International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.13 No.4

IRRN GUIDELINES
The International Rice Research Newsletter objective is. To expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice-based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice, inasmuch as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land-scarce nations in the world . . . IRRN is a mechanism to help rice scientists keep each other informed of current research findings. The concise reports contained in IRRN are meant to encourage rice scientists and workers to communicate with one another In this way, readers can obtain more detailed information on the research reported. Please examine the criteria, guidelines, and research categories that follow. If you have comments or suggestions. please write the editor, IRRN, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila. Philippines. We look forward to your continuing interest in IRRN. The International Rice Research Newsletter is a compilation of research briefs on topics of interest to rice scientists all over the world. Contributions to IRRN should be reports of recent work and work-inprogress that have broad interest and application. Please observe these guldelines in preparing submissions: The report should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. No more than two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany the text. Do not cite references or include a bibliography. Items that exceed the specified length will be returned. Include a brief statement of research objectives and project design. The discussion should be brief, and should relate the results of the work to its objectives. Report appropriate statistical analysis. Provide genetic background for new varieties or breeding lines. Specify the environment (irrigated, rainfed lowland, upland, deep water, tidal wetlands). If you must use local terms to specify landforms or cropping systems, explain or define them in parentheses. Specify the type of rice culture (e.g., transplanted, wet seeded, dry seeded). Specify seasons by characteristic weather (wet, dry, monsoon) and by months. Do not use national or local terms for seasons or, if used, define them. When describing the rice plant and its cultivation, use standard, internationally recognized designators for plant parts and growth stages, environments, management practice, etc. Do not use local terms.
Guidelines for contributors
Criteria for IRRN research reports
has international, or pan-national, relevance has rice environment-relevance advances rice knowledge uses appropriate research design and data collection methodology reports appropriate. adequate data applies appropriate analysis, using appropriate statistical techniques reaches supportable conclusions
When reporting soil nutrient studies, be sure to include standard soil profile description, classification, and relevant soil properties. Provide scientific names for diseases, insects, weeds, and crop plants; do not use common names or local names alone. Survey data should be quantified (infection percentage, degree of severity, sampling base, etc.). When evaluating susceptibility. resistance, tolerance, etc., report the actual quantification of damage due to stress used to assess level or incidence. Specify the measurements used. Use international measurements. Do not use local units of measure. Express yield data in metric tons per hectare (t/ha) for field studies and in grama per pot (g/pot) or per row (g/row) for small-scale studies. Express all economic data in terms of the US$. Do not use national monetary units. Economic information should be presented at the exchange rate $:local currency at the time data were collected. Use generic names, not trade names, for all chemicals. When using acronyms or abbreviations, write the name in full on first mention, following it with the acronym or abbreviation in parentheses. Thereafter, use the abbreviation. Define in a footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure.
Categories of research reported
GERMPLASM IMPROVEMENT
genetic resources genetics breeding methods yield potential grain quality and nutritional value disease resistance insect resistance drought tolerance excess water tolerance adverse temperature tolerance adverse soils tolerance integrated germplasm improvement seed technology research techniques data management and computer modeling
CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
soils and soil characterization soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer physiology and plant nutrition crop management soil fertility and fertilizer management disease management insect management weed management managing other pests integrated pest management water management farm machinery environmental analysis postharvest technology farming systems research methodology data management and computer modeling
SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

environment production livelihood
EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
training and technology transfer research communication research information storage and retrieval
CONTENTS
Breeding methods 4 Variations in anther culture-derived lines of Ponni Yield potential 4 Weight and germination of main and ratoon crop seeds 4 Metroglyph analysis of some upland rice cultures 5 Effect of waxy gene on rice yield components Grain quality and nutritional value 6 Rice varietal differences in number of brokens Disease resistance 7 Resistance of rice breeding lines to bacterial blight (BB) and stem rot (SR) 7 Field reaction of IR varieties to rice tungro (RTV)-associated viruses 8 Reaction of International Rice Bacterial Blight Nursery (IRBBN) cultures to an Aduthurai, India, bacterial blight (BB) pathotype 9 Field and screenhouse evaluation for resistance to rice tungro (RTV) 9 Reactions of Mahsuri and Sona Mahsuri to blast (Bl) 10 Screening new rice selections for reaction to major diseases 10 Bacterial blight (BB) development in rice varieties and screening tests Insect resistance 11 Incorporation of brown planthopper (BPH) resistance genes from indica into japonica rice 11 Screening rice seedlings for resistance to leaffolder (LF) 12 Field incidence of and host resistance to Angoumois grain moth (AGM) Excess water tolerance 12 Breeding for submergence tolerance Adverse temperature tolerance 13 Screening criterion for cold tolerance at the seedling stage 14 Effect of low temperature on selected rice varieties in Tanzania 15 Response of rice varieties to planting time during the dry season 15 Inheritance of seedling stage cold tolerance in 6 indica and japonica crosses Adverse soil tolerance 16 Effect of soil alkalinity on yield of genotypes in Kanpur 16 Screening rice entries for coastal salinity and tidal swamp conditions Integrated germplasm improvement 17 Performance of early Prasanna variety 17 A high-yielding variety for coastal Andhra Pradesh, India 17 Two new varieties from segregation material of IR36 18 Three rice varieties named in Ghana 18 Red Triveni, a promising short-duration variety for India 19 A blast (Bl)-resistant and high-yielding early indica variety 19 OM91: an improved rice variety for high-production irrigated areas 20 Performance of IR42 in deepwater rice areas on the Red River delta in northern Vietnam Seed technology 20 Standardizing hybrid rice A line seed production 21 Varietal differences in seed longevity Physiology and plant nutrition 26 Supply and uptake of urea-15 N by rice Soil fertility and fertilizer management 27 Comparison of prilled urea (PU) and large granule urea (LGU) and time of application on rice yield 28 N management for late transplanting in northwestern India 28 Direct and residual effects of biogas residue application with nitrogen on rice yield 29 Effect of azolla green manure on rice yield 29 Green manure to sustain productivity and save nitrogen for rice in a rice wheat cropping system Crop management 30 Low-tillage broadcast rice productivity Disease management 30 Host plants of rice tungro (RTV)-associated viruses 31 Unrecorded weed hosts for Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in India 32 Diseases of deepwater rice in Jorhat District, Assam, India 32 Host plants of ragged stunt virus (RSV) 33 Differential transmission of tungro (RTV) by green leafhopper (GLH) selected on IR54 33 Combined ufra + (Bl) infection in deepwater rice 34 Dot-blot immunoassay (DBI) for detecting rice grassy stunt virus (GSV) 35 Survival of stem rot (SR) fungi 36 Effect of cytozyme on incidence of rice sheath blight (ShB) 37 Host plants of rice grassy stunt virus (GSV) 37 Fungicides to control rice sheath blight (ShB) 38 Effect of N and K on rice sheath rot (ShR) and crop yield Insect management 38 Using mixtures of buprofezin and cypermethrin or deltamethrin for green leafhopper (GLH) and rice tungro virus (RTV) control 39 Orientation of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) to scentless rice plants 40 Minimal dosages of buprofezin to control green leafhopper (GLH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), and brown planthopper (BPH) 40 Predation by sword-tailed cricket Anaxipha longipennis (Serville) (Gryllidae) on eggs of three lepidopterous pests of rice 41 Effect of insecticide application at different growth stages on rice yield components and rice straw 42 Population trends of striped rice borer in Korea 42 Effect of plant extracts on brown planthopper (BPH) oviposition 42 A synthetic diet for rice leaffolder (LF) Water management 43 Irrigation schedule for dry season rice 43 Water management studies in rice Farm machinery 44 Dispenser method for using urea supergranules in transplanted rice 45 Testing a seed drill for upland rice Environmental analysis 46 Effect of season on rice response, production efficiency, and recovery of applied N Farming systems 46 Growth and yield of wet season rice with tilapia fish 47 Pulse crop performance in a rice-based cropping sequence

Soils and soil characterization 22 Urea hydrolysis in oxidized and reduced flooded soil Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer 23 Influence of P, K, micronutrients, and dolomite on azolla growth 23 Response of flooded rice to green manure 24 Azolla growth under different rice planting methods in Kerala 25 Green manure as N source for flooded rice 26 Mineralization of fresh and dry azolla in the tropics 26 Parthenium as green manure for rice
ANNOUNCEMENTS
47 New IRRI publications 47 New book on rice diseases
Breeding methods
Variations in anther culturederived lines of Ponni
S. R. Sree Rangasamy, W. Wilfred Manuel, K. Natarajamoorthy, S. Palanisamy, and M. Gurunathan, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
Performance of anther culture-derived lines. Coimbatore, India, 1986-87. Entry AC12 AC13 AC14 AC15 AC16 AC17 AC18 AC19 AC20 AC2 1 Ponni m+ LSD (P=0.05) CV (%) Days to flowering 108 109 108 108 107 109 109 110 110 107 122 114 4 Plant ht (cm) 81 79 80 81 83 82 81 84 81 84 121 6 4 Panicles (no./ hill) 6.6 6.9 8.1 7.9 8.3 7.9 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.5 6.1 ns 15.1 Panicle length (cm) 24.4 24.7 21.5 24.4 23.8 23.3 23.9 23.6 23.2 24.5 26.9 ns 7.5 1000grain wt (g) 17.5 17.5 17.1 17.1 17.5 17.6 17.6 17.1 17.3 17.6 14.8 0.1 0.4 Grain yield (t/ha) 3.8 4.7 4.3 5.0 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.2 4.5 4.7 7.0 1.1 14.0 Production (kg) per day 27.5 33.8 31.2 36.2 38.7 35.3 35.3 30.0 32.1 34.3 46.1
We studied 10 lines derived by anther culture from Ponni (Mahsuri) in a randomized block design with 3 replications Dec 1986-May 1987. The anther culture-derived lines showed drastic reduction in duration, plant height, and grain yield but increased
1,000-grain weight (see table). Panicle numbers and panicle lengths were not statistically different.
The lines derived from Ponni can be used as alternate genetic sources of shod stature in rice breeding.
Yield potential
Weight and germination of main and ratoon crop seeds
C. A. Rosamma, K. Karunakaran, P. Chandrika, and N. R. Nair, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi 679306, India
was dried to 12% moisture and 1,000grain weight estimated 1 mo after harvest. Germination was tested after 6mo storage.
In spite of lower grain weights, ratoon crop seeds germinated as well as main crop seeds (see table).
Metroglyph analysis of some upland rice cultures

P. Gomathinayagam and S. Natarajan, Agricultural Research Station, Paramakudi 623707; and M. Subramanian and M. Nagarajan, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Studies in 1981-85 have indicated that ratooning rice under Kerala conditions is feasible. In 1986-87, we compared seed weight and germination of the main and ratoon crops of five varieties. Grain
Grain weight and germination of main and ratoon crop seeds. Pattambi, Kerala, India, 1986-87. 1000-grain weight (g) Main Ratoon crop crop 23 25 28 23 20 1 19 22 24 22 21 Germination (%) Main crop 96 96 95 94 92 2 Ratoon crop 97 98 99 99 98
Morphological variations of 40 rice entries tested at the upland rice site in
1986 were studied using indexes and metroglyphs. Index values of range of variability were divided into four group using class intervals (see table). The two most variable traits (plant height and grain yield/ plant) are depicted on the Xand Y-axes; other characters are represented by rays on the glyph (rays for the same trait have the same positiom on each glyph) (see figure). The performance of a particular entry is denoted by its index score.
Index scores for different traits of upland rice entries. Tamil Nadu, India. Character Days to maturity Tillers/plant Grains/panicle Root number Root length (cm) Root weight (g) Dry matter production (g) 100-grain weight (g) Range of means 96.0 120.0 4.0 20 34.0 141 80.0 359 10.1 24.1 1.6 8.1 9.7 57.0 1.8 2.50 Score 1 value < Score 2 Score 3 109 13 88 221 17.2 4.86 33.5 2.16 114 16 114 289 20.6 6.48 45.2 2.33 Score 4 value > 114 16 114 289 20.6 6.48 45.2 2.33
Variety
BR51-315-4 BR52-96-3 Jaya Pavizham 23332-2 LSD (P=0.05)
102 102.0 108 8 12 8 61 87 61 220 150 150 13.6 13.6 17.1 3.23 3.23 4.85 21.5 21.5 33.4 1.98 1.98 2.15
4 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
The International Rice Research Newsletter invites contributions of concise summaries of significant current rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to no more than 2 pages typed double-spaced, accompanied by no more than 2 figures, tables, or photographs. Contributions are reviewed by appropriate IRRI scientists and those accepted are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors are identified by name and research organization. See inside front cover for more information about submissions.
Effect of waxy gene on rice yield components

Scatter diagram of metroglyph analysis. Tamil Nadu, India.
Xu Yunbi and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hongzhou, China
Entries 1. IET7564 (lRAT8/N22) 2. IET7566 (M63-83/Cauvery) 3. IET7613 (M6383/Cauvery) 4. IET7614 (Rasi/Finegora) 5. IET8883 (RP143-4/Phalguna) 6. IET8887 (RP143-4/Phalguna) 7. IET8889 (RP1434/Phalguna) 8. IET9219 (Rasi/Finegora) 9. IET9221 (M63-83/IRAT8//N22) 10. IET9222 (M63-83/RP79-5) 11. IET9223 (M63-83/RP79-5) 12. IET9225 (Mettasanna/Rasi) 13. IET9367 (M63-83/Norin 21) 14. IET9576 (Phalguna/TKM6) 15. IET9809 (Ratna/Zagar) 16. IET9810 (IR36/Larbyol) 17. IET9813 (Phalguna/TKM6) 18. IET9814 (Phalguna/TKM6) 19. lET9815 (IR50/Phalguna) 20. IET9816 (IR50/Phalguna) 21. IET9817 (Phalguna/TKM6) 22. IET9818 (lR36/K47321) 23. IET9819 (lR36/K47321) 24. IET9822 (Rasi/Tellavadlu) 25. IET9823 (M63-83/Cauvery) 26. IET9824 (Rasi/Duccon) 27. IET9825 (Rasi/Finegora) 28. IET9826 (Rasi/Tellavadlu) 29. IET9827 (Rasi/Gajgour) 30. IET9828 (IRAT8/N22) 31. IET9829 (Rasi/Chithiraikar) 32. IET9830 (IET7614/ARC10372) 33. IET9831 (IET7564/IR50) 34. PM1381 (IR13564/ASD4) 35. Rasi (Chandikar/lR8) 36. TKM9 (TKM7/IR8) 37. IR50 (lR2153-14-1-6-2/IR28//IR36) 38. TPS1 (IR8/Kattaisamba) 39. PMK1 (Co 25/ADT31) 40. Nootripathu (local)
Legend Days to maturity Tillers/plant Grains/panicle Root number Root length Root weight Dry matter production 100-grain weight
Score 1 2 3 4
We studied the effect of waxy gene on indica rice yield components in 1987, using three pairs of waxy and isogenic nonwaxy lines. (Waxy lines were bred from crosses between their nonwaxy lines and IR29 by Shaoxing Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang.) Seedlings were transplanted at 10- 18-cm spacing in 1- 2-m plots, in a split-plot design. Ten plants were sampled from each plot to measure yield components, grain, and rough rice. Differences in 1,000-grain weight between waxy and nonwaxy lines might be attributed to grain size (see table). Waxy lines have smaller kernels and lower specific gravity. The potential sink of photosynthates in waxy lines was comparable to that in nonwaxy lines because both had large grains and high percentage of fertile spikelets. The gap between the floral glume and kernel in waxy grain was larger. Both the lower percentage of rough rice (due to the higher 1,000-hull wt) and the lower specific gravity of grains in waxy lines might make their rough rice yield much lower than expected.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Characteristics of waxy and nonwaxy isogenic lines.a Hangzhou, China, 1987. Character Plant ht (cm) Rough rice 1000-grain wt (g) Grain length (mm) Specific gravity of grain (g/ml) Percentage rough rice Brown rice Length (mm) Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Size (mm 3) 1000-grain wt (g)
a
Guangluai 4 Waxy 76.10 21.40 6.97 0.99 78.83 5.24 2.73 1.94 27.81 17.72 Nonwaxy 75.88 23.08 6.80 1.10 80.15 5.42 2.89 2.03 31.83 20.34 Difference 0.22 1.68** 0.17* 0.11** 1.32** 0.18* 0.16* 0.09* 4.02** 2.62** Waxy 80.45 18.05 6.19 1.02 79.10 5.13 2.35 1.92 23.10 15.64
Yuanfengzao Nonwaxy 78.08 19.60 6.70 1.10 80.44 5.36 2.57 1.98 26.98 17.41 Difference 2.37* 1.55** 0.09 0.08** 1.34* 0.23** 0.22** 0.06* 3.88** 1.77** Waxy 93.28 28.30 8.70 1.04 80.74 6.83 2.62 2.06 36.80 23.86
Zhenzhu 19 Nonwaxy 91.43 31.35 8.7 1 1.12 82.47 7.13 2.84 2.11 42.64 27.50 Difference 1.85 3.05** 0.01 0.08** 1.73** 0.30** 0.22** 0.05** 5.84** 3.64**
* and ** = significance at the 5% and 1% levels.
Grain quality and nutritional value

Rice varietal differences in number of brokens
~~
Head rice recovery of 36 varieties and lines.a Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1985-86 dry season. Rough rice moisture content (%) 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.5 12.3 13.5 15.1 14.2 13.5 14.3 13.2 13.8 13.6 11.9 14.2 14.2 12.8 14.3 12.4 12.9 13.9 14.6 14.3 14.1 14.9 14.9 12.5 11.6 14.1 13.9 10.8 12.8 12.7 11.9 12.7 11.0 Brown rice (%) Head rice (%) 91.4 86.6 87.5 87.3 77.4 88.0 79.8 84.7 85.2 84.2 82.4 84.5 83.4 77.6 82.5 78.4 80.3 79.1 77.3 77.7 77.6 77.7 76.2 87.3 72.6 75.7 72.6 71.2 71.6 70.3 68.0 66.2 66.9 61.9 61.0 53.1 a a a a ab a ab a a a a a a ab a ab a ab b ab ab ab b a b b b b b b c c b c c c Brokens (%) 6.7 7.7 8.1 8.5 10.2 10.3 10.4 11.7 12.5 12.6 12.6 12.7 13.8 14.4 14.4 15.7 16.2 17.4 17.8 17.7 18.1 19.7 21.0 21.2 21.4 22.2 23.1 23.3 24.9 26.5 26.9 27.9 27.9 33.0 35.6 44.0 a a
T. M. Lando, Agricultural Engineering Department, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P.O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Variety
Rice varietal differences in grain form, size, and weight affect percentage of brokens after milling. That determines milling recovery, percentage of head rice, and price. We measured moisture content of 36 varieties and lines, then hulled 140-g grain samples with a small Satake rubber roll rice hulling machine (THU 35 A). The experiment design was completely randomized with four replications. Of the varieties tested, 13 had more than 80% head rice (see table). Among them are four lines not yet released M61b-28-3-5, IR4427-85-2-1, B4180F30-NG-4-2, and IR4427-5-6-3. IR56 had the lowest head rice percentage.
For information on ordering IRRI publications, write Communication and Publications Dept., Div. R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
M61b-28-3-5 Barito IR26 IR4427-85-2-1 Semeru Cisadane Kelara Bogowonto IR46 Batang Agam Krueng Aceh Sadang B4180F-30-NG-4-2 BR319-11-HR12 Cipunegara M12C-34-3 IR4427-5-6-3 BR-5 1-282-8 Citarum IR36 BR-IRGA-409 Cikapundung GH2 18 IR4425-85-2-1 Cimandiri B5322b-Pn-1-MS-1-KP-1 IR5 0 IR30 IR22082-41-2 IR58 IR28 IR54 IR60 IR5 2 B40706-NG-2 IR56
aIn
b b b b b b bc bc bc bc c c c c c c c c c cd d d d d d d d de e e e e ef f
a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Disease resistance
Resistance of rice breeding lines to bacterial blight (BB) and stem rot (SR)
D. V. S. Panwar, M. P. Bansal, H. Chand, and M. R. Naidu, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Rice Research Station (RRS), Kaul 132021, Haryana, India
We screened 91 genotypes with short to medium durations for reaction to BB Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye (leaf blight and kresek phase) and SR Sclerotium oryzae Cattaneo during 1984 wet season. Each entry was planted in two 5-mlong rows, at 20- 15-cm spacing. Plants were clip-inoculated with BB
suspension at 21 d after transplanting (DT) for kresek and at 45 DT for leaf blight and scored at 30 and 14 d after inoculation. For screening for SR resistance, entries were planted in an infected plot and disease incidence recorded at maturity. The leaf blight and kresek phases differed. Only 10 lines showed resistance to the kresek stage, but 30 showed resistance to the leaf blight phase. HAU1 18-104, HKR120, CR294-548, and DV85 had resistance to both kresek and leaf blight phases (see table). Only HKR120 showed resistance to both phases of BB and to SR. HAUl18-104, HAU118-154, HAUll8-726, HAU83164, RP2151-21-1, and TKM6 showed resistance to two problems and moderate resistance to one. These lines (except TKM6 and DV85) also have desirable agronomic traits.
Field reaction of IR varieties to rice tungro (RTV)associatedviruses

A. Muis, M. Sudjak S, A. Bastian, S. Sama, and A. Hasanuddin, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P. O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and R. C. Cabunagan and H. Hibino, IRRI
Reaction of rice lines to SR, and the kresek and leaf blight phases of BB in the field at HAU, RRS, Haryana, India, 1984 wet season. Entry HAU118-104 HAUl18-106 HAU118-111 HAUl18-154 HAUll8-187 HAUll8-726 HAU118-788 HKRl20 HKRl22 HAU83-38 HAU83-164 HAU83-222 RP2151-21-1 RP2151-224-4 RP2151-173-1-8 IET4 14 1 IR54 CR3 19-644 CR294-548 Govind IR9784-142-1-3 IR13420-6-3-3 TKM6 DV85
a
IR varieties planted in monthly planting trials in the experimental field at Maros and in the RTV nursery at Lanrang substation, South Sulawesi, were used to assess incidence of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) Aug-Oct 1986. Leaf samples were collected from 10 plants of each variety at 30 and at 45 d after transplanting (DT) and indexed by latex test. RTBV and RTSV incidence varied with month of planting (Table 1). Regardless of variety, virus incidence was higher in plots planted the last wk
Table 1. RTBV and RTSV incidence at 45 DT in 10 varieties planted on 1 Aug, 30 Aug, and 1 Oct, 1986, Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Planting date 1 Aug 1986 Variety IR26 IR30 IR42 IR54 IR58 IR60 IR62 IR64 TN1 IR26 IR30 IR42 IR54 IR58 IR60 IR62 IR64 TN1 IR26 IR30 IR42 IR54 IR5 IR6 IR62 IR64 TN1 Plants a (%) with RTBV+RTSV 0 0 30 10 0 0 0 0 70 10 20 70 70 20 10 10 20 100 0 30 80 30 80 00 0 10 100 RTBV 10 30 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 50 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 10 10 10 10 0 0 10 0
Parentage Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui-19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Nam Sagui 19/IR4215-301-2-2// IR5853-162-1-2 Ptb 33/4* IR3403-267-1 Ptb 33/4* IR3403-267-1 SFCIII/Basmati 370 SFCIII/Basmati 370 SFCIII/Basmati 370 IET4141/CR98-7216 IET4141/CR98-7216 IET4141/CR98-7216 IR8/BJ143//IR22 Nam Sagui 19/IR2071-88// IR2061-214-3-6 IR20/IR24 IR1632-93-2-2/IR5534 IR2863-38-1/2* IR36
Days to 50% heading 109 104 106 106 107 104 108 111 115 106 122 119 110 122 110 112 121 110 108 86 101 109 115 92
Reactiona to Kresek R MS R MR MR R MR R MR MS MR MR MR MR MR MS MR MR R MR MS MR MR R Leaf blight R R MR R R MR R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R Stem rot MR R MR R MR R MR R MR MR R MR R R MR R MR MR MS MR MR MR R S
30 Aug
1 Oct
R = resistant (score of 3 or lower), MR = moderately resistant (5), MS = moderately susceptible (7), and S = susceptible.
No variety showed RTSV infection only.
of Aug. IR58, IR60, IR62, and IR64 had low or no RTBV + RTSV infection. In the Lanrang RTV nursery, RTV incidence was high even at 30 DT (Table 2). IR50, IR52, IR54, IR58, and IR60 had high infection with RTBV + RTSV. These results indicate that GLHresistant varieties IR50, IR52, IR54, IR56, IR58, IR60, IR62, and IR64 can be attacked by RTV in South Sulawesi. Moderately resistant IR20 and IR26 were infected with RTBV only.
Table 2. RTV incidence based on symptoms, and RTBV and RTSV incidence based on the latex test at 30 DT in 14 varieties. Lanrang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 1986. Variety IR20 IR26 IR30 IR36 IR40 IR42 IR50 IR52 IR54 IR56 IR5 8 IR60 Kelara TN1
a
Table 1. Reaction of rice varieties to local BB isolates in India. Isolate origin Aduthurai Cuttack Hyderabad Haryana Pantnagar Delhi Punjab Pusa Maruteru (Andhra) Dholi (Assam) Kajat (Madhya Pradesh) Reaction of variety IR20 S R R R S S R TKM6 S R R R S S R Cas 209 S R S S R Kogyoku S R S S R DV85 R S S IET4141 R S S S S S S S BJ1 R S S S
Table 2. Reaction of rice varieties to the Aduthurai BB pathotype. Aduthurai, India, Sep 1987. Culture RP2151-173-1-8 RP2151-40-1 Kachamota DV85 RP2151-21-22 AC19-1-1 IR33380-60-1-2 Kuntlam Nigeria 5 IR20 BR161-26-58 BR285-5-6-6 Camor C721313 IR13146-45-2 IR24632-145-2-2 IR29295-70-1-1 IR29341-85-3-1 IR33356-22-3-1 IR33360-5-3-2 Koiadigha Nancay P.A. RTN90-4 IR1545-339-2-2 IR8 BR315-12-1-4 BR319-1-HR 28 B40750-PN-13-1 C712311 C731051 C731067 IRAT109 IR11288-8-8-445 IR33355-39-1-1 IR5853-213-6-1 Kalimekri-77-5 Kogyoku RP1575-143-823-1 UPR79-80 TN1
a
RTV incidence (%) 20 30 25 60 40 65 50 45 45 25 30 30 5 85
Plant a (%) with RTBV+RTSV RTBV 0 0 10 40 40 40 50 30 30 10 30 40 0 70 30 40 10 0 10 0 0 20 20 20 10 0 10 0
Parentage IET4141/CR98-7216 IET4141/CR98-7216 IET4141/CR98-7216 IR52/IR13240-39-3// IR9224-117-2-3 Peta/DGWG Peta 3/TN1/TKM6 Chandina/IR425-1-1-3 Biplab/Chandina C651042/Milyang 23//C682032 BG90-2/IR34//IR46 IR5657-33-2/ IR4707-106-3-2//IR48 IR36/Mashuri IR54/IR46 IR52/IR48//IRS2 IR52/IR5657-33-2// IR9224-117-2-3-3 SML 81-B-25/R68 IR24/DZ192 Peta/DGWG IR5 (J)/Biplab IR5 (D) Biplab E2484 B/2-PN-29-2/IR36 C681065/TCS254 C701040/C701027 C681030/IR13429-57-1 IRAT13/IRAT10 IR36/Leb Mue Nahng III IR52/IR46/IR6115-1-1-1 Nam Sagui 19/ IR2071-88//IR2061-214-3-6 Shirosenbon/Shobei TNl/Luangu DGWG/Tsai-Yuan-Chan
Origin India India Bangladesh Bangladesh India Bangladesh IRRI Indonesia Sri Lanka IRRI Bangladesh Bangladesh Indonesia Taiwan IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI IRRI Bangladesh Argentina India IRRI IRRI Bangladesh Bangladesh Indonesia Taiwan Taiwan Taiwan Ivory Coast IRRI/Thailand IRRI IRRI Japan Bangladesh India India Taiwan
Disease scorea 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
No variety showed RTSV infection only.
Reaction of International Rice Bacterial Blight Nursery (IRBBN) cultures to an Aduthurai, India, bacterial blight (BB) pathotype
A. Chandrasekaran, R. Marimuthu, V. Sivasubramanian, and P. Vidhyasekaran, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TRRI), Aduthurai 612101, India
In Sep 1987 we screened IRBBN cultures against a pathotype of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae we had isolated. The Aduthurai pathotype drew reactions different from those to other Indian isolates (Table 1). Plants were inoculated by clipping leaf tips with scissors dipped in
By SES.
inoculum containing about l0 8 cells/ml. Disease intensity was scored after 14 d, using the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES) scale. Only RP2151-173-1-8, RP2151-40-1, Kachamota, and DV85 showed resistance to the Aduthurai pathotype (Table 2).
RTV incidence in rice varieties in the field (1985 wet season) and in a screenhouse test (1986 wet season). Cuttack, India. Field Symptoms (%) Popular Indian varieties Ambemohar 59 Basmati 370 Krishnabhog Mudgo Ptb 18 Tulsimanjari Type 90 Virippu Amaravathi BJ1 Gopalbhog Pokkali Utkalprabha Vytilla 2 White Luchai Asha Aswathi Daya Ratna Sabari TN1 (check) CRRI breeding lines CR146-7001 CR146-7004 CR260-131-5-713 CR316-639 CR365-134 CR319-644 CR260-136-321
a1
Screenhouse b Tolerance score a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 9 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 RTBV+RTSV (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 10 20 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 80 0 10 10 0 10 10 10 RTBV (%) 0 10 10 10 60 10 20 30 30 0 0 30 50 30 20 0 20 20 20 10 0 10 20 30 20 20 0 20 RTSV (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Field and screenhouse evaluation for resistance to rice tungro (RTV)

G. Bhaktavatsalam, S. K. Mohanty, and S. K. Singh, Plant Pathology Division, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack 753006, India
We evaluated high-yielding rice varieties and lines for field tolerance to RTV in the 1985 wet season. Infection was scored 30 d after transplanting and field tolerance was scored after flowering. Varieties and lines scoring 1 to 3 were tested in the screenhouse in the 1986 wet season, with 20 seedlings/variety exposed to either 1 or 5 RTVviruliferous leafhoppers Nephotettix virescens per seedling. Symptoms were scored and seedlings tested for presence of the bacilliform (RTBV) and spherical (RTSV) viruses by latex serological test. Infection rate and plant height and tiller number reduction were scored visually. Virippu and Ptb 18 scored 1 in the field but had high infection in the screenhouse (see table). Some varieties showing field tolerance had high infection in the screenhouse. Reduction in height and tiller number was less in varieties with field tolerance score 1 than in varieties with score 3. Infection with both RTBV and RTSV was low in these varieties. Some had RTBV alone. RTSV infection alone was low (0-10%). Ambemohar 59, BJ1, and Gopalbhog were not infected with either virus. Infection and reduction in height and tiller number were higher in plants inoculated at 5 hoppers/ seedling. Although Utkalprabha and Sabari had high infection in the field, by time of flowering they showed tolerance scores of 2 and 3.
0 2 3 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 4 7 25 2 5 18 3 15 8 51 100 2 15 12 6 9 6 7
= no visible symptoms; 2 = plants are green, slightly stunted, less than 10% did not flower; 3 = less than 20% did not flower; 9 = plants show orange yellow color, severe stunting, and no flowering. bMass inoculation at 5 leafhoppers/seedling. All varieties except two had 0 RTSV: Virippu and Daya had 10% RTSV. LSD for the screenhouse symptoms was 17.83 (0.05) and 24.07 (0.01).
Reactions of Mahsuri and Sona Mahsuri to blast (Bl)

Y. Rathaiah, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Titabar 785630, Jorhat District; and A. Bhattacharyya and U. N. Saikia, Mycology Research Unit, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India
Mahsuri rice covers a substantial area during the Jul-Dec season in Assam
State. But it is highly susceptible to neck Bl. We are looking for a variety with Mahsuri-type grain and resistance to neck Bl. Sona Mahsuri (KMS5914-4-6) from the cross Sona/ Mahsuri (released in Karnataka State as Mandya Vijaya), with panicle traits similar to Mahsuri, is moderately resistant to leaf Bl. We compared leaf and neck Bl reactions of Sona Mahsuri and Mahsuri.
Table 1. Leaf and neck Bl reactions a of Mahsuri and Sona Mahsuri. Assam, India. Variety Sona Mahsuri Mahsuri Pusa 2-21, susceptible check
aMR
Leaf Bl Score 4 7 8 Reaction MR S S % 18.1 97.4 98.5
Neck Bl Score 5 9 9 Reaction MR HS HS
= moderately resistant, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.
Table 2. Yields of Mahsuri and Sona Mahsuri. Assam, India. Variety Mahsuri Sona Mahsuri Days to 50% flowering 98 92 Grain yield (kg/l.6 m2 plot) 1 1
Two rows of 28 hills of each variety, divided by one row of susceptible check Pusa 2-21, were grown. Leaf Bl was scored by The standard evaluation system for rice Neck Bl was recorded as percent affected panicles on 10 random hills. Yield was measured at a B1-free site. discoloration (Gld) at the Agricultural Research Station, Ponnampet, (hot spot for B1 disease in rice) during 1986 wet season. Selections from Pusa l50/IR36 and Pusa l50/IM 1 were resistant to leaf B1 (see table). Neck B1 infection was lowest in IR20, Karuna, and Jaya. Selections from Jaya/Mahsuri were free of ShR infection. Maximum infection was in Pragathi and selections of Jaya/Type 3.
Sona Mahsuri was moderately resistant to both neck Bl and leaf Bl (Table 1). Mahsuri was susceptible to leaf B1 and highly susceptible to neck Bl Grain yields were on a par, but Sona Mahsuri matured 1 wk earlier than Mahsuri (Table 2).
Screening new rice selections for reaction to major diseases

H. E. Shashidhar, S. Hittalmani, Sheshadri, H. L. Vasant Kumar, and G. Shivashankar, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
Jaya, IR20, and Jaya/ Mahsuri derivatives had the most Gld. Mahsuri, Intan Gowri, and Prakash had none. Karuna and selections from Pusa 150/IM 1 showed combined tolerance for all four biotic stresses.
We evaluated 18 stabilized lines from the rice improvement program and 18 released cultivars for leaf blast (Bl), neck Bl, sheath rot (ShR), and grain
Incidence of leaf B1, neck B1, ShR, and Gld. Ponnampet, Karnataka, India, 1986 wet season. Leaf blast a 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 Neck B1 incidence (%) 44.1 22.2 10.2 46.8 52.9 14.0 7.4 29.6 70.2 17.0 74.1 81.9 87.0 77.6 33.7 55.8 45.1 68.8 41.9 76.2 60.9 72.1 10.2b ShR infection (%) Gld (% affected) 5.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 25.0 25.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 11.0 1.0 1.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 2.0b
For instructions on preparation of brief reports of rice research to submit for publication in IRRN, see the inside front cover of this issue.
Entry Pusa 150/IR36 Pusa 150/IM-1 Karuna Mahsuri Intan Gowri Jaya Intan mutant 1 IR20 Pusa 150/Tellahamsa Jaya/Type 3 Mandya Vijaya Puspha IET7031/Mangala Pusa 150/Sona Mashuri Nandi Mahsuri/IR36 Prakash Rasi Jaya/Basmati Mandya Vani ES18 Jaya/Mahsuri Jaya/IET7031 Madhu Pragathi Naga Mangala IET7031/Tellahamsa Sharavathi Jaya/ Halubbulu Pusa 150/Basmati Intan Tellahamsa Mahsuri/Doddy Karikagga/Halybbulu Arkavathi
aBy
3.3 23.0 6.8 14.5 23.5 19.8 Wiped out by neck Bl 9.3 4.3 36.2 Wiped out by Bl 13.2 6.9 4.6 5.7 22.4 18.6 Wiped out by Bl 1.9 31.4 Wiped out by Bl 0.0 Wiped out by Bl Wiped out by Bl 39.6 20.6 Wiped out by Bl 23.2 27.9 Wiped out by Bl Wiped out by Bl 2.6 b Wiped out by Bl Wiped out by Bl Wiped out by Bl Wiped out by Bl
Bacterial blight (BB) development in rice varieties and screening tests

B. N. Mahto and R. N. Singh, N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Dabha Semar, District Faizabad 224133, U.P., India
the Standard evaluation system for rice scale 0-9. bFrom side tillers.
Genetic resistance appears to be the only feasible method of managing BB in the tropics and subtropics. In most screening tests, leaves are clip-inoculated with the local isolate of the pathogen at maximum tillering stage, with disease rated 15 d after inoculation (DAI). Total uniformity in the stage of plant growth, vigor, microclimate, amount of inoculum applied, and the mechanism of disease development in test varieties is difficult to achieve. We evaluated inoculated plants against a wider spectrum of environmental conditions by rating disease in test varieties twice15 and 35 DAI. Some varieties expressed the maximum measurable response to Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae
10 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Disease reactions 15 and 35 DAI. Faizabad District, U.P., India. Disease-score a Representative test varieties Anjani III, Bishunbhog, Damodar, IR20, Randhuri, Zeerabatti Chinidardi, Dehradun (Mota), Dhurigabha, Gallor, Gajraj, Kala Namak Katri, Loungchoor, Rambhog, Saraya, Sita, Surajpankhi 374 Chameli Beni, Benideoria, Gaurea, Mutmuri, Pankhali, Shyamzsera Adamchini, Amgandh, Badshah Pasand, Bhagalpuri, Ramjas Agwar, Bilaspur, Delha, Dadhaha, Sonachoor, FRG10 Ashahniya, Basahwa, Dudaha, Jaisuria, Lalkibhadai, Sumokhan Bajri, Bakki, Karhan, Kotabasmati, Mirchbooti, Motibadam Champa (C), Kalamdan, Mutra, Sukhwan, Tinpakhiya, Agtahwa (FD) Gheebhat, Kalakand, Karnya, Kashi P.D., Madhukar, Ramkajra Anand, Anjana, Bindibali, Bindikali, Gajgaur, TN1
a By
15 DAI 1 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9
35 DAI 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 9
Type of reactionb R MR (SB) MR MS (VSB) MS (SB) MS S (VSB) S (SB) S HS (VSB) HS (SB) HS
Varieties (no.) 7 11 10 1 24 29 6 13 13 9 11 30
infection within 15 DAI; others took more time (see table). The results indicate the limitations of recording observations only at 15 DAI. It is possible to divide reaction groups into normal blighting, slow blighting, and very slow blighting varieties.
The International Azolla Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and application of azolla in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. I. Watanabe, Azolla Newsletter editor, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
the Standard evaluation system for rice (1980). b R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible, SB = slow blighting, VSB = very slow blighting.
Insect resistance
Incorporation of brown planthopper (BPH) resistance genes from indica into japonica rice
Yang Tibin, Gu Fulin, Shi Suoshun, and Gu Zhengyuan, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
Yield performance and insect resistance of promising japonica lines. Jiangsu, China, 1987. Line 8 64 870064 850041 Duration (d) 147 155 150 Plant height (cm) 100-105 90-95 95-100 Panicles (no./ plant) 9 9 8 Grains (no./ panicle) 120 146 116 Sterility (%) 8 14.2 24.0 1000-grain weight (g) 26.0 25.3 23.0 Yield (t/ha) 8.0 7.9 7.0 Resistance BPH MR R R BB R R R Bl R R MR
None of the 8,200 japonica varieties or lines we screened in 1976-82 were resistant to BPH. Resistance genes can only be found in the tall traditional indica varieties of South Asia. We transferred BPH resistance genes from indica to two japonica lines (80047 and 80079) in 1980. Using those lines as resistance sources, several promising japonica lines resistant to BPH have been developed (see table). 864 derived from Yan Keng 2//791943/80047 yields 8 t/ha, 10% more than widely grown Yan Keng 2 and is suitable for single and double cropping in the Chang Jiang River
basin. It is resistant to bacterial blight (BB) and moderately resistant to BPH and blast (Bl). Its grain quality is acceptable to consumers. 870664 (Yan Keng 2//791943/80047///Non Ken 57/IR26) yields 8 t/ ha and is suitable for the Tai-hu Lake basin and the
Chang Jiang River basin. It is resistant to BPH, Bl, and BB. 850041 derived from 791943/80047 has large panicles, but unsatisfactory lodging resistance. Average yields are 7 t/ha. It is highly resistant to BPH and BB, but susceptible to sheath blight.
Screening rice seedlings for resistance to leaffolder (LF)

R. Rajendran, Centre for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
We screened 26 accessions from the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project at the seedling stage for
resistance to LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in the 1987 wet season. Pregerminated seeds were sown 6 cm apart in 50- 40- 10-cm wooden seedboxes. Six rows of each accession were planted across the width of the seedbox, for 3 plants/ hill, 5 hills/row. One row of susceptible check TN1 and one row of resistant check Ptb 33 were sown at random in each seedbox.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 11
Seedboxes were transferred to iron trays (60 40 15 cm) filled with 5 cm water 7 d after seeding (DAS). The boxes were covered with nylon net cages 20 DAS and 10 moth pairs/cage released in each cage. (A cotton swab soaked in 1% sugar solution was hung inside the cage as food for the moths.) Moths were allowed to oviposit 3-4 d. LF damage was assessed 15 d after release of moths. The same accessions were screened in microplots (2 2 m). TNAULFR831324, 832042, 842718, 842735, and 842745 exhibited good resistance in the greenhouse and in the microplots (see table).
Reaction of rice seedlings to LF. Coimbatore, India, 1987 wet season. Accession TNAULFR831324 TNAULFR832042 TNAULFR842718 TNAULFR842735 TNAULFR842745 Balam (donor) RP2430-350-54 RP2430-361-3 RP2430-372-75 ARC11281 (donor) Choorapundy (donor) TN1 (susceptible check) Ptb 33 (resistant check)
a
Cross Bhavani/IR4707-106-3-2 Bhavani/ARC10550 Bhavani/ARC10550 Bhavani/IR4707-106-3-2 Bhavani/IR4707-106-3-2 Rasi/Chittaraikar Rasi/Chittaraikar Rasi/Chittaraikar DGWG/Tsai-Yuan-Chan
Damage rating a Greenhouse 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 9 3 Microplot 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 3
By the Standard evaluation system for rice.
Field incidence of and host resistance to Angoumois grain moth (AGM)

K. N. Ragumoorthy and K. Gunathilagaraj, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India
Physical and biochemical characters of rices resistant to Angoumois grain moth in India. Huska thickness ( cm) 0.031 0.037 0.032 0.027 0.019 0.017 0.014 Physical characters Grain hardness a (alkali value) 2 2 1 4 3 4 5
b Mean
Biochemical factors Silica, contentd (%) 18.9 19.1 17.9 16.8 16.8 15.1 15.1 Total protein d (%) 5.9 9.8 9.2 8.2 6.5 6.5 7.6 Total amylose d (%) 23.9 28.9 24.5 20.7 19.9 19.4 21.9
Variety
Length: breadth ratio b 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.0 2.7 2.1 1.9
100-grain weight c (g) 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.9
c Mean
We surveyed field incidence of AGM Sitotroga cerealella O. on rice in the field at the Agricultural College in Madurai and the Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute in Aduthurai. Seed samples of 100 g for each variety were collected in polythepe bags and adult moth emergence monitored for 6 wk. AGM emerged from 124 of 2 13 samples at Madurai and from 59 of 151 samples at Aduthurai. Incidence was highest in IR and CO varieties; IR20, IR50, IR54, IR64, CO 25, CO 31, CO 37, CO 42, CO 43, CO 44, ACMl1, ACM12, IET7254, ADT36, AD85003, NLR9672, Ponni, TNAU801790, TNAU831293, TNAU831520, and TNAU831521 showed field infestation in both places. We evaluated 38 CO varieties for resistance on the basis of number of moths emerging, percentage infested grains, weight loss, and weight of adult moths; 15 were resistant. Resistant CO 1, CO 27, and CO 32; moderately resistant CO 40; moderately susceptible CO 42; and highly
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO
a
32 21 1 40 42 43 44
Mean of 10 observations. tions.
of 15 observations.
of 3 replications. dMean of 2 replica-
susceptible CO 43 and CO 44 were selected to study factors conferring resistance. Husk thickness, grain hardness (alkali value), length-breadth ratio (grain fineness), 100-grain weight, and silica,
protein, and amylose content were analyzed. In general, resistant varieties had thick husk, low alkali value, coarse grain, higher 100-grain weight, and high silica, total protein, and total amylose content (see table).
Excess water tolerance

Breeding for submergence tolerance
S. Mallik, C. R. Lakhe, N. K. Mitra, and B. K. Mandal, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah 712102, West Bengal, India
In eastern India, rice seedlings are likely to be submerged 30-40 d after transplanting when the monsoon breaks
in mid-Jun. We studied FR13A, FR43B, and CN540, their two hybrids, and susceptible check IR20 for submergence tolerance and recovery. Initial height and leaf and tiller number of 10-, 30-, and 40-d-old seedlings were recorded, and seedlings were submerged in either 30 or 60 cm deep water. Survival percentage, height and leaf number were taken, and
12 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Survival and recovery of seedlings of different ages at 2 water depths. West Bengal, India.
seedlings left for 10 d more under saturated moisture to estimate recovery capacity. Varieties differed significantly in initial height and leaf and tiller number. FR13A and FR43B were the tallest and had the most leaves in all age groups. In general, IR20 scored lowest for all characters, except it had the most tillers at 40 d old. Highest survival of 10-d-old seedlings was in FR13A and CN716 at both flooding depths, followed by FR43B and CN717 (see figure). No IR20 plants survived the 60-cm water depth. All older seedlings of CN540 and FR43B survived. Only CN716 showed complete recovery of younger seedlings at both water depths; 40-d-old seedlings surpassed both parents in 60 cm water. FR43B had good overall recovery at all seedling ages. No 10 d IR20 seedlings recovered; recovery otherwise increased gradually with seedling age. Most varieties had higher elongation rates at 30 cm than at 60 cm water depth (see table). Ten-day-old CN540 seedlings had the highest elongation rate, FR43B elongated most in 30 cm and FR13A in 60 cm. High initial height was correlated with low elongation rate in older seedlings
Elongation rate during submergence of 6 varieties at 10, 30, and 40 d old. West Bengal, India. Elongation per d (%) Variety 10 d old 30 cm CN540 (Suresh) FR13A FR43B CN716 (FR13A/CN540) CN717 (FR43B/CN540) IR20 (susceptible check) 13.1 2.6 13.1 4.9 2.5 10.1 60 cm 1.8 3.1 1.4 0.2 1.5 dead 30 cm 4.1 5.0 2.8 6.3 4.6 1.5 30 d old 60 cm 8.9 5.6 1.9 6.3 3.0 2.4 40 d old 30 cm 6.2 1.4 5.9 12.0 5.1 4.9 60 cm 7.4 5.2 1.4 6.4 6.6 2.2
(0.60 and 0.70 at 30 cm, and 0.81 and 0.73 at 60 cm water) but not with survival. Initial leaf number was positively correlated with survival only in 40-d-old seedlings at 60 cm water depth (0.60). The resistant varieties can be divided into two groups: FR13A type and CN540 or FR43B type. FR13A type was more resistant at the heterotrophic stage (seedling surviving on endosperm), CN540 type was more resistant at the autotrophic stage (seedling producing its food). Screening at both seedling stages could help identify resistance donors. Development of bridge parents such as CN716 (FR13A/CN540) that combine both types of resistance should lead to the production of genotypes with better flood tolerance.
Adverse temperature tolerance

Screening criterion for cold tolerance at the seedling stage
Xu Yunbi and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China
In the Yangtze valley in China, the first crop indica rice is sown in early Apr and transplanted in early May. Seedlings die when temperatures are abnormally low (6-10 C for 5 d or longer). We investigated a screening criterion for cold tolerance at the seedling stage.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 13
Table 1. Response of 5 rice varieties to low temperature (10/6 C day/night) for 3, 7, 9 d. Hangzhou, China. Variety IR26 Response 3d 7d 9d
Tip of leaves All leaves Plant dead rolled into tubes or withered Tip of leaves All leaves Plant dead rolled into tubes or withered Normal All leaves Plant dead into tubes or withered Tip of leaves Tip of rolled leaves rolled All leaves rolled into tubes or withered All leaves rolled
Erjiufeng Biyuzaonuo Reimei
Leaf rolling was the most visible abnormality and might be useful as a sensitive criterion of cold tolerance. It is more simple and practical than using leaf discoloration or dead seedling percentage. We evaluated 78 varieties at the 3-leaf stage at 10/6 C day/night for 7 d. The first leaf from the top rolled first, then the second leaf, then all leaves rolled or were fully withered. Varieties could be divided into five cold tolerance groups by leaf rolling symptoms (Table 2): T = tolerant, all leaves normal MT = medium tolerant, tip to 1/2 of 1st leaf rolled (leaflet normal)
M = medium, 1/2 to 2/3 of 1st leaf rolled (leaflet normal) MS = medium susceptible, 1st and 2d leaves fully rolled (leaflet normal) or 1st leaf fully rolled S = susceptible, all leaves rolled or fully withered. All of the eight japonicas tested were tolerant. Seven of the 12 tolerant indicas were traditional native varieties. Most of the recommended indica varieties were susceptible. Guiluai 8, Ainanzao 39, and Zaofengshou have been proposed as donors in developing cold-tolerant indica varieties.
Zhonghua 8 Tip of leaves Normal rolled
Table 2. Cold tolerance of 78 rice varieties at the 3-leaf stage. Hangzhou, China. Tolerant Ainanzao 39, Zaofengshou, Reimei, Fujikei 131, 81y4-5, Zhonghua 8, Fujikei 137, Akita 32, Wujiegu, Titanio, Yantouqing, Fujisaka 5, Fujikei 130, Longjiangdao. Guiluai 8, Daguangxian, Leyi, Erjiulu 1, Qishirihuodao, Yuanfengzao, Wenzhouqing. Zhenlong 13, Simei 2, Ejiunan 1, Chum 84-508, Eza 6, Zhuyunnuo, Yuan 2, Zaoxian 503, ZaoIian 31, Fangyangu. Zhenshan 97, Zaoxian 141, Wenge Zhong 83-49, Zhengui 51, Zuo 5 Zhuke 2, IR24, Huazaobai, Butuoai, ZRE8. Ainanzao l, Nongsheng, Jinke 5, Qingzhen 16, Hongtu 5, Hongtu 27, Fulianai, Fuyul, Qingganhuang Zhefu 802, Wenxuanqing, Biyuzaonuo, Luhongzao 1, Zhuxi 26, IR26, IR29, IR36, IR60, B3, Hongtu 31, Erjiufeng, Guangluai 4, Erjiuqing, Qingxiaojinzao, H1459, Junlianzao, Fu 8-1, Chaoyang 1, Aichang 25, Zhenyu, Guiluai 3, Erjiulong, Zaojianzaodao, Liantangzao, 5010, Xianfeng 1.
Effect of low temperature on selected rice varieties in Tanzania

M. N. W. Mnzava, Usangu Irrigation Project, Mbeya-Tanzania; and B. S. Vergara and R. M. Visperas, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
Medium tolerant Medium
In the Usangu Plains in the south and Moshi and Mombo in the northeast,
Promising cold-tolerant Tanzanian rice varieties. IRGC acc. no. 56208 56209 06485 06481 56163 56164 56181 56184 56194 56195 56205 56210 56213 06479 06480 06491 56161 56167 56168 56183 56186 56192 56193 56214 07533
a
low temperature affects the rice crop. Minimum temperatures below 15 C from late Apr and Aug reduce yield if panicle initiation or heading occurs during the cool period. We screened 65 Tanzanian varieties from the International Rice Germplasm Center collection for cold tolerance at seedling, panicle initiation, and anthesis (heading) stages in cold water tanks and in the IRRI phytotron.
Medium susceptible Susceptible
Variety
Score a at seedling stage 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 9 9 9 9 9
Spikelet sterility (%) Panicle initiation 10 19 18 23 23 24 16 22 15 19 17 37 57 77 33 26 42 30 60 67 60 52 Anthesis 17 18 78 16 30 15 38 13 63 24 15 15 6 10 13 8 9 13 3 10 12 16
Seedlings of 5 varieties were grown in 50- 20- 15-cm plastic trays with 10 cm soil. At the 3- to 4-leaf stage they were subjected to low temperature (10/6 C day/night) for 3, 7, and 9 d in the incubator. Incubation for 7 d was best for discriminating cold tolerance among varieties (Table 1).
ES076 ES077 (Shingo) Afaa Kilombero 1-196 Afaa Mwanza 1-104 ES010 (Supa India) ES013 ES040 (Turiani) ES043 ES059 (Bishore) ES060 (Kialangawa) ES072 ES078 (Zira) ES081 (Shindano) Gamti 1-34 Afaa Mwanza 0-746 Lindi Safari ES003 ES018 (Gold) ES018 (Straw) ES042 ES044 (Wahi) ES053 (Ringa) ES054 ES082 HR19
Standard evaluation system for rice score.
14 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
ES076 and ES077 were tolerant of 12 C water at the seedling stage (see table). Afaa Kilombero 1-196 was highly tolerant and Afaa Mwanza 1-104, Supa India, ES013, ES040, ES043, ES059, ES060, ES072, ES078, and ES081 tolerant of 17 C night air temperature for 5 d during panicle initiation.
Gamti, Afaa Mwanza 0-746, Lindi Safari, ES003, ES018, ES042, ES044, ES053, ES054, ES082, and HR19 were tolerant of 21 C air temperature for 5 d during anthesis. ES076 showed tolerance at both seedling stage and heading. Afaa
Kilombero 1-196, Supa India, ES040, ES059, and ES072 were tolerant at panicle initiation and heading. Afaa lines, Supa India, and Kihogo, the varieties commonly grown, are tolerant at panicle initiation, but susceptible at anthesis.
Response of rice varieties to planting time during the dry season

K. Maity and P. K. Mahapatra, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 3, India
In parts of Orissa, rice is grown early in the dry season (DS) using water from streams, tanks, and ponds that dry up in Apr and May. We studied varietal response to different planting times during Dec and Jan. The trials were laid out in a replicated split-plot design in DS 1985 and 1986. Varieties Pathara, Kuber, and Rajani were studied in 1985; Pathara, Rajani, Annapurna, and Shankar in 1986. Soil was laterite, loamy sand, with pH 5.6, 0.4% organic carbon, 0.04% total N, 12 kg available P, and 150 kg available K/ ha. Seedlings were transplanted at 25 d at 15- 10-cm spacing with 60-1325 kg NPK/ha. Full P and K and 25% N were applied basal, 50% N at tillering, and 25% N at panicle initiation. Four
Effect of date of transplanting on yield of different rice varieties. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 1985-86. Treatment Planting date 5-10 Dec 20-25 Dec 5-10 Jan 20-25 Jan LSD (0.05) Variety Pathara (OR83-23) Kuber (ORl64-5) Rajani (ORl63-104) Annapurna Shankar LSD (0.05) Yield (t/ha) 1985 2.8 3.1 3.7 3.3 0.5 3.1 3.1 3.5 0.3 1986 2.0 2.6 2.4 2.2 0.1 2.3
Temperature profile during the rice-growing season. Bhubaneswar, India, 1985-86.
transplanting dates, at 154 intervals, started 5 Dec 1985 and 10 Dec 1986. Time of planting affected yield (see table). Transplantings on 25 Dec 1985
and 5 Jan 1987 produced the highest. Late and early planting reduced yield, perhaps because of temperature (see figure).
Inheritance of seedling stage cold tolerance in 6 indica and japonica crosses

Xu Yunbi and Shen Zongtan, Agronomy Department, Zhejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, China
2.4 2.6 1.9 0.1
We used highly cold-tolerant japonica varieties Zhonghua 8 and Reimei as the female parents (P 1) and cold-susceptible indica varieties Ejiufeng, My 821 66, Qinghuaai 6, and Conggui 314 as the male parents (P 2) to make six crosses (two including B 2 , F1/P2) between indicas and japonicas in 1985-86. The seeds were sown in 50- 20-
15-cm plastic trays, one cross (including P 1, P 2 , F1 , F2 , B2 )/tray. Seedlings at the 3-leaf stage were subjected to 10/6 C day/night, 12 h light (2500-3500 1x)/d for 7 d in the incubator. We used leaf rolling as the criterion for cold tolerance. All F1 s showed good tolerance for low temperature. The F 2 and B2 populations had only R or S seedlings. Segregation of F 2 plants in 6 crosses fit a 15:1 inheritance ratio, B 2 plants in 2 crosses fit 3:1 (see table). That shows that cold tolerance indicated by leaf rolling in indicas and japonicas is governed by two dominant duplicate genes.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 15
Segregation on cold tolerance at the seedling stage in F 2 and B 2 populations of 6 indica/japonica crosses. a Hangzhou, China, 1985-86. Cross Zhonghua 8/Erjiufeng Zhonghua 8/My 82166 Zhonghua 8/Qinghuaai 6 Zhonghua 8/Conggui 314 Reimei/Qinghuaai 6 Reimei/Conggui 314
a
P1 T 50 24 24 50 42 27
b No
P2 S 38 40 39 31 39 31
F1 T 17 12 25 19 31 29
F2 and B 2 Total F2 B2 F2 F2 B2 F2 F2 F2 207 36 181 184 55 198 195 144 T 191 28 169 170 40 185 187 133
S 16 8 12 14 15 13 8 11
X2 c F2 (15:1) B2 (3:1) 0.5414 0.0370 0.0033 0.3710 0.0545 0.0013 1.1901 0.2667
P 0.25-0.50 0.75-0.90 >0.90 0.50-0.75 0.75-0.90 >0.90 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75
The International IPM Newsletter is published for researchers in the development and transfer of integrated pest management (IPM) technology in rice production. Its content focuses on discussions of current issues; it does not publish research reports. For more information, write Dr. B. M. Shepard, IPM Newsletter, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
T = tolerant, S = susceptible. medium, medium susceptible.
segregation into medium type seedlings such as medium tolerant,
Adverse soils tolerance

Effect of soil alkalinity on yield of genotypes in Kanpur
B. Singh and O. P. Srivastava, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Department, C. S. A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur 208002, India
Effect of soil alkalinity on grain and straw yields. Kanpur, India. Grain yield (t/ha) pH 9.2 2.9 3.5 1.8 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.8 2.5 3.6 3.6 2.9 pH 9.6 1.8 2.8 0.5 2.5 2.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 3.0 2.8 2.3 Straw yield (t/ha) pH 9.2 5.5 5.6 4.2 4.0 3.7 8.1 5.1 4.8 6.5 6.8 5.4 pH 9.6 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.9 3.5 7.5 3.8 4.0 5.7 4.7 4.4
Alkali soils occur more in arid and semiarid areas. Because of high pH values, these soils are deficient in
important plant nutrients. We screened 10 genotypes (see table) in plots with pH values 9.2 and 9.6. NP-K was applied at 120-26-25 kg/ ha through urea, single superphosphate, and muriate of potash. Maximum grain yield was from Pokkali, Nonasail (Sel.), IR46, and IR4563-52-1-1-3-6. Lowest yield was from IR54. Grain yield was severely reduced with increasing pH.
Variety
IR43 IR46 IR54 IR4563-52-1-1-3-6 IR9763-11-2-2-3 IR14632-2-2-3 IR19661-131-1-2 M242 Nonasail (Sel.) Pokkali Mean
Screening rice entries for coastal salinity and tidal swamp conditions
S. Gupta, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly, India
Survival, days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicles, and yield of 12 promising entries for coastal salinity and tidal swamp areas. Hooghly, India. Variety or line Silla Djambaram BJN4 BJM5 IR37257-41-3-2-3 IR39558-147-1-3 IR40578-13-2-2-3-2-2 IR4595-4-1-13 IR10198-66-2 SR26B Hamilton Malta Survival (%) 19.1 18.2 21.8 18.2 37.3 47.3 28.2 31.8 27.3 31.8 38.2 31.8 Days to 50% flowering 131 122 129 132 111 132 93 122 108 110 103 103 Height (cm) 90.6 100.4 67.4 84.2 96.5 69.2 73.8 78.6 91.5 106.2 103.2 98.6 Panicles (no.) 6.0 7.4 12.0 11.4 9.4 9.8 5.0 6.4 9.3 7.0 9.4 5.4 Yield/ plant (g) 5.5 11.7 14.3 10.5 16.6 6.2 15.2 18.5 21.7 16.5 19.2 13.3
We screened 115 germplasm and advanced breeding lines for adaptability to coastal salinity and tidal swamp conditions in the coastal area of south 24-Parganas district, West Bengal. Tidal water was allowed to enter the plots at regular intervals. The Ece of the soil at transplanting of 30-d-old seedlings was 8.4 dS/m; that of groundwater was 29.9 dS/m. On the commencement of rainfall, those values gradually decreased to a 3.0 for soil and 11.0 for groundwater at 38 d after transplanting (DT). Soil Ece values were
below 5.0 dS/m and those of groundwater 10 dS/m and below, from 38 to 68 DT, then tended to increase. Highest soil Ece value (15.1 dS /m) was
at 89 DT. Percentage survival, days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), panicles / plant, and yield of 12
16 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
promising entries are given in the table. Highest survival was in IR39558-147-13, but because of its longer duration, most panicles did not exsert fully with high salinity and low temperature during Nov.
IR4595-4-1-13-2, IR37257-41-3-2-3, IR40578-13-2-2-3-2-2 with flowering durations of 122, 111, and 93 d, appear most promising. Considering the growth
duration suitable for local situations, IR10198-66-2-1 showed promise. Among four local varieties tested, Hamilton was most adapted.
Integrated germplasm improvement

Performance of early Prasanna variety
M. V. S. Sastry and U. Prasada Rao, Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 30, India
Dec (normal dry season). Twenty-dayold seedlings were planted at 15- 15cm spacing with moderate fertilizer (1317 kg P-K + 40 kg N/ha). Irrigation at
10-d intervals was applied when there was no rainfall during the 10-d period. All crops matured in 90 d (see table). Comparing the yields of the Aug and Jul sowings indicated the suitability of Prasanna for midseason planting. Total yield for the year was 8 t/ha, with a 210d cropping period.
Performance of Prasanna in a 3-crop year. Hyderabad, India, 1986-87. Sowing date 4 Jul 22 Aug 20 Dec Transplanting date 24 Jul 6 Sep 10 Jan Maturity 4 Oct 22 Nov 20 Feb Days to maturity 90 90 90 Yield (t/ha) 2.4 2.6 3.0
We grew 3 crops of Prasanna in sequence in 2,000 m2 under restricted irrigation at Ramachandrapuram during 1986-87. Sowing was 7 Jul (normal wet season), 22 Aug (midseason), and 20
A high-yielding variety for coastal Andhra Pradesh, India

P. Sankar Rao, N. Sree Rama Reddi, and C. B. Rao, Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Maruteru 534122, A. P., India
Agronomic traits and blast resistance of MTU7014 at Maruteru, India, 1986 dry season. Character Plant type Growth duration (d) Plant height (cm) Panicles (no./m 2) Spikelets (no./panicle) Filled spikelets (no./panicle) Sterility (%) 1000-grain weight (g) Pigmentation Seed dormancy (wk) Reaction to blast a
a
MTU7014 Compact tillers dark green foliage 125 84 491 99 97 2.2 29 Green 4 1
IR64 Compact tillers light green foliage 120 85 433 127 125 1.8 28 Green 3 1
BPT 1235 (local check) Low tillers, light green foliage 120 86 528 93 92 1.1 25 Purple 2 8
MTU7014, a high-yielding, earlymaturing, blast-resistant variety, is a derivative of Rasi/IR19667-131-1-2. It consistently yielded higher than BPT1235 in replicated trials during the 1985, 1986, and 1987 dry seasons (see table). In 1987 minikit farmers' field trials at 23 locations in Godavari District, MTU7014 yielded higher than local check BPT1235.
Standard evaluation system for rice scale 0-9. Tested against race IC 9.
Two new varieties from segregation material of IR36

Wei Zisheng and Li Yourong, Hunan Agricultural Science Academy, Rice Research Institute, Changsha, Hunan, China
Yield, growth duration, and pest resistance of 2 new varieties in Hunan, China. Variety IR36 (female) Guong jei 9 (male) Xiang Zaoxian 3 HA79317-4
aR
Grain yield (t/ha) 7.1 7.0 6.6
Growth duration (d) 125 109 106 102
Reactiona to BB R S R R B1 R R R R BPH R S R R WBPH R R
IR36 has a growth duration that is too long for an early rice crop in Hunan. We used it as a source of resistance
= resistant, S = susceptible.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 17
genes for bacterial blight (BB), rice blast (Bl), and brown planthopper (BPH). Two early rice varieties with medium growth durationXiang Zaoxian 3 and
HA793 17-4have been selected from segregating material of IR36/ Guong jie 9. They have resistance to BB, Bl, BPH, and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH),
and high yield (see table). By 1987, they had been planted in 500,000 ha in Hubei, Jiangxi, Guongxi, and Zhejiang Provinces.
Three rice varieties named in Ghana

R. C. Dekuku, Crops Research Institute, P. O. Box 52, Nyankpala - Tamale, Ghana (present address: Plant Breeding Department, IRRI)
In Ghana, rice is cultivated mostly under rainfed conditions.
C168 from the cross Intan/BPI-76-1 from the Philippines, IR1750-F5-B5 from the cross E425/IR22 from IRRI, and ToX 516-19-Sel from the cross Moroberekan/ Juma I, ToX 7-3-2-3-2, and SE3639 from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) were selected from IRTP trials early in the 1980s.
Table 1. Grain yield and reactions to blast and brown spot of GR19, GR20, and GR21 under rainfed conditions at research sites in Ghana, 1981-85. Variety Grain yield (t/ha) 1981 (1 site) 3.8 4.4 4.4 2.4 1982 (2 sites) 2.1 2.4 2.4 1.4 1983a (2 sites) 1.2 1.6 1.0 1.0 1984 (3 sites) 2.6 1.7 2.8 1.4 1985 (9 sites) 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.8 Reactiona to Meanb Blast 2.3 (46%) 2.4 (53%) 2.6 (65%) 1.6 2 3 3 7 Brown spot 3 2 3 5
GR19 (C168) GR20 (IR1750-F5-B5)
GR21 (ToX 516-19-Sel) Check variety Tamale 1
a Rainfall deficit was 247-288 mm at trial sites. b Percentages c By the Standard evaluation systems for rice scale.
show yield increase over check variety.
They consistently have outyielded most other varieties and local checks under rainfed lowland shallow conditions at research sites (Table 1). Even in 1983, with a Jun-Oct growing season rainfall of only 497 mm at Nyankpala and 547 mm at Manga, compared to the 30-yr average 785 mm and 794 mm, yields equaled or were higher than those of the check varieties. On-farm test yields in 1985 and 1986 also were encouraging (Table 2), and in 1987 the Ghana Rice Varietal Release Committee accepted GR19 (C168), GR20 (IR1750-F5-B5), and GR21 (ToX 516-19-Sel) for rainfed cultivation. GR19 (100 cm tall) matures in about 120 d; GR20 (90 cm), in 105 d; and GR21 (90 cm), in 110 d. All have acceptable cooking and eating qualities and are resistant or moderately resistant to leaf blast and brown spot.
Table 2.On-farm trial grain yield of GR19, GR20, and GR21 in Ghana, 1985 and 1986. Site Grain yield (t/ha) GR19 2.6 2.2 0.9 0.4 3.4 1.9 2.2 2.9 1.7 2.4 3.7 0.9 5.2 1.5 0.9 3.0 2.9
a
GR21 2.8 2.8 1.7 0.6 4.9 2.6 2.4 1.8 1.2 2.2
a
GR20 1985 2.9 2.8 2.3 1.3 2.7 2.4
Local check 1.7 1.6 2.2 0.5 2.8 1.8 1.3 2.1 0.8 1.4 2.9 0.7 5.6 1.1 1.3 3.0 3.8 1.4 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.0
Red Triveni, a promising short-duration variety for India

K. Karunakaran, K. I. James, C. A. Rosamma, P. Chandrika, and N. R. Nair, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi 679306, India
Nayoko Zawse Zabgo Gore Vane Mean Tarkpaa 1 Tarkpaa 2 Tarkpaa 3 Cheshegu Zuarungu Soe 1 Soe 2 Bladjei Katiejeli Tarkpaa 4 Kete Krachi Kpassa/Nkwanta Central Volta Gbefi Vane Mean
a
1986
2.6 3.3
a
0.8 5.2 1.6 0.6 3.1 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.9 2.3 2.5
2.6
Not included.
Of three short-duration, semidwarf, high-yielding rice varieties released in Kerala, Triveni is the most popular among Kerala farmers. Farmers who have a strong preference for red grain have been asking for a red-grained version, adaptable to all growing seasons. About 5 yr after Trivenis release, a few isolated red-grained plants were found. Red-grained plants reoccurred, despite strict roguing. White-grained PTB15, one of the parents in the evolution of Triveni, has purple tipping. Possibly, segregation for
18 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
an inhibitory factor caused the redgrained plants. Single plant selection and progeny testing were carried out systematically and the nonsegregating red lines bulked and multiplied. The new line was designated Red Triveni and tested in replicated yield trials during the three main rice seasons 1985-86. The new culture with red grain uniformly performed well during the three seasons (see table). In adaptive trials in farmers fields in three districts
Performance of Red Triveni in wet, dry, and summer seasons. Pattambi, Kerala, India, 1985-86. Variety Days to 50% flowering Summer 78 78 77 76 Kharif 94 94 89 99 Rabi 74 78 67 65 Grain yield (t/ha) Summer 1985-86 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.3 ns Kharif 1986 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.8 ns Rabi 1986 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.4 0.2
Red Triveni Triveni Annapoorna Rohini LSD (P = 0.05)
in summer season 1987, Red Triveni yields averaged 6 t/ha (yields of the
original white-grained Triveni averaged 5.2 t/ha).
A blast (BI)-resistant and high-yielding early indica variety

Xiong Zhenmin and Wang Guoliang, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
Fu 8-1 is a newly released semidwarf indica variety induced from variety 8004 with Co60 r-ray (3.5 krad). It has 115120 d duration, 1-2 d earlier than popular local variety Guang-Lu-Ai 4, with wide adaptability in Zhejiang,
Table 1. Some agronomic characteristics a of Fu 8-1. Hangzhou, China, 1986-87. Variety Fu 8-1 Guang-Lu-Ai 4
aMean
Duration (d) 114 114
Plant ht (cm) 75.8 67.4
Panicles (no./m2) 472.26 533.73
Grains (no./panicle) 69.7 66.7
1000-grain wt (g) 32.2 25.2
Seed set (%) 76.6 78.1
Yielda (t/ha) 7.5 6.9
Jiangxi, Hunan, and Hubei Provinces (26.0-31.0N, 114-120E). The new variety performed well in the regional trials of Zhejiang Province in 1986 and 1987average yields 7.5 t/ha, nearly 9% higher than Guang-Lu-Ai 4 (Table 1). Grain quality is also better. An outstanding characteristic of Fu 81 is its widespectrum resistance to rice Bl caused by Pyricularia oryzae. In 1986 artificial inoculation tests, it was resistant to 26 and moderately resistant to 1 of 29 local isolates (Table 2). It also has good field resistance.
of 7 sites.
Table 2. Reaction of Fu 8-1 to 29 P. oryzae isolates belonging to groups A to G. a Hangzhou, China, 1986-87. Reactionb A7 Variety Fu 8-1 Guang-Lu-Ai4
aGrouping
B11
B15
B3
B19 C15
D3
D7
E1
E3
G1
15- 141 2 M S R S
18- 31- 34- 52- 15- 15- 20- 51- 51- 64- 18- 43- 83- 14- 90- 71- 82- 85- 49- 36- 49- 46- 16- 6- 7- 21- 99 2 2 3 4 1 2 4 4 4 5 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 4 3 4 2 1 3 2 2 3 R S R S R S R S R S R S R S R S S S R S R S S S R S R S R S R R R R R R R S R S R M R R R R S S R S R S R S
tible.
based on Chinese differentials. Each letter is followed by the race number in that group. bR = resistant, M = moderately resistant, S = suscep-
OM91: an improved rice variety for high-production irrigated areas

Nguyen van Luat, Pham cong Voc, and Nguyen van Loan, Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI), Omon, Haugiang, Vietnam
Table 1. Yield of OM91 at CLCRRI, Omon Haugiang, Vietnam, 1984-86. Yield (t/ha) Variety 1983 OM91 NN7A LSD % CV (%) 4.6 4.8 0.7 7.3 Dry season 1984 4.4 3.9 0.6 13.7 1985 5.8 5.7 0.7 14.6 Wet season 1984 6.8 6.3 0.6 13.7 1985 4.5 4.5 0.4 14.6 Average 5.8 5.0
OM91 was found to be widely adapted In several provincial trials. It has higher
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 19
and more insect and disease resistances than local check NN7A. OM91, from the cross 900/IR747, has a 90-95 d growth duration, compact tillering, and slender white grain. Yields averaged 5.8 t/ha in the 1984-86 CLRRI and multilocation yield trials (Table 1). OM91 is highly resistant to brown planthopper biotype 2 and to blast (Bl). It withstood high Bl pressure in Binh Minh district, Cuu Long Province, seed station trials (Table 2). OM91 was released for large-scale cultivation in the Cuu Long Delta in 1987.
Table 2. Reaction of OM91 to insect pest and diseasea in Cuu Long Delta in 1984-85. Blast Variety Brown planthopper 3 3 3 R R R 2 8 9 Hau Giang Score OM91 NN7A NN6A
a
An Giang Score 2-3 8 9 Reaction R-MR HS HS Score 2-3 9 9
Cuu Long Reaction R-MR HS HS
Reaction R HS HS
Artificial infestation, using IRRI test and scoring procedures. R = resistant, HS = highly susceptible. Resistant check for BPH = IR36, Bl = IR. Susceptible check for BPH = TN1, Bl = NN7A.
For information on ordering IRRI publications, write Communication and Publications Dept., Div. R, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Performance of IR42 in deepwater rice areas on the Red River delta in northern Vietnam
Dao The Tuan, Nguyen Duy Tinh, Bach Trung Hung, Nguyen Manh Trung, and Pham Van Chinh, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, D7, Phoung Mai, Dongda, Hanoi, Vietnam
Table 1. Yield trials in 1977-83 wet season. a Av grain yield (t/ha) Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1982 1983
aSource:
IR42 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.7 5.9 2.7
IR22 4.0 3.8 5.3 3.8
BR52-87-1 5.5
Moc Tuyenb 2.3
National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. bPhotoperiod-sensitive, China variety.
Rice variety IR42 was introduced in Vietnam in 1977. We compared it with some other varieties in the wet season (Jun-Oct) field trials (Table 1). In 1987 wet season in Ha Nam Ninh, Ha Bac, and some other deepwater rice areas of the Red River delta, about 3,400 ha of IR42 was grown in medium water depth (30-40 cm), next to some widely grown local varieties (Moc Tuyen, Bao Thai, and others). We studied its performance in three districts. IR42 (30 d old) was transplanted with about 10 t farmyard manure (60 kg N)/ha and 17.6 kg P/ha (no K). Damage by pests and diseases was not significant. In 46 samples of IR42 and 21 samples of Moc Tuyen from farmers fields, we found the following: IR42 yields averaged more than 5 t/ ha in 22% of the samples, 4-5 t/ha in 61%, and 3-4 t/ha in 17%. Moc Tuyen yields were higher than 5 t/ha in 19% of the samples, 4-5 t/ha in 29%, and 34 t/ha in 52%.
Table 2. Av grain yield by sowing dates of IR42 in 1987 wet season. Sowing date 25-30 1-5 6-10 11-15 May Jun Jun Jun Samples (no.) by average yield Over 5.0 t/ha 6 2 2 4.5-5.0 t/ha 3 2 6 3 4.0-4.5 t/ha 4 3 6 1 Less than 4.0 t/ha 6 2
IR42 responded to time of seeding (Table 2). Most crops that yielded more than 5 t/ ha were sown 25-30 May; crops
with less than 4 t/ ha were sown 6-15 Jun. Best seeding time was late May to early Jun.
Seed technology
Standardizing hybrid rice A line seed production
M. Rangaswamy, Rice Research Station, Ambasamudram; and S. R. Sree Rangasamy, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
A trial to standardize A line seed production techniques was conducted in summer 1986. Zhen Shan 97 A was used as the B line in the ratios 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1, and 6:1. To synchronize flowering and prolong pollen supply, alternate hills of B line were pruned
20 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
15 cm above the ground 25 d after planting. Pruned hills flowered 1 wk later than nonpruned hills. Yield and percentage of seed set are presented in
the table. Yields of A lines with pruned and nonpruned B lines were not significantly different. Seed yields of A line were
equal in 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, and 5:1 row ratios, and significantly superior to those at 6:1 and 1:1. A line seed set was high with 1:1 row ratio and low with 6:1.
Seed yield and seed set in Zhen Shan 97 A line with different planting ratios. Coimbatore, India, 1986 summer. A line seed seta (%) A:B ratio B line pruned B line nonpruned Mean Compared with 1:1 B line pruned Yield (g/m 2) 49.5 61.6 62.4 64.3 60.5 56.5 59.1 % over 1:1 100.0 124.4 126.1 129.9 122.2 114.1 119.4 109.6 A line seed yieldb B line nonpruned Yield (g/m 2) 45.6 55.7 58.2 57.6 55.3 51.2 53.9 % over 1:1 100.0 122.1 127.6 126.3 121.3 112.3 118.2 100.0 Mean yield (g/m 2) 47.5 58.6 60.3 60.9 57.9 53.8 56.5 4.3 % over 1:1
1:1 2:1 3:1 4:1 5:1 6:1 Mean % over nonpruned LSD
aSeed
19.3 18.8 16.9 17.4 15.5 13.6 16.9 103.0
18.5 17.9 16.5 15.8 14.1 12.8 15.9 100.0
18.9 18.4 16.7 16.6 14.8 13.2 16.4 1.6
100.0 97.4 88.4 87.8 78.3 69.8 86.8
100.0 123.4 126.9 128.2 121.9 113.3 118.9
set: between A and B ratios = significant at 5% level; between B line pruned and nonpruned = not significant. bSeed yield: between A and B ratios = significant at 1% level; between B lines pruned and nonpruned = not significant.
Varietal differences in seed longevity

H. P. Sikder, Rice Research Station, Chinsurah, Hooghly, West Bengal, India
Resistance of rice varieties to loss of viability in storage. Hooghly, West Bengal, India. Rice group Dwarf ponlais Varieties Weakly resistant Taichung 65 Kalimpong-I a Kalimpong-II a Tainan 3 Kaohsiung 68 Chianung 242 Chia 242 CI 9155 IR60-1241 b TN1 Taichung 65 Taichung Native I IR8-178-3-1 IR4-67-2-3 IR4-90-2 IR9-60 IR8-288-3 IR8-64-3-1 IR8-190-1 IR5-47-2 IR5-114-3 IR4-263-1-2 FR43B OC1393 Kumargore Tilakkachari Ramsail SR26B Bhasamanik Bankura 517 Moderately resistant Strongly resistant
We studied seeds of 32 rice varieties (8 dwarf ponlais; 12 dwarf indicas, and 12 tall indicas) under adverse storage conditions. Seed samples (3 per variety) were thoroughly dried in the sun after Nov harvest and kept in thin cloth bags in ambient conditions. Germination percentages were recorded monthly Mar-Sep, with relative humidity and atmospheric temperature. (Seeds were germinated in petri dishes on moist blotting paper for 6 d.) Varieties were classified on the basis of germination percentages: Highly resistant = more than 80% germination. Moderately resistant = germination 40-80%. Weakly resistant = germination less than 40%. The ponlai group appears to be highly susceptible to adverse storage conditions (see table). By Jun, ponlai varieties had
Dwarf indicas
Tall indicas
Churnakati Badkalamkati 65
NC1626 Nagrasail
aSelection
from ponlai. bWith ponlai-lie plant type.
become unsuitable for sowing. Among the tall indicas, short-duration Churnakati and Badkalamkati 65 were much weaker than long-duration
varieties. The long-duration local varieties also have strong dormancy. Even though high-yielding dwarf varieties have short duration and mostly
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 21
weak or no dormancy, their storage life varied widely. Viability appears to be controlled by genetic factors; dwarf indica TN1/Taichung 65 lost viability very quickly.
In general, the gradual fall of seed viability was due to the increase in relative humidity (58% to 85%), and in temperature (26 to 31C).
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.

Soils and soil characterization
Urea hydrolysis in oxidized and reduced flooded soil
C. S. Khind, C. W. Lindau, and W. H. Patrick, Jr., Laboratory for Wetland Soils and Sediments, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
reduced soil suspension was extracted by preflushing the bottles with N 2 ; O2 -free KCl-PMA solution also was used for
extraction. The supernatant solution of the reduced soil samples was filtered under a N 2 atmosphere. The unhydrolyzed urea recovered in the KCl-PMA extracts was determined colorimetrically immediately after extraction.
We studied urea hydrolysis in oxidized and reduced soil systems in a controlled laboratory setup (Fig. 1). Soil was an Oxisol, kaolinitic clay (Typic Haplorthox) with pH 5.2, 1.72% organic C, 0.13% N, and CEC 15.5 meq/ 100 g. It contained 56.2% clay, 11.9% silt, and 31.9% sand. Four hundred grams of 2 mm airdried soil (oven dry weight basis) and 1,600 ml of water were placed into a 2liter conical flask, stirred continuously with a magnetic stirrer, and incubated in the dark at 25 C. Stable soil redox conditions and pH were obtained by continuously purging the soil suspension with 99.9% O 2 (for oxidized conditions) or 99.9% N 2 gas (for reduced conditions) for about 30 d before adding urea. Duplicate flasks were run for urea and no N treatments. Urea was applied at 200 mg N/ kg soil and the contents of the flasks stirred continuously, purging either with O 2 or N 2 gas. Duplicate 25-ml aliquots of soil suspensions were removed 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after adding urea. The aliquots were used to determine oven-dry soil weight and urea N. The oxidized soil suspension was extracted with KCl-PMA solution having a final concentration of 2M. The
1. Schematic of experimental setup used to oxidize or reduce soil in the laboratory. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA, 1988.
22 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
The results show that rate of urea hydrolysis in the oxidized soil proceeded at a significantly slower rate than in the reduced soil for all the incubation periods (Fig. 2). At 1 d after application, 40% of added urea was hydrolyzed in the oxidized soil, and 62% in the reduced soil. At 4 d, 72% of added urea was hydrolyzed in the oxidized soil, and 93% in the reduced soil. At 7 d, a small amount of urea still remained in the oxidized soil, but no trace was found in the reduced soil.
2. Urea hydrolyzed in oxidized and reduced flooded Sumatra soil at 25 C. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA, 1988.
Soil microbiology and biological N fertilizer

Influence of P, K, micronutrients, and dolomite on azolla growth
G. Rakotonaivo, Universit de Madagascar, Service Botanique, B. P. 906, Antananarivo, Madagascar; and M. Schramm, Humboldt University, Biology Department, Berlin 1040, German Democratic Republic
We studied the effects of P, K, micronutrients (M), and dolomite (D) on azolla growth and its P accumulation in 1.2- 2.3-m plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The test was conducted at 1,260 m altitude at the end of the warm season Mar 1985 (air temperature 1625 C; water temperature 11-40 C) in Antananarivo. Soil was sandy clay loam mineral hydromorph, with pH 5.2, 1.13% total P, 0.155% Olsen P, 3% organic matter, 1.7% C, and ex-K 0.18 meq/100 g. Treatments were P alone; P and K; P, K, and M; P, K, and D; and P, K, M,
and D. P was applied at 7 kg/ ha as triple superphosphate, K at 5 kg/ ha as KCl, and M at 10 kg/ha as a commercial cocktail containing 0.3% B, 1.5% Fe, 0.5% Cu, 1.5% Mn, 0.01% Mo, 1.5% Zn, 4% MgO, 5% N, and 5% S. Dolomite was applied at 300 kg/ ha. P was applied weekly at 7 kg/ ha; the other materials were applied only at the beginning of the test. Dolomite was applied to estimate the influence of pH changes.
Azolla growth and P accumulation during 37 d at the end of the warm season in 1985, Antanarivo, Madagascar. Treatment Azolla wt g Increase over control (%) 110 270 280 340 310 350 101 157 169 218 189 228 P accumulated % Increase over control (%) 0.059 0.197 0.200 0.198 0.205 0.211 0.102 235 239 236 247 258
Azolla pinnata var. pinnata (var. africana) was inoculated at 50 g/plot. Azolla fresh weight and P accumulation were recorded 37 d after inoculation. Results show that P is essential to azolla growth (see table). Fronds cultivated with P were reddish green. Pdeficient fronds were reddish brown, and their roots were long and easily detached. Dolomite, micronutrients, P, and K together induced uniform azolla multiplication. K did not influence frond proliferation. P accumulation was remarkable. Azolla incorporated as green manure could be a source of available P.
Response of flooded rice to green manure

Y. Singh, B. Singh, C. S. Khind, and O. P. Meelu, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Control P P+K P+ K + M P+K+D P+K+M+D LSD (0.05)
We studied the relative contribution of N from aboveground (shoot) and
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 23
belowground (root) portions of Sesbania aculeata to wetland rice and the effect of green manure and a nonleguminous crop fortified with fertilizer N on yield and N uptake of rice. Soil was calcareous sandy loam with pH 8.2, 0.37% organic C, and 0.08% total N. The experiment, conducted during 1987 wet season, was in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The 12 treatments comprising green manure and urea N are described in the table. Sesbania and maize crops grown for 51 d were incorporated 1 d before transplanting rice. Sesbania accumulated 4.1 t dry matter and 125 kg N/ha. Maize accumulated 1.64 t dry matter and 20.7 kg N/ ha. Longduration rice PR108 was transplanted 27 Jun 1987 in 23.4-m 2 plots at 20- 15-cm spacing. N as urea was applied in 2 equal splits 21 and 42 d after transplanting (DT) in green manure plots and in 3 equal splits 7, 21, and 42 DT in fallow and maize plots. All plots received 26 kg P and 25 kg K/ha at final puddling. At 35 DT, dry matter and N uptake of rice were significantly higher in plots fertilized with sesbania or urea. The plots receiving belowground portion of sesbania showed no significant gain over fallow plots. In maize plots, growth and N uptake of rice did not differ significantly from those in fallow plots. Without green manure, rice responded up to 180 kg N/ha. Incorporating sesbania produced yields equivalent to those with 120 kg N/ha. This shows that efficiency of N contained in sesbania is similar to that of urea N. Yields from plots green manured with sesbania shoots did not differ significantly from those with sesbania grown and buried in situ. This suggests that the mineralizable N in sesbania is contained mainly in the aboveground portions. Yield from plots from which sesbania shoots were removed did not differ significantly from yield in fallow plots. Without fertilizer N, incorporation of the maize crop containing 1.26% N did not prove beneficial. With 60 kg N/ha,
Effect of green manure and N level on growth and N uptake of rice. Ludhiana, India, 1987 wet season. Treatment Green manure Sesbania grown and incorporated Sesbania grown and aboveground portion removed Sesbania not grown but aboveground portion from preceding treatment incorporated Maize grown and incorporated Fallow Urea N (kg/ha) 0 60 0 60 0 60 Dry matter at 35 DT (t/ha) 1.8 2.3 1.2 1.5 1.9 2.2 Grain yield (t/ha) 7.6 8.7 5.3 6.5 7.4 9.0 N uptake (kg/ha) 35 DT 31 41 19 26 28 36 Maturity 133 164 86 111 134 170 Apparent N recovery a (%) 41.6 51.7b 41.7b 42.4 60.0b
0 60 0 60 120 180
1.1 1.6 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.0 0.39
5.4 7.9 5.0 6.2 7.5 8.6 0.81
17 26 18 26 33 38 5.1
89 149 81 109 141 174 11.6
LSD
a Apparent
38.1 100.0b 46.7 50.0 51.7
N recovery of green manure N was calculated by subtracting N uptake in no-N control of fallow treatment. b Value corresponding to apparent N recovery for 60 kg N/ha in the presence of green manure.
maize-incorporated plots produced spectacularly high rice yields, equal to those with 120 kg N/ ha. Total N uptake of rice at maturity showed a similar pattern. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N was about 50% in fallow plots and 40% from
plots with N applied as green manure. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N in maize plots was surprisingly high. It seems that N applied in maize plots narrowed the C:N of maize residue, which then behaved as a slow-release fertilizer.
Azolla growth under different rice planting methods in Kerala

D. Alexander, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Pattambi, Kerala; N. Sadanandan, Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Vellanikkara; and K. Karunakaran, RARS, Kerala, India
A study of the effect of rice planting method on azolla growth during 1980 dry season (Sep-Jan) and 1981 wet season (Jun-Sep) showed that the bulk planting method favored maximum azolla growth. We conducted a more extensive trial during 1981 dry season to confirm this finding.
Yields of azolla and rice as affected by method of planting rice. Pattambi, India, 1981 dry season. Planting method 20 10 cm east-west direction 20 10 cm north-south direction 40 5 cm east-west direction 40 5 cm north-south direction Bulk method (equidistant, 50 hills/m2 ) Fallow (without rice) LSD (0.05) Azolla yield (g/m 2) 3 wk after inoculation 182 179 160 181 191 68 15 Rice yield (t/ha) Grain 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.1 ns Straw 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.0 ns
24 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Green manure as N source for flooded rice

B. Singh, Y. Singh, M. S. Maskina, and O. P. Meelu, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
N content and rate of mineralization determine the efficiency of a green manure. Leguminous crops used as green manure differ in both respects. We evaluated Sesbania aculeata, sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), cowpea ( Vigna
unguiculata ), and cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) as green manure for flooded rice. Soil was a sandy loam, with pH 8.2, 0.34% organic C, and 0.06% total N. A basal dose of 26 kg P/ ha as single superphosphate and 25 kg K/ ha as muriate of potash was applied before the last puddling. Green manure crops were incorporated at 60 d, 1 d before transplanting long-duration rice variety PR106 at 15- 20-cm spacing.
Effect of rice planting method on azolla growth, in relation to water temperature and light intensity. Pattambi, Kerala, India, 1981 dry season.
Line plantings with two spacing combinations and two directions of lines were compared with equidistant planting (bulk method) to assure equal plant populations per unit area. Azolla was inoculated at 100 g/m 2 1 wk after planting rice; azolla yield was measured 3 wk after inoculation. Azolla growth was maximum with the bulk rice planting method (see table). That method registered the highest light interception and lowest water temperature (see figure). Planting method did not influence rice grain and straw yields.
Influence of N through green manure on grain yield. N uptake, and apparent N recovery by rice, Ludhiana, India. Bars having a common letter are not significantly different.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 25
No N fertilizer was applied to green manure plots; 2 treatments received urea applied at 60 and 120 kg N/ha and 1 treatment received no N. N supplied by the green manures was adjusted on a dry weight basis. Sesbania and sunn hemp were evaluated at two N levels.
Treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. Plant samples collected at harvest were analyzed for total N. Rice responded linearly up to 120 kg N/ha applied as urea (see figure). Yields
from green manure incorporated in amounts comparable to the N supplied by urea equaled or surpassed yields from urea. Cowpea and sunn hemp were the most efficient N sources, followed by sesbania and mungbean.
Mineralization of fresh and dry azolla in the tropics

D. Alexander, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Pattambi, Kerala; and N. Sadanandan, Directorate of Postgraduate Studies, Vellanikkara; and K. Karunakaran, RARS, Kerala, India
Effect of organic manure and time of incorporation (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 wk after incorporation) on percentage of mineralizable N. Kerala, India, 1984. Organic manure 5 t azolla/ha (13.4 kg N) 10 t azolla/ha (26.8 kg N) Dry azolla equal to 5 t azolla/ha (13.4 kg N) Dry azolla equal to 10 t azolla/ha (26.8 kg N) 5 t cattle manure/ha (26.9 kg N) Green leaves of venga Pterocarpus marsupium at 5 t/ha (25.4 kg N) Mineralizable nitrogen (%) 2 34.1 26.0 37.0 33.3 19.1 43.9 4 63.0 43.6 50.1 35.6 35.0 73.5 6 76.0 40.7 63.0 50.5 59.6 67.2 8 84.6 47.7 78.0 44.9 53.4 22.8 10 86.3 57.8 39.5 20.5 39.0 38.4 12 76.6 61.2 64.3 35.6 58.3 86.0
We studied rate of mineralization of fresh and dry azolla under tropical conditions in two pot culture experiments in Jun and Sep 1984. The experiment was laid out in circular 0.1 m 2 cement pots. Each pot contained 20 kg air-dried soil; a 5-cm water level was maintained. Organic fertilizers were incorporated and thoroughly mixed with the soil (see table). Soil and water samples were taken at 2-wk intervals to week 12, and ammoniacal and nitrate N contents estimated and expressed as mineralized
N. Percentages of available N to the quantity of N initially added were estimated by subtracting the N value of control from all treatments. N release from 5 t fresh and dry azolla/ha compared with cattle manure and green leaves from week 6 to week 8. At that level, the highest available N was
86.6% from fresh azolla at week 6, 78.9% from dry azolla at week 8, 59.6% from cattle manure at week 6, and 86% from green leaves at week 12. In both fresh and dry azolla, 10 t/ha reduced and prolonged N release more than did 5 t/ha. At both levels, fresh azolla was slightly superior to dry azolla.
Parthenium as green manure for rice

S. Purushothaman, S. Jeyaraman, and P. Sudhakar, Agronomy Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, Tamil Nadu, India
elongation rate, and palatability (color, smell, and taste)-were tested in both main and second crops.
Using parthenium as green manure had no effect on cooking and palatability characteristics.
Physiology and plant nutrition

Supply and uptake of urea15 N by rice
W. Lu, C. W. Lindau, and W. H. Patrick, Jr., Laboratory for Wetland Soils and Sediments, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-7511, USA
We compared urea, wet leucaena, dry leucaena, parthenium, and sunn hemp in the main and succeeding irrigated lowland rice crops during 1984-85 wet and dry seasons. Treatments to the main crop were in a randomized block design with three replications. No fertilizer was applied to the second rice crop. Grain quality characteristicsoptimal cooking time, swelling rate, gruel loss,
We studied the behavior of soil, fertilizer, and plant N in a greenhouse pot experiment where urea-15 N was
applied to rice grown under permanent flooding. The soil was a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf), 11% clay and 71% silt, with 7.0 g total C/kg, 0.8 g total N/ kg, a cation exchange capacity of 9.4 meq/100 g soil; pH of 5.7 (1.1 soil/ water ratio). Air-dried soil (2.2 kg) ground to pass through a 1-mm mesh sieve was placed in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pots (20 cm
26 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Table 1. Recovery of 15N -urea and yield of Lemont rice. a Louisiana, USA. Treatment no. 1 2 3 4 C LSD (0.05)
a
Treatment (% applied urea) Transplanting 100 50 50 25 Tillering 30 10 25 Panicle initiation 10 30 25 Milk stage 10 10 25 Soil 21 14 24 16 ns
15 N
recovery (%) Shoots 10 15 14 14 ns Grain 22 28 29 29 ns
Roots 5 5 8 7 2
Grain yield (g/pot) 26.2 26.7 28.7 27.2 16.1 3.1
Mean of 4 observations. C = control, no N applied.
Table 2. N derived from fertilizer in rice plant components. Louisiana, USA. Treatment no. 1 2 3 4
a Mean
N derived from fertilizer a (%) Roots 22 22 30 27 Shoots 32 37 34 38 Panicles 33 37 35 39
of 4 observations.
long and 15 cm internal diameter). Deionized H 2 O containing 0.15 g P/kg soil and 0.20 g K/kg soil was added to establish water depth of 2-4 cm.
Three 20-d-old Lemont seedlings previously grown in a sand culture were transplanted into each of 20 pots. Four N treatments were applied using urea15 N (29.991 atom %) at 0.44 g urea N/pot. Urea- 15 N solutions were injected into the rice root zone. Each N treatment, including control, was replicated four times. At harvest, each pot was destructively 15 sampled and total Kjeldahl N and N content determined on soil and plant components (roots, shoots, grain). Plant recovery of applied urea-15N was from 58% in the roots, 10-15% in
the shoots, and 22-29% in the grain the shoots, and 22-29% in the grain (Table 1). Total plant 15 N recovery was 38-51%; highest recovery was with treatment 3. Control grain yields were significantly different from those of the N treatments. About 60% of the 15 N taken up by the rice plant was in the grain. 15 N remaining in the soil after harvest ranged from 14 to 24%. About 34% of the 15 N applied was unaccounted for. The two sources of N to rice are soil N (% NdfS) and fertilizer N (% NdfF). In treatment 1, plant N was 69% NdfS and 31% NdfF; in treatment 2, 65% NdfS and 35% NdfF; in treatment 3, 67% NdfS and 33% NdfF; and in treatment 4, 64% NdfS and 36% NdfF. Rice uptake of fertilizer N was significantly correlated with grain yield (r = 0.634**). Percentage of NdfF in the root, shoot, and panicle rice tissues is shown in Table 2. Panicle NdfF accounted for 3339% of the total panicle N content, slightly higher than the 32-38% NdfF taken up by the rice shoots. NdfF was lowest in the root tissues.
Soil fertility and fertilizer management

Comparison of prilled urea (PU) and large granule urea (LGU) and time of application on rice yield
S. K. Sahu, S. K. Pattanayak, S. K. Nanda, and G. N. Mitra, Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Department, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
15.7 kg available P/ ha (NaHCO 3 extract), and 110 kg K/ha (ammonium acetate extract). Seedlings of Lalat (130 d duration) were transplanted on 18 Jan. All plots received 13.2 kg P. 24.9 kg K/ha at transplanting (TP).
Time of N application (kg/ha) TP 7 DT 15 DT PI 1 2 2 2 2 20 2 2 40 12 60 30 45 30 45 10 15 22.5 10 10 15 20 22.5 30 Yield (t/ha) Grain 2.2 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.4 0.2
Grain and straw yields and N uptake were significantly higher with 90 kg N/ ha from LGU applied 2/3 at 7 d after transplanting (DT) and 1/3 at panicle initiation (PI). Apparent N recovery and yield response (kg grain/ kg N) were highest at 30 kg N/ ha from LGU applied 2/3 at TP, 1/3 at PI (see table).
N uptake (kg/ha) Straw Grain 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.4 4.1 4.7 0.3 20.0 25.3 31.8 34.1 26.9 28.9 29.0 37.7 37.5 42.3 3.3 Total N uptake Straw (kg/ha) 11.7 17.2 20.9 22.9 21.1 18.3 17.9 24.3 23.8 28.7 2.5 31.7 42.5 52.7 57.0 48.0 47.2 46.9 62.0 61.3 71.0 Apparent Yield N response recovery (kg grain/ (%) kg N) 36.0 35.0 28.1 54.3 51.7 25.3 50.5 32.9 43.7 16.7 15.0 14.4 26.7 26.7 18.3 25.0 18.9 24.4
Effect of PU and LGU on yield and N efficiency. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 1986 dry season. N level (kg/ha)
We compared PU (26-30 mg) and LGU (6-8 mm diameter) at 30, 60, and 90 kg N/ ha broadcast in saturated soil at 4 rice growth stages in a 1986 dry season field experiment. The 10 treatments (including no N) were in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Soil was sandy loam (Aeric Haplaquept) with pH 5.2, 0.47% organic C, CEC 5.7 meq/ 100 g, 290 kg available N/ha (alkaline permanganate method),
0 20 30 (PU) 15 60 (PU) 22.5 90 (PU) 30 (LGU) 20 30 (LGU) 60 (LGU) 15 60 (LGU) 90 (LGU) 22.5 90 (LGU) LSD (0.05)
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 27
N management for late transplanting in northwestern India

H. Om, D. Singh, O. P. Singh, and R. K. Joon, Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station, Kaul 132021, Haryana, India
Effect of N rate on grain and straw yields of late-planted wet season rice. Kaul, India, 1983-84. Treatment Variety PR 106 Pusa 33 LSD (0.05) N rate (kg/ha) 90 120 150 LSD (0.05) Application method a All basal basal + 21 DT basal + 21 DT + 42 DT 1/3 basal + 1/3 21 DT + 1/3 42 DT LSD (0.05)
aDT
Grain yield (t/ha) 1983 5.8 5.2 0.3 4.9 5.7 6.2 0.3 5.2 5.5 5.6 5.5 0.1 1984 4.6 4.3 0.1 4.0 4.4 4.8 0.3 4.2 4.6 4.5 0.1 Mean 5.2 4.7 4.4 5.0 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.1 5.0 1983 1.7 5.1 0.9 5.4 6.3 6.9 0.4 6.2 6.8 6.6 6.0 0.4
Straw yield (t/ha) 1984 6.0 4.6 0.2 5.0 5.3 5.5 0.1 5.6 5.3 5.0 0.1 Mean 6.8 4.9 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.2 6.2 5.9 5.5
Transplanting in this region often is delayed to the end of Jul when monsoon rains are late. Different N rates and time of application are necessary in this situation. We studied 3 rates of N (90, 120, and 150 kg/ha) applied in 4 ways in a splitplot design with 3 replications. Soil of the experimental field was clay loam with 210 kg available N, 20.5 kg available P, and 225 kg available K/ha, EC 0.21 dS/m, 0.40% organic C, CEC 12.1 meq/100 g soil, and pH 7.8. P-KZn was applied at 26-50-6 kg/ha. Seedlings of PR106 (60-d-old) and Pusa 33 (30-d-old) were transplanted 20 Jul in 1983 and 1984.
= days after transplanting.
Duration was 147 d for PR106 and 113 d for Pusa 33 in 1983, and 148 d for PR106 and 115 d for Pusa 33 in 1984. PR106 had higher yields than Pusa 33 in
both years (see table). Yield increased significantly up to 150 kg N/ ha. Split N application was superior to basal application.
Direct and residual effects of biogas residue application with nitrogen on rice yield
S. K. Sahu and S. K. Nanda, Soils and Agricultural Chemistry Department, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
Direct and residual effect of biogas residue fertilizer with different levels of urea on rice yield. Bhubaneswar, India, 1984-86. Treatment BGRa + N application (kg/ha) t/ha 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 TP b + DT c 0 20 0 20 0 0 0 CV (%) LSD (0.05)
aBiogas
Grain yield (t/ha) Direct effect (wet season) 1984 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.7 1.3 0.3 1985 2.3 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.9 9.4 0.4 Mean 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.3 7.7 0.3 Residual effect (dry season) 1984-85 2.5 3.8 2.8 3.9 3.3 3.7 2.6 18.4 0.7 1985-86 1.7 3.1 2.4 3.3 2.6 2.5 2.2 21.2 0.5 Mean 2.1 3.4 2.6 3.6 2.9 3.1 2.4 18.8 0.4
+ PId 0 20 0 20 20 0 20
Organic residues from biogas plants are rich sources of N. We studied direct and residual effects of biogas residue with N on rice yields of two rice - rice cropping sequences 1984-85 and 1985-86. The second wet season trial was laid out at a different site, but very close to the first trial site. Soil of the experimental sites was sandy loam (Haplaquept) with pH 5.3, 0.77% organic matter, CEC 11 meq/100 g soil, and 260-10-165 kg available N-P-K/ha. Treatments were with and without biogas residue and 20, 40, and 60 kg N as urea/ha distributed equally at 1, 2, or 3 growth stages, in a randomized block design replicated 3 times. The biogas residue containing 1.11% N, 0.174% P,
0 20 0 20 20 20 0
residue applied in wet seasons only. bAt transplanting. c Days after transplanting. dPanicle initiation.
0.487% K, and 25% organic C on ovendry basis was applied with 25% moisture at 5 t/ha to both wet season trials. The residual effect was studied in the following dry seasons. Both direct and residual trials also received 13 kg P and 25 kg K/ha, including the contribution from biogas residue. Jajati was planted in the wet season, Daya in the dry season.
In the wet season, fresh biogas residue at 5 t/ha without supplemental N produced the maximum yield (see table) In the dry season, 60 kg N/ha in equal applications in plots treated with biogas residue plus 60 kg N/ha in the wet season produced the maximum yield. There was a large variation in grain yield among the plots.
28 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Effect of azolla green manure on rice yield

G. Rakotonaivo, Universit de Madagascar, Service Botanique, B. P. 906, Antananarivo, R. D. Madagascar; and M. Schramm, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Biology Department, Berlin 104, German Democratic Republic
Grain and straw yields with azolla and with urea. Antananarivo, Madagascar. Treatment Grain yield t/ha 5.8 7.4 6.7 6.1 7.8 0.6 Increase (%) over control 29 16 6 36 t/ha 18.6 23.2 19.0 20.2 24.5 2.3 Straw yield Increase (%) over control 25 2 9 32
No fertilizer 10 t azolla 5 t azolla + 30 kg N as urea 30 kg N (urea) 60 kg N (urea) LSD (0.05)
We have studied azolla as a green manure in farmers fields at Antananarivo (1,260 m altitude), comparing incorporated azolla (10 t fresh weight/ha) with 30 kg and 60 kg N as urea/ha and with a split 5 t fresh weight azolla/ha + 30 kg N as urea/ ha. Azolla and urea were incorporated 1 wk before transplanting. The 10 t fresh azolla/ha was the equivalent of 26 kg N/ha.
The trial was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The azolla was the indigenous Azolla pinnata var. africana, the rice variety Rojofotsy 1285. Soil was a sandy loam mineral hydromorph with pH 5.2, 1.13% total P, 0.155% P Olsen, 3% organic matter,
1.7% C, 0.18 meq exchangeable K/100 g. N and azolla increased both grain and straw yields (see table). Yield was highest with 60 kg N as urea/ha, followed by that with 10 t fresh weight azolla/ha. Azolla + urea was better than urea alone.
Green manure to sustain productivity and save nitrogen for rice in a rice wheat cropping system
J. S. Kolar and H. S. Grewal, Agronomy Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Table 1. Grain yield of rice with green manure. Ludhiana, India, 1985-87. Treatment Fallow Sesbania Cowpea Sunn hemp LSD (P = 0.05) Grain yield (t/ha) 1985 40 50 60 40 50 60 40 50 60 d d d d d d d d d 6.8 7.6 7.8 7.7 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.8 8.0 8.1 0.8 1986 8.1 9.6 9.7 9.7 10.3 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 0.7 1987 6.1 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.8 0.8 Mean 7.0 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.5 0.8
We studied the effects of 3 green manure crops Sesbania esculentus (janter), Vigna sinensis (cowpea), and Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp)at 3 ages of incorporation (40-, 50-, and 60d-old crops), with 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha on yield of rice grown after wheat. Soil was sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) with pH 8.1, 0.32% organic C, and 14 kg Olsens P/ha. Green manure crops were incorporated 1 d before transplanting rice. All plots received 13 kg P/ha and 24 kg K/ha at transplanting. Burying sesbania, cowpea, and sunn hemp resulted in significantly higher rice productivity (Table 1). All green manure crops saved 60 kg N/ha (Table 2).
Table 2. Interaction between green manure crops, stages, and N levels on rice yields. a Ludhiana, India, 1985-87. Treatment Fallow Sesbania Cowpea 40 d 50 d 60 d 40 d 50 d 60 d Grain yield (t/ha) 60 kg N/ha 5.8 8.1 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.1 90 kg N/ha 7.2 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.8 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.4 120 kg N/ha 8.0 8.5 8.4 8.3 8.7 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.4 Mean 7.0 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.7 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.5
Sunn hemp 40 d 50 d 60 d Mean

a Mean
of 3 yr, 1985-87. LSD (P = 0.05) for green manure crops and stages N levels = 0.81.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 29
Crop management
Low-tillage broadcast rice productivity
Zhao Luman, Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
Table 2. Rice benefits from 2 cultivation methods. Changsha, China, 1986. Treatment Low tillage, broadcast Transplanted Low tillage, broadcast Transplanted
aRice
Rice season Apr - Oct Apr - Oct Jun - Oct Jun - Oct
Yie1d (t/ha) 13.9 11.8 8.5 7.3
Output valuea ($/ha) 1450.46 1235.19 885.12 760.76
Cost ($/ha)
Net income ($/ha)
Income increase (%) 30.16 30.76
Labor days/ha 233 339 120 180
Income/ labor day ($) 3.94 2.07 5.20 2.65
Income increase (%) 90 96
535.93 914.87 532.30 702.89 261.20 623.92 283.62 477.14
Rice - rice - green manure is a primary cropping pattern in Hunan Province. In general, a field must be plowed and harrowed several times a year. That destroys the soil structure, results in poorer soil aeration, demands more labor, and risks seedling damage from low temperature in May or high temperature in Jul.
price US$104.50/t (local government price). Exchange rate: US$l00 = 371.27 yuan RMB.
To maintain soil productivity and high rice yields, we developed a minimum tillage and broadcast sowing rice cultivation method. Experiments to study the economic benefits and effects on soil structure between the new
method and conventional transplanting began in 1983. Our results show that the new method has a significant effect on rice yield and economic return (Table 1, 2).
Table 1. Rice yield from 2 cultivation methods. Changsha, China, 1984-87. Location Cropping pattern Season Rice variety Yield (t/ha) Low tillage broadcast 6.8 7.3 6.2 14.4 13.7 5.6 6.3 6.6 Transplanted Yield increase (%)
Changsha Nan County Changsha Changsha Nan County Changsha Changsha Changsha
aOne
Green manure - rice Fallow - rice Green manure - rice Green manure - rice - rice Green manure - rice - rice Green manure - rice Green manure - rice Barley - rice
Apra - Jul Apr - JuI Apr - Jul Apr - Oct Apr - Oct Apr - Jul Apr - Jul Apr - Jul
b
1984 Zhefur 802 78-1000 1985 Xiangzhao xieng 3 Zhefu 802-V35 Zhaoyun fong-V35 1986 2106 1987 V35 V35
5.9 6 .0 5.8 13.8 12.3 5.4 4.8 6.2
15.2 22 7 5 11 4 32 5
crop season. bTwo crop seasons.
Disease management
Host plants of rice tungro (RTV)-associated viruses
A. Anjaneyulu, R. D. Daquioag, Ma. E. Mesina, H. Hibino, H. T. Lubigan, and K. Moody, IRRI
In previous studies on RTV hosts, inoculated weed plants were indexed on the basis of infection and by testing
transmission of infection from weeds to rice by the vector green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens. Results were contradictory. This study had two treatments. In the first, young seedlings of 5 Oryza spp. and 19 weed species were inoculated separately by exposing each seedling for 1 d to 10 GLH that had fed for 4 d on plants infected with both rice tungro bacilliform (RTRV) and spherical (RTSV) viruses. In the second treatment, seedlings of 4 Oryza spp. and 19 weed species were inoculated with
GLH that had fed on RTSV-infected plants. At 30 d after inoculation, plants were indexed by ELISA for the presence of RTBV and RTSV. Extracts of inoculated plants having absorbance at 405 nm 3 times higher than that of uninoculated plant extracts were considered to contain virus. When seedlings were inoculated by GLH that had fed on plants infected with RTBV and RTSV, all Oryza spp. except O. latifolia were infected with RTBV and RTSV (Table 1). All doubly
30 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Table 1. Absorbance at 405 nm in ELISA of extracts-of plants infected with RTBV and/or RTSV after inoculation by RTBV + RTSV viruliferous GLH. IRRI. RTBV Species Inoculated Infected plants plants (no.) (no.) Absorbance at 405 nm Infected plants Uninoculated plants 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.10 Infected plants (no.) RTSV Absorbance at 405 nm Infected plants Uninoculated plants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11
Oryza australiensis Acc. 100882 Acc. 101397 Acc. 101144 O. barthii Acc. 100122 Acc. 100921 O. latifolia O. longistaminata Axonopus compressus Brachiaria mutica Cyperus rotundus Eleusine indica Fimbristylis miliacea Leersia hexandra Monochoria vaginalis
8 12 7 8 5 10 10 12 8 9 12 12 10 12
4 2 4 8 5 2 9 0 0 1 3 8 2 1
0.98-1.95 1.20-1.51 0.50-1.48 0.20-0.44 0.15-0.40 0.25-0.48 0.57-1.51 0.20 0.04-0.14 0.11-1.47 0.14-0.17 0.33
0 1 0 8 3 0 4 5 4 1 0 1 0 0
0.07 0.48-1.39 1.01-1.11 0.34-0.89 0.18-0.46 0.06-0.06 0.36 0.36
tenella, Imperata cylindrica, Leptochloa chinensis, Paspalidium flavidum, and Paspalum dilatatum. Among seedlings inoculated by GLH that had fed on RTSV-infected plants, 3 of 4 Oryza spp. and 13 of 19 weed species were infected with RTSV (Table 2). None of the infected plants showed symptoms. Species not infected with RTSV were O. latifolia, Axonopus compressus, Brachiaria distachya, Chloris barbata, Leptochloa chinensis, Paspalidium flavidum, and Paspalum conjugatum.
Unrecorded weed hosts for Pyricularia oryzae Cav. in India

N. I. Singh and Kh. U. Singh, Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Manipur Agricultural College, Iroisemba, Imphal 795001, India
Table 2. Absorbance at 405 nm in ELISA of extracts of plants infected with RTSV after inoculation by RTSV-viruliferous GLH. IRRI. Species Inoculated plants (no.) 7 12 3 9 20 22 8 10 12 10 12 12 10 12 10 10 11 Infected plants (no.) 5 3 3 4 3 10 1 5 6 5 3 4 5 5 4 2 2 Absorbance at 405 nm Infected plants 0.11-0.29 0.09-0.14 0.89-1.11 0.12-1.82 0.05-0.09 0.07-0.15 0.08 0.13-0.54 0.04-0.45 0.10-0.15 0.34-0.40 0.04-0.12 0.18-0.37 0.10-0.35 0.36-0.43 0.05-0.07 0.13-0.16 Uninoculated plants (mean) 0.03 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.02
Oryza australiensis Acc. 101144 Acc. 101397 O. barthii Acc. 100117 O. longistaminata Acc. 101196 Brachiaria mutica Cynodon dactylon Cyperus brevifolius C. difformis C. rotundus Digitaria ciliaris Echinochloa colona Eleusine indica Eragrostis tenella Fimbristylis miliacea Imperata cylindrica Leersia hexandra Monochoria vaginalis
Many rice pathogens are reported to survive on wild weed hosts. Weeds such as Leersia hexandra, Panicum repens, Arundo donax, Brachiaria mutica, and Cyperus compressus have been reported to harbor P. oryzae in India. In 1986-87, we studied possible weed hosts for the rice blast fungus P. oryzae in ricefields and on rice bunds. Diseased weeds collected from rice-growing areas in Imphal, Thaubal, Bishenpur, Churachandpur, and Senapati districts were brought to the laboratory and the fungus isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pathogenicity of fungus isolates was tested by spraying mycelial fragments prepared from 7-d-old culture onto each weed host and control plant.
Reaction of different isolates of P. oryzae on weeds. Manipur, India. Isolate no. 1 2 3 4 Disease reaction a on HR12 + + + + KD2-6-3 + + +
infected plants showed symptoms typical of RTV. O. australiensis and O. latifolia were predominantly infected with RTBV. Among weed species tested, only Cyperus rotundus and Fimbristylis miliacea were infected with RTBV and RTSV. The doubly infected F. miliacea plants showed stunting and discoloration of newly emerged leaves,
the C. rotundus plants did not. Brachiaria mutica and Axonopus compressus were infected with only RTSV; many other species were infected predominantly with RTBV. Weeds not infected with either virus were Brachiaria distachya, Chloris harbata, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus brevifolius, C. difformis, Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa colona, Eragrostis
Weed host
Leersia hexandra Cyperus rotundus C. compressus C. iria

a+
= infection, = no infection.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 31
L. hexandra, C. compressus, Cyperus rotundus, and C. iria consistently harbored P. oryzae. To study pathogenicity on rice, we inoculated potted seedlings of highly susceptible variety HR12 and popu1ar variety KD2-6-3 at the 3- to 4-leaf stage with different isolates of P. oryzae. All isolates produced blast symptoms on HR12. The isolate from C. compressus failed to infect KD2-6-3 (see table).
Diseases of deepwater rice in Jorhat District, Assam, India

Y. Rathaiah, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Titabar 785630, Jorhat District, Assam, India
We surveyed 20 fields at different sites over some 6,000 ha of deepwater rice along the Brahmaputra River during rice flowering to ripening stages Oct-Dec 1987. A general impression of disease incidence was obtained first, by walking across each sample field. A wooden quadrat 50 50 cm was placed at random along the field diagonal and the panicles infected with blast (Bl) among those enclosed by a quadrat counted. Ten quadrat counts were made in each field. Other diseases were recorded similarly. For ufra, the top 30 cm portions of infested stems were collected to extract the stem nematode and to count nematodes per stem. Ufra caused by Ditylenchus angustus was found at 15 sites. The disease appeared in distinct patches. On the average, 55% of the stems were infected in an ufra patch. The most common symptoms were nonemergence of panicles and half-emerged panicles. In the most severe form of ufra, a rudimentary, skeletal panicle protruded from the boot (Fig. 1). The highest count of nematodes per stem was 7,500. Some ratoon tillers in ufra patches had chlorotic ufra symptoms: chlorosis of the youngest leaf at the neck region with brown stains on the midrib (Fig. 2). This symptom resembles a mite attack.
2. Chlorotic ufra symptom in ratoon tillers. Assam, India, 1987.
Amanabao and Rangabao were susceptible to neck Bl. Other diseases found were sheath rot (less than 1% stems infected), bacterial blight (5% leaf area infected), brown spot (less than 5% leaf area infected), false smut (1% panicles infected), and kernel smut (1% panicles infected).
1. Most severe symptom of ufra twisted ear protruding (arrow) from the boot. Assam, India, 1987.
Host plants of ragged stunt virus (RSV)

A. Anjaneyulu, G. Z. Salamat, Jr., Ma. E. Mesina, H. Hibino, R. T. Lubigan, and K. Moody, IRRI
Dominant deepwater varieties Amanabao and Rangabao were highly susceptible to ufra. Neck Bl caused by Pyricularia oryzae was the second most important disease. On the average, 25% of the panicles in 10 infested fields were infected. Ratoon tillers from basal stem nodes were infected with leaf Bl; typical Bl spots also were observed on the flag leaves. Nodal Bl was common in several fields.
We inoculated young seedlings of 2 Oryza spp. and 15 weed species separately with 20 RSV-viruliferous brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens each. Inoculated plants were indexed by ELISA 30 d after inoculation. Extracts of plants with absorbance at 405 nm
32 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
higher than 3 times that of uninoculated plant extracts were considered to contain the virus. Both rice accessions and six weed species were infected with RSV (see table). Infected Oryza plants showed typical RSV symptoms. Infected Leersia hexandra plants also showed symptoms. Weed species not infected with the virus were Brachiaria distachya, B. mutica, Chloris barbata, Cyperus brevifolius, C. difformis, Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrica, Leptochloa chinensis, and Paspalum conjugatum.
Absorbance at 405 nm in ELISA of extracts of plants infected with RSV after inoculation by RSVviruliferous BPH. IRRI. Species Inoculated plants (no.) 14 12 10 12 12 16 12 12 28 Infected plants (no.) Absorbance at 405 nm Infected plants 0.13-0.48 0.07-0.29 0.13-4.22 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.12-0.37 0.10-0.28 0.06-0.12 Uninoculated plants (mean) 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00
Oryza australiensis Acc. 100882 Acc. 101397 O. latifolia Axonopus compressus Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Eragrostis tenella Fimbristylis miliacea Leersia hexandra
2 6 3 1 1 1 3 3 5
Differential transmission of tungro (RTV) by green leafhopper (GLH) selected on IR54

A. Muis, M. Sudjak S., A. Bastian, and A. Hasanuddin, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops, P. O. Box 173, Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia; and R. C. Cabunagan and H. Hibino, IRRI
We compared RTV transmission by a GLH Nephotettix virescens colony maintained since 1982 on resistant variety IR54 in the greenhouse and by a colony on TN1, using a selected set of 12 differential varieties. Seven-day-old seedlings in test tubes were inoculated separately at 1 insect/seedling for 24 h, using GLH adults that had fed on RTVinfected Pelita plants. Infection
symptoms (stunting and yellowing) were assessed visually 14 d after inoculation (DAI) and by latex serology 16 DAI. Higher infection rates were obtained from the IR54 colony on IR28, IR29, IR34, IR50, IR54, IR58, and IR60, with resistances to GLH derived primarily from Gam Pai 30-12-15 (see figure). The latex test showed seedlings mostly were infected with both bacilliform (RTBV) and spherical (RTSV) viruses. Inoculation with the TNl colony resulted in infection mainly with RTBV alone. Regardless of colony, IR26 and IR30 had high RTBV infection. IR36 and IR42 had high infection with both viruses. These results indicate that GLH selected on IR54 have higher ability to transmit RTBV and RTSV on varieties with Gam Pai 30-12-15 in their parentage. Resistance of IR54 to RTV is conditioned only by its resistance to the GLH vector, not to the RTV-associated viruses.
Combined ufra + blast (BI) infection in deepwater rice

Y. Rathaiah, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Titabar 785630, Jorhat District, Assam, India
RTV incidence based on symptoms and RTBV + RTSV incidence based on the latex test in rice varieties inoculated at 1 insect/seedling in test tubes by TN1 and IR54 GLH colonies that had fed on Cisadane plants infected with both RTBV and RTSV.
Ufra disease caused by the stem nematode Ditylenchus angustus is spreading rapidly in the deepwater rice
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 33
second youngest leaf of swollen ufra stems. B1 lesions were common on the collars. Nodal Bl also was seen on many stems showing ufra symptoms. The pathogenicity test with the fungus on detached ufra-infected stems proved B1. The unusual occurrence of Bl on the leaf sheath may be due to alteration of plant physiology caused by the ufra nematode.
Dot-blot immunoassay (DBI) for detecting rice grassy stunt virus (GSV)
P. Q. Cabauatan and H. Hibino, IRRI; and H. T. Hsu, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
1. Blast lesion (arrow) on the boot of an ufraaffected stem. Assam, India.
2. Blast lesion (arrow) on the boot leaf of a halfexserted panicle. Assam, India.
areas of Jorhat District, Assam. During a survey of ufra incidence, we also found B1 symptoms on ufra-infected stems. Ufra symptoms were severe in the deepwater rice variety Kekua. The panicles failed to emerge, remaining completely choked within the boot. The swollen boot looked like a long spindle. (This type of symptom is termed swollen ufra.) Dark brown elliptical lesions appeared on the boot leaf sheaths of
swollen ufra stems. The lesions on the boot spread linearly, reaching up to 1 cm, and were slightly sunk lengthwise to become boat-shaped (Fig. 1). The lesions turned ash gray in the center with fungus sporulation (Fig. 2). We consistently isolated the B1 fungus Pyricularia oryzae from the growing edges of the lesions. Stem nematode was extracted in large numbers from the swollen boots that had B1 lesions. Typical B1 lesions also were present on the flag leaf and the
We used DBI to detect GSV in extracts of infected rice plants (Oryza sativa) and compare conventional rabbit polyclonal antiserum (PAb) and mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Commercially available (Sigma) enzyme-labeled immunoglobulins (IgG) used as second antibodies were goat antimouse IgG : horseradish peroxidase (GAM IgG : HP), goat antimouse IgG : alkaline phosphatase (GAM IgG : AP), and goat antirabbit IgG : alkaline phosphatase (GAR IgG : AP). Three 1st/2d antibody combinations were tested: MAb/GAM IgG : AP, MAb/GAM IgG : HP, and PAb/GAR IgG : AP. Leaf samples of GSV-infected plants were ground in Tris buffered saline solution [(TBS), 0.05 M Tris-HC1, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.5] and the extracts filtered or centrifuged to remove plant debris. A nitrocellulose membrane [(NM), 15 9.2 cm, pore size 0.4 m] that had been immersed in TBS and airdried was secured in a Bio-Dot microfiltration apparatus (Bio Rad) to align and standardize dots. A small amount (2.5-20 l) of extract was put into each well. The dotted NM was incubated for 60 min in a moist chamber, then immersed for 30 min in blocking solution [0.5 M TBS containing 0.05% Tween 20, 2% polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7.5].
34 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
After blotting, the NM was immersed in either PAb or MAb, diluted 500 with blocking solution, incubated for 60 min, rinsed once with distilled water and washed twice with blocking solution (10 min each with gentle shaking). Enzyme-labeled second antibodies, diluted 2000 with conjugate buffer [(CB), 0.01 M Tris-HCl, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.0005 M MgCl2, pH 9.5], were incubated with each set of NM (one NM per antibody combination) for 60 min, and rinsed once with distilled water and twice with CB. For alkaline phosphatase, each set of NM was immersed in freshly prepared color development solution, each milliliter containing 0.33 mg nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT, grade III, Sigma) and 0.17 mg 5-bromo-4 chloro-3 indolyl phosphate -toluidine salt (BCIP, Sigma) and incubated in the dark for 2-4 h. For horseradish peroxidase conjugates, the blots were incubated in TBS containing 0.5 mg 4-chloro-1-naphthol/ml, 0.015% hydrogen peroxide for 15 min. Color reaction was stopped by washing each set in 0.01 M Tris-HCl containing 0.05 M EDTA, pH 7.5. Violet color indicated the presence of GSV antigen. MAb/GAM IgG : AP was the most effective antibody combination in detecting GSV in infected sap. Positive reactions were distinct and no detectable nonspecific reactions were seen in healthy plant extracts (see figure). High nonspecific reactions were found in the two other antibody combinations. With MAb/GAM IgG : AP, GSV was
detectable in as little as 2.5 l sap of 10 dilution. The principles of DBI and enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are almost the same, but DBI assay is simpler and faster.
Survival of stem rot (SR) fungi

S. Sunder, D. S. Dodan, and R. Singh, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Rice Research Station, Kaul 132021, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Rice SR caused by Sclerotium spp. like S. oryzae and S. hydrophylum is common in Haryana. It survives from season to season through sclerotia that either remain inside the stubble or get mixed in the soil. The disease appears at maximum tillering in Aug.
Reaction of GSV-infected (dark spots) and healthy (open circles) sap to GSV-MAb using GAM Igc:AP as second antibody in dot-blot immunoassay.
1. Survival of Sclerotium oryzae in laboratory and field. Haryana, India.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 35
We studied SR fungi survival from Nov to Aug in the laboratory and in the field. Infected tissues of both fungi were collected from the field. One set was chopped into small pieces (intact sclerotia) and kept in the laboratory at room temperature or buried 2 cm deep in the field. In another set, sclerotia produced on rice grain-husk medium (free sclerotia) were dried in the shade and stored in laboratory or buried in the field. Monthly collections of sclerotia were surface sterilized with 0.05% HgC1 2, plated on 2% water-agar amended with 1,000 ppm streptopenicillin, and incubated at 28 1 C. Each treatment was run with 20 sclerotia 3 times. Sclerotial viability after 3- and 14-d incubation was recorded separately for S. hydrophylum and S. oryzae. Under laboratory conditions, more than 55% of the sclerotia of both fungi remained viable in Aug. Under field conditions, 20% of S. oryzae sclerotia and 33% of S. hydrophylum sclerotia were viable. Intact sclerotia had higher survival than free sclerotia (Fig. 1, 2).
2. Survival of Sclerotium hydrophylum in laboratory and field. Haryana, India.
Effect of cytozyme on incidence of rice sheath blight (ShB)

A. K. Roy, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Diphu 782460, Assam (current address: Department of Plant Pathology, AAU, Jorhat 785013, Assam, India)
Table 1. Effect of cytozyme and T. viride on ShB incidence. Assam, India, 1982. Treatment Inoculation with R. Inoculation with R. cytozyme dip Inoculation with R. cytozyme dip Inoculation with R. solani alone solani with 5 min solani with 2 h solani + T. viride Sheaths infected 1.5 mo after treatment (%) 75.80 43.49 52.91 13.30 16.37 18.74 Infection a After 1.5 mo 8.3 5.0 6.3 0.3 After 2.5 mo 8.7 6.7 8.0 0.7
Cytozyme containing a series of biologically active compounds may help increase plant growth and alter susceptibility to disease. We studied the effect of a cytozyme root dip on incidence of ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn [ Thanatephorus cucumeris
LSD (0.05) CV (%)

a By
the Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale.
(Frank) Donk = T. sasakii (Shirai) Tu and Kimbrough] in winter rice in 1982 and 1983. The effect of cytozyme on populations of Trichoderma viride Pers.
ex S.F. Gray, a known antagonist of R. solani, also was evaluated in the 1983 experiment. There were four treatments, each represented by four pots (Table 1).
36 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Table 2. Effect of T. viride alone and with cytozyme on ShB infection. Assam, India, 1983. Treatment Inoculation Inoculation Inoculation with 2 h with R. solani alone with R. solani + T. viride with R. solani + T. viride cytozyme dip LSD (0.05) CV (%) Sheaths infected (%) 74.6 60.3 90.0 14.5 12.1
The root dip was prepared by mixing 2 ml cytozyme with 24 ml water. Seedling roots were dipped for 5 min and 2 h the first year and for 2 h the second year, then air-dried for 2 h. Rice variety Pusa 2-21 was transplanted 18 Aug 1982, 25 d after seeding (DAS), at 4 seedlings/pot in inoculated soil (inoculum in maize-meal sand medium added at 5% of soil). Mahsuri was transplanted on 2 Aug 1983, 25 DAS.
Although cytozyme reduced ShB infection 1.5 mo after inoculation, the difference disappeared at 2.5 mo (Table 1). ShB suppression was more pronounced with T. viride than with cytozyme. However, the effect of T. viride was not pronounced on Mahsuri in 1983 (Table 2). When T. viride was used with cytozyme, its suppressing effect was nullified.
Host plants of rice grassy stunt virus (GSV)

A. Anjaneyulu, V. M. Aguiero, Ma. E. Mesina, H. Hibino, R. T. Lubigan, and K. Moody, IRRI
Absorbance at 405 nm in ELISA of extracts of plants infected with GSV after inoculation by GSVviruliferous BPH. IRRI. Inoculated plants (no.) 14 9 5 3 10 3 10 9 10 10 10 Infected plants (no.) 6 3 3 2 4 3 4 5 2 2 1 Absorbance at 405 nm Infected plants 0.081.40 0.160.32 0.190.99 0.681.14 0.270.70 0.090.33 0.050.14 0.240.96 0.080.40 0.070.13 0.10 Uninoculated plants (mean) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.0 1 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.03
Species
We inoculated seedlings of 4 Oryza spp. and 18 weed species by confining separately in cages for 1 d with 20 brown planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens that had fed on plants infected with GSV strain 2. Inoculated plants were indexed by ELISA 1 mo later. Extracts of plants with absorbance at 405 nm higher than 3 times that of uninoculated plant extracts were considered to contain the virus. All rices and five weed species were infected (see table). The infected rices showed typical GSV symptoms. None of the infected weeds showed clear
Oryza australiensis Acc. 100882 Acc. 101144 Acc. 101397 O. barthii O. latifolia O. longistaminata Cynodon dactylon Cyperus rotundus Echinochloa colona Leersia hexandra Monochoria vaginalis
symptoms. Weeds not infected with GSV were Axonopus compressus, Brachiaria distachya, B. mutica, Chloris barbata, Digitaria ciliaris, Eleusine
indica, Eragrostis tenella, Fimbristylis miliacea, Imperata cylindrica, Leptochloa chinensis, Paspalidium flavidum, and Paspalum conjugatum.
Fungicides to control rice sheath blight (ShB)

H. U. Ahmed, A. K. M. Shahjahan, and S. A. Miah, Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Effect of fungicides on ShB and rice yield. a BRRI, T. aman, 1987. Treatment Fungicide Thiabendazole Iprodione Thiabendazole + maneb Propiconazole Thiophanate-methyl Thiophanatemethyl + thiram Edifenphos Control (inoculation, no spray) CV (%)
a
Rate/ha 1 liter 1 kg 2.25 kg 1 liter 2.25 kg 2.25 kg 0.8 liter
Disease index 3.5 3.8 5.5 2.0 2.7 3.2 4.8 5.7 15.6 abc abc a cd bc bc ab a
Yield at 14% moisture (t/ha) 4.1 3.9 3.7 4.2 3.4 3.9 4.1 3.4 7.5 a ab b a ab a
It has been difficult to find a good source of resistance to rice ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani. We tested seven chemicals during transplanted aman season (Jul-Nov) 1987 on the BRRI farm. The experiment was set up in 3- 2-m plots in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Susceptible variety BR11 was transplanted at 30 d after seeding (DAS)
c c
Means of 3 replications. In a column, figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (DMRT).
with 20- 15-cm spacing. Recommended 60-40-40 kg NPK/ha was applied, using urea, triple
superphosphate, and muriate of potash. N was topdressed in 2 equal splits at 21 d after transplanting (DT) and before
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 37
panicle initiation; P and K were applied basally. Rice plants were inoculated at panicle initiation to booting stage by placing 21d-old culture of fungus grown in rice straw between the tillers of each hill at water level. Fungicides were sprayed 7 d after
inoculation. Disease index (DI) data were recorded at maturity, yield was estimated from a central 2- 1-m sample of each plot. Propiconazole and thiophanate methyl + thiram significantly reduced disease severity, with corresponding
increases in yield (see table). Thiophanate methyl decreased disease incidence with no increase in yield. With thiabendazole, iprodione, thiabendazole + maneb, and edifenphos, yield increased but disease did not decrease significantly.
Effect of N and K on rice sheath rot (ShR) and crop yield

M. Jayasekhar, Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paramakudi 623707; and N. N. Prasaid, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
Rice ShR and yield in Tamil Nadu, India. Treatment (kg/ha) of N 75 75 75 75 75 125 125 125 125 125 P 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 62.5 K 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 Disease incidence (%) 45 37 26 17 11 50 42 31 21 16 3 Decrease (%) over control 17 43 62 75 16 38 57 68 Grain yield (kg/plot) 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.1 4.4 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.7 ns
We applied 5 levels of K, 1 level of P, and 2 levels of N in a 15-m2 plot for a field trial. Incidence of ShR caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) Gam. was recorded 1 wk before harvest. Disease incidence (DI) decreased with increased K (see table). Increasing the N level but with no change in P increased DI.
LSD (P = 0.01)
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Insect management
Using mixtures of buprofezin and cypermethrin or deltamethrin for green leafhopper (GLH) and rice tungro virus (RTV) control
R. F. Macatula, O. Mochida, and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
Table 1. Field evaluation of buprofezin and deltamethrin for GLH control.a IRRI, 1986. Rate (g ai/ha) GLH (no./10 hills)c at 1 DAT 1st spraying Adult Buprofezin 25 WP + deltamethrin 2.5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP + deltamethrin 2.5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP + deltamethrin 2.5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP + deltamethrin 2.5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP + deltamethrin 2.5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP Buprofezin 25 WP Deltamethrin 2.5 EC BPMC 50 EC Untreated
a
Hills (no.) showing RTV symptoms at 65 DT
Insecticideb
2d spraying Adult 1.8 a 1.8 a 1.8 a 0.3 a 3.5 ab 3.3 ab 7.0 bc 2.0 a 4.3 ab 11.3 c Nymph 39.8 ab 29.5 ab 12.0 ab 15.0 ab 8.5 a 18.3 ab 73.5 bc 11.3 ab 34.8 ab 109.5 c
Nymph 0.8 a 0.5 a 1.0 a 0.5 a 2.0 a 28.8 b 24.5 ab 0.3 a 15.5 ab 20.0 ab
50 + 6 75 + 6 6 + 13 25 + 13 75 + 13 50 75 13 750
1.3 ab 1.3 ab 1.0 ab 1.0 ab 1.0 ab 2.8 ab 3.8 b 0.5 a 3.0 ab 4.0 b
7.5 bc 6.9 bc 5.0 bc 5.4 bc 5.0 bc 10.8 bc 13.0 b 6.0 bc 12.5 b 21.8 a
Buprofezin, a slow-acting insectistatic compound, has high activity against Nephotettix virescens nymphs and is 50 to 100 times more effective than conventional insecticides. It is slow acting. It does not kill adult insects; only nymphs die during molting to the next instar. Deltamethrin and cypermethrin, which are pyrethroids, have quick knockdown effect on GLH adults.
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Insecticides were applied at 20, 35, 50, and 65 DT. Spray volume was 300-500 liters/ha. c Av of 4 replications. DAT = days after treatment.
38 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
We tested 3 insecticides and their mixtures against GLH populations and RTV infection in 2 separate experiments: buprofezin (6 to 100 g ai/ha) applied alone or in combination with deltamethrin (6 to 13 g ai/ha) or cypermethrin (12.5 to 75 g ai/ha); BPMC was applied at 750 g ai/ ha for comparison. GLH were collected by FARMCOP suction sampler from 10 hills 1 to 2 d after each insecticide application. RTV infection was recorded 65 d after transplanting (DT). Significantly fewer GLH adults and nymphs were found on plots treated with buprofezin and deltamethrin alone or in combination (Table 1). Even at 50 + 6 g ai/ha, buprofezin- and deltamethrin-treated plots had fewer GLH. BPMC was effective on both GLH adults and nymphs. Buprofezin + deltamethrin at 6 + 13 g ai/ha was as good as higher rates against GLH and RTV. Buprofezin- and cypermethrin-treated plots had fewer GLH at increasing rates of combination in both EC and WP formulation (Table 2). RTV infection
Table 2. Effect of mixtures of an insectistatic (buprofezin) and a synthetic pyrethroid (cypermethrin) to control GLH and RTV incidence. IRRI, 1986. GLH (no./10 hills) at 2 DATb Insecticidea Rate (g ai/ha) 1st spraying Adult Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 WP Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 WP Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 WP Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 WP Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 WP Buprofezin + cypermethrin 10 + 5 EC Cypermethrin 5 EC Buprofezin 25 WP Control
aInsecticides
2d spraying Adult 12.0 b 2.8 a 1.8 a 4.3 ab 2.8 a 1.3 a 1.3 a 12.0 b 26.8 c Nymph 3.0 a 4.5 a 2.3 a 1.5 a 2.8 a 0.5 a 4.3 a 2.5 a 40.5 b
Nymph 12.8 ab 6.8 ab 5.0 a 19.5 b 7.0 ab 8.3 ab 5.0 a 16.0 ab 16.0 ab c
RTV-infected hills (%) at 65 DT 41 cd
25 + 12.5 50 + 25.0 100 + 50 25 + 12.5 50 + 25.0 100 + 50.0 50 50
2.8 ab 0.8 ab 1.0 ab 3.8 b 3.0 ab 1.3 ab 0.3 a 4.0 bc 6.8
33 abc 24 a 38 bcd 32 ab 28 a 27 a 30 ab 42
b Av
were applied at 10, 30, 50, and 70 DT. Spray volume was 300-500 liters/ha. of 4 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. DAT = days after treatment.
was significantly lower on treated plots, except for buprofezin + cypermethrin at 25 + 12.5 g ai/ha in both formulations.
Because typhoons during the reproductive stage caused plants to lodge, yield was not considered.
Orientation of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) to scentless rice plants

G. Liu and R. M. Wilkins, Agricultural and Environmental Science Department, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; and R. C. Saxena, Entomology Department, IRRI
Orientation of macropterous S. furcifera females to parafilm-wrapped and exposed Rathu Heenati and TN1 rice plants. a Treatment Wrapped TN1 Exposed TN1 Exposed Rathu Heenati Wrapped TN1 Wrapped Rathu Heenati Wrapped TN1
a
Oriented females 0.5 h 10 a (3) 25 b (18)
(%) at indicated time after release 2h 15 a (7) 57 b (71) 56 a (69) 18 b (10) 32 a (31) 34 a (31) 4h 15 a (7) 58 b (71) 50 a (59) 18 b (10) 39 a (40) 40 a (41)
lh 16 a (8) 42 b (45) 43 a (47) 21 b (13) 27 a (21) 26 b (19)
Plant odors act as chemical messengers for insect orientation. Attractants in susceptible rice plants and repellents in resistant plants play an important role in an insects host selection and establishment. We studied WBPH Sogatella furcifera orientation when insects were offered rice plants wrapped in parafilm membrane. Side tillers of 8-wk-old resistant Rathu Heenati and susceptible TN1 plants in pots were cut off. Half the remaining central tillers were left
8a (3) 10 a (4)
In a column within a pair, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at P=0.05 (DMRT). b Arc sine percentage transformed value. Mean of 5 replications. Figures in parentheses represent actual percentage of females oriented.
exposed and half wrapped with a 5- 30-cm piece of stretched parafilm (a waterproof, thermoplastic sealing film). Pairs of exposed and wrapped tillers
were inserted into 15- 30-cm cylindrical mylar cages through small holes in the polystyrene disc that was the common base for the plants.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 39
Newly emerged macropterous WBPH females were released, 20/polystyrene disc. The females were allowed free choice between parafilm-wrapped TN1 and exposed TN1; exposed Rathu Heenati and parafilm-wrapped TN1; and parafilm-wrapped Rathu Heenati
and wrapped TN1, with five replications each treatment. Females settling on each tiller were counted at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h after release. WBPH females clearly preferred exposed TN1 over parafilm-wrapped
TN1 plants (see table). Significantly more WBPH settled on exposed resistant Rathu Heenati than on wrapped susceptible TN1. WBPH were oriented nearly equally to wrapped Rathu Heenati and TN1 plants.
Minimal dosages of buprofezin to control green leafhopper (GLH), whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), and brown planthopper (BPH)
R. F. Macatula, O. Mochida, and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
Buprofezin, a slow-acting insectistatic compound, has high activity against nymphs of planthoppers, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and mites. It has no knockdown action; most nymphs die during molting to the next instar. While buprofezin does not kill adult insects, it suppresses egg deposition and egg viability to reduce populations of nymphs and adults in the next generation.
In two experiments, we tested minimum rates of buprofezin for leafhopper and planthopper control. In both trials, buprofezin was applied at 12.5, 25, and 50 g ai/ha. BPMC and cartap were applied at 750 and 1,000 g ai/ ha, respectively, for comparison. IR22 seedlings raised under netting were transplanted 21 d after sowing in 5 4-m plots (Aug 1985) and 5- 5.3-m plots (Nov 1985) at 25- 25cm spacing with 4 replications. Insecticides (300-500 liters/ ha) were sprayed 62 d after transplanting (DT). GLH, BPH, and WBPH adult or nymph populations were sampled using FARMCOP suction machine on 10 hills/plot 1 d before treatment (DBT) and 5-15 d after treatment (DAT). In general, significantly fewer WBPH, GLH, and BPH adults and nymphs
were found on plots treated with buprofezin, BPMC, and cartap (see table). Hopper populations were less with increasing rates of buprofezin in both trials. Buprofezin at 12.5 g ai/ha was as good as higher rates against WBPH, GLH, and BPH nymphs, and comparable to BPMC and cartap at 750 and 1,000 g ai/ha, respectively.
Predation by sword-tailed cricket Anaxipha longipennis (Serville) (Gryllidae) on eggs of three lepidopterous pests of rice
B. L. Canapi, E. G. Rubia, J. A. Litsinger, B. M. Shepard, and L. M. Rueda, IRRI
Field evaluation of minimal dosages of buprofezin to control GLH, BPH, and WBPH. IRRI, 1985. Chemical
a
Rate (g ai/ha)
Nymphsb (no./10 hills) 1 DBT 17105 a 24774 a 16142 a 21899 a 15053 a 15356 a 812 a 1092 a 508 a 995 a 227 a 987 a 103 a 122 a 107 a 107 a 133 a 121 a 5 DAT 1413 ab 737 ab 377 a 1146 ab 1967 ab 3324 bc 5a 12 ab 3a 11 ab 26 bc 32 c 9 ab 7a 1a la 15 bc 23 c WBPH BPH 10 DAT 137 c 11 a 3a 65 ab 55 ab 257 c 1a 0a 0a 4 bc 8 c 1a 6 bc 0a 1a 3 bc 7 bc 10 c 15 DAT 6 ab 4a 1a 14 bc 16 c 10 c 24 bc 17 bc 3a 48 c 28 bc 40 bc 1a 0a 0a 0a 1a 1a
Buprofezin
12.5 25 50 750 1000 12.5 25 50 750 1000 12.5 25 50 750 1000
We studied the predatory ability of Anaxipha longipennis (S.) on eggs of leaffolder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, green hairy caterpillar Rivula atimeta, and green horned caterpillar Melanitis leda ismene in the laboratory. Adults of the insect pests collected in the field were caged individually with 35-dCumulative number of eggs of LF, green hairy caterpillar, and green horned caterpillar consumed by the cricket Anaxipha longipennis. a IRRI insectary, 1988. Egg density (no./cage) 10 20 40 10 20 40 10 20 40 Eggs consumed (cumulative no.) 24 h 8 15 34 10 16 34 2 4 6 48 h 10 18 40 10 19 39 2.0 5 10 72 h 10 19 40 10 19 40 4 5 11
BPMC Cartap No chemical (check) Buprofezin
BPMC Cartap No chemical (check) Buprofezin BPMC Cartap No chemical (check)

aChemicals
Insect species Leaffolder
GLH
Green hairy caterpillar Green horned caterpillar

aAV
applied by knapsack sprayer once at 62 DT. Spray volume = 500 liters/ha. bAv of 4 replications. In a column for each insect, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
of 5 replications.
40 IRRN 13:4(August 1988)
old TN1 rice plants for 24 h oviposition, in 5 replications. Number of eggs was adjusted to test 10, 20, or 40 per plant. A. longipennis starved for 24 h were introduced individually into the cages. The number of eggs consumed was recorded daily for 3 d. A. longipennis preferred eggs of LF
and green hairy caterpillar (see table). By the second day, the crickets had consumed almost all the eggs of the LF and green hairy caterpillar but ate only about one-fourth of the green horned caterpillar eggs by the third day. In general, predation on LF and hairy caterpillar eggs was about three times
higher than predation on green horned caterpillar eggs. (The eggs of green horned caterpillar are larger than those of the other species tested.) These results show that A. longipennis is capable of making a significant impact on eggs of two species of rice pests.
Effect of insecticide application at different growth stages on rice yield components and rice straw
H. V. Pandya, A. H. Shah, and M. S. Purohit, Entomology Department, N. M. College of Agriculture, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, Gujarat State, India
The field experiment with 10 treatments (see table) was laid out in a randomized block design with 4 replications during summer and wet seasons 1986. Yellow
stem borer (YSB) and leaf roller (LR) were the dominant insect pests during the study. Deadhearts and whiteheads percentages were recorded for YSB and percentage of infested leaves for LR. Grains from 10 individual selected panicles were counted at maturity and 1,000-grain wt determined separately for each treatment. Grain yield was recorded from the net plot area, straw yield was recorded separately for each treatment. Straw yield loss (t/ ha and %) was determined by deducting yield with treatment from yield with maximum
protection. Insecticide significantly influenced pest incidence, rice yield components, and straw yield. The plot with maximum protection had the lowest % deadhearts, whiteheads, and LR infested leaves, with correspondingly higher grains/ panicle, 1,000-grain weight, grain yield, and straw yield. Maximum protection except at ripening had the lowest straw yield loss. Increased yields appear to be due to suppression of insect pests, not to fertilizer effects of carbofuran.
Yield components and straw yield of rice with insecticide applications at different growth stages.a Navsari, India, 1986 summer and wet season. Treatmentb Maximum protection Maximum protection except seedbed Maximum protection except vegetative stage Maximum protection except reproductive stage Maximum protection except ripening stage Seedbed protection Vegetative stage protection Reproductive stage protection Ripening stage protection Control (no protection) LSD (0.05) CV (%) Deadhearts (%) 3.05 (09.30) 3.34 (11.16) 3.97 (15.76) 3.96 (15.68) 3.19 (10.18) 4.97 (24.70) 4.18 (17.47) 4.5 1 (20.34) 5.37 (28.84) 6.20 (38.44) 0.54 18.90 Whiteheads (%) 2.60 (06.76) 2.87 (08.24) 2.95 (08.70) 3.1 3 (09.80) 2.79 (07.78) 3.62 (13.10) 3.46 (11.97) 3.00 (09.00) 3.31 (11.36) 3.81 (14.52) 0.03 0.86 Leaves infested with LR (%) 2.18 (04.75) 2.41 (05.81) 3.09 (09.55) 2.49 (06.20) 2.30 (05.29) 3.31 (10.96) 2.58 (06.66) 3.22 (10.37) 3.48 (12.11) 3.86 (14.90) 0.24 13.02 Grains (no./panicle) 289.0 252.8 249.6 237.2 278.9 225.0 225.0 231.0 207.4 196.0 9.0 4.5 1000-grain weight (g) 16.0 15.2 14.4 15.2 16.0 14.4 15.2 15.2 14.4 13.7 0.6 1.1 Grain yield (t/ha) .. 8.9 8.1 6.7 7.0 8.6 5.9 6.8 6.6 6.0 5.8 0.9 10.0 Straw yield (t/ha) 8.7 7.8 6.7 7.1 8.4 6.1 6.7 6.6 6.2 5.8 0.4 3.4 Straw loss t/ha 0.9 2.0 1.6 0.3 2.6 2.0 2.1 2.5 2.9 % 11.5 29.9 22.5 3.6 42.6 29.9 31.8 40.3 50.0
aPooled mean for 1986 summer and wet season. Figures in parentheses are retransformed values in squares. b Maximum protection = seedbed protection: carbofuran 3 G at 0.5 kg ai/ha 5 d before transplanting; vegetative stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at 5 and 25 d after transplanting (DT), carbofuran 3 G at 1.0 kg ai/ha at 15 DT, and foliar spray of fenitrothion 50 EC at 0.05% at 35 DT; reproductive stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at panicle initiation and flowering; ripening stage protection: foliar spray of monocrotophos 36 WSC at 0.036% at soft dough stage.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 41
Population trends of striped rice borer in Korea

Y. H. Kim, K. M. Choi, and J. O. Lee, Entomology Department, Agricultural Science Institute, RDA, Suweon, Korea
Relationship between insecticide consumption and annual occurrence of 2 broods of Chilo suppressalis moths caught by light trap in 33 areas. Suweon, Korea, 1966-85.
The striped rice borer Chilo suppressalis W. has two generations in Korea. We monitored numbers of moths caught in light traps at 33 sites from 1966 to 1987. Second brood moths showed little fluctuation, but prior to 1985, the first brood progressively decreased. Relative numbers of second brood moths grew from about 20% in the late 1970s to about 60% in 1985. Populations of first brood moths, very high in the late 1960s, began to decrease in the early 1970s. The fewest moths were captured in 1982, but populations have increased slightly since then.
The relationship between number of insects and insecticide consumption was negative before 1979. Catches of moths decreased as much as insecticide consumption increased (see figure). The population increase since 1982 might be a side effect of insecticide use. In addition, rice transplanting has
shifted during the last two decades, from middle Jun to late May. Early transplanting may have initially contributed to low stem borer survival. The slight increase in population may represent a gradual adaptation of the stem borer to the new planting schedule.
Effect of plant extracts on brown planthopper (BPH) oviposition

G. V. P. Reddy and K. C. D. Urs, Entomology Department, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
and 1,000 g material extracted in petroleum ether (B.P. 40-60 C) through Soxhlet apparatus. Solvent (5% benzene) was added. Stock at 2% and 5% concentrations were made by adding distilled water, using 0.5% Triton 100 as the emulsifier.
Ten gravid BPH females were caged for 12 h on 40-d-old rice plants. Eggs laid were counted under a stereoscopic microscope. All six extracts significantly reduced BPH oviposition (see table). No adult BPH died during the experiment.
We evaluated the effect of six plant extracts on BPH oviposition. Seeds of Annona squamosa, Sapindus trifoliatus, Acacia concinna, Gynandropsis pentaphylla, Hydrocarpus alpina, and Ocimum gratissimum were powdered
Effect of 6 plant extracts on BPH oviposition. Karnataka, India. Treatment A. squamosa S. trifoliatus A. concinna H. alpina G. pentaphylla O. gratissimum Control LSD (P = 0.01)
aMean
A synthetic diet for rice leaffolder (LF)

S. Parasuraman and A. A. Kareem, Agricultural Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai 625104, India
Eggsa (no./plant) 2% solution 13 68 24 37 49 76 154 3 a e b c d f 5% solution 9a 62 e 18 b 31 c 42 d 71 f 157 3
of 5 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 1% level.
We successfully reared rice LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guene (Pyraustidae: Lepidoptera) larvae using a synthetic diet. Diet constituents were 800 ml water, 70 g pinto beans, 40 g casein, 10 g agar, 5 g yeast, 5 g ascorbic acid, 2 g choline chloride, 500 mg sorbic acid, 300 mg tryptophan, and 2 ml formaldehyde 40%. Agar and beans were cooked individually in 500 ml and 200 ml water. All other ingredients except the vitamins were mixed in a blender with 100 ml
water, then mixed with the cooked beans and agar in a blender for 4-5 mm. Two drops of Abdec (Parke-Davies) vitamin mixture were added during the last few seconds of blending. The medium, poured in small glass vials, solidified. Second-instar larvae of LF were reared on the diet; 80% of the reared larvae pupated, from which all moths emerged. Fertility and fecundity were normal.
42 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Water management
Irrigation schedule for dry season rice
D. Alexander and P. H. Latif, Kerala Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi; and S. Chandini, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, India
Effect of water management practices on yield and water requirements of rice. a Pattambi, Kerala, India. Treatmentb T1 = 5 cm submergence T2 = 5 cm submergence 2 d after disappearance of ponded water. T3 =T2 + 5 cm submergence for 7 d at panicle initiation and flowering. T4 = 5 cm submergence to maximum tillering, followed by irrigation as in T 2 . LSD (0.05)
a Av
Yield (t/ha) Grain 3.7 3.5 3.5 Straw 4.5 4.6 4.6
Water requirement (cm) 92.6 63.7 69.1
Irrigations (no.) 33 11 18
3.5
4.5
64.0
16
In Kerala, water is scarce during the later part of dry season (Sep-Jan). We laid out an experiment during the 1982 and 1983 dry seasons to test water conservation practices. The treatments are in the table. Soil was sandy loam (79.3% sand, 7.8% silt, and 12.9% clay) with 1.27% organic C, 0.021% available N, 11.6 kg P/ha, and 184.4 kg K/ha; pH 5.5, and bulk density 1.045 g/cm 3. Plot size was 7.0 2.2 m 2. Plots located on either side of the central irrigation channel had double bunds and 50 cm buffer strips all around. Five-cm-high pegs in the plots helped control irrigation water
ns
ns
12.3
of 2-yr.
applications. The value of the water required for each irrigation was computed from the head difference and time of flow. Fluctuations in groundwater table were recorded weekly from a piezometer installed in the center of the field. The crop received 124.7 cm rainfall during growth. Irrigation treatments started after cessation of the northeast monsoon
and continued to 1 wk before harvest. The irrigation period lasted 65 d, with the groundwater table 102 cm below the surface. Treatment 2 had grain and straw yields equal to those from 5 cm continuous submergence. It consumed 31% less water and required fewer irrigation.
Water management studies in rice

R. S. Narang and N. Singh, Agronomy Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Effect of duration of ponded water at transplanting on growth and yield of rice at Ludhiana (Punjab), India, 1987. a Duration (wk) 1 2 3 LSD (0.05)
a
Grain yield (t/ha) 6.4 6.5 6.5 ns
Straw yield (t/ha) 6.6 6.7 6.7 ns
Plant height (cm) 86.7 86.6 87.0 ns
Effective tillers/hill (no.) 8.9 8.8 9.1 ns
Test wt (g/1000 grain) 22.6 22.9 22.9 ns
Irrigation applied (cm) 195 215 235
With the advent of high-yielding, shortstatured rice varieties, the area under rice in Punjab (India) has increased from 0.57 million ha in 1975 to 1.7 million ha in 1987, increasing pressure on available water resources. Standard practice is to flood rice beds with 10 cm water for 3 wk after transplanting, then apply 6-7 cm water 2 d after ponded water has infiltrated. We explored ways to reduce continuous deep flooding in 1985-87. Rice variety PR106 was grown with three different water regimes during the rainy season (Jul-Oct) on loamy sand soil, alkaline, low-in available N, medium in available P and K. One-
Data pooled for 3 yr.
month-old seedlings were transplanted in 8- 3-m plots at 20- 15-cm spacing. The crop was fertilized with 120 kg N, 26 kg P, 33 kg K, and 5.75 kg Zn/ha. Water was ponded at 40-50 mm depths for 1, 2, or 3 wk after transplanting. Standard irrigation
practice was used for later crop growth. Reducing ponded water duration to 1 wk at transplanting did not adversely affect grain yield, straw yield, plant height, effective tillers, nor 1,000-grain weight (see table). It saved 40 cm water.
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 43
Farm machinery
Dispenser method for using urea supergranules in transplanted rice
N. K. Savant, International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), P.O. Box 2040, Muscle Shoals, AL 35662, USA
Deep placement of urea supergranules (USG) by hand can be done at the same time as line transplanting by using a simple, lightweight bamboo device called a USG dispenser with transplanting guide (Fig. 1). Two workers use 1 device to transplant two 3-m lines (Fig. 2) of 20 hills each (15- 20-cm spacing). Quickly lifting the lever, the workers transfer USG into the wire basket (Fig.
2). Each worker picks 5 USG (Fig. 2) and hand places 1 USG at 7-10 cm soil depth in the center of alternate 4 hills (Fig. 2). The device is pulled backwards, and the combined operation is repeated. Some care is needed to close USG placement holes if puddling is inadequate. Fifteen field trials have been carried out in farmers fields in Konkan region, Maharashtra State, India, in collaboration with Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Maharashtra, and the Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Ltd., New belhi, India. The results indicate that the method is particularly appropriate for the small rice farmer. It is low cost. The device can be fabricated by rural carpenters for US $4-5.
It is simple to use. With 1-2 h practice, men and women transplanters 16-60 yr old with different education levels were able to use it. It is labor efficient. Combining line transplanting and deep fertilizer placement saves about 12 labor d/ha that would normally have been required for separate hand deep placing of USG, It is agronomically efficient. In 1985 and 1986 trials, grain yields with the dispenser and with separate fertilizer placement were statistically equal. In 1987 trials in small farmers fields, the IFDC dispenser method (15- 20-cm spacing, 1-g USG/4 hills, 38 kg N/ha) increased grain yields an average 480 kg/ ha over farmers methods (random transplanting and 1 or 2 split applications of prilled urea, 38 kg N/ ha). The method enables farmers to
1. The USG dispenser with transplanting guide, IFDC, 1986.
44 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Testing a seed drill for upland rice

P. C. Senapati, P. K. Mahapatra, and D. Satpathy, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
We tested six seed drills (Table 1) for upland rice during 1983-86 wet seasons
in a randomized block design with three replications. Soil was lateritic, coarse-textured, well drained, strongly acidic, and low in nutrients. Rice variety Subhadra (90 d duration) was dry seeded at 75 kg seeds/ha with 60-18-33 kg NPK/ha. All P and K and 25% N were applied at sowing; 50% N was topdressed 20 d
Table 1. Features of seed drills. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 1983-86. Drill features Drill Width (cm) Power source Seed metering device Hopper/ drum capacity (kg) Row spacing (cm) 15 Type of furrow opener Cultivator type Cultivator type Hoe type Furrow openers (no.) 3
Implement factory seed drill (3-row) Implement factory seed-cum-fertilizer drill (2-row) Annapurna seed drill (5-row)
45
Human
30
Human
75
Human
Annapurna seed-cumfertilizer drill (3-row)
35
Human
CAET seed drill (3-row)
52
Bullock
CAET seed drill (5-row) 2. Steps in using the IFDC dispenser method. IFDC. 1986. a) Workers use device for line transplanting. b) Worker transfers USG. c) Workers pick up USG. d) Workers deep-place USG by hand.
70
Bullock
Plastic roller 2.5 with small round depressions Plastic roller 2.0 with small round depressions Drum with 4.5 holes on the periphery. Circular iron belt regulates the size of openings. Drum with 2.5 holes on the periphery. Circular iron belt regulates the size of openings. Wooden 6 roller with small round depressions mounted on the shaft Wooden roller 10 with small round depressions mounted on the shaft
15
15
15
Hoe type
20
Cultivator type
15
Cultivator type
Table 2. Efficiency of seed drills. Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, 1983-86. Drill Implement factory seed drill (3-row) Implement factory seed-cum-fertilizer drill (2-row) Annapurna seed drill (5-row) Annapurna seed drill (2-row) CAET seed drill (3-row) CAET seed drill (5-row) Broadcast Seed placement depth (cm) 2.85 2.87 SDE (%) 80 81 Plant population (no.)/row length 25 28 EUE (kg grain/MJ) 21.83 23.03 CPI 2.70 3.33
control transplanting geometry and plant populations. The IFDC dispenser method enables small-scale rice farmers to efficiently use 30-60 kg N/ha as USG to significantly increase rice yields. It can serve as an intermediate technology for mediumscale farmers until suitable machines are developed for the effective deep placement of USG. It may not be labor efficient for large-scale rice farmers.
1.43 2.85 3.20 1.70 0.86
65 67 77 78 62
20 23 24 26 120 (per m 2)
19.13 12.22 4.78 8.19 3.22
1.40 1.46 1.34 1.76 0.62
IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 45
after sowing (DAS) and 25% N at 40 DAS. Data on average depth of seed placement, seed distribution efficiency (SDE), plant population/ m-row length,
energy use efficiency (EUE), and comparative performance index (CPI = product of energy, SDE, and grain yield factors) are in Table 2. The two-row implement factory seed-cum-fertilizer
drill had the highest CPI (3.33), SDE (81%), and number of plants/m-row (28). The three-row drill appeared to have had higher friction in the metering device.
Environmental analysis
Effect of season on rice response, production efficiency, and recovery of applied N
M. A. Salam, Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karamana 695002, Trivandrum; and S. Subramanian, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
of 4 levels of N (0, 60, 90, and 120 kg/ ha) and 3 levels of insecticides (no insecticide, carbofuran 3% granular at 0.75 kg ai/ ha, and phorate 10% granules at 1.0 kg ai/ ha) in a randomized block design with 6 replications.
Rice response to N (kg grain produced: kg of N applied) and N recovery were highest when N was applied with carbofuran or phorate (see table). Across the seasons, response and N recovery were higher in summer; production efficiency was higher in the northeast monsoon season.
Response, production efficiency, and recovery of N applied with and without insecticide, by season. a Coimbatore, India, 1982-83. SWM 1982 N alone N + carbofuran at 0.75 kg ai/ha N + phorate at 1.0 kg ai/ha N alone N + carbofuran at 0.75 kg ai/ha N + phorate at 1.0 kg ai/ha N alone N + carbofuran at 0.75 kg ai/ha N + phorate at 1.0 kg ai/ha
a
We studied the response, production efficiency, and recovery of applied N in rice, with and without soil-applied granular insecticides during the southwest monsoon (Jun-Sep 1982), northeast monsoon (Sep-Dec 1982), summer (Jan-Apr 1983), and southwest monsoon (Jan-Sep 1983). Soil was clay loam, pH 8.2, with 1% organic matter, 196-9.5-200 ppm available NPK, 598 ppm total soil N, and 0.4 ppm DTPH extractable Zn. The experiments were factorial combinations
NEM 1982
SUM 1983
SWM 1983 21 22 25 56 56 66 34 39 34
12 19 20 39 34 38 28 55 53
Response (kg grain:kg N) 12 16 20 25 21 26 Production efficiency (kg grain:kg N) 70 45 12 41 23 44 N recovery (%) 17 38 29 62 29 58
SWM = southwest monsoon, NEM = northeast monsoon, SUM = summer.
Farming systems
Growth and yield of wet season rice with tilapia fish
S. K. Datta and S. H. Ghosh, Field Crop Research Station, Barddhaman; and C. N. Bairagya, Radha Fish Farm, Barddhaman, West Bengal, India
We studied growth and yield of rice and fish in the Cropping Systems Research site at Memari in 1987 (Jun-Dec) wet season. The experiment consisted of a plot of rice without fish and one of rice with tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus ). Soil was clay loam with pH 6.5 - 7.0.
Plots were thoroughly plowed and 9 t farmyard manure/ ha incorporated. Plots were 20 38 m with a shallow 75 50-cm perimeter canal and a trapezoidal protective dike bounding the canal. To encourage better fish movement, 2 central drains, each 50 cm wide and 30 cm deep, were dug lengthwise across the plot of rice with fish. Pankaj, a recommended photoperiodsensitive lowland rice variety, was transplanted, 2 seedlings at 15- 20-cm spacing/hill, in early Aug, with 100 kg N/ ha applied 1/2 at land preparation and 1/2 in equal splits 1 mo after transplanting and 1 wk before flowering; 18 kg P and 33 kg K/ ha were added at land preparation. Pump water was used
Growth and yield of rice + fish at Barddhaman, West Bengal, 1987 wet season. Characteristic Rice Plant height (cm) Effective tillers/plant Panicle length (cm) Grains/panicle Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Fish Recovery Increase in length (cm) Increase in weight (g) Fish yield (t/ha) Rice without fish 133.2 12.0 26.4 158.2 4.1 5.2 (%) Rice + fish 120.8 15.2 26.8 178.4 4.9 6.0 81.3 8.2 96.4 0.7
to irrigate as needed. Water depth, 35 cm at the outset, was gradually increased to 10-12 cm.
46 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)
Tilapia fingerlings were stocked at 2 fish/m2 35 d after transplanting. They were fed an inexpensive 1: 1 mixture of rice bran and mustard cake at 5% total body weight each morning. When fertilizer was topdressed, the water level was gradually lowered so that fish could take refuge in the drains. Fish were harvested with rice in midDec. A few hours before harvest, plots
were slowly drained, allowing the fish to move to the drains where they could be collected by dragnet and hand. Rice was cut with hand sickles about 1520 cm from the ground and bound into small bundles. The bundles were placed in rows over the stubble so that they did not touch the muddy ground. Ten randomly selected plants from each plot were uprooted at harvest for
data collection. Growth and yield data for 10 randomly selected fish and total yields were recorded (see table). With rice + fish, growth and yield characters of rice increased appreciably while plant height decreased. Fish weight and length increased considerably during the 4 mo cropping duration.
Pulse crop performance in a rice-based cropping sequence

K. Sudhakara Babu, K. Ramaseshaiah, and Y. P. Prabhakara Rao, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam Farm, Guntur 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India
Grain yield and gross returna from different pulse crops. Andhra Pradesh, India, 1980-83. Crop Black gram Mungbean Chickpea Cowpea Pigeonpea Soybean
a
Grain yield (t/ha) 1980-81 1.10 0.65

b
Gross return ($/ha) Mean 1.03 0.64 0.06 0.51 0.21 0.10 1980-81 232 179
b
1981-82 0.91 0.37 0.07 0.51 0.19

b
1982-83 1.08 0.91 0.05 0.32 0.11 0.13
1981-82 188 85 17 98 44
b
1982-83 331 227 13 74 38 35
Mean 250 164 15 94 53 25
Farmers of coastal Andhra Pradesh, India, grow black gram Vigna mungo (L) Hepper as a relay crop with rainy season rice in about 0.25 million ha. Black gram seed is broadcast into the standing rice crop 24 d before rice harvest mid-Nov to mid-Dec. The black gram grows entirely on residual moisture and fertility, with no intercultivation or weeding. Average yield is about 0.8 t / ha. But recently black gram has suffered from wilt, root
0.71 0.34 0.07

b Failed.
109 78 15
US$1 = Rs 13.04.
rot, and powdery mildew diseases. We evaluated five alternate pulse crops after rainy season rice in 1980-81 to 1982-83. The experimental site was a black alluvium under Krishna delta. Rice variety BPT3291 was transplanted the first week of Aug with 80-20-37 kg NPK/ha. Pulse crops were broadcast in
the standing rice crop 3 d before rice harvest. Soybean, pigeonpea, and chickpea, with higher yield potential than black gram, did not do well (see table). Mungbean and cowpea yields were satisfactory, but less than that of black gram.
ANNOUNCEMENTS
New IRRI publications
Rice seed health Rice ratooning Helpful insects, spiders, and pathogens friends of the rice farmer (in Cebuano)
New book on rice diseases
Advances in rice pathology, 484 pp, edited by S. Kannaiyan, was published
Sep 1987 by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India. Its 24 chapters were written by 31 plant pathologists with broad experience in India, Bangladesh, the United States, and IRRI. Chapters cover a broad spectrum of recent developments in rice disease management, including mechanisms of resistance, pathogenic races, epidemiology, disease forecasting, ecology of pathogens, insect vectors,
nematodes, microorganisms in postharvest handling, as well as breeding for resistance and disease control. To order, contact S. Kannaiyan, Biotechnology Unit, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India.

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.13 No.4

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International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.13 No.4

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IRRN GUIDELINES

Guidelines for contributors

Criteria for IRRN research reports

Categories of research reported

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

CROP AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Metroglyph analysis of some upland rice cultures

Morphological variations of 40 rice entries tested at the upland rice site in

BR51-315-4 BR52-96-3 Jaya Pavizham 23332-2 LSD (P=0.05)

4 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Effect of waxy gene on rice yield components

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

* and ** = significance at the 5% and 1% levels.

Grain quality and nutritional value

6 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Field reaction of IR varieties to rice tungro (RTV)associatedviruses

Reactiona to Kresek R MS R MR MR R MR R MR MS MR MR MR MR MR MS MR MR R MR MS MR MR R Leaf blight R R MR R R MR R R R R R R R MR R R R R R R R R R R Stem rot MR R MR R MR R MR R MR MR R MR R R MR R MR MR MS MR MR MR R S

No variety showed RTSV infection only.

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

RTV incidence (%) 20 30 25 60 40 65 50 45 45 25 30 30 5 85

Plant a (%) with RTBV+RTSV RTBV 0 0 10 40 40 40 50 30 30 10 30 40 0 70 30 40 10 0 10 0 0 20 20 20 10 0 10 0

No variety showed RTSV infection only.

8 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Field and screenhouse evaluation for resistance to rice tungro (RTV)

Reactions of Mahsuri and Sona Mahsuri to blast (Bl)

Leaf Bl Score 4 7 8 Reaction MR S S % 18.1 97.4 98.5

Neck Bl Score 5 9 9 Reaction MR HS HS

= moderately resistant, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Screening new rice selections for reaction to major diseases

Bacterial blight (BB) development in rice varieties and screening tests

10 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Type of reactionb R MR (SB) MR MS (VSB) MS (SB) MS S (VSB) S (SB) S HS (VSB) HS (SB) HS

Screening rice seedlings for resistance to leaffolder (LF)

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 11

Damage rating a Greenhouse 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 9 3 Microplot 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9 3

By the Standard evaluation system for rice.

Field incidence of and host resistance to Angoumois grain moth (AGM)

Mean of 10 observations. tions.

of 3 replications. dMean of 2 replica-

Excess water tolerance

12 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Adverse temperature tolerance

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 13

Erjiufeng Biyuzaonuo Reimei

Zhonghua 8 Tip of leaves Normal rolled

Effect of low temperature on selected rice varieties in Tanzania

Medium tolerant Medium

Medium susceptible Susceptible

Score a at seedling stage 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 9 9 9 9 9

Spikelet sterility (%) Panicle initiation 10 19 18 23 23 24 16 22 15 19 17 37 57 77 33 26 42 30 60 67 60 52 Anthesis 17 18 78 16 30 15 38 13 63 24 15 15 6 10 13 8 9 13 3 10 12 16

Standard evaluation system for rice score.

14 IRRN 13:4 (August 1988)

Response of rice varieties to planting time during the dry season

Temperature profile during the rice-growing season. Bhubaneswar, India, 1985-86.

Inheritance of seedling stage cold tolerance in 6 indica and japonica crosses

2.4 2.6 1.9 0.1

IRRN 13:4 (August 1988) 15

P 0.25-0.50 0.75-0.90 >0.90 0.50-0.75 0.75-0.90 >0.90 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.75

T = tolerant, S = susceptible. medium, medium susceptible.

segregation into medium type seedlings such as medium tolerant,

Adverse soils tolerance