle, OVB = outer vascular bundle, CD = culm diameter, MC = medullary cavity, CTh = culm thickness.
IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 5
branch without significantly increasing those on the secondary branch. Medullary cavity was positively correlated with the number of inner and outer vascular bundles and with culm diameter. These characters may be utilized as selection criteria. Culm thickness had no relation with any of the characters, and had minimum variability. Acc. nos. 103350, 103443, 102198, 103997, 104001, and 104003, with higher numbers of primary branches, spikelets on primary branches, and inner and outer vascular bundles and larger culm
Table 2. Relationship between 10 panicle characters in O. glaberrima. IRRI, 1987. PB SB SPB SSB TSP IVB OVB CD MC CTh 0.46ns 0.96** 0.46ns 0.56* 0.60* 0.54* 0.08ns 0.18ns 0.05ns SB 0.34ns 0.99** 0.45ns 0.03ns 0.04ns 0.40ns 0.35ns 0.16ns SPB SSB TSP IVB OVB CD MC
0.35ns 0.68** 0.62** 0.55* 0.22ns 0.31ns 0.11ns
0.44ns 0.02ns 0.02ns 0.39ns 0.32ns 0.18ns
0.61* 0.54* 0.85** 0.51* 0.49ns 0.55* 0.67** 0.25ns 0.04ns
0.55* 0.65** 0.07ns
0.87** 0.28ns
0.15ns
diameter and medullary cavity may be used in breeding for increased numbers of primary branches and numbers of
spikelets on the primary branches. We have made 50 crosses involving these parents for evaluation.
eui gene for elongated uppermost internode transferred to indica rice

S. S. Virmani, R. D. Dalmacio, and M. T. Lopez, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Comparative performance of IR50-eui and IR50. IRRI, 1987 DS. Trait Days to flowering Height (cm) Tillers (no./hill) % eui tillers Yield (g/plant)
a
IR50-eui 84 110.7 25 91.0 18.1
IR50 83 64.3 35 0 22.3
Difference a +46.4** 10.0** +91.0** 4.2ns
plant characters. It is considered equivalent to a recessive tall trait. If the gene were incorporated into the paternal parent of hybrid rice, this parent would be taller. A taller restorer parent would aid windblown pollen dispersal on the semidwarf male sterile female parent in hybrid seed production plots. The resulting F 1 hybrid would, however, be semidwarf. Additionally, a taller restorer parent would facilitate its removal before bulk harvest of the commercial hybrid seed borne on the male sterile parent. This gene was originally identified in a japonica line having limited use in tropical hybrid rice breeding. Original eui genetic stock obtained from Dr. Rutger in 1982 was crossed with semidwarf indica restorer IR50. From the F 2 population of this cross, plants showing the uppermost elongated internode were backcrossed to IR50 three times. In every BCF 2 generation, we selected plants possessing eui trait and resembling IR50. The BC 3 F3 IR50-eui rice plant compared to IR50. IRRI, 1987. progenies homozygous for eui gene were
The eui, a recessive gene controlling the elongated uppermost internode in rice, was discovered by Drs. J. N. Rutger and H. L. Carnahan at Davis, California, USA. The gene nearly doubled the length of the uppermost internode, increased panicle length 12%, and had little or no effect on other internodes or
** = significant at 1% level based on t-test of mean values. ns = nonsignificant based on t-test of mean values.
selected and designated IR50-eui (see figure). Compared with IR50, IR50-eui is significantly taller, has 90% tillers with eui trait, but somewhat lower tillering (see table). Yields are not statistically different. Seeds of IR50-eui are available at IRRI.
5460ps: indica photosensitive genic male-sterile rice

Yang Ren Cui, Wang Nai Yuan, Liang Kang Jing, Chen Qing Hua, and Li Wei Ming, Fujian Agricultural College, Fujian, China
Fujian indica photosensitive genic malesterile germplasm (FIPGMG) 5460ps, isolated from the spontaneous mutant of indica variety 5460, was released in Apr 1988 for developing two-line hybrid rice in China. 5460, as the restorer line for common three-line hybrid rice, was bred in 1983 from an early-maturing mutant (by radiation) of IR54.
6 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)
Performance of 5460ps in Fujian, China, 1988. Variety Duration (d) 125 150 Plant height (cm) 76.5 90.0 Panicles (no./hill) Grains (no./panicle) 1000-grain wt (g) Exserted stigma (%) Resistance score Blast 1 1 Bacterial blight 1 1 Brown planthopper 2 2 Bacterial leaf streak 3 3 Grassy stunt 3 3
5460ps IR54
13.6 11.7
108.3 121.0
23.0 23.1
46.2 42.3
5460ps has high resistance to major diseases and insects, high-yielding agrocharacters, and good quality. Its
floral characters influencing outcrossing are also good (see table). The critical stage of sterility-
transformation is about 10 Jul and fertility-transformation 10 Sep under conditions in Fuzhou (26N).
New japonica hybrid developed in China

Lo Shao-He and Li Ren-Hua, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
Effects of storage on rice germplasm viability

P. K. Sinha, J. S. Chauhan, V. S. Chauhan, K. Prasad, and K. Srinivasulu, Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (CRURRS), Hazaribag 825301, India
76-27A/PC312, a newly developed longduration (130 d) japonica cross, has erect flag leaves, large panicles, and heavy grain. It shows moderate resistance to blast and bacterial blight. It has 90-cm plant height, 125 spikelets/panicle, and 70-80% seed set. A thousand grains weigh 26 g. In yield trials in 1985 in 8 locations in northern Hunan, it averaged 6.3 t/ha (see table), 11.3% more than check Aiking 23. In farmers fields in Shang-Tan in 1986, it outyielded Shan-you 63. Seed production for the combination is easy; no split sowing is needed. It can yield 3 t hybrid seeds/ ha. It is suitable for intermediate-fertility soils, for both single- or double-cropping seasons.
Yield performance of japonica hybrid at 8 locations in Hunan, China, 1985. Location Changde Yueyang Miluo Taojiang Xihu Huarong Wangcheng Changsha Av
a **
In most breeding programs that lack storage facilities, germplasm is
maintained by periodical regeneration. Growing out all germplasm accessions every year takes extensive resources. We studied genotypic differences in germination under conventional storage conditions over 30 mo, to identify genotypes that retain viability longer. Seeds of 24 varieties were obtained from the International Rice Germplasm Center in Nov 1984. Initial germination
Table 1. Ranges and means of temperature and relative humidity during storage, CRURRS, Hazaribag, India. Month Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar A pr May Jun J ul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan F eb Mar Apr May Year 1984 1984 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1985 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1986 1987 1987 1987 1987 1987 Relative humidity (%) Range 12 14 31 32 50 28 28 55 90 88 82 87 35 53 46 44 24 29 37 35 66 65 65 41 50 53 49 56 45 37 42 - 93 - 88 - 100 - 100 - 91 - 84 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 100 - 90 - 100 - 95 - 94 - 63 - 71 - 100 - 96 - 95 - 92 - 95 - 100 - 90 - 94 - 75 - 68 - 71 - 15 - 80 Mean 63.23 52.31 72.40 63.02 76.40 57.42 66.05 84.67 95.13 96.03 94.23 84.23 74.70 79.56 63.81 62.29 47.20 48.97 58.19 70.73 82.68 81.23 81.27 79.44 70.07 71.03 62.58 61.29 55.52 52.03 53.52 1.87 1.23 2.25 1.54 1.18 1.47 1.83 2.41 0.52 0.63 0.92 1.92 2.02 2.16 1.83 1.98 1.83 1.73 2.59 4.12 1.25 1.38 1.72 1.19 1.68 1.72 1.40 0.74 1.20 1.72 1.85 Temperature Range 7.0 - 29.0 5.0 - 28.0 7.0 - 27.0 5.0 - 29.0 13.0 - 38.0 18.0 - 41.0 20.0 - 43.0 22.5 - 40.8 22.1 - 32.0 22.8 - 32.8 21.8 - 32.2 14.5 - 32.5 10.4 - 28.0 8.3 - 26.1 5.9 - 26.5 10.0 - 30.2 13.9 - 39.5 18.3 - 40.0 19.5 - 40.0 22.5 - 41.5 22.4 - 32.3 22.4 - 33.2 20.0 - 33.3 17.0 - 31.0 13.5 - 29.5 8.8 - 24.5 6.9 - 24.3 10.1 - 30.0 14.0 - 35.8 18.0 - 39.3 18.5 - 41.0 (C) Mean 19.50 0.40 16.77 0.24 16.35 0.25 17.63 0.28 25.64 0.35 29.80 0.37 30.27 0.46 30.59 0.37 26.25 0.23 26.96 0.24 26.40 0.14 24.04 0.50 20.19 0.35 17.62 0.36 16.31 0.47 19.12 0.30 24.92 0.5 1 29.72 0.38 29.42 0.31 29.84 0.63 26.04 0.27 26.72 0.18 26.07 0.44 24.73 0.29 21.41 0.38 16.93 0.26 15.67 0.34 20.25 0.37 24.36 0.47 29.02 0.34 30.54 0.64
Yield (t/ha) Hybrid a 6.3 5.5 6.5** 5.3 7.4** 6.3** 6.8 6.4** 6.3**
LSD At 1% 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.6
Check At 5% 6.05 5.24 5.61 4.83 6.85 5.98 6.23 4.62 5.68 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.3 1.4
= significant at 1%.
at 14% moisture content was 86-92%. The seeds were stored in paper bags, with the top folded twice and clipped, on wooden shelves Nov 1984-May 1987. Average and maximum and minimum room temperatures and relative humidity during storage are given in Table 1. A 300-seed sample was randomly drawn for each variety in May 1987; one-half of each sample was dehusked. The seeds were put in petri dishes on moist filter paper at room temperature for germination, with 50 seeds constituting a replication. In general, germination percentage dropped over 30 mo storage. However, there was not much variation in germination between hulled and dehulled seeds. The varieties could be grouped into 3 classes on the basis of germination percentage: no germination, less than 25% germination, and more than 25% germination (Table 2). Germination ranged from 0 (Salumpikit, Dourado Precoce) to 40% (IR10004-1-12), suggesting genetical control for this trait. These genotypic differences could be used to save the effort of growing out
Table 2. Germination of 24 rice varieties before and after storage. Hazaribag, India. Variety IR12919-24-1-8 IR10004-1-1-2 IR27095-20-3 IR6023-10-1-1 IR10120-7-2-1-4 Kinandang Patong IAC47 IR54 IRAT13 IR38 AC540 H105 IRAT110 CR125-12-8 IAC25 IR34 IRAT109 Kulu Ngoba IRAT 1 16 IRATl0 IAC165 Salumpikit Dourado Precoce Initial germination (%) 88 90 92 92 92 86 89 92 87 90 90 87 88 92 92 92 92 91 90 90 88 88 86 86 Germination (%) after 30 mo Hulled grain 39 40 35 18 22 20 12 8 7 6 6 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dehulled grain 38 35 37 20 16 16 10 7 6 6 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
entire germplasm collections every year. Varieties showing more than 25% germination could be stored for 2 yr and regenerated the third year. Genotypes
like IR12979-24-1-8, IR27095-20-3, and IR10004-1-1-2 could be used as donors for long storage life.
Genetics
Isozyme polymorphism for Est-2 locus observed at rice vegetative and reproductive phases
R. V. Kumar and S. S. Virmani, IRRI
and Taichung 65 (japonica) for isozyme polymorphism at vegetative and reproductive phases using three isozyme loci ( Est-2, Amp-3, and Pgi-2). The analysis was to determine the allelic constitution for various isozyme loci used to study linkage relationships with the wide compatibility gene ( S n). Isozyme polymorphism in the three cultivars is presented in the table. Taichung 65 showed differential behavior of Est-2 alleles at the vegetative
We analyzed IR36 and IR64 (indicas)
(Est-2 0) and reproductive phases (Est22). Recently, differential behavior of Est-2 alleles was reported in coldtolerant rices. Cultivars possessing Est-2 0 allele were more tolerant than those with Est-2 1 and Est-2 2. Taichung 65 is known to show cold tolerance at the vegetative phase, but susceptibility at the reproductive phase. This raises the question whether the isozyme polymorphism for Est-2 locus
Isozyme polymorphism for 3 isozyme loci Amp-3, Est-2, and Pgi-2 at vegetative and reproductive phases.a IRRI, 1988. Isozyme Cultivar Amp-3 V IR36 IR64 Taichung 65
a
observed at vegetative and reproductive phases in Taichung 65 and other rice cultivars can be related to their cold tolerance at the two growth stages.
Inheritance of high density grain in rice

S. Mallik, A. M. Aguilar, and B. S. Vergara, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
pattern Pgi-2 R 22 22 22 V 22 22 21 R 22 22 21
Est-2 V 22 22 20
R 31 31 31
31 3l 31
V = at vegetative phase, R = at reproductive phase.
The parents, F l, and F2 of a cross of diverse parents IR30 and IR32385-37-33-3 (high density grain index [HDI] 56% and 29%, respectively) were grown in the greenhouse during 1987 wet season to study inheritance of this trait. HDI was calculated by dividing the number of high density grains (specific gravity >1.20) by spikelets per panicle on primary (Pb) and secondary (Sb) branches (50 panicles of each parent and
the F 1 , 275 panicles of the F2). The F1 population, with a wide range of variation (mean 76% Pb, 75% Sb), markedly exceeded the high parent (56%). The F 2 population had a continuous distribution10-90% Pb and 20- to 90% Sb, mean of 60% Pb and 59% Sb. The curve was unimodal, but skewed somewhat negatively (see figure). Only a few plants exceeded the lower parental limit and 20% exceeded the upper limit of IR30, indicating that multiple genes with opposite effects were operating. The dominance effect (Pb - 34.0, Sb 34.2) was 2-3 times higher than the additive effects (Pb - 16.4, Sb - 12.0). The potence ratio was more than 2 (Pb 2.16, Sb - 2.60), indicating overdominance of genes governing this trait. The effective factor pairs estimate was
Distribution and means of parents, F 1, and F 2 plants of IR30/IR32385-37-3-3-3 cross, by high density grain index. IRRI, 1987 wet season.
0.58 for Pb and 1.26 for Sb, indicating that the trait is controlled by a few genes of the polymeric model. The degree of heterosis was 86.76 (Pb), 69.96 (Sb); heterobeltiosis was 33.22 (Pb) and 33.92 (Sb).
The heritability estimate was very high, more than 80%. Thus, selections for more high density grain may be effective in early segregating generations such as F 3 or F4. We have selected 40 F3 lines to evaluate in the F 4 .
Yield potential
Performance of new Bw rice varieties compared to Bg 400-1 in Sri Lanka
A. H. G. Mithrasena and P. E. Peiris, Regional Agricultural Research Centre, Bombuwela, Sri Lanka
Bg 400-1 (Ob 678//IR20/H4), bred at Central Rice Breeding Centre, Batalagoda, Sri Lanka, is a very popular 4- to 4 1/2-mo variety because it adapts to diverse environments. Under good management, it has produced 7 t/ha in the low country wet zone of Sri Lanka. However, panicle sterility, particularly in the yala season (Apr-Aug), has drastically reduced yields. To find a replacement for Bg 400-1, we evaluated lines in yala 1986 (Apr-Aug) and maha 1986/87 (Sep-Mar) in farmers fields. Bw 295-5 (Ob 678/ Bw 254-1) and sister lines Bw 271-1 and Bw 271-2 (Bw 259-4/Bw 100) were chosen for field testing and comparison with Bg 400-1. Trial sites represented the varying production potentials of diverse soil conditions in the low country wet zone.
Rice was wet seeded at 100 kg/ ha in plots 6 4.5 m, with 30 cm space between plots. Fertilizer and agrochemicals were applied as recommended in farmermanaged trials guided by field staff. Plot yields were converted to t/ha at 14% moisture level. Average yields of the four varieties did not differ significantly. However, yields varied greatly within and across environments (13 locations in yala and 18 in maha), partly because of differing
soil fertility and farmer management levels. Regression analysis showed that Bw 295-5 is as well adapted to a range of environments as is Bg 400-1. Bw 2955 is similar to Bg 400-1 in plant height, tiller number, panicle length, grain color, and grain size. Results show Bw 295-5 should be favorably considered. It is better than Bw 271-1 and Bw 271-2 in areas where Bg 400-1 is currently grown.
Breeding methods
Substituting urea and boric acid for gibberellic acid in hybrid rice seed production
M. N. Prasad, S. S. Virmani. and A. D. Gamutan, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
The growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA3 ) is used in hybrid rice seed production in China to increase panicle exsertion, stigma exsertion, and plant height and to synchronize flowering between primary and secondary tillers.
That helps increase outcrossing on the male sterile line and hybrid seed yield. But GA 3 is expensive ($8/20 g) in countries outside China. When applied at 30-45 g/ha, costs soar. GA3 also increases plant height, which induces lodging. The extra exserted panicles can break during the wet season (WS) under torrential rains and strong winds. We looked for a suitable substitute for GA 3. Hybrid seed production experiments with sorghum and pearl millet have shown the effectiveness of urea and boric acid sprays in increasing hybrid seed yields. These chemicals are available and cheap throughout the
Table 1. Effect of urea, boric acid, and GA 3 sprays at various stages on seed yield of CMS rice line IR54752A. IRRI, 1987 WS. Chemical and concentration Seed yield (kg/ha) with spraying at Full booting 376 380 370 334 391 394 397 377 16.6 Initial heading 381 386 421 353 347 436 457 397 20% heading 443 487 501 497 491 495 536 493 Mean seed yield (kg/ha) 400 418 431 395 410 442 463
Control (no spray) GA3 30 ppm GA3 60 ppm Boric acid 0.5% Boric acid 1.0% Urea 1.0% Urea 1.5% Mean CV (%)
Table 2. Effect of urea, boric acid, KNO 3, and GA 3 sprays at various growth stages on seed yield of CMS rice line IR54752A. IRRI, 1988 DS. Chemical and concentration Seed yield (kg/ha) with spraying at Full booting 478 562 621 625 577 572 7.7 Initial heading 472 570 511 500 509 512 20% heading 392 452 565 534 431 475 LSD 1% 127.37 5% 55.22 Mean seed yield (kg/ha) 447 528 566 553 506
booting, initial heading, or 20% heading was as effective as GA3. Neither urea nor boric acid increased plant height of either CMS or maintainer lines. Urea, boric acid, and GA 3 application gave seed sets of 10.7, 9.3, and 11.0%, respectively, compared with 7.7% for control during the DS experiment. It appears that increased seed yields due to application of growth chemicals in DS were due to increased seed set. Even though chemical application increased seed set in WS, seed yield was not increased significantly, indicating a negative effect of some other factor. The overall results indicate that 1.52% urea or 1.5% boric acid can substitute for GA 3 in hybrid rice seed production.
Control GA3 (90 ppm) Urea (2%) Boric Acid (1.5%) KNO3 (2%) Mean CV (%)
Expression and segregation of isozyme genes in rice microspore-derived calli

E. Guiderdoni, B. delos Reyes, and G. Vergara, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Paired comparisons 1. Between main plot means (averaged over all subplot treatments) 2. Between subplot means (averaged over all main plot treatments) 3. Between subplot means at the same main plot treatment
69.88 121.03
49.84 86.33
Whether anther culture (AC) derivatives represent a random gametic array of the microspore pool is of primary importance in applying this methodology to rice breeding. To test the randomness of in vitro induction, we studied segregations of heterozygous markers among AC derivatives.
Table 1. Isozyme genes expressed in the microspore-derived callus of rice. a IRRI, 1988. Adh-1 Sdh-1 Icd-1 Cat-1 Pgi-1 Pgi-2 Pgd-1 Pgd-2 Got-1 Got-2 Mal-1 Amp-1 Amp-2 Amp-3 Amp-4 Acp-1 Acp-2 Acp-3 Acp-4 Est-1 Est-2 Est-9
world. We tested their efficacy in hybrid rice seed production. Field experiments in 1987-88 at IRRI involved various concentrations and times of application of urea, boric acid KNO 3, and GA3 on CMS line IR54752A and its maintainer IR54752B planted at a female:male row ratio of 8:2 in a 10.8-m2 plot. The experiments were in a split-plot design with growth stages as main plot and chemical treatments as subplots, with three replications. In the 1987 WS experiment, seed yields of treated and control plots were not significantly different (Table 1). In
1988 dry season (DS), 2% KNO 3 was tested with selected concentrations of GA 3 , urea, and boric acid. Seed yields of IR54752A significantly differed (Table 2). When sprayed at full booking, boric acid (1.5%) gave the highest yield (625 kg/ha) of the CMS line, followed by urea (2%) spray (621 kg/ha). When sprayed at initial heading, GA 3 (90 ppm) gave the highest seed yield (570 kg/ ha). Urea (2%) (565 kg/ha) and boric acid (1.5%) (534 kg/ha) sprays at 20% heading gave significantly higher seed yields. On the whole, urea (1.5 to 2.0%) or boric acid (1.5%) sprayed at full
a Pox-2 and Est-7 never appeared and Est-5 showed an altered expression in our experiments. Data recorded on the following varieties and crosses: Taipei 309, Aus 454, Fujiminori, Tetep, Dinorado/BR319-1, UPLRi-5/CNA4121, IRAT177/Apura.
Table 2. Comparison of segregation for 8 heterozygous isozyme markers among F 2 plants, and anther culturederived calli of the cross IRAT177/Apura. a IRRI, 1988. Materials IRAT177 Apura F2 progeny b AC-derived calli b
a The
Locus Icd-1 F S 54:95:40 ns 234:210 ns Pgi-1 F S 45:94:50 ns 182:264 S** Sdh-1 F S 43:102:44 ns 216:226 ns Acp-1 F S 49:93:43 ns 92:90 ns Est-9 S F 57:87:43 ns 214:186 ns Amp-2 S F 50:74:64 S** 186:258 S** Pgd-1 F S 63:71:44 S** 293:137 S** Est-1 A P 41:148 ns 135:115 ns
allele designations adopted are F (fast) vs S (slow) when the parents differed in the migration speed of the allozymes, and A (absence) vs P (presence) when the parents differed in the presence of a band. bSegregation of isozyme phenotypes following the order SS:SF:FF or AA:AP:PP for the F2 progeny and SS:FF or AA:PP for the AC-derived calli. By the Chi Square Tests for Homogeneity , F2 fit a 1:2:1 or a 1:3 segregation; AC-derived calli fit a 1:1 segregation. S** = significant at the 5% level, ns = not significant.
In the F1s involving distantly related rice varieties, a large number of heterozygous isozyme markers exist. Segregation of such markers can be surveyed in AC plants and in AC calli; calli are produced in larger numbers. The isozyme genes listed in Table 1 have been found to be reliably expressed among microspore-derived calli. We utilized them as efficient markers in detecting in vitro selection occurring during the rice AC process. Table 2
displays segregation data of 8 isozyme markers among microspore calli and F2 plants derived from a japonica indica cross. In addition to the deviations in both F2 plants and AC calli that are probably due to the hybrid breakdown that occurs in crosses between distantly related varieties in rice, the AC process itself seems to induce a slight deviation at the Pgi-1 locus toward the japonica allele. This suggests that the hybrid
sterility breakdown that hampers the use of japonica indica crosses in rice conventional breeding may also affect doubled haploid breeding. It also indicates that AC calli do not represent a fully random array of this modified gametic pool. Isozymes appear to be efficient markers for detecting in vitro selection occurring during the AC process, from the callus stage through the regenerated plant level.
Esterase isozyme as a marker in in vitro studies of rice

M. Maheswaran and S. R. S. Rangasamy, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
Isozymes can be used as markers during morphogenesis in in vitro studies. We studied the banding pattern of esterase isozymes in 21-d-old callus and regenerating callus of rice Oryza spontanea, O. glaberrima, and O. sativa (cultivars Co 43, IR50, and IR1552). The esterase enzyme was extracted using 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.0) containing 0.006 M -mercaptoethanol. The technique was vertical acrylamide gel electrophoresis using 8% acrylamide. The Tris (0.005 M) and glycine (0.038 M) mixture used as gel and electrode buffer had pH 8.3. Zymograms were revealed by staining with -naphthyl acetate in acetone and fast blue RR salt mixture in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.2).
The similarities and dissimilarities in the zymograms of O. spontanea, O. glaberrima, and O. sativa show the species relationships of Oryza. The electrophoresis of 21-d-old calli induced in Murashige and Skoog (MS) mediumeach liter with 2 mg 2.4dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg kinetinshowed 3 common groups of fast-migrating bands in all 5 genotypes (see figure). An additional fast-migrating band observed in O. spontanea was absent in the other genotypes. In the zymogram of regenerating calli in MS mediumwith 1 mg kinetin and 1 mg naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) per liter of the medium O. sativa cultivars IR50 and IR1552 had similar banding patterns different from those of O. spontanea and O. glaberrima, O. sativa cultivar Co 43 had an additional band as well as the bands observed in IR50 and IR1552. O. glaberrima had an additional slow-migrating band not observed in O. spontanea but present in Co 43. Callus induction and plant
Zymogram of esterase isozymes of 5 Oryza genotypes, Tamil Nadu, India. 1 = O. spontanea, 2 = O. glaberrima, 3 = O. sativa Co 43,4 = IR50, and 5 = IR1552.
Callus production and plant regeneration efficiency in Oryza species, Tamil Nadu, India. Species and cultivar O. spontanea O. glaberrima O. sativa Cultivar Co 43 Cultivar IR50 Cultivar IR1552
a Callus
Seeds inoculated (no.) 68 73 62 68 72
Seeds (no.) with callus 26 40 15 42 39
Callus production a (%) 38.2 54.5 24.6 61.7 54.2
Calli inoculated (no.) .. 42 42 24 44 36
Regenerating calli (no .) 12 9 2 18 7
Regeneration efficiency b (%) 28.5 2 1.4 4.5 40.9 19.4
production (%) =
no. of seeds with callus no. of regeneration calli 100. b Regeneration (%) = 100. no. of seeds inoculated no. of calli inoculated
regeneration frequencies are given in the table. The banding patterns of esterase isozymes could be uti1ized as markers in in vitro studies by correlating banding patterns with frequencies of callus induction and regeneration.
The International Rice Research Newsletter is published to expedite communication among scientists concerned with rice research and the development of improved technology for rice and rice-based farming systems. Readers are encouraged to write authors at their published addresses to discuss the research and obtain more details.
Disease resistance
Reaction of selected cultivars to tungro (RTV) and other diseases in Tamil Nadu
V. Mariappan, V. Narasimhan, M. Muthusamy, S. Muthusamy, and P. Vivekanandan, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India; and G. S. Khush, IRRI
All locally grown cultivars were severely damaged by RTV in 1984. We screened
newly selected breeding lines for resistance to RTV using the vector green leafhoppers for artificial inoculation a t 10 d. Lines showing 0-10% infection were compared with popular local varieties ADT36, CO 37 (Vaigai), White Ponni, and IR20 in the field. Six lines (IR32429-148-1-3-3, IR35366-90-3-2-1-2[IR72], IR37865-293-1-3, IR39357-91-3-2-3, TNAU831520, and TNAU831521) were least infected with leaf blast (0-2 grade), neck blast (1.6 to 12.8%), and brown spot (1-3 grade) and showed sheath rot moderate infection (3-5 grade). The four popular local varieties showed high RTV
infection with artificial inoculation but moderate resistance to other diseases in the field. The yield potential of the six cultures was comparable with that of the local varieties, or even better (see table).
A conceptual model of disease resistance in rice pathosystems, and its implications for evaluating resistance
S. W. Ahn and M. F. Koch, IRRI
Yield and reaction to diseases of rice lines in Tamil Nadu, India. Line or variety Plants infected with RTV a (%) (IR72) 0.0 0.0 10.0 10.0 6.3 5.9 70.0 50.0 20.0 66.7 Leaf blast b (grade) 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 Neck blastb (%) 3.3 2.0 12.8 7.8 1.4 1.6 19.4 20.0 12.5 Sheath rot b (grade) 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 Brown spot b (grade) 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 Mean yield (t/ha) 5.7 6.8 5.1 6.1 5.9 6.4 5.1 5.5 4.9 5.2
IR32429-148-1-3-3 IR35366-90-3-2-1-2 IR37865-29-3-1-3 IR39357-91-3-2-3 TNAU831520 TNAU831521 Local checks ADT36 CO 37 White Ponni IR20
a Artificial
inoculation. b Field infection under natural conditions.
We developed a conceptual model to focus understanding of quantitative resistance, defined as the ability of a host population to limit disease intensity. Quantitative resistance in rice usually consists of two components: the efficiency of qualitative resistance to eliminate the avirulent portion of the available inoculum and partial resistance to lower disease infection caused by virulent isolates (Fig. 1). Partial resistance is best measured by challenging a population of rice plants with selected virulent isolate(s) alone, avoiding exogenous inoculum (alloinfection). A variety with
1. Conceptual model illustrating the relationship between quantitative resistance to rice diseases and its components under natural pathosystem, IRRI, 1988. Presence of at least one compatible isolate is assumed.
its intermediate partial resistance and low qualitative resistance. That cultivar will reflect changes over a wide range of disease potentials. Actual severity corresponding to low, moderate, or high disease levels will vary, depending upon the kind of disease. The model in Figure 2 shows the response curves of varieties with different levels of quantitative resistance at different disease potential levels. The terms high or low quantitative resistance are often used without clear definition. In our conceptual model, varieties with low or very low levels of quantitative resistance can be defined as those whose disease severity reaches maximum at low disease potential. Varieties with high or very high levels of quantitative resistance are those whose response curves only reach maximum at a very high disease potential (which may be rare under field conditions). The relative differences between cultivars with different levels of
quantitative resistance will vary, depending on the disease potential (Fig. 2). Mass screenings of unknown genotypes can be made under moderate disease potential; fine differentiation among resistant cultivars should be made under moderately high disease potential. Under low disease potential, only low or very low levels of resistance can be differentiated. Under high disease potential, varieties known to have high quantitative resistance suffer almost the same disease severity as known susceptible varieties. However, a remarkable difference in disease severity can be observed between cultivars with varying levels of resistance if disease potential is reduced (such as can be done with chemicals or by modifying cultural practices). Quantitative resistance can therefore be a valuable component in integrated disease management, although it may not be sufficient by itself to control disease in certain agroclimatic regions.
A method for scoring resistance to tungro (RTV)

A. Hasanuddin, R. D. Daquioag, and H. Hibino, IRRI
2. General response curve of rice genotypes with differing levels of quantitative resistance (QnR) to rice disease potential levels, IRRI, 1988. VL = very low Q nR, L = low, M = moderate, H = high, VH = very high.
quantitative resistance composed of high levels of two components will likely prove to have durable resistance, especially if pathogen isolates with virulence genes matched to genes for qualitative resistance have a low fitness in a given pathosystem. The disease potential (pressure) in a particular crop is the sum of all varietal, agronomical, and edaphoclimatic conditions that affect the disease. No standard method to quantify disease potential has been developed yet. Nevertheless, disease potential can be estimated indirectly on the basis of disease severity in a cultivar chosen for
We used correlations between symptom severity and grain yield reduction to develop an effective scoring method for evaluating varieties for resistance to or tolerance for RTV infection. Seedlings of nine varieties exposed to RTV-viruliferous green leafhoppers (GLHs) were transplanted in pots. Plants infected with both rice tungro bacilliform virus and rice tungro spherical virus (RTBV + RTSV), with RTBV alone, and with RTSV alone were identified by latex serology I or 2 wk after inoculation (WAI). Plant height was measured and symptoms were recorded 3 WAI. Height and yield reductions were generally low in Balimau Putih, Palasithari, Sigadis, and Utri Rajapan, but high in BW272-6B, FK135, and TN1 (see table). Plants infected with
RTBV + RTSV had healthy appearances in Balimau Putih, light green coloration in Utri Rajapan, mild yellowing in Sigadis and Palasithari, and severe yellow-orange discoloration in the other varieties. RTBV-infected plants generally showed milder discoloration than doubly infected plants. RTSVinfected plants showed no discoloration and very mild stunting. Irrespective of variety, plants infected with RTBV + RTSV had the greatest reduction in height and yield followed by RTBVinfected plants. The correlations between yield and height reductions among plants infected with RTBV + RTSV or with RTBV or RTSV alone were significant in BW272-6B, FK135, and TN1, but not in Balimau Putih, Sigadis, and Utri Rajapan. Apparently, plants with severe symptoms had greater yield reduction. These results indicate that the level of tolerance for RTV can be scored at about 3-4 WAI on the basis of plant height reduction and degree of leaf discoloration.
Symptoms and plant height reduction at 3 WAI, and grain yield reduction in plants of 6 cultivars infected at 1 wk after soaking, with RTBV + RTSV, RTBV alone, or RTSV alone. IRRI, 1988. Cultivar Balimau Putih Virus RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTBV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV RTBV + RTSV RTBV RTSV Symptoms a S, Y, D S, Y S, Y, I, D S, Y, I, D S, Y, I S, Y S, Y, I s, t Height reduction (%) 9.2 3.3 1.5 62.6 59.4 16.3 72.0 68.2 2.9 36.9 34.6 4.5 16.9 13.5 11.2 29.4 21.8 2.3 7 1.8 49.1 3.7 Yield reduction (%) 19.9 17.1 7.2 94.2 81.9 14.5 99.0 98.0 19.5 33.5 20.6 10.1 30.7 23.9 9.1 28.8 16.8 1.6 97.4 94.7 19.5
scores 0-3 (see figure). Tjempo Kijik (Acc. no. 16602) and Utri Merah (Acc. no. 16682) exhibited very mild symptoms but had high infection with RTBV and/or RTSV.
BW272-6B
FK135
Reaction of rice to yellow dwarf disease (YDD) and green leafhopper (GLH)
A. V. Reddy and R. Jeyarajan, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
Palasithari Sigadis Utri Rajapan
TNI
S, Y, I S, Y, I
S = severe stunting, s = mild stunting, Y = yellow orange discoloration, y = mild yellowing, I = interveinal chlorosis, D = drooping of leaves, t = reduced tillering, (dash) = no clear symptoms.
Frequency distribution of infection rates and scores of 1,117 rice germplasm tested by the modified mass screening method. IRRI, 1988.
Using these results, we modified the greenhouse mass screening method as follows: 1. Seed 20 germinated seeds of each entry in a pot. 2. Allow vector leafhoppers (GLH) to feed 3-4 d on RTV-infected plants. 3. Confine 7- to 10-d-old seedlings of 16 entries in a cage with 8-10 viruliferous GLH/ seedling for 3 h. 4. Consecutively inoculate 2 additional sets of entries. 5. Allow the viruliferous GLH to feed overnight on RTV-infected plants,
then use them again for inoculation. 6. Score seedlings individually 3-4 WAI. Score symptom severity as follows: 1 = no symptoms 3 = 1-10% plant height reduction with no leaf discoloration 5 = 11-30% plant height reduction with no distinct leaf discoloration 7 = 31-50% plant height reduction and/ or yellow to orange leaf discoloration 9 = more than 50% plant height reduction and yellow to orange leaf discoloration 7. Compute average score. 8. Select all entries for which average score is lower than 4 and index plants in ELISA for presence of RTBV and RTSV. Cultivars with scores lower than 3 were considered resistant (or tolerant); cultivars with scores of 5, moderately resistant. We tested more than 1,000 rice germplasm using this modified mass screening method. Nine percent had
To identify sources of resistance to YDD and its GLH vector Nephotettix virescens, seedlings of 35 rice varieties were inoculated by 5 YDD-viruliferous leafhoppers per plant for 24 h. The varieties also were tested against GLH, using the standard bulk seedling damage rating test. Popular local rice varieties showed high susceptibility to the YDD pathogen (41.7-100% infection). NLR139-69, RP1931-54, and Tadukan had no infection. RP1931-54 and Tadukan also were resistant to GLH. NLR139-69 was resistant to YDD infection but susceptible to GLH. Kalinga-1 showed high resistance to GLH but 25% YDD infection. IR20, IR50, and TKM6 were resistant to GLH but showed 83, 67, and 58% YDD infection, respectively.
Genetic analysis of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in Madhya Pradesh, India

R. K. Sahu, Raipur Agricultural University, Krishaknagar, Raipur 492012, India; and G. S. Khush, IRRI
We evaluated about 7,000 rice accessions being maintained at Zonal Rice Research Station, Raipur, for field resistance to BB in 1982, when BB natural infection was very severe. The 204 entries found to be relatively free of disease were tested for resistance to 4 Philippine races of BB at Los Baos in
Reaction to BB race of F 1 a and F2 populations from crosses of TN1 and IR22 with 35 cultivars from Madhya Pradesh, India. Reaction a Variety Accession no. R (no.) F2 of crosses with TN1 S (no.) X23:1 F2 of crosses with IR22 b R (no.) Badshahbhog Bhatagunda Bhatapyagi Kalchi Kanthbhulau Kondi Munagi No. 19 Agiyasal Agyad Anj ania Aodiayasela Baidahuda Baigan Bhonduparewa Bhubhusi Cross 116 Dhaniyaphool Dhoulimatia Dubraj Dudga Dudhsar Gang prasad Garang Gonda Hansraj Jhili Kalmigurmatia Karigurmatia Karrigurmatia Lalianjan Laligurmatia Sarpin Aagyasal Aagyasar
a
B2486 B2835 B2352 K2096 K2579 K1655 M1172 N658 A330 A544 A88-2 A509 B2221 B970 B1141-1 B1617 C615 D514 D800 D61-11 D116-1 D350 G760 G705 G600 H175 J273 K589 K1191 K1393 L1206 L1267 S1436 A45 6 A518
410 811 655 376 403 370 522 436 459 580 266 333 625 319 274 576 292 598 898 471 28 2 65 8 630 432 684 598 587 301 332 358 328 433 597 599 619
123 25 2 229 144 140 164 180 140 170 211 98 128 24 2 103 94 179 92 205 264 146 113 233 231 143 206 195 221 87 128 144 120 142 226 220 186
0.95 0.88 0.33 1.87 0.13 2.33 0.12 0.1 1 1.27 1.09 0.61 1.73 3.76 0.05 0.03 0.60 0.17 0.09 3.10 0.51 2.55 0.56 1.44 0.00 1.53 0.05 2.25 1.24 1.81 3.44 0.63 0.01 2.52 1.41 1.44
614 614 806 7 20 640 580 464 324 464 684 464 600 624 640 5 70 5 44 392 605 680 980 836 960 678 640 706 45 6 5 04 488 480 5 20 520 756 720 480 8 00
the 1984 wet season. Only 55 were resistant to race 1, only 1 was resistant to race 2. We analyzed 35 varieties resistant to race 1 genetically. The 35 were crossed with TNl, which is susceptible to all Philippine races of BB. The F 1 and F2 progenies were inoculated with race 1. All F 1 progenies were resistant; the F 2 populations segregated in the ratio 3 resistant: 1 susceptible (see table). This shows that resistance in those varieties is governed by single dominant genes. The patterns of reaction to four Philippine races (R, S, S, MR) are similar to the reactions of IR22, which has the Xa -4 gene for resistance. Therefore, we crossed the 35 varieties with IR22 and inoculated the F 1 and F2 progenies with race 1. All F 1 progenies were resistant, as expected, and F 2 populations did not segregate for susceptibility (see table). These results show that the 35 varieties have the Xa-4 gene for resistance.
R = resistant, S = susceptible. All F1 s of crosses with TN1 were R. b None segregated for susceptibility.
The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe, Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Classification of leaf blast (BI) lesions

S. W. Ahn, J. D. Yu, and C. Q. Torres, IRRI
Different types of B1 lesions are produced on rice leaves, depending on the combination of rice genotype and isolate of Pyricularia oryzae, plant age, and environmental conditions (see figure). Lesions are differentiated by shape, size, color, and absence or presence of sporulation. The lesion type can be used as an indicator of the presence of compatible
isolates of the B1 pathogen or as a parameter to determine host and pathogen interaction. Although lesion type is recorded in conventional B1 nursery evaluations, the range is too narrow to illustrate all variations. We developed a modified coding system to take into account the major lesion types (see table). Lesion type 1 indicates incompatible reactions of the host to a virulent isolate. Lesion type 3 is often considered an incompatible reaction controlled by major genes, although the nature of the reaction is not well understood. Many japonica cultivars inoculated with indica
isolates produce type 3 lesions with yellow halo (see figure). Leaf B1 seldom increases when type 3 lesions predominate at the seedling stage. Quantitative evaluation based on type 3 lesions frequently fails to predict disease progress by other compatible isolates. Lesion types 5, 7, and 9 are considered typical susceptible lesions produced by compatible isolates. Type 5 lesions are common on traditional upland rice cultivars. Disease progress, in general, is slower on cultivars with type 5 lesions than on cultivars with type 7 or 9 lesions. When disease pressure is high, lesions become bigger and many
Classification code for leaf Bl lesion type. IRRI, 1988. Code 0 1 3 Description No lesions Small brown specks of pinpoint size or larger brown specks without sporulating center Small, roundish to slightly elongated necrotic sporulating spots, about 12 mm in diameter with a distinct brown margin or yellow halo Narrow or slightly elliptical lesions, 1-2 mm in breadth, more than 3 mm long with a brown margin. Broad spindle-shaped lesion with yellow, brown, or purple margin Rapidly coalescing small, whitish, grayish, or bluish lesions without distinct margins
5 7 9
Variation of leaf blast lesion, IRRI, 1988. See table for the description of each lesion type. The bar indicates 1 cm.
coalesce to cause considerable leaf damage. Type 9 lesions are frequently observed on highly susceptible varieties at the early seedling stage; plants with this lesion type either die quickly or become
severely stunted. In the field, disease progress on cultivars with lesion types 5, 7, or 9 vary greatly, depending on the level of quantitative resistance and environmental conditions at different growth stages.
In field assessment of varietal resistance, predominant lesion type and disease severity (i.e., leaf area affected) should be recorded separately, to indicate qualitative as well as quantitative resistance at different growth stages. When an entry has mixed lesion types, the lesion with higher code number should be recorded.
Insect resistance
Donors for resistance to Andhra Pradesh biotype 4 gall midge (GM)
M. B. Kalode and J. S. Bentur, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, India
An unprecedented shift in the population of GM Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) prevalent in Srikakulam and Vizainagaram districts has occurred since 1986. Almost all varieties including Phalguna and Surekha known for their resistance in these districts, were severely damaged. The loss in about 31,000 ha was estimated to be more than $410 million. We reared the GM population from this area on Phalguna plants under strict quarantine in the greenhouse during 1987, and evaluated 90 GM donors with
resistance to the Hyderabad population (biotype 1) against the Srikakulam population under artificial infestation. Only 12 donors showed resistance to the new population (see table). All traditional resistance donors, like Eswarakora (resistant to biotypes 1 and 3), Siam 29 and Leuang 152 (resistant to biotypes 1 and 2), were susceptible. In addition, improved varieties Phalguna and Surekha (IR8/Siam 29), Kakatiya (TR8/W1263), Rajendradhan 202 (IR8/W1251), Samridhi (R68-I/Jaya), Asha and Usha (IR22/W12631) were susceptible. All 90 donors maintained their resistance against the Hyderabad population.
GM donors showing resistance to biotype 4 population of Srikakulam in the greenhouse. Andhra Pradesh, India. CR-MR 1523 Velluthacheera Vellachenipan NHTA8 T10 T1425 T1432 T1477 Ptb 18 Ptb 21 Aganni Banglei
Evidently the Srikakulam population is different from the three known biotypes in the country and is more virulent. Hence, it may be considered biotype 4. Some advanced cultures involving donors like Velluthacheera are being tested for their yield potential and adaptability in Srikakulam.
Short-duration donors for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance

B. Murty, R. K. Sahu, and M. N. Shrivastava, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Krishaknagar, Raipur, 492012, India
We screened 200 traditional cultivars of Madhya Pradesh in Hyderabad in 1987 for resistance to BPH. The standard seedbox screening technique had two replications.
Anjania, Badidhan, Badshahbhog, Bangoli 3, Budiyabanko, Bansbhira, Barhi, Barik safed, Basangi, Lal Basant, Bataru, Benwar, Bewara, Banspatri, Bhakawa, and Chapdo were resistant; Bakalu, Bagri, Basant dhoura, Benisar halka, Bewra hara, Bhaji, Badi, and Chhatri were moderately resistant. These cultivars are popular for direct sowing under rainfed conditions. They are drought tolerant and mature within 120 d.
Leaf area consumed and percent weight gain by 1-d-old, first-instar LF larvae after 48 h on selected wild rices. a IRRI, 1988. Treatment LF species C. medinalis 0.923 0.903 0.699 0.310 0.734 1.104 0.681 178 155 134 160 163 161 102 0.211 0.350 0.199 0.107 0.205 0.203 0.147 ab abc c M. patnalis Difference b
O. officinalis O. perennis O. punctata O. nivara O. australiensis IR36 (susceptible check) TKM6 (resistant check) O. officinalis O. perennis O. punctata O. nivara O. australiensis IR36 (susceptible check) TKM6 (resistant check)
a
Leaf area consumed c (cm 2) 0.518 0.041 b 0.408 0.137 bc 0.523 0.046 b d 0.342 0.045 cd bc 0.233 0.107 d a 0.981 0.158 a c 0.382 0.144 c c bc ab bc bc bc a Percent weight gain d 151 37.06 a 198 37.21 bc 177 66.55 abc 148 56.19 a 168 34.16 ab 203 49.34 c 166 41.82 ab
0.405** 0.515** 0.176* 0.032ns 0.501** 0.123ns 0.299** 27ns 43** 43ns 12ns 5ns 42ns 64**
Mode of feeding on selected wild rices and weight gain of first-instar larvae of rice leaffolder (LF)
F. F. D. Villanueva and Z. R. Khan, Entomology Department, IRRI
49.65 37.55 40.91 52.34 49.91 61.01 45.89
For leaf area consumed and percent weight gain in a column, means (SD) followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b ns = not significant, ** = significant at 1% level, * = significant at 5% level by t-test. c Ten larvae/replication; av of 9 replications. d One larva/replication; av of 14 replications.
We measured the leaf area consumed and weight gain by two rice LF species Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guene) and Marasmia patnalis Bradleyfeeding on wild rice leaves in the laboratory. The wild rices were Oryza officinalis, O. perennis, O. punctata, O. nivara, and O. australiensis. IR36 and TKM6 were the susceptible and resistant checks. Filter paper discs 2.5 cm in diam were placed on the bottoms of 30-ml plastic cups and moistened with distilled water to maintain humidity and leaf turgor. A 2-cm-long leaf-cut from the middle portion of leaves of 30-d-old plants and 10 1d-old, first-instar larvae from insectary culture at IRRI were placed in each cup and the cups were closed with a tight-fitting paper lid. Cups were arranged in a randomized complete block design in an incubator at 26-28C and 40% relative humidity for 48 h. Leaf area consumed was measured using an automatic area meter (Model AAM-7, Hayashi Denkoh Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Percent increase in larva body weight was measured by recording individual larval weight before and after 48 h feeding. Leaf area consumed differed significantly. C. medinalis larvae consumed a significantly bigger leaf area
of susceptible IR36, O. officinalis, and O. perennis than of resistant TKM6 and the three other wild rices (see table). M. patnalis larvae consumed significantly less leaf area of all the wild rices and resistant TKM6 than of IR36. C. medinalis larvae consumed significantly more on all the wild rices except O. nivara than did M. patnalis larvae. Larvae of both species gained weight on all host plants tested. Weight gained
by C. medinalis larvae on wild rices was comparable to that gained by those feeding on susceptible IR36. M. patnalis gained less weight on O. officinalis, O. nivara, O. australiensis, and TKM6 than on susceptible IR36. Although C. medinalis larvae consumed more than did M. patnalis larvae, percent weight gain increase in M. patnalis was higher than in C. medinalis on resistant TKM6 and O. perennis wild rice.
Comparison of steam and molecular distillation methods in rice

P. Caballero, S. F. Villanueva, and B. O. Juliano, Cereal Chemistry Department, IRRI
In our search for the chemical basis of rice resistance to insect pests, we are developing a method to extract volatiles from rice plants so that the extract resembles the volatiles the plant emits naturally to the environment, in enough quantity to evaluate their biological activity. With the steam distillation used traditionally, there has always been a question of extract quality because of
the drastic conditions of the method. We evaluated qualitative differences in volatile composition of molecular and steam distillates from IR26 using gas chromatography (GC). Fresh foliage from 45-d-old plants was cut in 5-cm pieces and 100 g placed in a 500-ml glass container connected to one end of a 10-cm-long U tube. On the other end, the distillate was collected in a glass thimble. A high vacuum valve was connected 5 cm over the thimble. The sample container was immersed in a Dewar flask containing dry ice/acetone for 20 min. The system was connected to a high vacuum line and the air evacuated until the inside pressure reached 10 -3 mm Hg. The high vacuum valve was closed, the Dewar flask was
The figure shows the GC profiles of IR26 molecular distillate and steam distillate. It is clear that molecular distillation gives more signals in the low molecular weight region (early in time); in contrast, steam distillation gives more
signals in the high molecular weight region. These results suggest that the low molecular weight components are either destroyed or are not efficiently recovered under the steam distillate method.
Drought tolerance
Screening deepwater rice cultivars for drought tolerance under field conditions
J. L. Dwivedi, G. N. Jha, and S. P. Singh, Crop Research Station, Ghaghraghat, Bahraich, Uttar Prudesh (U. P.), India
We evaluated 140 deepwater rice accessions for drought tolerance. Seeds
were sown directly on 8 Jul 1987 in three 2.5-m-long rows 20 cm apart. Drought tolerance and drought recovery were scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice. Rainfall during the cropping period was 385 mm, against the average 9501,000 mm. Drought occurred at different crop stages (see figure). Entries suffered from drought at the vegetative and reproductive phases. Only 10 entries (see table) flowered and set seed.
Gas chromatography profiles of IR26 molecular and steam distillates. IRRI, 1988.
transferred to the extract collector, and the apparatus left to equilibrate at room temperature for 24 h. The extract was then saturated with sodium chloride and extracted 3 times with 2 ml of HPLC grade dichloromethane (DCM) each time. The DCM extract was concentrated to 50 l and kept at -20 C until GC analysis. Fresh IR26 foliage (200 g) also was extracted by the standard steam distillation method. The extract was concentrated, weighed, and diluted to 500 ppm with HPLC grade DCM and kept at -20 C until GC analysis. GC analysis was performed on a Varian 3700 GC equipped with a 25 m 0.25 mm CP-1 column using He as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Injector and detector temperatures were set at 170 C and heating to 250 C, respectively. Oven temperature was programed from 2 min at 50 C to 250 C at 5 C/min. One l of extract was used for analysis on the splitless mode.
Drought spell during cropping period. Bahraich, U.P., India. Drought tolerance and recovery score of best a entries. Bahraich, U.P., India. Entry IET10543 IET10544 IET10545 IET10569 IET10584 IET10585 IET10595 IET10596 IET10597 IET10603 Madhukar (local check)
a
Cross FR13A/CNM539 FR13A/CNM539 FR13A/CNM539 Mahsuri/B11 IET5854/Mansarovar IET5854/Mansarovar Janki mutant Janki mutant Janki mutant CNL J3/Cula ll//IR13415-9-3
Drought tolerance 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5
Drought recovery 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 5
All have a phenotypic acceptability score of 5.
Pot screening for drought tolerance in rice

P. Gomathinayagam, Upland Genetic Evaluation and Utilization (GEU) Training; and K. T. Ingram and M. A. Maguling, Agronomy Department, IRRI
Screening rices for drought tolerance in the field requires extensive facilities. We tested a method for screening rices grown in pots, using minimal facilities. The method corresponds to the protocol followed at IRRI for drought screening in the field and for drought tolerance under limited rooting depth. Three replications of 18 rice genotypes were dibble seeded in 5-liter pots containing Maahas clay soil in the IRRI greenhouse in Sep 1987 (see figure). Pots were irrigated daily to keep the soil saturated to 30 d after seeding (DAS). Then irrigation was stopped and water deficit was allowed to develop to 40 DAS, when plants of susceptible check IR20 were apparently dead. Then all pots were re-irrigated. Recovery from stress was evaluated at 45 DAS. Varieties differed significantly in maximum root length at 45 DAS, root dry weight, shoot length, leaf dry weight, leaf area, leaf water potential,
Pot screening for drought tolerance at 5 d after stress onset. IRRI, 1988.
and SES scores (see table). Salumpikit (resistant check) and IR47686-1-4B showed the greatest drought tolerance, IR20 and ARC7098 the least. All growth, physiological, and Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) parameters except shoot length were significantly (P<0.05) correlated
with one another. The most efficient parameter for dividing genotypes into the greatest number of classes was leaf water potential. Average SES scores of susceptible and resistant checks from this pot screening were significantly correlated with average scores from field drought tolerance trial results in the IRRI data bank ( r = 0.95, P<0.01). The best parameters to study growth or physiological characteristics are root and shoot dry weights. Measuring root and shoot dry weights requires only drying and weighing facilities. Leaf water potential and leaf area, although strongly related to drought resistance, require moderately expensive apparatus. Root length did not discriminate genotypes well at 45 DAS and shoot height did not correlate with any other parameters. The disadvantages of pot screening over field screening are that fewer genotypes may be studied, and only the early vegetative growth may be assessed. The advantages are that growth and physiological parameters are easily studied; trials may be conducted during any season with minimal greenhouse or other rain shelter; and pot screening is relatively inexpensive.
Selected growth parameters measured at 40 DAS and SES drought resistance scores at 2, 5, and 10 bars soil moisture tension (10-cm soil depth) and recovery after reirrigation of 18 genotypes in a greenhouse pot trial. IRRI, 1987 wet season. Genotype IR47686-1-4B Salumpikit (tolerant check) IRAT288 ISDA10 CNA4130 IRAT115 CNA4120 CNA4164 CNA4196 AUS196 CNA4143 AUS257 IAC165 CNA4102 HD14 AUS454 ARC7098 IR20 (susceptible check) Mean LSD (0.05)
a SES
Root length (cm) 20 19 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 17 17 15 12 12 11 12 16 2
Root dry wt (g) 0.14 0.13 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.01
Shoot length (cm) 45 53 50 49 46 45 52 49 50 50 51 50 52 47 51 51 48 42 49 4
Shoot dry wt (g) 0.5 2 0.47 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.28 0.35 0.30 0.32 0.26 0.3 1 0.38 0.26 0.35 0.21 0.20 0.11 0.09 0.29 0.09
Leaf area (cm 2) 39 38 30 32 30 29 18 34 36 18 30 22 23 28 28 20 14 21 27 12
Leaf water potential (bar) 13 13 16 20 17 18 17 26 25 26 15 21 20 21 28 20 31 32 21.0 1
Drought resistance score a 2 bar 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 4.3 3 3 1.6 1.2 5 bar 1.0 1.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.0 7.0 5.7 7.0 5.0 5.0 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.3 1.2 10 bar 3.0 3.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.3 8.3 9.0 9.0 6.4 2.9 Recovery 1.0 1.0 3.7 4.3 5.7 4.3 5.7 5.7 5.7 3.7 4.3 5.0 6.3 7.0 7.7 7.7 9.0 9.0 5.4 2.6
scale: 0 = no symptom, 9 = dead.
AS26556, a high-yielding red rice for semidry conditions

T. Sundaram, S. Sevugaperumal. O. R. Pillai, J. G. Robinson, and A. S. Mathar, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Tiruppathisaram 629901, Tamil Nadu, India
Table 1. Rainfall amount and distribution during crop growth. Tamil Nadu, India, 1986-87. 1986 wet seasona Month Rainfall (mm) 17.0 20.5 123.0 18.2 Total
a
1987 wet seasonb Rainfall (mm) 12.0 17.0 9.9 56.2 95.1 Rainy days (no.) 1 1 2 4 8
Rainy days (no.) 2 3 7 3 15
10 yr av rainfall (mm) 161 293 129 95 121 798
In Kanyakumari district, Thovazhai and Agastheeswaram taluks have 7,000 ha of land under semidry cropping. They do not get sufficient rainfall during MayJun and, because they are tail-end areas, irrigation water is generally delayed. Rice is direct seeded when summer rains start. Local consumers prefer short bold red rice. We tested six red rice and one white rice entries under semidry conditions during-the 1986 and 1987 wet seasons. The soil was a Typic Hapludalf. Rainfall received during crop growth is given in Table 1. Plot size was 4 2 m. Seeds were dibbled at 3-4/hill with 20- 10-cm spacing in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Sowing dates were 27 May 1986 and 23 May 1987. AS26556 (IET5233/IR2153-26-3-5-2) had the highest yield (average 2.8 t/ha in 109 d) (Table 2). Its grain is a bold red rice. It has high panicle weight and low sterility.
May Jun Jul Aug Sep
178.7
Sowing on 27 May 1986, harvest on 18 Sep. b Sowing on 23 May 1987, harvest on 12 Sep.
Table 2. Performance of 7 varieties under semidry condition at Agricultural Research Station, Tiruppathisaram - 629901, India. 1986 and 1987 kharif. Culture AS26556 TP5106 AS24913 TM8089 TKM9 AS22954 BG367-4 LSD (P=0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 1986 1987 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 0.3 2.7 1.8 1.8 1.4 2.0 1.5 0.7 0.4 Mean 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.2 Duration (d) 109 105 112 105 105 109 112 3 Panicles (no./hill) 8.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 7.0 0.9 Panicle 1000-grain weight weight (g) (g) 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.2 24.2 21.5 19.6 24.0 24.1 26.9 19.7 2.7 Sterility (%) 12.8 17.2 14.4 13.5 13.7 15.1 14.1 1.4 Rice color Red Red Red Red Red Red White
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Adverse soils tolerance

Path analysis of rice grain yield under saline conditions
Bui Chi Buu and Do Xuan Truong, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon, Haugiang, Vietnam
Rice production in saline soils could be increased considerably if salt-tolerant varieties were developed. We studied the association between yield components and grain yield under saline conditions to identify the characters that contribute to yield. Seedlings of 19 promising lines from 7 crosses involving salt-tolerant parents were transplanted at 25 d after seeding DAS) in a lowland field in Binh Dai
District, Mekong Delta during 1987 wet season. Spacing was 15 20 cm in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Fertilizer was applied at 80-0-0 kg NPK/ha. Soil was silty clay with ECe = 11.8 dS/m before
transplanting and 2.8 dS/m at flowering. Path coefficient analysis was used to partition the genotypic correlation coefficient into direct and indirect effects. Under saline conditions, filled grains per panicle had the largest direct effect on yield (1.092) (see table). However, its effect through sterility percentage was negative (-0.375), even though the total correlation with yield was significant.
Path analysis showing direct and indirect effects of yield components on yield. a Haugiang, Vietnam. Variable Panicle/m 2 Panicle length Filled grains/panicle Sterility percentage 1000-grain weight
a
Panicles/m2 0.191b 0.091 0.036 0.078 0.045
Panicle length 0.248 0.523b 0.089 0.162 0.121
Filled grains/ panicle 0.203 0.186 1.092 b 0.441 0.320
Sterility percentage 0.378 0.287 0.375 0.928b 0.130
1000-grain weight 0.055 0.054 0.069 0.033 0.234b
Total genotypic correlation with yield 0.209 0.195 0.595 0.215 0.140
Residual effect = 0.204. b Direct effects. All others are indirect effects.
Sterility percentage showed a high direct effect on grain yield (0.928). Direct negative effects were observed for number of panicles/m2, panicle length, and 1,000-grain weight. Other characters, such as panicles/m2 did not show any direct effect on yield. Filled grains per panicle and sterility percentage appear to be the most reliable indices for selection under saline conditions.
Yield and yield attributes of rice cultivar Mahsuri grown at different salinity levels in farmers' fields, Khambhat taluka, Gujarat, India. Salinity level a Normal Low Moderate Severe LSD (0.05)
a
EC (dS/m) 1.4 6.3 11.8 25.6 9.1
ESP b 0.81 4.6 6.9 12.0 6.8
Panicles Sterility (no./hill) (%) 15 5.4 4.8 13.2 4.9 16.9 10.3 29.7 80.6 50.6
Unfilled Dry filled grains grains/hill (g) hill (g) 1.66 1.35 0.45 3.4 1.64 27.14 8.2 7.1 2.7 9.9
Straw/ Biological hill yield/hill (g) (g) 10.3 10.3 8.83 14.6 4.3 39.1 19.1 12.1 23.1 12.6
Harvest index 0.69 0.40 0.33 0.11 0.13
Categorized by farmers. bExchangeable sodium percentage.
Performance of rice cultivar Mahsuri at different salinity levels

S. R. Gore and K. A. Bhagwat, Stress Physiology Laboratory, Botany Department. Faculty of Science, M. S. University, Baroda 390002, India
In villages lying between 2224' and 22 30' N and 7225' and 7237' E in
Khambhat taluka, Kheda district, Gujarat, India, soil degradation caused by waterlogging has resulted in rice becoming the principal crop. This has further aggravated the salinity problem and waterlogging. Cultivable fields have been affected by salinity. We collected soil samples and rice plants (Mahsuri) from saline-affected fields to see the effect of soil degradation on the crop. Soil analysis showed that EC values
increased from 1.4 to 25.6 dS/m. The increased salinity caused a reduction in all rice yield parameters measured (see table). The biological yield under severe soil salinity was higher than under less salinity because of the increase in straw weight per hill. Sterility increased in response to increasing salinity. Salinity decreased economic yield by 70, 74, and 90% at EC of 6.3, 11.8, and 25.6 dS/m.
Manifestation of heterosis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in a saline environment

M. S. Sajjad, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. Pakistan
We studied the expression and magnitude of heterosis in rice in a saline environment. Five varieties and strains were crossed during 1982: 1. NIAB RICE (NR-I)/C23-3-1 2. NR-I/IR6 3. NR-I/Jhona 349
4. Jhona 349/IR6 5. IR6/Basmati 370 The F1 and the parents were grown in NIAB fields in Jun 1983. Six-week-old seedlings were transplanted into drainable concrete field basins (6 6 1 m). For artificial salinization, 4 commercial salts MgCl 2, NaCl, CaCl2, Na 2SO4were mixed with soil at ratios of 1:4:5:10. Desired salinity was further achieved by infrequent irrigation with tubewell water (saline sodic). In the randomized complete block design with 4 replications, seedlings were transplanted at 1/hill and 20-cm
spacing. At least 20 plants/ replication were observed. Yield and 1,000-grain weight were recorded after drying grains to 14.0% moisture. To test the performance of F 1 hybrids, heterosis was calculated over that of the better parent. Heterosis was variable and inconsistent not only for plant attributes but also for crosses (see table). No heterosis was observed for number of primary branches per panicle and panicle fertility percentage in the saline environment. The greatest heterosis for yield per
Heterosis estimates (%) in F 1 over better parents for yield and yield components of rice under salt stress. a NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 1982. Heterosis (%) Cross NR-I/C23-3-1 NR-I/IR6 NR-I/Jhona 349 Jhona 349/IR6 IR6/Basmati 370
a*
Plant height +0.6* +5.1* +3.2* +12.4** 13.8**
Productive tillers plant 17.0** +6.3 25.0** +54.8** 40.8**
Panicle length 2.2 +7.8** 1.7 +6.9** 4.7**
Primary branches/ panicle +7.5 +3.3 9.2 +9.4 +0.9
Grains/ panicle +44.4** +25.3** +16.5** 0.2 +20.4**
Total florets/ panicle +25.9** +30.9** +4.1 +34.4** +13.6**
Panicle fertility percentage 2.1 7.6** 2.8 33.9** +0.3
1000-grain weight 1.6 +8.9** 3.7** +19.7** +11.6**
Yield per plant +78.0** +87.5** 30.0** +154.4** +13.9**
= significant at P=0.05, ** = significant at P=0.01. pH 9.0, ECe 6.5 dS/m at 25C, sodium adsorption ratio = 22.2.
plant was 154.4% for Jhona 3491/IR6. This was based on simultaneous heterosis in plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, panicle
length, total florets per panicle, and 1,000-grain weight. Heterosis for yield for the best 4 crosses varied greatly from 13.9 to 154.4%.
Results indicate the potential for harnessing hybrid vigor in the development of relatively salt-tolerant strains of rice.
Integrated germplasm improvement

CN704-7-3, a new variety for rainfed deepwater areas in eastern India
S. Mallik, C. Kundu, and B. K. Mandal, Rice Research Station (RRS), Chinsurah 712102, India
Based on national performance in 198486, the 1986 annual rice workshop at Hyderabad recommended CN704-7-3
(IET9060) from the cross Pankaj/CN540 developed at RRS, for areas where water stagnates up to 100 cm during wet season (kharif) in West Bengal and Bihar. In six state adaptive trials in 1982-85, CN704-7-3 outyielded the checks Tilokkachari and Mahsuri by 25% (see table). CN704-7-3 yielded better than check 1 at several water depths (see figure). CN704-7-3 is photoperiod sensitive
Performance of CN704-7-3 in state and national trials. India, 1982-86. Trial and year Site Max water depth a (cm) 70 60 75 75 55 75 na 25 65 na na na 65 na 70 60 na na 60 65 55 50 50 110 62 85 65 80 50 50 Grain yield (t/ha) CN704-7-3 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.7 2.5 2.0 2.1 3.2 3.3 1.8 3.0 3.2 3.6 2.9 2.7 4.9 4.7 2.1 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.0 3.6 2.2 2.2 1.3 4.3 3.2 3.1 Local check 2.4 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.6 1.0 1.4 1.7 3.0 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.0 1.8 4.5 4.6 0.9 2.2 3.0 3.1 1.1 3.2 1.8 1.7 2.0 3.4 2.2 2.4 Tilokkachari Mahsuri Mahsuri Tilokkachari Mahsuri Mahsuri CR210-1018 OR1 104 Janki Janki CR1030 Khajuriachaur Tilokkachari na CN540 Madhukar na Pizam Pankaj Mahsuri CR1018 IET8879 Manoharsali TCA212 CN540 TCA214 CR1030 Pankaj CR1018 Janki
Yield performance of CN704-7-3 in different water regimes. Chinsurah, India, 1982-86.
State adaptive 1982 1983 1984 1985 National PVT-5 1984
Chinsurah Nimpith Hooghly Chinsurah Narendrapur Burdwan Cuttack Bhubaneswar Patna Sabour Cuttack Bhubaneswar Chinsurah Karimgunj Malda Ghagraghat Patna Arundhutinagar Calcutta Chinsurah Cuttack Patna Titabar Chinsurah Malda Pusa Ranital Faizabad Cuttack Patna
UVT-5 1985
and flowers 26-30 Oct. Depending on water depth, it reaches 150-175 cm height with 10-12 tillers/hill. The variety has very good submergence tolerance, kneeing ability, and drought tolerance at early vegetative stage. The panicle is about 22 cm long with good exsertion, each accommodating about 175 grains. Grain is medium and bold (length-5.6 mm, breadth-2.8 mm, L:B-2.0) and 1,000-grain weight is 25 g. It possesses yellow hull at maturity, red kernel, and strong seed dormancy. The variety is moderately resistant to bacterial blight and moderately susceptible to blast. CN704-7-3 yielded 3.1 t /ha (2.4 t /ha for check) in 30 locations and has been recommended for minikit demonstration trials in farmers fields.
Physiology screening
Improved basmati donors

V. P. Singh, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012; E. A. Siddiq, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500030; F. U. Zaman and A. R. Sadananda. IARI, India
UVT-5 1986
Physiology screening Mean (30 sites)

a
na = data not available.
Traditional basmati rices have tall plants, droopy leaves, high lodging tendency, relatively low grain weight,
Yield and quality characteristics of improved basmati donors. Hyderabad, India, 1988. Character Pusa 367-152 (Pusa 167-2/Type 3) 80-85 145-150 3.0-4.0 25.92 7.63 2.00 3.8 1 16.20 2.12 4 24.00 M.S. Pusa 615-140-10-10 (IET10364) (Pusa 167/Karnal Local) 90-95 135-140 4.0-5.0 22.80 6.98 1.70 4.11 14.70 2.01 4 28.00 S Pusa 751-1-2 (Pusa 367-4-2-2/Type 3) 90-100 140-145 2.5-3.0 27.54 8.37 1.90 4.40 18.37 2.19 4 24.50 S.S. Traditional local varieties Karnal Local 135-150 145-150 2.0-2.5 22.00 7.35 1.78 4.13 13.89 1.89 4 25.50 S Basmati 370 135-150 135-140 2.0-3.0 20.53 6.87 1.89 3.63 13.64 1.98 4 22.00 S Type 3 135-150 135-140 2.0-3.0 18.60 6.71 1.84 3.64 13.22 1.97 4 22.50 S
Plant height (cm) Growth duration (d) Yield (t/ha) Test grain weight (g) Length of milled rice (mm) Breadth of milled rice (mm) L:B ratio Length of kernel after cooking (mm) Elongation ratio Alkali spreading value Amylose (%) Presence of aroma a
a
M.S. = mildly scented, S = scented, S.S. = strongly scented.
and low grain number. In spite of poor yield, their unique cooking quality fetches the highest premium in the national and international markets. Karnal Local, Basmati 370, and Type 3 are the most widely cultivated varieties. However, Karnal Local's higher kernel length and higher 1ength:breadth ratio give it preference in the market. After two decades of intensive
convergent breeding with rigorous screening and selection, IARI has developed three promising basmati lines: Pusa 367-152, Pusa 615-140-10-1, and Pusa 751-1-2 (see table). Pusa 367-152 has excellent plant type with stiff stem and dark green erect leaves. It has desirable cooking qualities; however, grain shattering, late maturity, and mild aroma are drawbacks. Pusa 615-140-101 has good plant type and all important
basmati components, but with relatively higher amylose content. Pusa 751-1-2 is much superior to traditional basmati in cooking quality and aroma but does not yield well because of low grain number and relatively moderate tillering. Among them, Pusa 615-140-10-1 (IET10364) has been selected for farm trials. All three lines may be useful as donors in the basmati rice improvement program.
Saleem and Satya released for Andhra Pradesh, India

Mohinikashikar, V. Hasan, R. V. Kumar, and N. V. Nanda, Agricultural Research Institute, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500030, A. P., India
tolerates cold in vegetative phase. It tolerates bacterial blight and sheath blight. It has white long slender grains. From 1980 to 1986, it produced 5.4 t/ha
in monsoon and 5.0 t/ha in winter, 14.3% more than Tella Hamsa in monsoon and 38.4% more than Tella Hamsa and IR50 in winter.
Saleem and Satya were released for general cultivation in 1987 for Andhra Pradesh, particularly for Telangana region. Semidwarf Saleem, derived from GEB 24/Sigadis//IR8/RNR8102, has 135 d duration in monsoon. It will grow in winter with irrigation. From 1972 to 1982, it yielded 6.4 t/ha average in monsoon, 27% more than Jaya, Jagannath, and Prakash. In winter, it registered 7.5 t/ha, 10.8% more than Jaya and Sona. In farmers fields over 7 districts, it outyielded Tella Hamsa and Mahsuri by 21%. It has long slender grains with 1ength:breadth ratio 3.5. Satya, from the cross Tella Hamsa/Rasi, has 120 d duration in monsoon and 130 d in winter and
Mutant glutinous rice variety Xiang-zao-nou 1

Wan Xianguo, Pang Boliang, and Zhu Xiaoqi, Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
early season or 6 t/ha in late season. It is highly resistant to bacterial blight and blast, and is very good in grain quality and glutinosity. This variety was grown on more than 220,000 ha 1983-87.
Xiang-zao-nou 1 is a new glutinous rice variety with good quality, high yields, and multiple resistance. It was developed by irradiating F 2 dry seeds of IR29/ Wen-Xwan-qing with 27.9 kR of 60 Co-gamma rays. Xiang-zao-nou 1 has good plant type, desirable yielding components, and wide adaptability. It matures in 117 d in the early season in Hunan Province, China. Generally, it can yield 6.75 t/ha in the
P.837 a promising new rice variety for Pondicherry, India

P. Narayanasamy, S. R. S. Rangasamy, R. S. Purushothaman, and B. Rajendran, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pondicherry, India
In Pondicherry region (1145' - 1215' N and 7935' - 8000' E), half the crop area is planted to rice Aug-Sep to Dec-
Jan (samba season). Samba rice is always less productive because of cold weather coupled with pests and diseases. A medium to fine rice grain type is preferred by farmers. Breeding line P.837, a derivative of the cross IR8/H.4, appears promising for this area. It matures in 145-150 d. Grains are medium slender and translucent. Yields average 5.8 t/ha, an increase of 29, 22, and 23% over IR20, Co 43, and Mahsuri puthae (white ponni), respectively. P.837 has recorded resistance to such major pests as brown planthopper and leaffolder. It was tolerant of the major diseases blast and helminthosporium (see table).
Field reactiona of P.837 to major insects and diseases, compared to check varieties. Pondicherry, India, 1984-87. Variety Insects BPH 3 9 3 7 5 Leaffolder 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 Stem borer (%) 8.5 14.0 9.0 18.5 16.0 10.2 16.0 16.5 14.5 Blast Diseases Helminthosporium 3 7 3 7 5 3 7 3 5 Sheath rot 3 5 1 3 7 5 7 7 5
P.837 IR20 P.837 IR20 Co 43 P.837 IR20 Co 43 Co 1009

a
1984-85 1 1 1985-86 3 5 5 1986-87
Standard evaluation system for rice.
Gall midge (GM)-resistant rice cultivars

N. Kulkarni, P. P. Reddy, and S. S. Rao, Agricultural Research Station, Warangal 506007, Andhra Pradesh, India
So far three varieties resistant to GM Kakatiya, Surekha, and Pothanahave been released for general cultivation. Cultivars suited to different cropping practices and with improved grain type also are needed. One local practice is sowing rice under dry conditions and converting to irrigation when water is available in tanks. Two short-duration, GMresistant varietiesWGL 18011(CR44/ W.12708) and WGL 20471-97 (BC.5/ W.12708)were sown in the 1987 wet season (WS) using the local seed drill at 30-cm spacing in 73.2 m 2 plot. This dry condition was converted to wet conditions at 40 d. Both varieties matured in 100 d and yielded 3.0 t/ha. They have long slender grains. In minikit tests in the dry season (DS), WGL 20471-97 averaged 6.3 t yield/ ha, 47% higher than Tella Hamsa. Both varieties are suitable for late, direct sowing. Two GM-resistant culturesWGL 44645 and WGL 48684have superior grain quality. WGL 44645 (WGL 23022/Surekh) has a 125 d duration in
WS and 135 d in DS. It has stiff straw and long slender grains. Grain quality is superior to that of varieties released earlier. In minikit trials, it yielded 4.2 t/ ha against 2.8 t/ ha for Tella Hamsa. It is tolerant of stem borer and hispa.
WGL 48684 (WGL 27120/(Mashuri/ WGL 17672)/ /Surekha) has a 135 d duration in WS. Grains are medium slender. It is also suitable for DS provided sowing is before December. Both varieties have 9% protein content.
TR-RNR-21, a new mediumduration rice variety, released in Andhra Pradesh (A.P.)

P. Narahari, Nuclear Agriculture Division. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay, Bombay 400085, India
TR-RNR-21 is a derivative of the cross IR8/TR-5. TR-5 is a N f -induced dwarf mutant of salinity-resistant SR-26-B. In initial yield evaluations in 1972-78, it gave 54% higher yields than Jaya in the wet season and 19% in the dry
season and compared favorably with IR8 and Sona. Compared with Pankaj, Jaya, RP-414, Sona, Surekha, RNR-32341, and Prabhat, in 1975-80 trials, TR-RNR-21 gave average yields 10.1 % higher than those of the highest yielding checks and 19.8% higher than the average of 7 checks (see table). In minikit trials at more than 90 sites in 9 districts of Telangana region, mean grain yield (3.8 t/ ha) was 19% higher than yield of local checks. TR-RNR-21 was released in 1987 as Hari, for general cultivation
Relative yield performance of TR-RNR-21 (Hari) at Andhra Pradesh Agriculture University and in the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. Mean yield (t/ha) Variety TR-RNR-21 ( Hari) Highest yielding check All checks combined Monsoon season (5 trials) 5.4 4.9 4.7 Dry season (6 trials) 6.3 5.8 5.1 Total 5.9 5.4 4.9
under irrigated transplanted conditions in Telangana region, A.P. (except in the endemic gall midge-prone areas). Hari is characterized as follows: medium duration (135-140 d); semidwarf (93 cm); erect, compact, and nonlodging with dark green foliage; no anthocyanin pigment; long (10. 14 mm)
slender grain with a kernel length (7.35 mm):breadth (2.08 mm) ratio of 3.54; flinty, white, translucent, nonglutinous grain; no white belly; 1,000-grain weight 25.2 g; protein content, 7.14%; hulling, milling, and head rice recovery, 80, 74.5, and 68%, respectively; good cooking quality. It is tolerant of blast, tungro
virus, sheath blight, and brown leaf spot diseases and green leafhopper, leaffolder, and stem borers. A distinguishing characteristic is a long flag leaf that grows far above the panicle and remains green even after maturity.
MW10, a promising shortduration variety for western West Bengal

D. Bhattacharya and S. Ghosh, West Bengal Comprehensive Area Development Corporation, 6A, Raja Subodh Mullich Square (9th floor), Calcutta 700013, West Bengal, India
Average yield and some agronomic characteristics of MW-10 and other rice varieties in on-farm trials. West Bengal, India. Variety MW10 IET1444 Palman 579 IR36 CR126-42-1 IR50 IET2815 LSD (P=0.05) Effective tiIlers/hill (no.) 13 9 8 12 9 18 10 2.7 Grains (no./panicle) 103 110 125 99 93 104 124 18 Duration (d) 100 117 120 122 105 110 114 6 Av grain yield (t/ha) 2.8 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.1 2.7 0.2 AV yield/d (kg/ha) 28.0 21.2 23.6 23.8 26.5 19.3 23.6 1.5
Purulia, Bankura, and Western Midnapur districts of West Bengal are mostly rainfed rice monocropped JulOct (kharif). In spite of average annual rains, extended breaks in rainfall often occur at critical growth stages. Acute water stress significantly reduces rice yields on lateritic soils with high infiltration in an undulated terrain. The problem becomes severe when
transplanting is late. We evaluated the promising new variety MW10 against six short-duration transplanted varieties, including locally grown Palman 579, IR36, and IET1444, in six farmers' field trials, in a
randomized block design with four replications. MW10 performed consistently better than the other varieties (see table). Its short duration allows a following short-duration pulse or oilseed crop.
Improved rice varieties released in North Central Thailand

V. Varamisra, L. Chankasam, K. Sirivong, S. Suvanatane, and T. Sa-nguansaj, Phitsanulok (PSL) Rice Research Center, Phitsanulok 65130, Thailand
Table 1. Grain yield and quality of PSL 60-1 and PSL 60-2. Phitsanulok, Thailand, 1987. Yield (t/ha) 3.48 3.12 4.73 4.05 % increase over check 12 17 Grain characteristic Length (mm) 7.30 7.46 7.30 7.34 Chalkiness (%) 0.24 0.31 0.98 1.05 Amylose (%) 17.1 13.7 29.6 30.0 GCa S S H H GTb L L I/L L ER c 1.64 1.70 1.58 1.70
Variety
PSL 60-1 KDML 105 PSL 60-2 RD 1

a
Two PSL breeding linesPhitsanulok 60-1 (PSL 60-1) and Phitsanulok 60-2 (PSL 60-2)were released in 1987. PSL 60-1, a high-yielding, photoperiod-sensitive variety is from a three-way cross among Khao Dawk Mali 105, Nahng Mon S-4, and IR26 (KDML 105/NM S-4//IR26). The cultivar is tall with long, slender, clear grain, low amylose content, and good cooking quality. During 1981-85, it averaged 3.48 t/ha, 12% higher than KDML 105, a standard variety (Table 1). It is moderately resistant to bacterial blight, sheath rot, ragged stunt virus,
Gel consistency. S = soft, H = hard. By the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). b Gel temperature. L = low, I = intermediate. By SES. c Elongation ratio (the ratio of the length of cooked rice to raw rice).
Table 2. Reaction of PSL 60-1 and 60-2 to diseases and insects. a Phitsanulok, Thailand, 1987. Variety PSL 60-1 KDML 105 PSL 60-2 RD1
a Bl = ragged GM = MR =
Reactionb to Bl S S MR MS BB MR S MR S ShB MS MR MS MS ShR MR MR R YOLV VS VS MS S RSV MR S MS VS GLH MS MS MS MS BPH MR S MR S WBPH MS MS MS MS GM MR S
blast, BB = bacterial blight, ShB = sheath blight, YOLV = yellow orange leaf virus, RSV = stunt, GLH = green leafhopper, BPH = brown planthopper, WBPH = whitebacked planthopper, gall midge. b By SES: VS = very susceptible, S = susceptible, MS = moderately susceptible, moderately resistant, R = resistant.
brown planthopper, and gall midge (Table 2). It was released for rainfed areas where water levels range from 50 to 75 cm. PSL 60-2, a high-yielding, photoperiod-insensitive variety is from a
double cross (RDI/BR51-916//SPR6726-134-124/IR34). It is a semidwarf, medium-duration (130-140 d) variety with long, slender, clear grain, high amylose content, and good cooking quality. From 1983 to 1986, it averaged
4.73 t/ha, 17% higher than RDl, a standard variety (Table 1). It is resistant to sheath rot, and moderately resistant to blast, bacterial blight, and brown planthopper (Table 2). It is recommended for irrigated areas.
Seed technology
Influence of genetic contamination on seed yield and quality of IR50
J. A. Selvaraj and P. Subramanian, Seed Technology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We studied the effect of cultivar TKM9 as a contaminant on seed yield and quality in a pure seed crop of IR50 over three successive generations of seed multiplication. Field experiments were conducted under irrigated conditions during the
dry-wet-dry seasons 1986-87. IR50 was contaminated by transplanting TKM9 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12% in a randomized block design. Pure seed crops of IR50 (T0) and TKM9 (T7) were included for comparison. Levels of contamination, and seed yield and quality attributes germination and vigorwere correlated negatively (see table). Yield potential and seed quality declined with generation advance. Yield reduction was due not only to varietal contamination, but also to loss in vigor across generations. A slow inbreeding depression in seed vigor caused a subsequent reduction in yield.
The pure seed crop of IR50 gave the highest yield, germination, and vigor in generation 1; seed yield was reduced 4.6% by generation 3. A contamination of 2% reduced yield 10.5%; 12% contamination reduced yield 42.5%. Germination and vigor declined by 7 and 20% and 24.5 and 45.4%, respectively. Under the present system of seed production, seed is multiplied across four generationsbreeder, foundation, and certified I and II. The observed reduction in seed yield and vigor by the third generation highlights the need for renewal of seed stock after 3 yr of multiplication.
Effect of contamination on seed yield, germination, and vigor index a under successive generations of seed multiplication in IR50. Coimbatore, India. Generation I Treatment Seed yield (g/plot) 349 329 321 317 298 289 257 300 Germination (%) 93 93 92 91 91 91 88 88 91 Seed yield 0.0 1 0.01 0.002 Vigor index 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.7 Seed yield (g/plot) 341 315 311 304 286 273 209 288 291 Generation II Germination (%) 92 82 79 79 78 73 68 82 80 Germination 2.25 1.38 3.89 Vigor index 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.4 2.5 Generation III Seed yield (g/plot) 333 312 306 297 280 264 201 269 283 Germination (%) 89 85 90 77 73 72 64 76 79 Vigor index 87.9 53.8 152.2 Vigor index 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 2.3 2.0 Seed yield (g/plot) 341 319 312 306 288 275 222 286 Mean Germination (%) 91 86 87 82 81 79 73 82 Vigor index 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.4 Yield reduction after GIII (% over GI T0) 4.6 10.5 13.2 14.8 19.9 24.5 42.4 22.8
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 Mean 307 LSD T G TxG

a Vigor
index = germination (%) seedling length.
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures, tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more information about submissions.
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Soils and soil characterization
Micronutrient status of soils and rice crop in alkali land under reclamation
I. M. Chhibba, C. L. Arora, V. K. Nayyar, and P. N. Takkar, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
Crops grown on previously uncultivated salt-affected soils are expected to suffer from micronutrient deficiencies because of high pH and large amounts of Na +, HCO 3 -, and CO3 2- ions. We studied the micronutrient status of surface (0-15 cm) soils and lowland rice crops in 50 alkali fields in 4 villages after 5-7 yr reclamation. Leaf blade samples (top leaves) were collected at late tillering and soil samples were taken after harvest. The soils (Aquic/Natric Ustochreptic Camborthids) were sandy loam to loam and had pH 8.5 to 10.1, electrical conductivity 0.30 to 1.25 dS/m, 0.180.45% organic C, and 0-4.15% CaCO 3 . The table presents the DTPAextractable micronutrients in soils and the totals in rice leaves. DTPA-Zn content varied from 0.06 to 1.50 ppm. On the basis of a 0.80 ppm threshold, 60% of the soils were rated deficient in available Zn. DTPA-Fe was below the critical limit of 4.50 ppm in 14% of the samples. Available Cu (critical level 0.20 ppm) was adequate in all samples. DTPA-Mn (critical value 3 ppm) was deficient in 20% of the samples. Leaf analysis also indicated variation in Zn content (1.2 to 23.9 ppm), 42% samples were inadequate (10 ppm Zn threshold). Fe content was inadequate (70 ppm threshold) in 30% of the samples. Mn was adequate in all samples. Cu content was inadequate (3 ppm threshold) in 92% of the leaf samples. Both soil and plant analysis confirmed Zn deficiency in this area, but the degree of deficiency differed
considerably (see figure). While soil analysis showed 14% Fe deficiency and no Cu deficiency, leaf analysis showed that the rice crop suffered from 30% Fe and 92% Cu deficiency. Although Mn was deficient in 20% of the soil samples,. leaf analysis did not show any deficiency. These results suggest a need to redefine the critical limits of micronutrient cations for these alkali soils and for the rice crop grown on them.
Deficiency of micronutrients in soils and plants. Punjab, India.
Micronutrient contents of soils and plants. Punjab, India. Micronutrient Range Zn Cu Fe Mn 0.06- 1.50 0.26- 1.34 2.00-24.00 2.00-15.00 Content (ppm) Soil Mean 0.72 0.82 6.70 4.85 Range 1.20- 23.90 0.17- 7.95 47.70-282.50 70.60-425.20 Leaf blades Mean 10.78 1.27 84.89 176.87
Effect on rice and wheat yields of adding sand and gypsum to salt-affected soils
S. K. Mathur, O. P. Mathur, and N. R. Talati, Krishi Bhavan, Bikaner (Raj), India
Salt-affected soils under the Indira Gandhi Canal Command in the Thar
desert generally are surrounded by high sand dunes. The overburden of aeolian sand due to natural conditions as well as to leveling of sand dunes by spreading them over adjoining floodplains of saltaffected soils has a special significance in the reclamation of these soils. We used a split-plot design to evaluate the effect of sand cover (0, 5,
Table 1. Experimental soil profile (Typic Salorthid), Bikaner, India. Depth (cm) 0- 15 15- 45 45- 75 75-105 105-170 pH 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.7 ECe (dS/m) 25.8 22.3 17.9 18.6 16.0 Exchangeable sodium percentage 30.5 35.0 40.5 42.0 42.5 Silt (%) 16.5 16.0 26.0 27.5 26.5 Clay (%) 16.8 23.0 41.5 44.0 43.5 CaCO3 (%) 12.6 11.4 12.6 11.0 10.5
10, and 15 cm) and gypsum (0, 5, 10, and 15 t/ha) on yield of rice and wheat. Soils of the experimental field were finetextured, salt-affected, poorly drained (infiltration rate 1.0 cm/24 h), Typic Salorthids (Table 1). Rice variety Jhona 349 was transplanted in the wet season and wheat variety Kalyan sona was sown in the dry season. Fertilizer was 100 kg N and 18 kg P/ha. Sand cover 5 and 10 cm thick significantly increased rice and wheat yields (Table 2). A 15-cm sand cover reduced yields, possibly because the plot was too high for efficient irrigation. Gypsum had no effect on yields.
Table 2. Yield of rice and wheat with sand cover and applied gypsum. Bikaner, India. Gypsum (t/ha) Yield (t/ha) with sand cover of 0 5 cm Rice a 10 cm 15 cm Mean yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Mean 0 5.0 10.0 15.0 Mean

a LSD
1.8 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3
2.8 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 2.0 1.8 1.7 1.8
2.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.6
2.1 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.4
Wheat b
1.6 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.7
= 0.33 with sand, ns with gypsum. bLSD = 0.50 with sand, ns with gypsum.
Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer

Effect of Sesbania bispinosa decomposition time and sodicity on rice yield
A. Swarup, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
was fertilized with 150 kg N (urea), 9 kg Zn/ha. Half the N and all the Zn were applied at transplanting, the remaining
N was topdressed in 2 equal splits 3 and 6 wk after transplanting. Rice was harvested 30 Oct 1986 and 31 Oct 1987. Grain yields were significantly improved at all ESP levels when sesbania had decomposed for 1 wk
We evaluated the effect of S. bispinosa decomposition time (0, 1, and 2 wk under submerged conditions) at 4 levels of sodicity (exchangeable sodium percentage [ESP] 48, 36, 28, and 16) on N turnover and rice yield. Soils were Aquic Natrustalfs (Table 1). Crops were irrigated with tubewell water (electrical conductivity 0.3 dS/m) as required. The 1986-87 field experiment was a split-plot design with ESP levels in the main plots and decomposition period in the 40-m2 subplots, with 4 replications. Sesbania seeds were broadcast in 5 cm standing water at 70 kg seed/ha. Sowing was on 13, 20, and 27 May 1986, and 7, 14, and 21 May 1987. Sesbania was harvested at 50 d after seeding, chopped, and incorporated to allow decomposition periods of 0, 1, and 2 wk under submergence. Rice cultivar Jaya was transplanted 15 Jul 1986 and 9 Jul 1987. Submergence was maintained throughout rice growth. The rice crop
Table 1. Initial soil characteristics. Karnal, India, 1986-87. pH Exchangeable Organic EC (1:2 Soil no. ESP Ca + Mg C soil: (dS/m) water) (meq/l00 g) (%) 1 2 3 4 48 36 28 16 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.8 0.95 0.86 0.77 0.65 3.8 5.2 6.0 6.7 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21
Active Mn (mg/kg) 82 79 78 75
Active Available Available Fe P K (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 285 275 275 270 20 16 14 10 160 158 155 150
Table 2. Effect of sodicity and decomposition period of S. bispinosa on grain yield of rice, N contribution, and change in ESP. Karnal, India, 1986-87. ESP Decomposition period (wk) 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 LSD (0.05) Decomposition period ESP Oven-dry biomass of sesbania (t/ha) 1986 3.46 3.50 3.44 3.78 3.85 3.80 3.89 4.00 3.92 3.90 3.88 3.99 0.16 ns 1987 3.38 3.45 3.41 3.75 3.85 3.86 3.88 4.02 4.00 3.95 3.90 3.98 0.15 ns N turned (kg/ha) 1986 94.1 94.9 93.6 102.4 104.3 103.4 105.3 108.8 106.6 105.7 105.1 108.1 4.5 ns 1987 93.8 94.0 93.5 100.6 102.2 101.8 104.6 105.8 104.9 105.9 106.0 107.5 4.2 ns Rice grain yield (t/ha) 1986 5.7 6.5 6.7 6.2 6.7 6.8 6.1 6.7 6.9 6.2 6.8 7.0 ns 0.4 1987 5.7 6.4 6.7 6.2 6.7 6.9 6.1 6.6 6.9 6.2 6.8 7.0 ns 0.34 36 34 32 26 25 25 19 18 16 12 10 10 ESP after rice harvest in 1987
48 36
28
16
(Table 2). Longer than 1 wk decomposition had no significant effect. Although high ESP significantly reduced biomass turnover and N contribution of sesbania, it had no effect on yield. ESP levels were substantially reduced after harvest.
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Physiology and plant nutrition

Influence of new terpenoid analogue of abscisic acid on chilling resistance of rice seedlings
A. A. Flores and K. Drffling, Institut fr Allgemeine Botanik und Botanischer Garten, Universitt Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany; and B. S. Vergara, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
173711 had 100% survival. The number of plants surviving 5 C for 5 d was similar. The analogue also protected the root system (Table 2). The number of
adventitious roots, root length, and root weight were higher in treated plants. The stability of the root system may contribute to the increased survival rate in protected plants. The increase in chilling tolerance may also be due to the direct action of analogue 173711 on stomatal closure; that prevented water loss through transpiration.
Table 1. Survival of rice plants treated with LAB 173711, chilled at 5 C for 3 and 5 d, and returned to 29 C for recovery. Data are means SE of 3 parallel experiments with 10 plants each. Treatment Survival (%) with given time at 29 C 1d 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 100.0 0 2d 4d 6d 0 100.0 0 0 30.0 4.1 8d 0 100.0 0 0 30.0 4.1
We studied the effect of the new terpenoid analogue of abscisic acid of the acetylene-acetate type coded LAB 173711 (see figure) on resistance to chilling in 14-d-old rice seedlings. Seedlings were sprayed with LAB 173711, at l0 -3 mol/liter, maintained in a glasshouse at 29/ 21 C day/night temperature, 12 h photoperiod, and 80% relative humidity for 24 h, then transferred to a chamber at 5 C temperature for 3 and 5 d. Recovery in the glasshouse was monitored for several days. Survival in unprotected plants chilled for 3 d was 60% 2 d after treatment (DAT); no plants survived 5 DAT (Table 1). Plants sprayed with LAB
Control With 173711 Control With 173711
Chilled for 3 d 23.33 6.6 60.0 5.8 100.0 0 100.0 0 Chilled for 5 d 44.0 3.2 0 74.0 6.6 68.0 11.1
Table 2. Root growth of rice plants treated with LAB 173711, chilled at 5 C for 2 d, and returned to 29 C for 7 d recovery.a Treatment Control 173711
a
Nodal rootsa (no./plant) 17.0 1.8 26.2 1.7
Lengthb (cm) 9.9 1.2 14.7 2.2
Fresh weight b (mg) 205.8 28.3 770.8 28.0
Dry weightb (mg) 27.7 7.0 69.2 7.0
Data are means SE of 5 measurements. b Data are means SE of 8 measurements.
Crop management
Effect of planting overage seedlings on rice duration, yield, and yield attributes
S. G. Sreekumar, V. G. Nair, and R. B. Asan, Plant Breeding Department, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum 695522, Kerala, India
Chemical structures of abscisic acid (ABA) and of its terpenoid analogue LAB 173711.
Varietal differences in growth duration are due primarily to differences in length of the vegetative phase. We studied 15 prerelease cultures and varieties in the 1983 wet season. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications. Due to an unprecedented severe drought, 54-d-old seedlings were transplanted at 2-3 seedlings/hill spaced 15 15 cm. The maturity of short-duration varieties (95-120 d) was prolonged to
108-134 d, primarily because of delayed flowering (see table). The maturity of medium-duration varieties (125 to 140 d) was not extended. Extended duration differed among varieties. The differences in maturity in short-duration varieties could not be associated with their expected duration. Duration of 113-d Cul. 1954 was extended by 9 d, that of 108-d Cul. 25337 by 26 d. The capacity to extend the growth period, and thereby the duration, could be a varietal character independent of actual duration. Grain yield was independent of duration. Cul. 4, MO.5, Karthika, and Jyothi had high yields; Cul. 126, Cul. 43-1-4, Cul. 25331, Bhagya, and Onam, low yields. Panicles/ hill and 1,000-grain weight showed a similar trend. The drought stress experienced in the nursery might have persisted after transplanting in some varieties, while other varieties recovered during subsequent growth. Varieties capable of adjusting duration could be recommended for conditions when a delay in transplanting can be anticipated.
Days to 50% flowering, duration, panicles/hill, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield of cultures and varieties. Kerala, India, 1983 wet season. Culture or variety Cul. 169 Cul. 4 Cul. 126 Jaya MO. 5 MO. 6 Jyothi Cul. 1954 Karthika Cul. 25331 Cul. 25337 Swarnaprabha Bhagya Onam Cul. 43-1-4 LSD (0.05) Days to 50% flowering 116 112 108 110 104 104 98 92 105 99 104 101 80 80 78 4 Seed-to-seed duration (d) Normal 142 140 138 135 120 120 115 113 110 108 108 108 100 95 95 In the experiment 146 142 138 140 134 134 128 122 135 129 134 131 110 110 108 4 Extended 4 2 0 5 14 14 13 9 25 21 26 23 10 15 13 Panicles (no./hill) 9.4 10.1 8.9 8.3 11.9 7 .0 7.3 10.8 9.9 8.2 8.2 7.3 6.1 7.1 5.9 2.5 1000-grain weight (g) 28.0 36.7 33.6 34.6 34.0 29.6 32.4 25.8 32.9 39.2 35.0 32.1 35.0 34.8 34.6 1.4 Grain yield (t/ha) 1.9 3.2 1.6 2.2 3.0 2.0 2.8 1.8 2.9 1.7 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.7 1.2 0.8
The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe, Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Effect of planting date, seedling age, and planting density on late planted wet season rice
D. Chandra and G. B. Manna, Agronomy Division, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
Table 1. Grain yield of CR1018 as influenced by transplanting date, seedling age, and spacing. Cuttack, India, 1983 wet season. Seedling (d) 30 30 60 30 60 15 15 cm (44) 5.3 4.4 3.7 2.3 3.5 Grain yield a (t/ha) at given spacing 20 15 cm (33) 5.8 5.1 4.6 2.6 3.3 20 20 cm (25) 6.1 4.8 4.4 1.9 2.4 3.9 25 20 cm (20) 5.7 4.4 4.4 2.2 3.1 3.9 0.4 0.4 ns Mean yield (t/ha) 5.7 4.6 4.2 3.0 2.9
Planting date
Delayed rains necessitate transplanting overage seedlings in many rainfed ricegrowing areas of India. Other constraints to timely transplanting are delayed delivery of canal water and nonavailability of agricultural labor. We studied the effect of planting date, seedling age, and planting density in a split-plot design during the 1983 and 1984 wet seasons. Soil was a sandy loam of Mahanadi delta, with pH 6.5, cation exchange capacity 11 meq/ 100 g. The water table fluctuated from 10 cm to 40 cm deep. Rice variety CR1018 (155 d duration) was transplanted at
15 15 15 15 15
Jul Aug Aug Sep Sep
Mean 3.8 4.3 LSD (0.05) main plot (planting date seedling age) Subplot (spacing) Interaction
aNumbers
in parentheses give the plant population/m 2.
populations of 20,25, 33, and 44 hills/ m 2. Grain yield was reduced 18% with mid-Aug transplanting and 44% with mid-Sep in 1983, and 22% and 44%, respectively, in 1984 (Table 1, 2). Using
30- or 60-d-old seedlings did not affect mid-Aug transplanting yield; 60-d-old seedlings were significantly superior to 30-d-old seedlings with mid-Sep transplanting. Spacing seedlings 20 15 cm was optimum.
Table 2. Grain yield of CR1018 as influenced by transplanting date, seedling age, and spacing. Cuttack, India, 1984 wet season. Spacing (cm) 15 15 20 15 20 20 25 20 Mean LSD (0.05) LSD (0.05) LSD (0.05) LSD (0.05) Seedling age (d) 30 60 30 60 30 60 30 60 Grain yield (t/ha) 15 Jul 5.5 3.9 5.2 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.2 main plot (planting dates) subplot (spacing seedling age) for comparing planting dates (spacing seedling age) for comparing (spacing seedling age) within a planting date 15 Aug 4.9 4.0 3.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 4.0 = = = = 15 Sep 2.8 3.4 2.7 3.3 2.6 3.2 2.2 2.9 2.9 1.0 ns 1.1 0.8 Mean yield (t/ha) 4.4 3.8 3.8 4.3 4.0 4.1 3.8 4 .0
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures, tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more information about submissions.
Soil fertility and fertilizer management

Response of BR3 rice to duckweed (Lemna minor) application
S. G. Hussain, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Dhaka 1215; and Z. Ahmad and M. B. Kader, Soil Science Department, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1202, Bangladesh
Duckweed is a minute, diploid sporeproducing, vascular, free-floating aquatic plant that contains around 4% N. It grows abundantly in stagnant
water in Bangladesh, especially during the monsoon. We studied its use as an organic N source for rice. Duckweed was grown in earthen pots 56.41 cm in diameter (1 m 2), filled with 60 kg air-dried soil and 72 liters of water. Composition (oven-dried basis) of the duckweed was 4.2% N; 2.3% P; 3.02% K; and 29.64% organic C. Two seedlings of rice variety BR3 were planted in pots containing 10 kg soil and fertilized with 35 kg P and 33 kg K/ha. Soil was silty loam with pH 5.2, 0.84% organic C, 80 kg 2M KCl
Yield of and N uptake by BR3 rice as affected by application of duckweed and urea. Duckweed applied t/ha 0 5.00a 5.00 2.50 1.90 1.43 1.43 0.95 0.00 LSD (P=0.01)
aFresh
kg N/ha 0 35 210 105 80 60 60 40 0
As % weight of 10 kg soil 0 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.095 0.070 0.070 0.048 0.000
Urea applied (kg N/ha) 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 40 80
Yield (g/pot) Grain 8.51 9.80 13.00 12.01 12.40 11.94 13.80 13.50 12.80 2.36 Straw 7.21 7.31 10.82 8.55 10.00 9.77 12.11 11.28 10.42 1.11
N uptake (mg/pot) 140.4 165.1 279.4 235.9 251.1 225.6 318.3 313.1 327.8
extractable N/ha, 18.4 kg Olsens reagent extractable P/ha, and 134 kg neutral N ammonium acetate extractable K/ha. Treatments were 5 t fresh duckweed/ha = 833 kg oven-dried duckweed/ha, and 5.0, 2.5, 1.9, and 1.43 t oven-dried duckweed/ ha and 2 combinations of oven-dried duckweed + urea. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Incorporating 5 t oven-dried duckweed/ha increased grain yields 52% and straw yields 50% (see table). Combined 20 kg urea N/ha + 1.43 t duckweed/ha increased grain yields 62% and straw yields 67%. Urea applied at 80 kg N/ ha increased grain yields 50% and straw yields 44%. Oven-dried duckweed at 5 t/ ha was better than urea at 80 kg N/ ha. N uptake was greater in the treatments where urea was applied.
Using iron pyrite to increase nitrogen efficiency in rice under sodic conditions
R. P. S. Chauhan and T. S. Verma, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, India
duckweed incorporated 7 d before transplanting.
N efficiency in rice under sodic conditions is reduced because of heavy
gaseous N losses through volatilization and denitrification. We experimented with 3 levels of pyrite (0, 40%, and 60% of gypsum requirement [GR]) and N (40, 80, and 120 kg/ ha) in a randomized block design with 3 replications. The sodic soil had pH 9.2, ECe 7.2 dS/m, ESP 38, hydraulic conductivity 0.18 cm/ h, and sandy loam texture. Pyrite containing 22% sulfur was mixed into the top 10-cm soil. Moisture was maintained between field capacity and saturation for 1 wk before transplanting to enhance oxidation. Jaya rice seedlings 40-d-old were planted at 4-5/hill in unpuddled soil. The crop was raised with ponded water following recommended agronomic practices. N was applied in 3 splits; half before
Effect of iron pyrites on grain yield of rice, and uptake and percent recovery of applied N at 40, 80, and 120 kg/ha. a Faizabad, India. Pyrite (%) of GR) No pyrite 40 60 N uptake (kg/ha) 40 4.9 (5.5 ) 7.4 (11.8) 8.8 (15.3) 80 7.2 (5.6) 10.4 (9.6) 13.6 (13.6) 120 8.2 (4.6) 14.0 (9.4) 16.2 (11.3) 40 1.22 () 2.10 (74.5) 2.66 (118.0) Grain yield (t/ha) 80 1.61 () 2.75 (70.8) 3.56 (121.0) 120 1.85 () 3.00 (67.6) 3.86 (108.6) Change in soil pH (1:2:5) 9.2 8.6 8.3
a N uptake in control = 2.7 kg/ha. Grain yield in control = 0.8 t/ha. Values in parentheses indicate percent recovery of applied N and percent response to N with pyrites, respectively.
transplanting, 1/ 4 one mo after transplanting, and 1/4 at panicle initiation. Pyrite increased recovery of applied N
(see table). Maximum N recovery was with 60% GR and 40 kg N/ ha. Grain yield also increased with pyrite application.
Disease management
Effect of micronutrient on rice brown spot (BS) incidence
S. Muthusamy, V. Mariappan, V. Narasimhan, M. Muthusamy, and S. Eswaramoorthy, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
BS incidence at different levels of micronutrients. a Madurai, India, 1985-87. Treatment Micronutrient CuSO4 ZnSO 4 MnSO 4 MgSO 4 FeSO 4 ZnSO 4 FeSO 4 MnSO 4 CuSO 4 CaSO 4 CuSO 4 ZnSO 4 MnSO 4 FeSO 4 Control LSD (P=0.05)
a Figures
Percentage disease index Dosage 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 20 kg/ha 25 kg/ha 25 kg/ha 1 kg/ha 500 kg/ha 1 kg/ha + 0.5% 20 kg/ha + 0.5% 25 kg/ha + 0.5% 25 kg/ha + 0.5% 1985-86 20.9 (27.20) 24.0 (29.33) 19.6 (26.27) 24.1 (29.40) 24.9 (29.93) 21.4 (27.56) 25.2 (30.13) 25.0 (30.00) 20.00 (26.56) 23.7 (29.13) 16.1 (23.66) 32.7 (34.88) 20.4 (26.85) 16.7 (24.12) 40.6 (39.58) (2.156) 1986-87 18.4 (25.40) 18.1 (25.18) 19.1 (25.92) 22.1 (28.04) 18.0 (25.10) 21.2 (27.42) 26.2 (30.79) 25.6 (30.40) 22.2 (28.11) 30.4 (33.46) 15.5 (23.19) 17.9 (25.03) 22.6 (28.38) 14.9 (22.79) 35.6 (36.63) (2.222
Application Foliar spray Foliar spray Foliar spray Foliar spray Foliar spray To soil To soil To soil To soil To soil To soil + foliar spray To soil + foliar spray To soil + foliar spray To soil + foliar spray
BS caused by Helminthosporium oryzae can cause up to 20% yield losses in tropical rice. The disease occurs mostly after late tillering, when micronutrients are needed for the reproductive phase. We studied the influence of soil and foliar applications of micronutrients on BS incidence during 1985-86 and 198687, using IR20 as test variety. The micronutrients were applied as foliar sprays, on the soil, or as both soil and foliar sprays (see table). Soil application was done before transplanting; leaves were sprayed 30 and 50 d after transplanting (DT). Natural incidence of BS was recorded on 20 leaves/plot at the dough stage and the disease index calculated by McKinney's formula. BS incidence was lowest with soil application of 25 kg FeSO 4 / ha + 0.5% foliar spray 30 and 50 DT, or with soil
in parentheses are transformed values.
application of 1 kg CuSO4 / ha + 0.5% foliar spray 30 and 50 DT. Foliar sprays of CuSO 4 and MnSO4 30 and 50 DT were also effective in minimizing BS incidence. Grain yield was not affected by any treatment.
Status of sheath rot (ShR) in eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP), India

R. N. Singh, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, UP, India
Drought, excess rain, green leafhopper, brown planthopper and stem borer infestations and tungro infections contributed to ShR incidence. When ShR spread in epidemic proportions in 1980 and 1981 WS, we field-tested 46 scented and export quality rice varieties and cultures for resistance to the disease (see table). BPMS69, BPMS40A, Kala Namak, KSR white (all scored 1), BPMSl, KSR49-89-10, RP967-11-1-4-2 (all scored 2), Basmati 370, HAU11-12,
PAU269-1-9-2-1, HPU8106, TR-B-63 (all scored 3) were resistant. Carbofuran granules at 1.0 kg ai/ ha at 60 d after transplanting (DT) have economically controlled the disease in cultivar Jaya. Similar results were obtained with 3 sprays of monocrotophos or edifenphos at 0.5 kg ai/ ha, at 15-d intervals, beginning 60 DT. Carbendazim, sprayed as above, controlled the disease but was not economical.
We observed ShR symptoms in rice cultivar TN1 in 1966 wet season (WS) at Kalyanpur, Kanpur, UP. As TN1 spread, and later Jaya, ShR became highly noticeable throughout UP. We isolated the causal fungus in 1977, identifying it as Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) Gams and Hawksworth. From 1977 to 1987, we surveyed eastern UP, finding ShR in all 5,000 sites visited.
Reaction of scented and export quality rice varieties and cultures to ShR. Faizabad, UP, India, 1980-1981. Varieties or culture BPMS69, BPMS40 A, Kala Namak, KSR white BPMS1, KSR49-89-10, RP967-11-14-2 Basmati 370, HAU11-12, PAU269-1-9-2-1, HPU8106, TR-B-63 ADT32 BPMS39, Improved Sona, Ratna, SST-2-1909, Type 3, UPR79-1, HAU5-162-3, HAU232-2, Pusa 150 AD14185, BK79, BPMS36, BPMS40, BPMS66, Bas 370-A132-3-9, HAU5-298-2, KSR47-87-1, NM Badshah Pasand, PAU14-2-5-B-5-2-1, PAU29-2953-3-4-1-1, PAU269-1-9-1-2, PAU269-2-31-1-4, Pusa 150-9-3-1, Pusa 150-9-4-1, Pusa 150-21-1-1, Pusa 167, Badshah Pasand HAU5-30-2, PAU269-1-9-2-4, PAU269-1-9-3, UPR227-9-2-1, UPR227-22-1-1, UPRM 500 TN1
a
Rice disease incidence in South Gujarat, India

K. V. Patel, D. G. Vala, T. C. Patel, B. P. Mehta, and S. Raman, National Agricultural Research Project, Gujarut Agricultural University, Navsari 396450, India
Disease scorea 1 2 3
4 5
7 9
By the Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).
Rice in South Gujarat is attacked by a number of diseases every year, that cause considerable losses. We surveyed the occurrence and severity of rice diseases at different crop stages in three districts of South Gujarat during 1983, 1984, and 1985 wet seasons (WSs). Two to three plots were selected at eight sites and four areas per plot were sampled. Disease intensity was rated according to the Standard evaluation system for rice and disease severity categorized as no infection (0), trace (1), moderate (3-5), and severe (7-9). During 1983 WS, bacterial blight was moderate at all sites except at Nanikarod, where infection was severe in only GR11 and TN1 (check). In 1984, it was severe in GR11, TN1, and IR22 at all sites except Bardoli. In 1985, it was severe at four and moderate at three sites. Blast was severe in Sathi 34-36 at Navsari in 1983. It was not observed in 1984 but in 1985, it was found in Sathi 34-36 and Mashuri at two sites: Navsari and Vyara. False smut was found in a moderate form at five sites in 1983; in a moderate form at two sites, and in trace form at one site in 1984; and in moderate to severe form at two sites in 1985.
Kernel smut was observed only at one site, in IR22 in 1983. Phyllosticta leaf blight in moderate form was observed only in 1983 at Chikhali and Navrasi. Stem rot was found at Navrasi in a severe form only in Entry No. 6869 in 1983 and in Mashuri in 1984. Udbatta was in moderate form in Halki-Kolam only at Pipalpada in 1983 and 1984.
A simple method of estimating rice blast (BI) severity

A. Surin, P. Arunyanart, W. Rojanahusdin, S. Munkong, R. Dhitikiattipong, and S. Disthaporn, Rice Pathology Research Brunch, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Our objective was to develop a simple disease assessment method that can be used by extension workers and farmers. Leaf Bl was assessed in 22 farmers fields in central Thailand during 1987 dry season. Using a systematic diagonal sampling of 0.16 ha, 10 samples of tillers per field were taken. The top four leaves of each tiller were assessed separately for Bl severity. Average severity for leaves 1 to 4, as well as average severity of all leaves, was calculated for each field. Incidence (infected leaves among the top 4 leaves) was calculated from 400 leaves/field. Average severity (% leaf area damaged) of the top four leaves
and average incidence of infected leaves were calculated for each field. There is a significant regression function between disease incidence and severity ( R 2 =0.954). The results show that one can estimate leaf Bl either by disease severity or by incidence on the top four leaves. Disease severity on leaf 3 is most representative of the average severity of all leaf positions (Table 1, 2). Assessment of severity on a single leaf is more accurate than that on the whole plant because it is easier to do and saves a lot of time. The close relation between severity in leaf 3 and average severity of all leaves could be used for fungicide testing and crop loss assessment.
Table 1. Regression models describing the relation between average Bl severity and incidence at individual leaf positions. Bangkok, Thailand, 1987 dry season. Independent variable Average severity Dependent variable Incidence Incidence Incidence Incidence on on on on leaf leaf leaf leaf 1 2 3 4 y y y y Regression model = 0.333 + 0.118 x 0.007 x2 = 0.306 + 0.156x 0.010 x2 = x /(0.84 + 0.962 x ) = 0.272 + 0.193 x 0.012 x2 R2 0.338 0.560 0.857 0.657
Table 2. Regression models to predict average Bl severity on all 4 leaf positions from an individual leaf position. Bangkok, Thailand, 1987 dry season. Independent variable Severity Severity Severity Severity on leaf 1 on leaf 2 on leaf 3 on leaf 4 Dependent variable Average severity Regression model y = 1.457 + 1.401 x not significant y = 0.012 + 0.719 x y = 0.480 + 0.637 x R2 0.621 0.916 0.913
Orange leaf symptoms on rice

Y. P. Duan and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
We tested eight rice varieties for reaction to orange leaf disease. Third- or 4thinstar nymphs of Recilia dorsalis free of the orange leaf agent were allowed to feed on source plants 2-3 d. Individual leafhoppers were used for serial daily inoculation feedings on 7- to 10-d-old seedlings in test tubes. Inoculated plants were grown in pots. Symptoms appeared in IR36, IR50, and FK135 14-20 d after inoculation (DAI). The symptoms included the orange discoloration and inward leaf rolling typical of orange leaf. Infected plants died 35-48 DAI.
Infected IR8, IR20, and TN1 plants developed deformed leaves with chlorotic and serrated edges and twisted leaf tips 8-12 DAI. These symptoms are similar to those observed in rice plants infected with ragged stunt virus. At 1420 DAI, the tips of the second and third youngest leaves turned orange. Later, entire leaves became discolored and rolled inward; they eventually wilted. In TN1, about 90% of infected plants developed ragged leaves. Infected plants without ragged leaves died about 7 wk after inoculation, but those with ragged leaves died about 10 wk after.
Plants of japonica varieties Reiho and Fukumasari showed stunting, yellow discoloration, rusty spots on leaves, and wider leaf angle 15-24 DAI. The symptoms are similar to those caused by rice grassy stunt virus. Plants died 26-60 DAI. IR20, IR50, and TN1 had higher infection than IR8, IR36, and FK135 (see table). None of the plants that showed symptoms after inoculation reacted with antisera to rice ragged stunt, rice grassy stunt, and rice tungro bacilliform and spherical viruses in the latex test or ELISA.
Rice yield loss to sheath rot (ShR)

A. Surin, P. Arunyanart, R. Dhitikiattipong, W. Rojanahusdin, S. Disthaporn, and K. Soontrajarn, Rice Pathology Research Branch, Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
and 2 replications of disease-free plots. The treatment consisted of weekly application of carbendazim.
Reactions of 8 rice varieties to orange leaf. IRRI, 1988. Variety FK135 IR36 IR50 IR8 IR20 TN1 Reiho Fukumasari
a
Plants inoculated (no.) 38 38 40 39 35 40 37 35
Plants infected (%) 29 26 48 26 60 55 38 43
Symptomsa Od, Od, Od, Od, Od, Od, Yd, Yd, Lr, Lr, Lr Lr, Lr, Lr, Lr, Lr,
W1 R1 R1 R1 W1 W1
Od = orange discoloration, Lr = leaf rolling, Yd = yellow discoloration with rusty spots, R1 = ragged leaf, W1 = wide angle leaf.
High-yielding rice variety RD23 is severely damaged by ShR ( Sarocladium oryzae or Acrocylindrium oryzae ) at heading. We measured yield loss caused by the disease and the effect of fungicides on its control Jun-Dec 1986. RD23 was transp1anted in 4- 6-m 2 plots in an incomplete block design with 4 replications of treated-not treated plots
Linear regression between % ShR disease 1 wk before harvest and % yield loss at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Thailand, 1986 wet season.
A spore suspension was sprayed onto the border row of each plot to provide a source of inoculum. Disease was assessed at the milk stage and 1 wk before harvest. Number of infected panicles, degree of disease severity, and yield were recorded from selected areas in each experimental plot 1 2 m 2. We found a close relationship between disease incidence and disease seventy ( r2 = 0.93), and between disease severity and yield ( r2 = 0.63). Yield loss was calculated as
(Yield of disease-free plot - yield of infected plot) 100 yield of disease-free plot.
To test whether E. colona can transmit RYD to rice, one infected E. colona plant was used as an inoculum source for 50 N. virescens. Rice plants were inoculated with five viruliferous leafhoppers each. The RYD agent was
transmitted to 60% of the rice plants. Incubation period in rice was 30.8 d. Tiller numbers increased 224% and height of infected rice plants was 20 cm less than that of healthy rice plants.
Status of brown spot (BS) and narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS) in eastern Uttar Pradesh (UP), India
R. N. Singh, N. D. University Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, UP, India
When disease severity is high, grain loss increases. We obtained a significant regression function of percent yield loss on disease severity ( y = 4.287 -0.146, R 2 = 0.623) (see figure).
A new weed host for rice yellow dwarf (RYD) pathogen

A. V. Reddy and R. Jeyarajan, Plant Pathology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We screened 19 weed species for susceptibility to RYD by inoculating 20 plants/ species with 5 RY D-viruliferous Nephotettix virescens per plant for 24 h. Only Echinochloa colona developed symptoms similar to those caused by the RYD agent on rice. Symptoms appeared 43 d after inoculation (DAI) at the base of some tillers in 40% of the plants. RYD symptoms appeared 28.5 DAI in control rice variety TN1. When shoots of infected weed plants were cut at ground level, all the new growth showed RYD symptoms. Weed species that did not show symptoms were Cyperus rotundus, C. difformis, C. iria, Fimbristylis miliacea, Ammannia baccifera, Brachiaria mutica, Chenopodium album, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Digitaria setigera, Echinochloa crus-galli, E. glabrescens, Eleusine indica, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Marsilea quadrifolia, Panicum capillare, and Portulaca olercea.
BS caused by Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan [Cochliobolus miyabeanus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechsler ex Dastur] and NBLS caused by Cercospora oryzae Miyake Sphaerulina oryzina Hara) commonly ( occur in wet season (1 Jun-30 Nov) rice. We surveyed BS and NBLS in 5,000 sites in eastern UP, 1977-87. We also conducted 5 trials on their epidemiology and control. Early-maturing (EM) timely sown (TS) (sown before 20 Jun) varieties escape NBLS and, sometimes, BS too. But in BS, postflowering infections in highly susceptible varieties can reach a
disease score of 6 by the hard dough stage. Two sprays of mancozeb, at 2 kg/ 1,000 liters water per ha, controlled BS but did not significantly increase yield. Grain discoloration was reduced by more than 50%. Late sown medium maturity (MM) and TS late maturity (LM) varieties suffer most from BS and give full phenotypic expression to their genetic susceptibility. Infection commonly starts at maximum tillering and is severe (score of 9) by flowering time. In highly fertilized (120 to 150 kg N/ha) fields, 10 to 20% tillers lose normal foliage. Under moderate fertility (100 kg N/ ha), yield loss is 10 to 20% in unprotected plots. Two sprays of carbendazim (0.05%) control the disease economically. In late sown MM and normal sown LM varieties, BS and NBLS cause simultaneous infections, scoring 8 and 9 together (see table). Foliage loss of 525% and yield loss of 10-30% are common. Two sprays of mancozeb
Rice lines with high (6 and above) infection scores for BS, NBLS, and mixed BS-NBLS. Faizabad, UP, India, 1980, 1981, and 1986 wet seasons. Designation IET7302, RP1579-1585-20-28 CR194-523, KD14-1-39 IET nos. 8002, 8101, 8540, 8543, 8544, 8845, 8582, 8583, 8642, 9186, 9187, 9188, RP2071-18-1-1 CR317-166, CN836-3-8 IET5656, RPl796-78-2-1-1-1 WGL 47969, RP1579-1615-30-21-36 RP1579-28-54 IET6658 IET nos. 4087, 4155, 5882, 5883, 6144, 6272, Jagannath IET nos. 5882, 5890, 5897, 6212, 6271, 6314, Pankaj
aBy
Lines (no.) with disease score a BS 6 6 6 6 8 8 9 NBLS 6 7 8 9 6 8 9 6 8 9 BS-NBLS
Standard evaluation system for rice (1980).
control the disease economically. For optimum expression of genetic resistance or susceptibility to BS under natural disease pressure, MM and EM
varieties are sown on or after 1 and 20 Jul, respectively. For NBLS, however, sowing is delayed another 15 to 20 d. EM varieties that escape NBLS when
ratooned face maximum disease pressure and score 0 to 9. LM varieties get sufficient disease pressure even under TS situations.
Control of rice bacterial blight (BB) by nickel nitrate

A. Chandrasekaran and P. Vidhyasekaran, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
Effect of different chemicals in inducing resistance to rice BB. Aduthurai, India, 1987. Chemical Nickel nitrate Concentration 10 -2 10 -3 -4 10 M M M Disease intensity Grade value 1.8 5.8 6.5 5.7 7.4 7.3 7.2 6.8 6.0 5.8 6.8 6.2 5.9 5.3 6.2 5.9 6.8 6.3 6.3 7.0 7.7 6.3 6.9 7.0 7.5 1.3 Leaf area affected (%) 3 35 44 34 60 58 55 48 38 35 48 40 36 29 40 36 48 41 41 50 68 41 49 50 62 2
We screened several chemicals to control rice BB. Rice variety IR20 was grown in the field Sep-Dec 1987. Chemicals at 3 concentrations were sprayed at the boot leaf stage, with 3 replications of 10 plants each for each treatment. The top 3 leaves were clip inoculated 24 h after spraying with a virulent isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae at 108 colony-forming units/ml. Disease intensity was scored on 25 randomly selected leaves 20 d after inoculation and % leaf area affected was calculated (see table). Nickel nitrate at 10 -2 M effectively controlled the disease. No other chemical was effective. Nickel nitrate at 10 -2 M to control BB was verified in 2 more independent tests in the greenhouse.
Sodium fluoride
10 -2 M 10 -3 M 10 -4 M 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 0.2% 0.5% 1.0% 10 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm
Calcium sulfate
Magnesium sulfate
Copper sulfate
Ferrous sulfate
Zinc sulfate
Ammonium molybdate
Control LSD (P=0.05)
Insect management
Brown planthopper (BPH) outbreak in Kanchana Buri Province, Thailand
C. Sindhusake, P. Vungsilabutr, and V. Yaklai, Rice Entomology Research Group, Entomology and Zoology Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkhen, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
BPH Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) has been a major insect pest of rice in the Central Plain of Thailand since 1973 dry season (DS), but there was no record of serious outbreaks in Yanchana Buri. In April 1988 DS under high temperatures (av
> 35 C) at Kaosamsibhap Village, Tamaka District, BPH infestation occurred on about 240 ha with continuous irrigation and water standing in the fields. It caused typical hopperburn symptoms on about 12.8 ha of rice variety RD7 (C4-63/GR88/ / Sigadis). The remaining area, planted to resistant variety RD23 (RD7/IR32//RDl), was not affected. Double the recommended N (160 kg/ ha) had been applied as topdressing fertilizer at 40 d after sowing (DAS). Farmers sprayed monocrotophos 2-3 times to control rice thrips, leaffolder, and stem borers. It is likely that these insecticide applications also caused the BPH outbreak. BPH populations sampled in
untreated fields exceeded 100 hoppers/ hill 83 DAS. Those populations probably came from fields with BPH resurgence. Populations of natural enemies of BPH (mirid bug and wolf spider) also were abundant.
Chemical control of thrips and gall midge (GM) in rainfed lowland rice
S. K. Panda and N. Shi, Regional Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Chiplima, Sambabur, Orissa, India
We evaluated insecticides against GM Orseolia oryzae during 1988 wet season
in a randomized block design with four replications. Jaya rice seedlings (34-dold) were planted in 20-m 2 plots at 20- 15-cm spacing. Granular insecticides were applied as basal; emulsifiable insecticides were sprayed as needed. Because of an unusual dry spell, thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis damage occurred at initial tillering; GM was significant only at maximum tillering. Carbofuran as basal alone or with quinalphos spray gave excellent protection against thrips, but not against GM (see table). This may be because the healthier plants in carbofuran-treated plots were more vulnerable to GM than the plants damaged by thrips. Granular quinalphos treatment produced the highest yield. Spray application of quinalphos was best for GM control.
Effect of insecticide on GM in rainfed lowland rice in Sambalpur, Orissa, India. Treatment Carbofuran 3 G basal Quinalphos 5 G basal Quinalphos 25 EC spray at 25 DT Monocrotophos 40 EC spray at 25 DT Carbofuran 3 G basal + quinalphos 25 EC spray at 25 DT Quinalphos 5 G basal + monocrotophos 40 EC spray at 25 DT Control LSD (0.05)
aBy
Rate (kg ai/ha) 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 + 0.5
Thrips damage a at 25 DT 0.0 2.0 4.0 3.5 0.0
Silvershootb (%) 32.8 (34.8) 13.1 (21.0) 3.5 (10.6) 7.1 (15.4) 33.6 (35.3) 12.7 (20.5) 9.1 (16.6) 7.3
Grain yield (t/ha) 2 .7 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.8
1.0 + 0.5
1.5 4.0
b Figures
3.1 2.8 ns
the Standard evaluation system for rice.
inside parentheses are transformed values.
Effect of sequential neem treatment on green leafhopper (GLH), rice tungro virus (RTV) infection, and predatory mirid and spiders in rice
A. A. Kareem, R. C. Saxena, and M. T. Malayba, Entomology Department, IRRI
In 1987 wet season, we tested a package of neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) treatments on IR42 rice. The package involved soaking seeds in a 10% NSKE solution, dipping of seedling roots for 12 h in a 5% NSKE
solution, and spraying a 4% NSKE solution emulsified with 1% Teepol at 150 liters/ ha 6 times at 10-d intervals from 5 d after transplanting (DT). The neem package was compared with monocrotophos sprayed at 0.75 kg ai/ ha. Plot size was 50 m 2; each treatment had 7 replications. Field populations of GLH, RTV, and predatory mirid and spiders were sampled visually at 10-d intervals from 8 DT; RTV incidence was recorded 25, 45, and 65 DT.
GLH populations in all treated plots were significantly lower than in untreated plots at 28 DT (Fig. 1). However, predatory mirid and spider populations also were significantly lower in insecticide-treated plots than in neemtreated plots 48 DT. RTV infections in treated plots were not significantly different (Fig. 2).
Storing dry Beauveria bassiana mycelium

M. C. Rombach, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research; R. M. Aguda, Entomology Department, IRRI; and D. W. Roberts, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
1. GLH (a) and predatory mirid and spider populations (b) recovered from 8 to 48 DT on neem- or insecticide-treated plots, IRRI, 1987 wet season. Av of 7 replications. Lines with a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
2. Percent RTV infection on plots treated with neem or insecticide, IRRI, 1987 wet season. Av of 7 replications. Bars with a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
The insect fungi (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) that commonly infect rice insects such as brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) can be isolated on artificial media and massproduced. Mycelium and conidia of the fungi conventionally are produced by solid fermentation (mycelium growth and sporulation occur on solid substrates) or by diphasic fermentation
(the mycelium is produced in liquid media and later sporulates on solid substrates). We used a method to produce dry mycelium particles (the marcescent process). Fungi are grown in fermentors in liquid media and the mycelium dried and ground into small particles (0.5-0.7 mm diam). The mycelium can be applied in the field, where it sporulates on the rice plant. Conidia produced in the field infect pest insects. Storage of dried mycelium can be a problem. We tested the optimum storage conditions for mycelium of a B. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. strain originating from BPH in China. Mycelium was produced in 15-liter bubbler-type airlift fermentors in a saccharose (3%) - yeast extract (1%) medium. After 3 d growth, mycelium was harvested by filtration and dried to 7-10% moisture content, using forced air and the desiccant calcium oxide. Four storage temperatures (-20, 5,25, and 35 C) and 7 storage times (0, 1,2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 wk) were tested in 3 replications. Each replication was a small airtight tube holding 300 mg mycelium particles. To evaluate regeneration, mycelia were incubated for 3 d on moist filter paper in small petri dishes; conidia were
Numbers of conidia produced per mg of E. bassiana mycelium stored at different temperatures for different periods, IRRI, 1988. Bars represent standard deviation.
harvested in a Tween 80 (R) 0.02% solution, counted with standard hemocytometer techniques, and number of conidia produced per mg mycelium calculated. With 5 C treatment, sporulation at 2, 4, 8, and 32 wk differed from initial sporulation (see figure). At 32 wk, about 75% of the original amount of conidia was produced. At 25C, significantly fewer conidia were produced after 2 wk;
after 8 wk, all mycelia were dead. At 35C, virtually no viable mycelia were left after 1 wk. We conclude that dry B. bassiana mycelium can be stored for a long period only at <-15 C. Because storage at room temperature is important in commercial development, new formulations with better storage properties are needed.
Yield losses in floating rice caused by stem borers (SBs)

S. S. Prasad, P. K. Gupta, and R. B. Singh, Crop Research Station, Ghagharaghat, Bahraich 271901, Uttar Pradesh, India
The effect of stem borer damage on yield and yield components of Jalmagna. a Ghagharaghat, India. Damaged stems (%) 0-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81-100 cv (%)
aIn
Total pots (no.) 12 27 21 14 4
Grain Wt (g/pot) 3.56 a 3.20 b 3.03 c d 2.82 2.05 e 2.5
Healthy panicIes (no./pot) 5.5 5.1 3.5 1.6 0.0 33.9 a a ab bc c
Comparison of sweep net sampling patterns for estimating population density of green leafhopper (GLH)
H. D. Justo. Jr., B. M. Shepard. and V. A. Perez, Entomology Department, IRRI; and T. Tsuboi, Bohol APC-JICA, Philippines
To measure SB damage in floating rice, we grew Jalmagna rice plants in 100 pots for several weeks. Plants were thinned to 5/pot, then set 3 m apart in a 100-m 2 field 5-6 wk before flooding. At maturity, the plants were cut off at the base. SB damage, grain weight, and number of healthy panicles/ pot were recorded (22 pots damaged by rats were excluded). Damage was categorized as 0-20,2140, 41-60, 61-80, and 81-100% (see table). Grain weight declined
a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
significantly, from 3.6 g/pot with 0-20% SB damage to less than 2.8 g/pot with more than 60% damagean estimated 32% yield reduction.
Sweep net sampling is the usual method for estimating GLH population density in rice. The action threshold for controlling GLH is based on the ,number of insects caught in 10 sweeps using a standard 30-cm-diam, 1.5-m-long sweep net. We tested three sweep net sampling patterns in Carmen, Bohol, Aug-Nov 1987: parallel, along the edge of the field; center, through the center of the
field; and diagonal, diagonally across the field, with 2 replications. Sampling was done weekly from seedling stage until 60 d after transplanting in 20- 50-m plots planted to IR64. No insecticide was applied. Samples were obtained by sweeping while walking at a normal pace along the prescribed pattern. Sampling was done early in the morning. Three 10sweep samples were taken for each plotthe first from the edge of the plot toward the middle, the second in the middle, and the third from the middle toward the end of the plot. Density estimates for GLH population were similar, regardless of the sampling pattern (see figure).
Yield losses caused by GM. Batalagoda, Sri Lanka, 1987-88 wet season. Cultivar Bg 3-5 Bg 38 Bg 400-1 Bg 379-2 Bg 34-6 Bg 350 Bg 94-1 Bg 34-8 Bg 276-5
a
Regression equation (yield in g/hill) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y = = = = = = = = = 28.080.265 X 20.080.110 X 18.610.20 X 26.760.230 X 10.8210.065 X 7.180.056 X 9.670.028 X 15.870.14 X 12.560.11 X
Regessiona (r value) 0.49** 0.33* 0.65** 0.59** 0.43 ns 0.35ns 0.24 ns 0.36* 0.42*
% yield loss/ % incidence
0.92 0.52 1.07 0.85 0.60 0.78 0.29 0.88 0.89
Significant at the 1% (**) and 5% (*) levels. ns = not significant.
Number of tillers and number of silvershoots were recorded at flowering in 100 randomly tagged hills of 9 cultivars. The regression between grain
yield/hill on GM incidence (GMI) was calculated. Grain yields were negatively correlated with GM in all cultivars (see table).
Effect of flooding on Malayan black bug (MBB) egg hatching and parasitoid emergence
M. A. Parducho, G. S. Arida, and B. M. Shepard, IRRI
Density estimates of GLH population monitored by sweep net sampling along a fixed path in each of the 3 sweep net sampling patterns evaluated in field plots planted to IR64. Carmen, Bohol, Philippines, Aug-Nov 1987.
The MBB Scotinophara coarctata lays its eggs at the base of rice plants. We studied the effects of flooding on unparasitized eggs and eggs parasitized by Telenomus triptux To determine the effects of flooding on egg hatching, egg masses were put in test tubes filled with water for 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 h, in 10 replications. To determine the effect of submergence on parasitoid emergence, freshly laid eggs of MBB were placed in a parasite colony
for 24 h. After parasitoid oviposition, the eggs were submerged for 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 h. When egg masses were not submerged, 96% hatched; none hatched after submergence for 24 h (see figure). When submerged 6, 12, and 18 h, only 33, 29, and 3% hatched, respectively. Unparasitized eggs submerged for 24 h did not hatch. However, more than 50% of the parasitoids emerged after 24 h submergence (see figure).
Effect of pesticides on germination and growth of three fungi of rice insects

R. M. Aguda, Entomology Department, IRRI; M. C. Rombach and D. W. Roberts, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-0331, USA
Yield losses due to rice gall midge (GM)

C. Kudagamage, H. Mangalika, and C. A. Sandanayake, Central Rice Breeding Station, Batalagoda, Sri Lanka
When heavy GM Orseolia oryzae (Wood Mason) infestation occurred in seed plots at experimental stations in 1987-88 wet season, we took the opportunity to study yield losses.
Effect of flooding on MBB egg hatchability and parasite emergence. IRRI, 1988.
Populations of rice brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stl) in the field and in insect-rearing cages are commonly infected with specific fungi (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes). Conidia of the fungi germinate on the insect cuticle, and penetration follows. The mycelum multiplies in the hemocoel by yeast-like budding.
Fungal species, strains, and their ARSEF numbers.a Fungus species Beauveria bassinna Metarhizium anisopliae Hirsutella citriformis
a
Strain BbE Ma12 Hc490
ARSEF 714 1432 490
USDA-ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures, USDA-ARS Plant Protection Unit, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research at Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-0331, USA; the isolates are also available from the Entomology Department, International Rice Research Institute.
Conidia produced on the outside of the cadaver can infect healthy BPH. Insect fungus epizootics can completely control BPH populations. Several chemical pesticides that suppress germination and growth of the insect fungi can prevent the occurrence of epizootics. We designed an experiment to illustrate these effects and to provide a simple test for studying the interaction between fungi and chemicals. Three BPH pathogensBeauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, and Hirsutella citriformis Spearewere treated (see table) with technical formulations of the fungicides benomyl and edifenphos and the insecticide carbaryl. Germination rates were determined by incubating 10 6 conidia/ml of a 1% dextrose/0.5% yeast extract broth on a shaker machine. Pesticides were applied at 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm in 5 replications. After 24 h, at least 250 conidia of each replication were examined under the microscope for the presence of germination tubes. Germination rates were computed as
germination (%) = 100% (no. germinated conidia) + (no. not germinated conidia).
Effects of the pesticides benomyl, carbaryl, and edifenphos on the germination and mycelium growth of the insect fungi B. bassiana, M. anisopliae. and H. citriformis.
more susceptible to benomyl at 10 and 100 ppm concentrations. Such simple laboratory assays can be used to evaluate selective effects of
pesticides on insect fungi. Use of inhibiting compounds (such as benomyl) should be avoided during insect fungus epizootics.
A simplified method for sampling leaffolders (LFs) and planthoppers

B. M. Shepard, D. R. Minnick, J. S. Soriano, E. R. Ferrer, and O. N. Magistrado, IRRI
Mycelium growth rates were determined in a 3% dextrose/1.5% yeast extract broth in shaker flasks. The flasks were inoculated with 1 ml conidia suspension (5 10 6 conidia/ml). Mycelium dry weight was determined after 3 d of growth. All concentrations of the pesticides tested inhibited conidia germination (see figure). H. citriformis was significantly
We developed a sequential sampling plan and designed a simple pegboard for recording LF, planthopper (brown planthopper [BPH] and whitebacked planthopper [WBPH]), and predator field populations. The goal was a simplified procedure that farmers can use in making IPM decisions.
Sampling models were based on distribution patterns and thresholds generated on the IRRI farm; in Mabitac and Liliw towns, Laguna; and in several fields in Batangas, Philippines. LF distribution fitted the negative binomial distribution with a clumping coefficient (K) of 1.1. Thresholds were 12 larvae/hill, assuming a 20% chance of making an incorrect pest control decision. Sequential sampling for BPH and WBPH was based on a binomial distribution model. It was developed from a regression curve drawn by correlating percentage of hills infested
2. Average number of samples required with intensive and sequential sampling to reach decisions on whether to control LF and BPH.
Effect of neem seed bitters (NSB) and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) on pests of mungbean following rice
A. A. Kareem, R. C. Saxena, and E. L. Palanginan, IRRI
1. A pegboard to record incidence of rice insect pests for making decisions on whether insecticide treatment is needed for LF, BPH, and WHPH. IRRI, 1988.
with 10 or more planthoppers and average number of hoppers per hill. This relationship allows samples to be classified into presence or absence of pest. A hill with fewer than 10 planthoppers is classified as 0; one with 10 or more is classified as 1. Predators (predatory spiders, beetles, and crickets) were included in the model by counting major predators on the first five hills. We tested the model with 66 samples from the IRRI farm and 166 samples from other Philippine sites. Hills and numbers of insects on a hill are tallied by moving matchsticks or pegs across a series of holes in the pegboard (Fig. 1). The board is divided
into three decisionmaking fields: do not treat, continue counting, treat. Pictures of the pest species and their predators and the insect names are provided for comparison. We used the board to record intensive sampling (20 hills/field) for LF in Mabitac (16 sampling occasions) and in Liliw (17 sampling occasions). Intensive and sequential sampling agreed 90% of the time (Fig. 2). In general, sequential sampling reduced the number of samples required for a decision on insecticide treatment by about 60% for LF and by about 70% for planthoppers. The board is being tested with farmers.
Mungbean Vigna radiata is commonly grown Jan-Apr in the rice - mungbean cropping pattern in the Philippines. We evaluated the efficacy of NSB at 5,000 ppm, NSKE 3%, and monocrotophos at 0.3 kg ai/ha at 2 sites Jan-Mar 1988 to control insect pests. Plot size was 40 m 2. Mungbean variety Pag-asa 5 was sprayed 3 times at Imbunia, Jaen, Nueva Ecija, and 4 times at Baloc, Santo Domingo, Nueva Ecija, at 15-d intervals beginning 20 d after sowing. A controlled-droplet applicator was used to apply NSB; NSKE, insecticide, or water (control) was applied with a highvolume knapsack sprayer. Damage by leaffolders (LFs) ( Sylepta sp. and Lamprosema sp.) was recorded to the pod-forming stage; percent damage from pod borers Etiella sp., Maruca sp.,
Field efficacy of NSB, NSKE, or an insecticide on mungbean insect pests and yield and benefit:cost ratio at Imbunia, Jaen, Nueva Ecija and Baloc Santo Domingo, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. a Jan-Mar 1988. Leaves folded b (no./m2) Imbunia 18 a 15 a 23 a 35 b Baloc 24 11 21 24 b a b b Pods damaged c (%) Imbunia 11 11 14 22 a a a b Grain yield (kg/ha) Baloc Differenced (kg/ha) (T-C) Imbunia Baloc 103 139 287 244 298 765 Value of increased yield ($) Imbunia 73 99 204 Cost of treatment ($) Baloc 8 20 44 Benefit: cost ratio Imbunia Baloc 12:1 6:1 6:1 22:1 11:1 12:1
Treatment NSB, 5000 ppm NSKE, 3% Monocrotophos, 0.3 kg ai/ha Water (control)
aIn
Baloc Imbunia
Baloc Imbunia 173 212 543 6 16 34
22 b 817 b 589 b 20 ab 853 b 643 b 16 a 1001 a 1110 a 34 c 714 b 345 b
a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Av of 6 replications. bBy Sylepta sp. and Lamprosema sp. of LFs. cBy Etiella sp., Maruca sp., and Heliothis sp. of pod borers. d T = treatment, C = control.
and Heliothis sp. was assessed at two priming stages. At Imbunia, LF damage was reduced significantly in plots treated with NSB, KSKE, and insecticide (see table). At Baloc, NSKE treatment was
significantly superior to NSB or insecticide. Pod borer damage was significantly reduced by NSB, NSKE, and insecticide at both Imbunia and Baloc.
Mungbean grain yield was highest in plots treated with insecticide, followed by those in neem-treated plots. The benefit:cost ratio was highest for treatment with NSB.
Parasitization of the Malayan black bug (M BB) by five species of egg parasitoids
G. S. Arida, B. M. Shepard, and V. A. Perez, IRRI
The ability of a parasitoid to cause high parasitization in the presence of competing species may determine its effectiveness as a natural control agent. At Palawan National Agricultural College (PNAC), Aborlan, Palawan, we studied the control of MBB Scotinophara coarctata by the
indigenous egg parasitoid Telenomus triptus and four introduced species: T. cyrus, Trissolcus basalis, Psix lacunatus, and T. chloropus. One gravid female of each parasitoid species was introduced into individual 11- 55-cm mylar cages with potted plants bearing a female MBB with 1 egg
mass. After 24 h, the egg masses were removed and held in 1.5- 15-cm test tubes plugged with cotton until parasites or MBB nymphs emerged. The experiment was replicated 20 times. More than 90% of the parasites that emerged were the indigenous T. triptus (see figure).
Effect of conidia germination on infection of brown planthopper (BPH) by insect fungi

M. C. Rombach, Insect Pathology Resource Center, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research; R. M. Aguda, Entomology, Department, IRRI; and D. W. Roberts, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Parasitization of MBB eggs by 5 species of egg parasites. IRRI, 1988.
Conidia of insect fungi actively invade BPH. After a conidium lands on the insect cuticle, germination takes about 8 to 16 h, depending on the temperature and relative humidity. After the germination tube is formed, the conidium produces specific chitinase enzymes to dissolve the insect cuticle. This a11ows the fungus to enter the insect body cavity, where further fungus
growth occurs. At the end of the infection cycle, the mycelium sporulates on the outside of the insect. Conidia produced on the cadaver can infect healthy BPH initiating epizootics of the fungus. We tested whether germination of conidia bejore application will hasten the infection process, and increase BPH mortality. We also tested whether incubation of insects at saturated relative humidity (RH) for 2 h directly after application aids germination and increases BPH mortality. A strain of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuil1.ARSEF 714, isolated from BPHwas grown on Sabouraud Dextrose agar. After 2 wk of incubation at 25-28C, conidia were washed off the plate in a 0.02% Tween 80 solution and counted by standard hemocytometer techniques. Dextrose at
Mortality of BPH Nilaparvata lugens due to treatments with increasing doses of germinated (germ.) and nongerminated (not germ.) B. bassiana conidia, IRRI, 1988. In one treatment (hum.), cages were incubated at 100% relative humidity before transfer to the greenhouse.
1 g/ 100 ml was added to 50% of the suspension (dextrose stimulates conidia germination). The dextrose suspension
was incubated at 25 C; the suspension without dextrose, at 15 C for 10 h. More than 90% of the conidia with dextrose and less than 5% of the conidia without dextrose germinated. Serial dilutions of 102, 103, 105 , and 107 conidia/ ml of both suspensions were prepared. To test infection, 50 adult alate BPH were used per treatment. Insects were dipped in the conidia solution for about 60 s and transferred to filter paper to drain. Control insects were dipped in Tween 80 solution. Insects were incubated on potted rice plants in mylar cages. Half the cages were covered with plastic bags for 2.5 h immediately after
fungi application to raise RH to saturation. All pots were kept in a greenhouse at 25-30 C (day) and 1520 C (night) for 5 d. Live and infected (dead and fungi-covered) insects were counted. Mortality due to fungus infection was calculated as
mortality (%) = 100% (no. infected insects) (no. infected insects + no. living insects).
The results (see figure) show lessening, but not significantly different mortality with increasing fungus conidia treatment. Pregermination of the fungus B. hassiana conidia and 2 h incubation at saturated RH did not increase BPH infection.
Managing other pests

Weaverbirds, pests of rice in Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria
E. O. Bright, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Niger State, Nigeria
Weaverbirds in ricefields, Badeggi, Nigeria, 1983-84. Species Red-headed quelea Quelea erythrops (Hartlaub) Village weaverbird Ploceus cucullatus (Muller) Black-headed weaver Ploceus melonocephalus (L) Bush sparrow Petronia sp. Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus (Vieillot) Yellow crowned bishop Euplectes afer (Gmelin) Red bishop Euplectes orix (L) Bronze manikin Lonchura cucullatus (Swainson) Senegal fire-finch Lagonosticta senegala (L) Black-rumped waxbill Estrilda troglodytes (Lichtenstein) Zebra waxbill Amndava subflava (Vieillot)
We surveyed weaverbird infestation Jun 1983-May 1984 in Badeggi ricefields (945'N, 67'E). (Rice in this locality is an irrigated crop on a floodplain referred to as the Fadama.) Mist nets were used to trap birds for 2
wk every month. Eleven species caused varying degrees of damage to rice (see table). Yield loss on some randomly selected fields ranged from 0.7 to 23.2%.
Food habits Picking, consumption of maturing and ripe grains Picking, consumption of maturing and ripe grains Picking, consumption of maturing and ripe grains Picking, consumption of maturing and ripe grains Picking, consumption of maturing and ripe grains Puncturing and consumption of maturing and ripe grains Puncturing and consumption of maturing and ripe grains Puncturing and sucking Puncturing and sucking Puncturing and sucking Puncturing and sucking
Damage Crop stage Sowing-late maturity Sowing-late maturity Sowing-late maturity Sowing-late maturity Sowing-late maturity Milky-maturing Milky-maturing Milky early dough Milky early dough Milky early dough Milky early dough Severity Severe Severe Severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe Moderately severe
Pest status Major Major Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
Relative occurrence (%) 70 70 90 5-10 40-50 40-50 40-50 40-50 5-10 5-10 5-10
Rodent damage in ricefields of Madhya Pradesh, India

R. Pachori, A. K. Khatri, and A. K. Awasthi, All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Rodent Control, Entomology Department, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, M.P., India
Estimated yield loss to rodents in ricefields. Madhya Pradesh, India. Fields sampled (no.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Area sampled (ha) 5.25 3.16 11.30 9.85 7.20 4.96 Tiller damage (%) Periphery 6.16 8.34 6.39 3.09 5.82 8.33 Center 3.57 4.28 4.79 2.43 2.23 3.88 Yield loss (%) Periphery 6.87 21.41 27.39 11.30 17.82 7.22 Center 4.83 9.86 6.38 3.27 4.20 4.72 Average yield loss/ha (%) 5.85 15.63 16.88 7.28 11.01 5.97
Rodents recorded in Madhya Pradesh are bandicoot Bandicota bengalensis (Gray) and house rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus). We assessed losses to rodents in farmers fields planted to rice variety Patel 85 in Jabalpur district. Number of hills and healthy and damaged tillers in 20 randomly selected 1-m2 samples were recorded every 14 d. Yield loss was
calculated as
Yield loss % = a-b 100 a
where a = average yield of healthy plants, b = average yield of damaged plants.
Rodents cause 3.09 to 8.34% damage at different stages of plant growth. Yield loss was 3.3-27.4% (see table). Damage was less in the centers of fields than on the periphery, where burrows found in the bunds averaged 14.2/ha.
Water management
Using hydrological parameters in crop planning in rainfed areas
D. K. Paul, Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station, Hazaribagh, Bihar, India
Date of onset of effective monsoon period, date of termination of effective monsoon period, and length of effective monsoon period for 1913 to 1986 in Hazaribagh, Bihar, India. Particulars Normal date of onset of effective monsoon (OEM) Earliest OEM date Latest OEM date Normal date of termination of effective monsoon period (TEMP) Earliest TEMP date Latest TEMP date Length of monsoon period (L) Normal (d) Shortest L (d) Longest L (d) Subperiod 1, 1913-27 18 Jun 5 Jun 2 Jul 12 Oct 13 Sep 28 Oct 117 85 138 Subperiod 2, 1938-62 17 Jun 1 Jun 1 Jul 14 Oct 16 Sep 27 Oct 121 101 136 Subperiod 3, 1963-86 18 Jun 2 Jun 6 Jul 7 Oct 9 Sep 27 Oct 111 77 136 Total period 1913-86 18 Jun 2 Jun 6 Jul 11 Oct 9 Sep 28 Oct 117 77 138
Hazaribagh district, situated between 2335' to 2445' north and 8439' to 8549' east, is a drought-prone rainfed area. Mean annual rainfall is 1,298.5 mm, and mean seasonal is 1,168.3 mm, with standard deviations of 286.2 mm and 271.2 mm. We studied monsoon season climate records for the last 75 yr (see table). From 1913 to 1987, the probability of annual drought was 56%, with 12% yr under severe drought, having less than 853.2 mm seasonal rainfall. The rainfall pattern shifted after 1962, becoming less favorable to rainfed agriculturists. Although continuous drought of 34 d should occur only once in 100 yr, it occurred twice after 1962 (1966 and 1984). At 50% probability level, a 14-d maximum drought spell is expected in the late crop growth period. The total evaporation as recorded in class A Pan evaporimeter during the 22d to the 43d standard meteorological week
is 582.4 mm, with calculated 650.6 mm evapotranspiration in short-duration paddy. Water table measurements indicate negligible groundwater contribution to the rice crop during drought spells, as water table depth is beyond 2 m. Keeping these hydrological factors in mind, we grew upland rices of different durations in 1980-84, applying 40-8.816.6 kg NPK/ ha. Varieties yielded increasingly better up to 110-d duration. MW10 gave highest yields. After a short-duration rice, we grew a second crop of pulse (gram) and oil seed (niger) under rainfed condition.
This research shows that with proper management and attention to hydrological parameters, farmers can grow an upland rice of up to 110-d duration, followed by an oil seed or pulse crop, in a traditionally monocropped rainfed area.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Farm machinery
Effect of water depth on field capacity and field efficiency of soil preparation equipment
T. M. Lando, Agricultural Engineering Department, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Table 1. Effective field capacity of soil preparation equipment at 3 water depths (0, 5-10 cm, 15-20 cm). Lanrang, Sidrap, Indonesia, 1983. Power source Minitractor Land preparation a Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean Bullock (1 pair) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean Manual labor (5 men) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean
a
Effective field capacity b (ha/h) 0 0.067 a 0.077 a 0.132 a 0.092 a 0.026 a 0.030 a 0.150 a 0.069 a 0.027 a 0.123 a 0.116 a 0.089 b 5-10 cm 0.136 c 0.130 b 0.201 b 0.156 c 0.035 a 0.037 b 0.260 c 0.111 0.039 b 0.114 a 0.123 a 0.092 b c 15-20 cm 0.084 b 0.133 b 0.155 ab 0.124 b 0.031 a 0.032 a 0.210 b 0.091 b 0.049 b 0.093 a 0.093 a 0.078 a
We used minitractor, animal, and human power to prepare fields for transplanting in a study of differences in field capacity and field efficiency. Treatments were no standing water and 5-10 cm and 15-20 cm water depth, in a factorial design with 3 replications. Experimental plots were 25 20 m at Lanrang Experimental Farm in 1983 dry season. Highest average field capacities were as follows: minitractor, 0.156 ha/h; animal power, 0.111 ha/h; and human power, 0.092 ha/h, with respective field efficiencies of 72.7, 79.9, and 63.9% (Table 1, 2).
Phase 1 = rotary plow and mini tractor, plow and bullocks, hoe and manual labor; phase 2 = rotary plow, plow, hoe; phase 3 = rotary plow, harrow, hoe. b In a row, numbers followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at 5% DMRT.
Table 2. Field efficiency of power for land preparation at 3 water depths (0, 5-10 cm, 15-20 cm). Lanrang, Sidrap, Indonesia, 1983. Power source Minitractor Land preparation a Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean Bullock (1 pair) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean Manual labor (5 men) Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Mean
a See
Field efficiency (%) 0 cm 31.3 36.0 61.7 43.0 61.9 71.4 39.5 57.6 18.8 85.4 80.6 61.6 5-10 cm 63.6 60.7 93.9 72.7 83.3 88.1 68.4 79.9 27.1 79.2 85.4 63.9 15-20 cm 39.3 62.1 72.4 57.9 73.8 76.2 55.3 68.4 34.0 64.6 64.6 54.4
The International Rice Research Newsletter is mailed free to individuals and institutions engaged in rice research and training. For further information, write IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R. P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
footnote a in Table 1.
Farming systems
Performance of rice varieties intercropped with pigeonpea
H. P. Singh, N. Malik, and M. P. Yadav, Crop Research Station, Masodha, Dist. Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rice and pigeonpea yields in monocrop and intercrop. Uttar Pradesh, India, 1987. Treatment Single crop Arhar T21 Single crop rice NDR84 Single crop rice NDR118 Single crop rice Narendra 1 Rice NDR84 + Arhar T21 Rice NDR118 + Arhar T21 Rice Narendra + Arhar T21 LSD (P=0.05) CV (%) Rice yield (t/ha) 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.4 1.3 1.7 0.6 13.1 Pigeonpea yield (t/ha) 1.86 1.27 1.28 0.98 0.40 6.69 Land equivalent ratio 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.49 1.58 1.43
We studied the performance of three rice varieties intercropped with pigeonpea (Type 21) in a randomized block design with 3 replications in 1987 wet season. Soil was sandy loam, with
pH 7.5 and 0.58% organic matter. The 170-175 d pigeonpea cultivar and short-duration rice cultivars NDR84,
NDR 118, and Narendra 118 were sown as single crops and intercrops. Spacing (60 cm between rows and 20 cm between
plants) and seed rate (20 kg/ ha) for pigeonpea single crop and intercrops were the same. Single crop rice was direct seeded at 100 kg seed/ha in 15-cm rows. Intercropped rice, seeded at 75 kg seed/ ha, had 60-cm row spacing.
Fertilizer was applied at 60 kg N, 13 kg P, and 25 kg K/ha. All P and K and 25% N were applied basally. The remaining N was applied to rice 50% at 20 d and 25% at 40 d after seeding. Grain yields were 1.8 t/ ha for single
crop rice and 1.4 t/ ha for intercropped rice (see table). Mean pigeonpea yield was 1.9 t/ ha for single crop and 1.2 t/ ha for the intercrop. The mean land equivalent ratio was 1.5, indicating considerable increase in resource use efficiency.
A rice - grain legume cropping system for South Coastal Orissa, India
P. N. Sahu, A. K. Padhi, and A. K. Hota, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Regional Research Station, Berhampur, India
We studied yields of five rice - grain legume cropping systems with varying fertilizer levels. The dry season crops were green gram Vigna radiata, black gram Vigna mungo, cowpea Vigna
unguiculata, peanut Arachis hypogaea, and wheat Triticum sestivum. No crop (fallow) was maintained for one treatment to study the nutrient uptake of wet season rice. Soil was sandy loam with pH 5.63, 0.25% organic C, 95 kg available P (Bray)/ ha, and 375 kg exchangeable K/ ha. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replications, with crops in the main plots and N levels in the subplots. Rice variety Pratap was transplanted on 10 Aug 1986 at 20- 10-cm spacing with 40-60 kg
Table 1. Grain yield of wet season rice and succeeding dry season crops. Orissa, India, 1986-87. Wet season rice grain yield (t/ha) 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.3 4.1 ns 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.4 0.1 Dry season crop grain yield (t/ha) 0.68 0.26 0.61 0.68 1.07 ns 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.56 ns Total grain produced (t/ha) 4.50 4.23 4.59 5.07 4.29 5.13 0.32 4.10 4.63 4.81 4.98 0.14 Total Total variable return cost ($/ha) ($/ha) 676 583 722 600 478 820 953 768 900 1048 686 1244 Total profit ($/ha) Costbenefit ratio
Cropping system
Rice - cowpea (C-152) Rice - green gram (Berhampur local) Rice - wheat (Sonalika) Rice - black gram (T-9) Rice Rice - peanut (Ak 12-24) LSD (0.05) N levels No N 30 kg N/ha 60 kg N/ha 90 kg N/ha LSD (0.05)
277 185 178 448 208 423
1.41 1.32 1.25 1.74 1.43 1.52
PK/ ha applied as basal. N was applied in 2 splits at 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg/ ha. Harvest was on 19 Nov 1986. Dry season crops were sown 26 Dec 1986. Grain legumes and peanut received 20-40-0 and wheat 120-60-40 kg NPK/ha. Half the N and all the P and K was basal, the remaining N was topdressed 20 d after sowing. Preflowering and postflowering irrigations facilitated growth. Rice - peanut and rice - black gram had the highest total grain yields, closely followed by rice - wheat (Table 1). Total rice grain yield increased with N, but there was no significant difference between 60 kg N/ ha and 90 kg N/ ha. Soil organic C percentage increased with the cropping patterns (Table 2). Available P and exchangeable K decreased in rice - black gram (which had the highest total grain production).
Rice-based cropping sequences for northwestern Himalayas uplands

V. Prakash, K. Prasad, and K. D. Korrane, Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Shala (VPKAS), Almora 263601, Uttar Pradesh, India
Table 2. Soil test value after dry season crop. Orissa, India, 1986-87. Cropping system Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice - cowpea - green gram - wheat -black gram - fallow (no crop) - peanut pH 5.57 5.35 5.40 5.65 5.70 5.60 5.63 Organic C (%) 0.43 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.25 Available P (kg/ha) 125 161 125 137 147 125 95 Exchangeable K (kg/ha) 255 342 242 155 227 227 375
Initial soil test value
We compared 7 irrigated upland ricebased intensive cropping sequences with traditional rice - wheat/ potato sequences on VPKAS experimental fields (1,250 m). The experiment was conducted 1982-85 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three cycles were completed. Soil was loamy with neutral pH and medium fertility. Recommended
improved cultivars and other cultural practices were followed for the different crops. A minimum 7 d was taken between crops for field preparation. Highest total yields, net returns, and
benefit:cost ratio were with rice - radish - onion, followed by rice - radish vegetable pea - french bean. Rice - wheat had the lowest yields and net returns. Protein, carbohydrates, fats, and energy
yields were highest with rice - radish vegetable pea - french bean, rice rapeseed Brassica campestris var. toria potato/ cabbage, rice - radish - potato, and rice - radish - onion (see table).
Production efficiency of rice-based crop sequences under irrigated upland conditions. UPKAS, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1982-85. Crop sequence a 1. Rice (VL 8) Wheat (CPAN 1796) 2. Rice (VL 8) Potato 3. Rice (VLK39) Rapeseed Potato 4. Rice (VL 8) Radish Potato 5. Rice (VLK39) Cabbage Potato 6. Rice (VLK39) Rapeseed Cabbage 7. Rice (VLK39) Radish Onion (VL 67) 8. Rice (VLK39) Radish Wheat (Sonalika) 9. Rice (VLK39) Radish Vegetable bean (Arkel) French bean (VL 1)
a
Yield (t/ha) 4.6 4.4 4.7 23.8 3.8 1.5 23.4 4.7 22.5 23.7 3.8 23.5 23.5 3.8 1.4 20.9 3.7 31.3 52.3 3.8 24.4 3.7 3.8 23.2 16.6 12.9
Total variable cost ($/ha) 5 14 877 106 1
Net return ($/ha) 506 716 849
Benefit: cost ratio 2.0 1.8 1.8
Protein (t/ha) 0.8 0.7 0.9
Carbohydrate (t/ha) 0.09 0.05 0.6
Fat (t/ha) 6.7 9.1 8.6
Energy (kcal 10 3 /ha) 31,073 39,364 43,727
1057 1286
951 1086
1.9
0.9
0.08
10.0
42,964
1.8
1.1
0.07
9.3 4.3
42,189
862
664
1.8
0.9
0.6
26,361
1056
2215
3.1
1.1
0.1
9.8
44,233
694
613
1.9
0.9
0.1
6.4
30,059
1072
1367
2.3
1.8
0.07
7.0
35,780
Potato variety was Kufri Jyoti; radish, Jap. White Long; cabbage, Golden Acre; rapeseed, T9.
Piara sowing of rabi pulses after rice at South Coastal Orissa, India
P. N. Sahu, B. K. Sahoo, A. K. Hota, and B. Bisoyi, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Berhampur 760001, Ganjam (Orissa), India
Farmers have difficulty engaging enough bullock and farm power to undertake tillage of rabi pulses because power remains engaged for postharvest processing of rice. Timely seeding of rabi pulses should take advantage of field moisture. We evaluated
broadcasting of rabi pulses in ricefields before or soon after harvest (piara cultivation). Four rabi pulses, cowpea C-152, green gram Berhampur local, black gram Sarala, and chickpea (local) were sown in a randomized block design with 4 replications during 1987-88 dry season on a plot where rice IR36 was grown during 1987-88 wet season with 60-20-20 kg NPK/ha. Pulse seeds were broadcast into standing rice (M 1) 1 wk before harvest, and in a separate plot soon after harvest (M 2). Soil was sandy loam with 6.1 pH, 0.38% organic C, 16 kg Olsens P, and 305 kg available K/ ha.
There were no significant differences in yield and yield characters between M 1 and M 2 because there was adequate soil moisture for germination and growth. Cowpea had highest seed yield, closely followed by black gram. Green gram yield was lowest. Chickpea plants remained stunted because of low root growth and they failed to bear any pod. Cowpea was free from disease and pests. Green gram had severe infection of powdery mildew, with less on black gram and chickpea. Leaf beetles affected all pulses at seedling and vegetative growth phases.
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

Production
Production potential and economics of rice-based relay cropping systems
S. S. Patra and T. Barik, Regional Research Station (RRS), Keonjhar, Orissa 758002; and A. Misra, Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
Production and economics of different rice-based relay cropping systems.a 1985-87, Orissa, India. Cropping system Rice grain yield (t/ha) 5.2 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.5 Rice straw yield (t/ha) 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.5 Relay crop green pod or grain yield b (t/ha) 2.9 8.0+ 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 F F Gross profit ($/ha) 1191.31 944.38 791.02 784.45 688.98 756.72 592.04 604.60 Net profit ($/ha) 891.61 686.72 525.99 529.85 451.09 506.06 365.99 378.32
Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice
- field pea - Bengal gram - lentil - lathyrus - linseed - coriander - green gram - black gram
aMean
of 2 yr. bF = failed. + = green pod.
We experimented 1985-86 and 1986-87 with eight relay cropping systemsrice field pea, rice - bengal gram, rice - lentil, rice - lathyrus, rice - green gram, rice black gram, rice - linseed, and rice corianderin the rainfed lowlands at RRS, Keonjhar. Relay crops were broadcast in soft mud at 1.5 times normal seeding rates, 19 Nov 1985 and
31 Oct 1986, 15-20 d before rice harvest (dough stage). The experiment was in a randomized block design with three replications. Local improved rice variety T141 (145 d) was transplanted both years. Soil of the experimental site was clay loam, of medium fertility, with pH 6.5.
Rice - field pea was most economic, with a $89 1.61 / ha net profit (the field pea in this system was sold as a green pod vegetable) (see table). Two crops green gram and black gramfailed both years because of shading, excessive initial soil moisture, and low temperature.
Economics of N application to rice in rainfed lowland

S. K. Gupta, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for N.E.H. Region, Tripura Centre, Lembucherra 799210, India
Table 1. Rice yield under different N levels. Tripura, India, 1981 and 1982 dry season. N level (kg/ha) Control 40 80 120 SE LSD (0.05) Rice yield (t/ha) 1981 1.6 2.6 3.0 2.0 0.3 0.6 1982 2.0 2.5 2.8 2.6 0.3 0.1 Mean 1.8 2.6 2.9 2.3 0.3 0.6
Field trials were conducted during dry season 1981 and 1982 to evaluate the economics of N application to rice. Tripura is situated between 2256 and 2432 N, 9010 and 9221 E. The climate is generally warm and humid, with temperatures ranging from 9 to 34 C. Average annual rainfall is 2,100 mm. Soil is sandy loam, with pH 5.4, 0.06% total N, and 0.9% organic C. Four levels of N (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg/ ha) were applied in randomized block design, replicated three times. A uniform 17.6 kg P and 33 kg K/ ha were applied as single superphosphate and muriate of potash. Two seedlings of 28-
d-old IR36 were transplanted the second week of Feb both years. Recommended agronomic practices were followed. N at 80 kg/ ha yielded significantly higher both years (Table 1). Response curves were fitted for individual years (see figure). The equations fit the data, as evidenced by significant coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.95 - 0.99) and quadratic effects
Effect of N fertilization on grain yield of dry season rice IR36 on lunga land in Tripura, India.
(SE 0.32, 0.43), indicating that higher N would depress yield. Expected yield for N level and the N level predicted to give the highest and
the economically optimum return were worked out as

(i) N level giving the maximum response (ii) Economic level of dy = b + 2cN = 0 dn N = b P k + 2cN P k P n 1 Pn b = 0 i.e. 2c Pk
where P, is the price of N/ kg; Pk is the price of rice/ kg; and b and c are the coefficients of linear and quadratic terms of the N response function, respectively. The pooled analysis indicated that the N level for the highest yield was 67
kg/ ha and that for optimum profit was 47 kg/ ha (Table 2). Therefore it was recommended that for growing shortduration rice varieties, farmers should apply only 45-50 kg N/ ha under such conditions.
Table 2. Rice grain yield and economics of N application for maximum production and most profitable level of production. Tripura, India, 1981 and 1982 dry season. N level (kg/ha) Cost of N ($/ha) Expected grain yield a (kg/ha) 2978 2913 2694 2570 2782 2694 Response yieldb (kg/ha) Value of response yield ($/ha) 142.50 136.00 66.20 53.80 98.90 90.10 Net profit due to N application ($/ha) 118.74 117.28 38.12 37.96 74.78 73.18 Net profit ($)/$ invested in N
Factor I981 Max physical production Most profitable level of production 1982 Max physical production Most profitable level of production Pooled Max physical production Mast profitable level of production
aExpected
66 52 78 44 67 47
23.76 18.72 28.08 15.84 24.12 16.92
1425 1360 662 538 989 901
4.9974 6.2649 1.3575 2.3964 3.1003 4.3250
yields were worked out from the equations given in the figure. bResponse yield = expected yield minus yield obtained at 0 level N.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Origin of cultivated rice
No one has done more experimental work on the origin of cultivated rice than Dr. H. I. Oka. He traveled throughout Asia, Africa, Australia, and Latin America to study its wild and weedy relatives in their natural habitats. His seed collection is located at the National Institute of Genetics, Misima, Japan, where he and his students of 30 yr carried out systematic investigations on species relationships, crossability barriers, F1 sterility, population dynamics, and ecological and genetic aspects of Oryza. After his retirement, Dr. Oka lectured at universities and research institutes in Japan, China, and elsewhere. Those lectures have now been published jointly by the Japan Scientific Societies Press Tokyo and Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam. The subject matter is arranged in 10 chapters: 1) The genus Oryza, 2) The ancestors of cultivated rice, 3) Ecology and population biology of the common wild rice, 4) Genetic variation and evolutionary dynamics, 5) The dynamics of domestication, 6) The homeland of Oryza sativa, 7) Indica-japonica differentiation of rice cultivars, 8) Functions and genetic basis of reproductive barriers, 9) Variations in adaptability to environment, and 10) Germplasm conservation, with an extensive reference list. Asian common wild rice, considered to be the progenitor of cultivated rice, is discussed in detail. The dynamics of domestication are considered with regard to hybridization, selection, formation of weedy types, and accumulation of genetic diversity. Recent archeological findings are cited in relation to the beginning of rice culture. Practical aspects of crop evolutionary studies concerned with breeding philosophy and germplasm conservation are discussed briefly, and attention is drawn to environmental conservation and the need to diversify crop germplasm. Origin of cultivated rice is distributed in Japan by Japan Scientific Societies Press, 6-2-10 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113; in the U.S.A. and Canada by Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017; and for the rest of the world by Elsevier Science Publishers, 25 Sara Burgerhartstraat, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rice postproduction manual

Reduction of loss is one way to make more food available for consumption. Rice sustains more loss between harvest and the consumer than any other cereal.
P. Pillaiyar, Paddy Processing Research Centre, Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India, covers a comprehensive span of rice handling and processing in the 15 chapters of his book. Harvesting, postharvest operations, and processing include threshing, preharvest desiccation, wet rice preservation, drying, milling and curing, parboiling, storage, cooking, rice quality, and a systems approach to maintaining quality. The section on rice byproducts explores the use of broken rice, rice husk, rice bran, and rice germ. The manual was published by Mohinder Singh Sejwal for Wiley Eastern Limited, 4835/24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110002, India.
Copies are available from CIRADIRAT, Service des Editions, BP 5035, 34032 Montpellier Cedex, France, at FF120.00 (additional postage charged).
UNDP/DTCP short courses

UNDP/DTCP will offer seven short courses in 1989. The short courses/workshops are designed to give participants practical knowledge and skills for working in rural development programs. The courses are offered for staff of government agencies and nongovernment organizations in AsiaPacific countries who perform management, training, extension, and communication support functions. All instruction is in English. The schedule of courses is as follows: Production techniques for instructional audio-visual aids 2-26 May Communication campaign planning 5-23 Jun Field and middle-level management and supervision 3-28 Jul Monitoring and evaluating projects and programmes 7 Aug-1 Sep Planning and managing training programmes 4-22 Sep
Production techniques for extension audiovisual aids 2-27 Oct Training methods 6-24 Nov Participants should be sponsored by United Nations projects or by internation0al organizations that agree to cover training costs. Preregistration forms are available from Training Coordinator, DTCP/ UNDP 5th Floor, Bonifacio Bldg. University of Life Campus Meralco Ave., Pasig Metro Manila, Philippines
UNDP/DTCP relocates
Development Training and Communication Planning (DTCP) of the United Nations Development Programme for Development (UNDP) has transferred from Bangkok, Thailand, to Manila, Philippines. The new address is DTCP/UNDP 5th Floor, Bonifacio Bldg. University of Life Campus Meralco Ave., Pasig Metro Manila, Philippines Cable: UNDEVCOM MANILA Telex: 29018 DTCP PH Telephone: 673-6401 to 5
Upland rice cropping systems

The Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales (IRAT) announces publication of Memoires et Travaux de IIRAT 16 Upland rice cropping systems. The publication reviews the world literature on upland rice cultivationshifting, pioneer, and continuousand the problems associated with establishing and intensifying permanent upland rice cropping.
ERRATA
G. Gopalaswamy and P. Vidhyasekaran. Response of different rice varieties to Azospirillum sp. inoculation. 13(3) (Jun 1988), 23. Treatment volumes given in paragraph 2 are on per hectare basis. Line 2 of column 3 should read: dipped for 20 min in 400 liters water. . . Managing rice sheath rot (ShR) disease in Kerala, India. 13(2) (Apr 1988), 20. Add E. Thajuddin, Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karamana, Kerala, as co-author. Sequential tiller separation - a method for rapid rice seed multiplication. 12(6) (Dec 1987), 9. In the table, omit /ha in seed yield. Seed yield should be in kg per number of plants in the split.

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IRRN GUIDELINES

When reporting Foil nutrient

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

108 123 89 92 124 97 54 57 51 122 98 125 79 139 126 105 53 54 50 52 57 14

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 5

0.35ns 0.68** 0.62** 0.55* 0.22ns 0.31ns 0.11ns

0.44ns 0.02ns 0.02ns 0.39ns 0.32ns 0.18ns

0.61* 0.54* 0.85** 0.51* 0.49ns 0.55* 0.67** 0.25ns 0.04ns

0.55* 0.65** 0.07ns

eui gene for elongated uppermost internode transferred to indica rice

IR50-eui 84 110.7 25 91.0 18.1

IR50 83 64.3 35 0 22.3

Difference a +46.4** 10.0** +91.0** 4.2ns

5460ps: indica photosensitive genic male-sterile rice

6 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

New japonica hybrid developed in China

Effects of storage on rice germplasm viability

In most breeding programs that lack storage facilities, germplasm is

LSD At 1% 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.6

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 7

We analyzed IR36 and IR64 (indicas)

Inheritance of high density grain in rice

V = at vegetative phase, R = at reproductive phase.

8 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 9

Expression and segregation of isozyme genes in rice microspore-derived calli

10 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

Esterase isozyme as a marker in in vitro studies of rice

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 11

Seeds inoculated (no.) 68 73 62 68 72

Seeds (no.) with callus 26 40 15 42 39

Callus production a (%) 38.2 54.5 24.6 61.7 54.2

Calli inoculated (no.) .. 42 42 24 44 36

Regenerating calli (no .) 12 9 2 18 7

Regeneration efficiency b (%) 28.5 2 1.4 4.5 40.9 19.4

inoculation. b Field infection under natural conditions.

12 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

A method for scoring resistance to tungro (RTV)

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 13

Palasithari Sigadis Utri Rajapan

Genetic analysis of bacterial blight (BB) resistance in Madhya Pradesh, India

14 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

Classification of leaf blast (BI) lesions

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 15

Short-duration donors for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance

16 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

49.65 37.55 40.91 52.34 49.91 61.01 45.89

Comparison of steam and molecular distillation methods in rice

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 17

We evaluated 140 deepwater rice accessions for drought tolerance. Seeds

All have a phenotypic acceptability score of 5.

18 IRRN 13:6 (December 1988)

Pot screening for drought tolerance in rice

Root length (cm) 20 19 17 17 17 17 16 16 17 16 17 17 17 15 12 12 11 12 16 2

Shoot length (cm) 45 53 50 49 46 45 52 49 50 50 51 50 52 47 51 51 48 42 49 4

Leaf area (cm 2) 39 38 30 32 30 29 18 34 36 18 30 22 23 28 28 20 14 21 27 12

Leaf water potential (bar) 13 13 16 20 17 18 17 26 25 26 15 21 20 21 28 20 31 32 21.0 1

scale: 0 = no symptom, 9 = dead.

IRRN 13:6 (December 1988) 19

AS26556, a high-yielding red rice for semidry conditions

Rainy days (no.) 2 3 7 3 15

10 yr av rainfall (mm) 161 293 129 95 121 798

May Jun Jul Aug Sep

0.35ns 0.68 0.62 0.55* 0.22ns 0.31ns 0.11ns

Difference a +46.4 10.0 +91.0** 4.2ns

Plant height +0.6* +5.1* +3.2* +12.4 13.8

Productive tillers plant 17.0 +6.3 25.0 +54.8 40.8

Panicle length 2.2 +7.8 1.7 +6.9 4.7**

Grains/ panicle +44.4 +25.3 +16.5 0.2 +20.4

Total florets/ panicle +25.9 +30.9 +4.1 +34.4 +13.6

Panicle fertility percentage 2.1 7.6 2.8 33.9 +0.3

1000-grain weight 1.6 +8.9 3.7 +19.7 +11.6

Yield per plant +78.0 +87.5 30.0 +154.4 +13.9**