International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.1

Contents
GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Overall progress 3 A high-yielding, early-maturing variety for the rainfed uplands of Orissa 3 TPS1, a short-duration red rice in Tamil Nadu 4 Rice variety resistant to gall midge (GM) and bacterial blight (BB) released in Madhya Pradesh (MP), India Agronomic characteristics 4 Influence of vegetative growth duration on grain grade 5 Dormancy in some early and medium duration varieties 5 Ratoon tillering in short-duration rice varieties Grain quality 6 Grain grades in relation to seedling growth and productivity Disease resistance 6 Susceptibility of rice hybrids to blast (Bl) 7 Tolerance of Sitopas crosses for ragged stunt virus (RSV) 7 Sources of resistance to sheath rot (ShR) 8 Resistance of elite rice strains and varieties to bacterial blight (BB) 8 Source of ufra-resistant deep water rice 8 Performance of medium-duration IRRI lines at Tamil Nadu Insect 9 9 10 11 resistance Potential donors for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance Multiple resistance of BG367-3 to major insect pests and diseases Resistance of IR varieties to leafhoppers and planthoppers Reaction of eight rices to gall midge (GM) 20 20 21 21 22 Five granular and 4 sprayable insecticides evaluated for yellow stem borer (YSB) control Daylength effect on development of 4 green leafhopper Nephotettix spp. An earwig predator of Asian pink stem borer (PSB) in upland rice Ovicidal activity of eight insecticides against the rice whorl maggot (RWM) Hydrellia philippina Ferino Leafhopper and planthopper populations and rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence at the tail end of an irrigation system
Weeds 23 A survey of weeds in transplanted and wet-seeded rice under rainfed and irrigated conditions 23 Control of Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. in upland rice 24 Weeds in shifting cultivation in Quezon Province, Philippines Other pests 24 Golden apple snail: a pest of rice
IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT

25 26 The effect of supplementary irrigation on rice yield in Bangladesh Irrigation management for lowland rice under water constraint
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

27 27 28 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 32 33 34 34 34 Response of rice to N split application on a saline soil Efficiency of urea-based fertilizers in coastal rice Crop establishment with inverted-T seeder Effect of green manure on yield Effect of neem leaf application on nitrogen efficiency in lowland rice Effect of sunlight and temperature on azolla nitrogen requirements Response of rice to Azospirillum inoculation Pulse crop residue as N source in rice-based cropping system Fertilizer efficiency with dry placement Response of rainfed rice to nitrogen level and postplanting soil management practices Integrated nitrogen management for lowland rice Slow-release urea fertilizers in sodic soils Influence of organic amendments and oils on ammonia volatilization in flooded rice Effect of sowing time and planting method on rice yield per day Efficacy of Azospirillum brasilense in increasing rice yield Phosphate sources for lowland rice
Other pests 11 Resistance of some rice varieties to the root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne incognita Temperature tolerance 11 Extent of wind-induced tip drying in popular rice varieties in Coimbatore Weather 12 Factors causing winter yield declines in high-yielding varieties Hybrid rice 13 Isolation of restorers and maintainers for two Chinese male-sterile lines having wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm 13 Recurrent selection in rice 14 Cytogenic relationship between two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines 14 Survival of some F1 rice hybrids and their parents in saline soil Tissue culture 15 Variability in quantitative traits of anther culture-derived progenies
RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

35 Irrigated rice-based cropping strategies in coastal Maharashtra
PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Diseases 16 Virulence of isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of Haryana 17 Controlling sheath rot (ShR) in rice 17 Pseudomonas fluorescens suppresses development of bacterial blight (BB) symptoms 17 Multiplication and movement of bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in the rice plant 18 Occurrence of rice ragged stunt virus (RSV) in Sri Lanka
ANNOUNCEMENTS
35 36 36 36 36 An inside look at the Green Revolution HY varieties spread T.T. Chang honored M.S. Swaminathan receives Albert Einstein World Award R.F. Chandler honored by U.S. President
Insects 18 Meadow grasshopper Conocephalus longipennis damage to rice spikelets 19 Ochthera sauteri Cresson (Diptera:Ephydridae), predator of rice whorl maggot (RWM) flies
Guidelines and Style for IRRN Contributors

Articles for publication in the International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) should observe the following guidelines and style. Guidelines Contributions should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. TWO figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany each article. The editor will return articles that exceed space limitations. Contributions should be based on results of research on rice or on cropping patterns involving rice. Appropriate statistical analyses should be done. Announcements of the release of new rice varieties are encouraged. Pest survey data should be quantified. Give infection percentage, degree of severity, etc. Style For measurements, use the International System. Avoid national units of measure (cavan, rai, etc.). Abbreviate names of standard units of measure when they follow a number. For example: 20 kg/ ha, 2 h/d. Express yield data in tonnes per hectare (t/ha). With small-scale studies, use grams per pot (g/pot) or g/row. Express time, money, and common measures in number, even when the amount is less than 10. For example: 8 min, $2, 3 kg/ha, 2-wk intervals. Write out numbers below 10 except in a series containing 10 or higher numbers. For example: six parts, seven tractors, four varieties. But There were 4 plots in India, 8 in Thailand, and 12 in Indonesia. Write out numbers that start sentences. For example: Sixty insects were put in each cage. Seventy-five percent of the yield increase is attributed to fertilizer. Place the name or denotation of chemicals or other measured materials near the unit of measure. For example: 60 kg N/ ha, not 60 kg/ ha N; 200 kg seed/ ha, not 200 kg/ ha seed. Use common names not trade names for chemicals. The US$ is the standard monetary unit in the IRRN. Data in other currencies should be converted to US$. When using acronyms, spell each out at first mention and put the specific acronym in parentheses. After that, use the acronym throughout the paper. For example: The brown planthoppcr (BPH) is a well-known insect pest of rice. Three BPH biotypes have been observed in Asia. Abbreviate names of months to three letters: Jun, Apr, Sep. Define in the footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure. Do not cite references or include a bibliography.
Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

OVERALL PROGRESS
A high-yielding, early-maturing variety for the rainfed uplands of Orissa
D. Satpathy, U.N. Dikshit, B. Misro. and D. Parida, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
Subhadra (DR92), a pedigree selection from TNl/SR26R from the Bhubaneswar Dry land Agriculture Research Centre, has been released by the Orissa State Variety Release Committee for general cultivation in rainfed uplands throughout the state. The short-statured variety has an average plant height of 70 cm, moderate tillering ability, coarse (medium bold) grains, about 40,000 grains/ kg, and good cooking quality. Maturity is about 90 d. The variety is
drought tolerant and responds well to fertilizers. Yields are stable, with little insect and disease problems. As a direct seeded kharif crop, Subhadra yielded consistently higher than Bala, Annapurna, and other standard high-yielding varieties in multilocational trials in rainfed uplands (Table 1). In 197678 tests at 4 dryland research centers outside Orissa, Subhadra was the highest yielder at Dehradun (4.1 t/ha) and Rewa (3.2 t/ ha); its performance was commendable at Ranchi (2.5 t/ha) and Varanasi (2.1 t/ ha). In the northeastern hill states Meghalaya, Manipur, and Sikkim (500-1,000 m altitude) it was found suitable for direct seeding and transplanting (Table 2). It was tolerant of blast disease and matured in about 140145 d.
Table 1. Grain yield of Subhadra in kharif multilocational tests (197379), Orissa, India.
Location Bhubaneswar Chiplima Joshipur Berhampur Overall average
Yield (t/ha) Years (no.) 5 3 3 1 Subhadra 2.0 2.0 2.4 3.5 2.4 Bala (check) 1.6 1.2 2.0 3.2 2.0
Increase (%) 25 61 20 9 20
Table 2. Grain yield of Subhadra in the northeastern hill regions, India.
Location Meghalaya Manipur Sikkim
Yield (t/ha) Subhadra 2.6 5.0 2.8 Local check 2.3 3.2 1.6
Increase (%) 14 55 70
T P S 1 a short-duration red rice in Tamil Nadu

S. Kalaimani, O. Ramanathapillai, S. Palanisamy, G. Radhakumar, and A. Idhyarajan, Paddy Experiment Substation (PES), Thirupathisaram 629901, Tamil Nadu, India
A promising short-duration red rice culture TP1334-1 to replace the local variety Kattisamba in Kanyakumari District performed well in 1980-84 yield trials and in the 1983-84 Adaptive Research Trials in farmers fields. It was released by the state IRRN 12:1 (February 1987) 3
varietal release committee in 1985 as TPS1. This is the first variety released from the Thirupathisaram PES, Tamil Nadu. TPS1, a derivative of IR8/ Kattisamba, is semitall (110 cm), matures in 110-115 d, and has higher
yield potential than local Kattisamba. It is medium tillering with light green foliage and good panicle exsertion. Panicles are long and compact. Average grain yields of 5.0 t/ha, 17.8% more than those of Kattisamba, have been recorded. Production
potential is 7.8 t/ha. Average straw yield is 9.2 t/ha. The grain is short bold with a red kernel closely resembling that of Kattisamba. It possesses good cooking quality. TPS1 has field tolerance for stem borer.
Rice variety resistant to gall midge (GM) and bacterial blight (BB) released in Madhya Pradesh (MP), India R.K. Sahu, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Table 1. Reaction to BB (PXO 61) of F1 and F 2 progenies from crosses of TN1 with Usha and W1263. MP, India. Disease reaction Cross TN1/Usha TN1/W1263 F1 Resistant Resistant Resist ant (no.) 671 287 Susceptible (no.) 245 113 F2 x 2 3:l 1:40 2.08
Usha, a semidwarf high yielding rice variety with resistance to GM and BB, has been released for general cultivation in MP. Usha is derived from IR22/W1263. It resembles IR22 in plant type. IR22 is susceptible to GM and BB but Usha and W1263 are
resistant at Raipur, MP. A single dominant gene GM1 conferred Ushas resistance to the GM biotype. A single dominant gene also conferred resistance to BB (Table 1). Usha and W1263 have the same allelic gene Xa-4 as IR22 has (Table 2).
Table 2. Reaction to BB (PXO 61) of F1 and F2 progenies from crosses of IR22 with Usha and W1263. MP, India. Cross F1 Disease reaction F2 Resistant (no.) 856 406 Susceptible (no.) 0 0
IR22/Usha Resistant IR22/W1263 Resistant

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Influence of vegetative growth duration on grain grade
B. Venkateswarlu, B.S. Vergara, and R.M. Visperas, Plant Physiology Department, IRRI
Influence of vegetative growth duration on number of different grades of grain per hill.a IRRI, 1986. Parameter Grain yield/hill (g) Panicles/hill Total spikelets Empty spikelets Poor grains b Average b Good b High density grains b Total grains Vegetative growth duration 45 d 6.8 3.8 459 54 (11) 46 (8) 157 (28) 200 (49) 1.5 (4) 405 (89) a a a a a a a a a 65 d 6.2 3.1 429 72 (16) 44 (10) 115 (32) 198 (41) 1.0 (.2) 358 (84) a b ab a 85 d 5.4 b 2.7 c bc 381 70 a (18) 34 a (9) 42 b (10) 233 a (66) 2.2 a (.5) 311 c (83) 105 d 4.4 c 3.1 d 336 c 74 a (22) 24 a (7) 38 b (11) 193 a (59) 0.7 a (.3) 262 d (78)
The vegetative growth (VG) period of BPI-76, a photoperiod-sensitive cultivar, was altered to 45, 65, 85, and 105 d by manipulating photoperiod. Plants were grown in 4-liter plastic pots in the glasshouse. Each pot contained 3.5 kg soil fertilized with 4 g ammonium sulfate, 2 g solophos, and 2 g muriate of potash. Five plants per pot were grown under 24-h photoperiod. Sowings were staggered. Plants were transferred to 10-h photoperiod so that climatic conditions during reproductive and ripening phases were similar. Grain grade was determined by the specific gravity method. Grain yield was higher with 45 and 65 d VG (see table) and gradually 4 IRRN 12:l (February 1987)
a a a a b
aFigures in parentheses are percent of respective grades of total spikelets. In a row, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT. bPoor grains = collected from 1.0-1.06 specific gravity; average grains, 1.08-1.12 specific gravity; good grains, 1.14 to 1.10 specific gravity; and high density grains, 1.20 specific gravity.
decreased with increased growth duration. The higher grain yield at 45 and 65 d was due mainly to high panicle numbers, fertility percentage, and total grain numbers per hill.
High density (HD) grain yield (grains which submerge at 1.20 sp gr) was not related to VG duration. BPI76 produced hardly any HD grains; production of HD grain did not differ
significantly among growth durations. For maximum spikelet formation, 45 to 65 d VG duration appears to be advantageous; for HD grains, longer VG duration is not a disadvantage. All durations studied produced almost similar percentages of good grade grain. Longer VG was associated with
lower total grain numbers, resulting in lower yields. VG up to 65 d (total growth duration of 110 d) was associated with moderately high numbers of good grade grain and fairly high numbers of other grain grades. It should be possible to combine the
character of high numbers of HD grain with any VG duration. For higher potential yields, a VG duration of 45 d (total growth duration of 91 d) is not limiting. It is possible to combine the character of HD grain with very short growth duration.
Dormancy in some early and medium duration varieties

Y.S. Veeraraja Urs, NationaI Agricultural Research Project, The University of Agricultural Sciences, Brahmavar 576213, Kannada, India
Germination and dormancy of some early and medium duration rice varieties. Brahmavar (DK), India, 1985.
Germination a (%) Variety Duration (d) 1984 Rasi Jyothi Annapoorna KKP2 IET7303 Shakthi Jaya Phalguna
a DH
5 DH b 1985 87 95 75 79 76 56 56 18 1984 99 100 91 90 85 98 99 30
10 DH 1985 100 100 97 92 88 84 95 46
20 DH 1984 100 99 100 97 98 88 1985 100 100 97 100 96 100 88
Dormancy b
The dormancy of some early and medium duration high-yielding varieties (HYVs) grown under upland, midland, and lowland conditions in Dakshina Kannada region with heavy rainfall conditions was assessed in 1984 and 1985. The seed samples were collected 30 d after flowering and sun-dried to 1314% moisture. Germination and dormancy (80% germination) were calculated on 25 seeds/ petri dish at
110 123 106 110 129 135 139 149
87 91 45 53 70 33 35 15
10 10 10 10 10 20
= days after harvest.b 80% germination.
10-d intervals, starting 5 d after harvest, with 4 replications. Rasi and Jyothi were nondormant (see table). Annapoorna, KKP2,
Shakthi, Jaya, and IET7303 recorded 10-d dormancy. Phalguna recorded 20d dormancy.
Ratoon tillering in short-duration rice varieties P. K. Chakraborty and S. K. Bardhan Roy, State Agricultural Experimental Farm, Malda 732101, West Bengal, India
Ratoon tillering in shortduration rice varieties. Maida, West Bengal, India, 1985-86. Regenerated hills (%) 0-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 Entries (no.) 7 1 5 3 11 Ratoon tillers (no./hill) Range 1-2 3 2-5 5-7 5-13 Average 1 3 4 6 8 Main crop days to 50% flowering 133-146 133 133-146 130-143 133-146
A set of the 1985 International Rice Yield Nursery-Early was grown during 1985-86 dry season at Malda. The main crop was sown on 24 Nov 1985 and transplanted 16 Jan 1986. Cool temperature during Nov-Mar usually extends crop duration. After harvest, irrigation water and 20-10-10 kg NPK/ ha were applied. Varieties with higher hill regeneration
also showed more ratoon tillers/ hill (see table). BW295-5, C662083, IR18348-36-3-3 (IR64), IR25621-135-1-1, IR29658-692-1, IR29725-45-1-1-3, IR31868-64-2-
3-3-3, IR35546-52-3-3-2, SI-P1681032, and SI-PI692033 had higher ratoon tillering ability. Flowering duration of the main crop did not affect ratoon tillering ability.
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

GRAIN QUALITY
Grain grades in relation to seedling growth and productivity S. P. Rao, Directorate of Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India This study was designed to determine the relationship of 1,000-grain weight to seedling growth and productivity. Spikelets of IET75737, IET7574, and IET7575 were sorted by immersing them in 1 .0, 1.06, and 1.18 specific gravity solutions using 0, 90, and 270 g common salt/liter of water. Floating grains were categorized as partially filled, average, good, and very good. The graded grains were tested for germination and seedling growth in the nursery and for yield potential in the field. Germination and seedling growth, influenced by seed size up to 10 d, compensated at 20-22 d after sowing (Table 1). As a result, crop productivity was not affected (Table 2).
Table 1. Germination and seedling growth in relation to grain grade. a Andhra Pradesh, India. Germination (%) Grain grade IET7573 IET7574 20 DAS 84 85 86 88 IET7575 10 DAS 17 31 45 57 Seedling growth (cm) IET7573 IET7574 IET7575 22 DAS 19.7 19.7 19.4 19.5
10 20 10 DAS DAS DAS Partially filled Average Good Very good 36 59 68 95 91 93 94 95 15 21 30 48
20 10 DAS DAS 89 89 89 90 8.0 8.5 9.6 9.8
22 10 DAS DAS 17.4 17.4 17.5 17.4 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.2
22 10 DAS- DAS 14.8 14.8 14.7 14.8 9.7 10.2 10.8 11.3
a Av of 3 replications. DAS = days after sowing.
Table 2. Yield in relation to grain grade. Andhra Pradesh, India. Grain grade Partially filled Average Good Very good CD (0.05) Yield (t/ha) IET7573 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.7 V T V in T T in V = NS = NS = NS = NS IET7574 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.1 V = 11.7% T = 10.6% IET7575 3.8 3.8 4.0 4.0
Because consumer preference is mainly for size and shape of the whole kernel, fully filled grain may be used
for consumption, rather than for seed.

DISEASE RESISTANCE
Susceptibility of rice hybrids to blast (BI) P. Vivekanandan, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai; T. B. Ranganathan, Rice Research Station, Tirurkuppam; and M. Kadambavanasundaram, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India We studied the susceptibility of six F1 hybrids to Bl caused by Pyricularia oryzae Cavara during navarai (Dec Jan to Mar-Apr 1983-84). TKM9 was the base parent, crossed with Co 29 (resistant), IR36 (moderately resistant), and IR50 (highly susceptible). The Uniform Blast
Susceptibility of rice hybrids to Bl. Tamil Nadu, India. Disease intensity a Cross Bl F1 hybrid (av) 5.4 2.5 4.2 2.5 4.4 2.3 3.8 2.1 4.6 1.3 3.4 0.3 Ovule parent (av) 4.8 3.3 2.6 1.2 4.8 3.3 3.6 1.5 4.8 3.3 6.6 5.2 Pollen parent (av) 2.6 1.2 4.8 3.4 3.6 1.5 4.8 3.3 6.6 5.2 4.8 3.3 Heterosis b
(%)
TKM9/Co 29 Co 29/TKM9 TKM9/IR36 IR36/TKM9 TKM9/IR50 IR50/TKM9
Leaf Neck Leaf Neck Leaf Neck Leaf Neck Leaf Neck Leaf Neck
45.95** 11.11 13.51 8.70 4.76 4.17 9.5 2 12.50 19.30* 69.41** 40.35** 92.94**
a By SES. b Significant at 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels.
6 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)
Nursery (UBN) screening technique was used and disease rated by the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Scores indicated the dominance of
susceptibility over resistance (see table). The high heterosis for leaf and neck Bl resistance in TKM9/IR50 and its reciprocal shows that these two parents may have complementary
genes although they are individually susceptible. TKM9/Co 29 and its reciprocal were susceptible to both leaf and neck Bl.
Tolerance of Sitopas crosses for ragged stunt virus (RSV)

N.L. Manigbas and D. HilleRisLambers, Plant Breeding Department; and G. Z. Salamat, Jr. and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
Reaction of rice varieties and Sitopas progenies to RSV. IRRI, 1985. Designation Sitopas (check) IR43301 (Sitopas//IR26702-52-3) IR46641 (Sitopas/IR26702-52-3//IR8234-OT-9-2) IR46630 (IR20/Sitopas//BR118-3B-17) IR46733 (IR20/Sitopas//BR51-91-7) IR46734 (IR20/Sitopas//New Sabarmati) IR8234-OT-9-2 (check) IR20 (check)
aMeans
Plots (%) with > 50% fertility 61.2 12.2 15.3 7.6 4.2 4.1 2.8 0.6
Mean fertilitya 39.1 a 15.8 b 13.3 b 8.1 2.8 3.1 2.8 1.3 c d d d d
Sitopas, an Indonesian variety, has been reported as susceptible to but tolerant of RSV. Crosses were made to transfer its resistance to IR varieties and lines. We evaluated 523 F3 lines from 5 crosses of Sitopas and 3 IR varieties and lines: IR20, susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH) and intolerant of RSV; IR8234-OT-9-2, resistant to BPH biotype 1 but intolerant of RSV; and sitopas, tolerant of RSV but susceptible to BPH biotype 1. Seeds were soaked in petri dishes in five batches mid-Jun to late Aug. Germinating seeds were transplanted in clay pots. Seedlings were artificially inoculated with RSV at 11 d by the standard mass screening method in the greenhouse. Seedlings infected with RSV were transplanted in the field at 45 d from early Aug to early Oct.
followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Spacing was 30 cm between rows with 25 cm between plants, in a randomized complete block design with 2 replications. N at 100 kg/ ha was applied in 2 splits. Spikelet fertility was used to evaluate level of tolerance for RSV. Sitopas confirmed its tolerance.
IR20 and IR8234-OT-9-2 were intolerant. Crosses with IR43301 and IR46641 showed significant numbers of fertile plants (see table). They also had more plots with at least 50% fertility, showing that Sitopas was able to transmit its tolerance for RSV into some of its progeny.
Sources of resistance to sheath rot (ShR)

H. D. Lewin and P. Vidhyasekaran. Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute. Aduthurai 612101, Tamil Nadu, India
Resistance of rice cultures to ShR, 1985-86. Aduthurai, India. Culture Manoharasali RB2069-2-6-1 RP2071-18-1-1 CR331-1-1-3 IR9202-21-1 RP1057-35-1-1 VRS286-4-1 VRS163-2-2-2-3 ARC14529 IET85 84 TN1 IET7575 IET4 14 1
a
Cross Donor Swarnadhan/Andrewsali Swarnadhan/NLR9674 Jagannath/Mashuri IR2053-521-1-1-K 116/KN-lB-361-1-8-6-9 KN-1B-361-1-8-6-9 RP 5-32/Pankaj IET4141/CR98-7216 Sona/Manoharsali RP29 1 /IR22
Disease index a 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 9 9
Disease reaction a HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HS HS HS
During 1985-86 thaladi season, 59 rice cultures were screened for resistance to ShR caused by Sarocladium oryzae (Saw.) Gams. under field conditions where disease pressure was very high. Nine cultures showed high resistance (see table).
Standard evaluation system for rice 1-9 scale. bHR = highly resistant, HS = highly susceptible.
IRRN 12:l (February 1987)
Resistance of elite rice strains and varieties to bacterial blight (BB) S.S. Malik, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kurukshetra), India
Elite rice strains showing resistance and moderate resistance to BB in 1983-84. Kurukshetra, India. Resistant (1-3) HAUK6-88-1 HAUK8-75-1-3 HAU28-3643-1 PAU154-453-3 IR9763-11-2-2-3 MRC630-303 325/UNN-5-1 Moderately resistant (5) Short duration HKR4 HAUK8-145-1 HAUK9-176-1 HKR2l HAU47-3888-3 HAU118-278 HAU6-63-1 IR36 IR9828-91-2-3 IR313429-196-1 C1322-28 PR103 Pal 579
One hundred thirty-two strains of rice were evaluated for resistance to BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae at HAU Regional Research Station, Ucha hi Karnal, during the 1983 and 1984 wet seasons (Jul-Oct). Rice plants were inoculated at maximum tillering stage by cutting 5 cm of the upper leaf portion with a sickle dipped in a single-isolate inoculum. The inoculum was prepared by soaking small pieces of naturally infected leaves in water for 20 min. Disease reactions were scored 15 d after inoculation ( Standard evaluation system for rice). Strains showing reaction 1-3 were rated resistant (R); 5, moderately resistant (MR); and 7-9, susceptible (S). Among 30 short-duration strains tested, 7 were R, 13 MR, and 10 S (see table). Among 50 medium-duration strains, 15 were R, 15 MR, and 20 S. Among 52 scented strains, 11 were R, 12 MR, and 29 S. Short- and medium-duration TKM6, BJI, IET4141, UPRB31, and DV85 have been used as BB resistance donors. In the scented group, resistance to BB has not been developed.
moisture content was estimated from healthy panicles. Entries with 0% infestation = highly resistant (HR), 120% = resistant (R), 21-40% = moderately resistant (MR), 41-60% = moderately susceptible (MS), 61-80% = susceptible (S), and 81-100% = highly susceptible (HS). All Rayada entries showed resistance and high yield potential (see table).
Ufra infestation and yield of selected deep water rice entries, DWR Project, Joydebpur, Bangladesh. Entry Ufra infestation (%) 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 11 23 31 37 35 40 44 44 44 54 95 93 Reaction R R R R R R R R R MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR HS HS Yield (t/ha) 4.5 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.7 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.3 3.6 3.6 2.6 1.9 2.8 2.9 2.4 1.6 2.4 0.9 0.6
Medium duration HKR109 HKR108 HKR110 HAUK6-0-2-1 HAUK6-0-3-2 HAUK8-45-3-2 HAUK7-176-3-2 HAUK10-0-19 HAUK7-217-1 HAUK10-189-1 HAUK8-0-23-3 HAUK10-221-1 HAUK8-204-1 HAUK102 HAUK9-98-2-2-1 HAUK23A-10 HAUK10-37-2 HAUK23A-67 HAUK10-189-2 HAUK27-10-2 HAUK10-221-2 HAUK28-22-1 HAUK10-228-2 HAUK30-0-1 HAUK8-10-15-2 HAU118-154 IRON81-169 RP5121-173-1-8 IRON81-171 RP2136-43-2 HKR222 HAUKlO-0-3-12 HAUK10-0-37-5 HAUK10-221-1-7-1 HAUK10-184-1-5-1 HAUK10-211-1-5 HAUK12-20-4-2 HAUK12-52-4-2 HAUK12-64-4-1-1 HAUK23B-39 HAUK12-88-1 Scented HKR221 T3 dw. mutant HAUK23c-95 HAUK10-0-25 HAUK10-37-3 HAUK12-72-1-3-1 HAUK33-4-2 HAUK34-9-2 HAUK35-11-5 HAU36A-67-1 HAUK3613-1-1 HAUK36F-14-1
Rayada 16-06 Rayada 16-08 Rayada 16-09 Rayada 16-02 Rayada 16-03 Rayada 16-013 Rayada 16-07 Rayada 16-011 Rayada 16-05 CNL-319 BR306-B-3-2 BR308-B-2-2 Bazail65 Dalkatra Choruamotor Gowai 50/9 Karkati 161 BR308-B-2-9/A Hassi Amon (check) Habiganj Amon I (check)
Performance of medium-duration IRRI lines at Tamil Nadu Source of ufra-resistant deep water rice
M.L. Rahman, DWR Project, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
In a series of trials during the 1981-85 growing seasons, 1,358 deep water rice entries were screened in pots or deep water tanks (DWT) for ufra nematode Ditylenchus angustus resistance. In the
pot trials, 3- and 4-wk-old entries were inoculated artificially by releasing 100 active nematodes per seedling in 8-10 cm water. On the basis of infestation percentage and number of nematodes per plant, 18 entries were found resistant or moderately resistant to ufra. Those entries were retested in deep water tanks. Each entry was sown in three 1- 1-m plots and inoculated. At harvest, panicles were evaluated as diseased or healthy. Yield at 14%
M. Subramanian, V. Sivasubramanian, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu; and G.S. Khush, IRRI
Forty-five IRRI lines were evaluated during 1984 thaladi season (Sep-Oct to Jan-Feb) with medium-duration check CO 43. Entries were raised in trial plots. At 32 d, they were planted 2-3 to a hill, spaced 20 cm between rows and 10 cm
between plants. The recommended 10050-50 kg NPK/ha was applied. IR32358-54-2-3-3 and IR32419-28-31-3 flowered the earliest, at 87 d after seeding (DAS) (see table). All other entries flowered 90-107 DAS; check CO 43 flowered 101 DAS. Ten lines yielded more than 6 t/ha. Leaf yellowing due to RTV and soil problems caused very heavy damage to samba and thaladi crops in 1984. All
the test entries were exposed under field conditions and scored for leaf yellowing reaction. All IRRI lines were free from leaf yellowing and two lines showed resistance. Entries IR32358-54-2-3-3 and IR28228-112-2-3-3-3 were susceptible to neck blast and IR31809-67-2-3 and IR32823-88-2-3 were susceptible to helminthosporiose.

INSECT RESISTANCE
Potential donors for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance R.K. Sahu, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Yield performance of IRRI lines and their reactions to diseases. Breeding line Days to 50% flowering Yield (t/ha) Helminthosporiose Bacterial blight Sheath rot Grain discoloration
IR13525-43-2-3-1-3-2 (IR62) IR32358-32-2-3-3 IR32358-54-2-3-3a IR32419-28-3-1-3 IR25604-99-1-3-2-2 IR25619-75-2-3-2-3 IR27313-67-1-2 IR27325-53-2 IR28222-9-2-2-2-2 IR328224-3-2-3-2 IR28226-24-1-2-3-2 IR28228-96-3-2-1-3 IR28228-106-1-2-3-2 IR28228-119-2-3-1-1 IR29519-116-2-2-2 IR29519-135-3-3-2 IR29519-157-1-2-1 IR29522-4-2-3 IR29668-34-1-1-2 IR29723-7-1-1-2 IR29723-143-3-2-1 IR29723-163-3-2-2 IR331805-20-1-3-3 IR31811-35-3-3-2 IR31827-80-3-3-2 IR31836-10-1-2-2 IR31836-42-1-3-2 IR31838-63-2-2-2 IR31855-69-1-2-3 IR31867-1-2-3-3 IR31867-4-3-3-3 IR31892-46-3-2 b IR31901-17-1-2-2b IR31917-31-3-2-3 IR31917-96-3-3-1 IR31809-67-2-3 IR32822-36-1-3 IR32823-1-1-3 IR32823-22-1-3 IR32823-88-2-2 IR32830-23-2-2 IR32848-36-2-2 IR33059-120-2-1 IR34583-38-3 CO 43 a
aAll bAll
IR28228-112-2-3-3-3a
94 96 86 87 94 100 98 98 97 97 96 99 90 95 97 91 101 91 92 103 104 107 91 91 102 102 98 101 99 91 100 101 93 103 94 105 98 98 100 104 104 101 102 103 102 101
7.4 3.0 3.2 6.5 3.7 6.9 8.6 5.6 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 6.2 4.2 3.7 5.4 6.0 3.0 7.1 3.8 4.2 4.0 5.8 6.1 6.3 2.1 2.8 5.2 1.4 4.4 3.0 4.9 1.9 1.8 8.1 5.4 4.0 3.1 1.2 2.2 6.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 3.8 4.8
3 1 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 0 0 1 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 5 1 3
3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 1 1 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5
1 1 1 0 3 3 1 3 5 3 0 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 3
Of 185 rice accessions from the Madhya Pradesh (India) germplasm collection screened at IRRI for resistance to BPH (standard seedbox screening technique), 18 were resistant. Each seedling was infested with 7-10 second- to third-instar BPH biotype 1 nymphs at 7 d after seeding. Damage was scored on the Standard evaluation system for rice 1-9 scale. Aolesar, Jhili, and Banda were resistant. Akkalpom, Bhondu parewa, Cross 116, Dubraj, Dudga, Garrakath, Gathwan, Gobindbhog, Haruna dubraj, Hiranakhi, Jawphool, Aagyasal, Aagyasar, Assamchudi, and Makarkam were moderately resistant. Susceptible cultivars died 8-9 d after infestation. Aolesar, Cross 116, Dudga, Haruma dubraj, Jhili, Aagyasal, and Aagyasar also are resistant to bacterial blight.
Multiple resistance of BG367-3 to major insect pests and diseases R. Saroja, M. Suriachandraselvan, N. Raju, and T. B. Ranganathan, Rice Research Station, Tirur 602025, Tamil Nadu, India
entries scored 0 for blast except IR32358-54-2-3-3 and IR28228-112-2-3-3.3, which scored 7. entries had a leaf yellowing score of 0 except IR31892-46-3-2 and IR31901-17-1-2-2, which scored 3. The check CO 43 scored 7.
In the 1981 IRTP, BG367-3 (BG280-12/Ptb 33), a short-duration culture from Sri Lanka, was moderately resistant to rice leaffolder (LF) at IRRI and Tirur. From 1982 to 1986, BG367-3 was evaluated against other insect pests and diseases at Tirur. BG367-3 was resistant to blast (Bl) and moderately resistant to tungro (RTV), brown spot, gall midge, hispa,
IRRN 12:1 (February 1987) 9
Reaction of BG367-3 to major insect pests and diseases. Tirur, India, 1982-86. Maturity (d) Damage a RTV B1 Brown spot 4 7 5 5 5 5 5 Sheath rot 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 Grain discoloration 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 Gall midge 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 Hispa Green leafhopper 3 7 5 9 7 3 9 Stem borer Deadheart 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 Whiteheads 3 5 7 7 7 5 9 Yield LF (t/ha) 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 5.1 5.5 6.3 5.6 4.4 4.5 4.2
Entry
BG367-3 IR36 IR50 TKM9 ADT36 PY3 TN1 (susceptible check)

a By
115 120 115 115 115 115 125
3 5 7 8 8 4 8
1 3 9 9 2 3 5
3 3 3 3 5 5 5
the Standard evaluation system for rice. 1-9 scale.
green leafhopper (GLH), and stem borers (SB) (see table). It has good yield potential. The highly popular IR50 and TKM9 are severely damaged by Bl during
navarai (Dec-Apr). TKM9, recommended for sornavari (AprAug), also was heavily damaged by RTV in 1984-85. IR50 is highly susceptible to LF and SB in early
samba (Jul-Nov). BG367-3 is now under multilocation trials in Tamil Nadu and is being used in breeding for insect and disease resistance at Tirur.
Resistance of IR varieties to leafhoppers and planthoppers R. Velusamy, R. Rajendran, and P.C. Sundara Babu, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India; and G.S. Khush, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Reactions of IR varieties to leafhoppers and planthoppers. Variety IR5 IR8 IR20 IR22 IR24 IR26 IR28 IR29 IR30 IR32 IR34 IR36 IR38 IR40 IR42 IR46 IR48 IR50 IR52 IR54 IR56 IR58 IR60 IR62 IR64 Ptb 33 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check) Damage rating a GLH 6.6 e 9.0 f 9.0 f 9.0 f 5.4 d 9.0 f 1.0 a 6.2 e 5.4 d 3.4 c 3.0 bc 2.6 b 5.4 6.6 2.6 6.6 2.6 3.4 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.0 3.4 1.0 1.0 1.0 9.0 d e e BPH 5.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 6.6 d f f f f f f f f f WBPH 5.4 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.4 9.0 6.2 5.4 5.4 5.0 6.6 6.6 5.0 5.4 3.0 9.0 1.4 2.6 2.6 3.4 5.4 1.4 1.0 1.0 9.0 b a b b b a a a d d f f f f f f
We evaluated 25 IR varieties for resistance to rice green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens, brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera. Pregerminated seeds were sown in rows in 60- 40- 10-cm seedboxes with Ptb 33 as the resistant check and TN1 the susceptible check. Each variety had five replications. At 7 d after sowing, seedlings were thinned to 20 per variety and infested with 7-8 1st-instar nymphs of BPH and WBPH and 5 2d-instar GLH nymphs per seedling. When the susceptible check died, test varieties were rated for damage by the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Levels of resistance to GLH, BPH, and WBPH differed significantly. IR62 and IR64 exhibited high resistance to all three hopper species (see table). IR28, IR52, IR54, IR56, IR58, IR62,
d d d d c e e d
b b c
a a a a a a a
9.0 f 6.6 e 5.2 d 4.6 c 3.4 b 9.0 f 2.6 b 6.6 e 3.4 b 5.4 5.4 1.4 a 1.0 a 1.0 a 9.0 d d
a Mean of 5 replications. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by Duncans multiple range test. Damage rating is based on the SES 0-9 scale.
and IR64 were highly resistant to GLH; IR5, IR36, IR42, IR46, and
IR60 were moderately resistant to all three species.
Reaction of eight rices to gall midge (GM)

C. Durairaj, M. Gopalan, and M.S. Venugopal, Entomology Department, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai 625104, India
Response of 8 rice varieties to GM in Tamil Nadu, India. Variety ACM8 ARC10550 TN1 IR50 CO 37 (Vaigai) ACM9 ACMl0 ACM2 Source IR8/W1263 Selection from Vellutha Cheera DGWG/Tsai-Yan-Chung IR2153-14-1-62/IR28//IR2070-625-1 TN1/CO 29 IET7281 IRCTN 09546 Kannagi/IR28 Maturity (d) 120 125 135 105 120 110 115 105
Silvershoot damage a (%) 30 DT 3.6 5.1 17.2 21.9 21.9 a a 50 DT 2.8 a 7.0 b 17.8 cd 21.2 cd 33.2 e 17.1 24.4 27.5 c d e
Yield (t/ha) 4.8 2.4 3.6 5.4 5.1 4.8 6.3 4.2
b bc bc
CO 37 (Vaigai), IR50, ACM2, ACM8, ACM9, ACM10, ARC10550, and TN1 were field tested for resistance to GM during the first growing season. Seedlings were transplanted at 30 d in 2- 1.5-m plots in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Silvershoot damage on 5 randomly selected hills was recorded at 30 and 50 days after
22.3 bc 24.6 c 27.3 c
a Mean of 15 plants. In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level.
planting (DT). GM damage at 30 DT ranged from 3.6% on ACM8 to 27.3% on ACM2
(see table). At 50 DT, the range was from 2.8% on ACM8 to 33.2% on CO 37.

OTHER PESTS
Resistance of some rice varieties to Resistance to RKN at Ibadan, Nigeria. the root-knot nematode (RKN) Chlorosis Meloidogyne incognita Variety index
O.A. Fademi, Rice Research Programme, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M. B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria
Faro 1 Faro 2 Faro 11 Faro 19 Faro 21 Faro 27 ITA252 M666-301 IR22082-41-2 IRRNR29692 IR31917-3-1-3-2 IR4744-295-2-3 IR18349-22-1-2-1-1 IR19672-140-2-3-2-2 IR42 (international check)
a Gall
Gall indexa 4 4 4 4 3 0 3 4 1 3 2 3 3 3 3
Nematodes (no.) 15,424 11,188 13,606 10,820 5,199 5,631 7,548 8,388 6,476 9,945 6,658 3,454 10,668 10,448 6,076
R factor b (Pf/Pi) 3.08 2.24 2.72 2.16 1.04 1.13 1.51 1.58 1.30 1.99 1.34 0.69 2.14 2.09 1.22
Resistance c S S S S R/S R HS HS HS S HS T S S HS
Fifty-six rice varieties were screened for resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) at Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Plants grown in 10-liter plastic buckets were inoculated with suspensions of RKN eggs and juveniles (5,000/bucket) with 3 replications. Root-galling and nematode recovery were scored 52 d after inoculation. Faro 21 displayed an exceptionally high resistance (no root galls were recorded) (see table).
2 2 1 4 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2
index scale: 0 = 0 galls, 1 = 1-2 galls, 2 = 3-10 galls, 5 = 100 + galls. b R factor = average final egg count 500 (inocula level). c R = resistant, T = tolerant, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.

TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE
Extent of wind-induced tip drying in popular rice varieties in Coimbatore
K. Natarajamoorthy, G.A. Palanisamy, and S. Palanisamy, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Tip drying due to high wind is common in May-Jun nursery and transplanted crops. Average wind velocities of 30 km/h lead to up to 2 cm drying. Leaves formed without high winds are normal. We assessed tip drying in prerelease and popular short-duration rice
IRRN 12:l (February 1987) 11
varieties sown 15 May 1986. Tip drying was measured at 40 d after seeding. Ten plants were selected at
random for each entry (25-m2 plots). Leaves and dried tips were counted (see table).
Rice entries showing extent of tip drying. TNAU, India. Rice entries with indicated % of leaf tip drying
Up to 10%
TNAU801793 TNAU831520 TNAU831521
11-20% TNAU801790 Rasi PY3 TNAU83077 PY2 TNAU842805 ET1722 TNAU842806 ET4786 TNAU83133 Co 37 TNAU801803 TNAU830641 AD85001 TNAU801804
21-30% IR56 TNAU83069/1 ADT31 ASD16 MDUl AD85003 TM8089 ADT36 IR36 IR60
31-40% TNAU801103 IR64 TKM9 IR50 TNAU83134
41-50% Co 41 TPS 1
Complete slide sets of photos printed in Field problems of tropical rice, revised 1983, are available for purchase at $30 (less developed county price) or $60 (developed country price), including, airmail postage and handling, from the Communication and Publications Department, Division R, IRRI, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. No orders for surface mail handling will be accepted.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.

WEATHER
Factors causing winter yield declines in high-yielding varieties K. Viswambharan. K.P. Rajaram, D. Alexander, and N. Rajappan Nair, Kerala Agricultural University, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala 679306, India
Performance of two high-yielding varieties under different planting dates during three winter seasons in Kerala, India. Jaya Planting date Height (cm) Thousand spikelets per m 2 Thousand filled grains per m 2 18.4 11.5 8.8 3.2 6.5 10.8 6.8 16.3 13.4 13.6 13.4 10.9 13.8 14.6 7.7 13.9 12.4 14.5 13.2 14.2 13.7 Grain yield (t/ha) Height (cm) IR8 Thousand spikelets per m2 Thousand filed grains per m 2 18.5 10.2 6.9 3.2 10.9 13.8 5.3 13.9 12.0 13.9 10.6 12.3 12.3 13.2 7.6 14.0 12.3 13.1 13.5 14.2 13.9 Grain yield (t/ha)
We studied the factors responsible for low productivity of high-yielding varieties grown Sep-Jun 1983-86. Treatments consisted of seven planting dates between 22 Aug and 12 Nov, of IR8, Jaya, IR20, and Bharathi. The layout was a split-plot design with three replications. Cultural practices and fertilizer applications were optimum. Weather variations were recorded. Preliminary analysis for IR8 and Jaya are presented here. Yields varied from 1.0 to 4.6 t/ha for Jaya and 0.7 to 4.4 t/ha for IR8. This wide variation could not be attributed primarily to spikelet sterility (see table). Correlation analysis between
1 983- 84 22 Aug 5 Sep 18 Sep 3 Oct 17 Oct 30 Oct 12 Nov 1984-85 22 Aug 5 Sep 18 Sep 3 Oct 16 Oct 30 Oct 12 Nov 1985-86 22 Aug 5 Sep 18 Sep 3 Oct 16 Oct 30 Oct 12 Nov
82 91 87 75 81 77 73 84 81 85 78 78 73 74 82 81 84 80 80 77 83
26.8 24.0 28.8 22.7 29.3 29.3 31.8 25.4 25.8 28.8 32.1 25.2 26.5 28.2 22.8 25.8 30.2 27.7 28.9 29.0 30.3
4.6 3.2 2.2 1.0 1.6 3.1 1.8 4.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 2.3 4.0 3.6 4.1 3.3 4.0 3.8
83 88 83 74 71 76 69 80 77 81 76 76 69 75 80 80 84 80 80 79 71
27.7 27.0 23.8 23.2 24.2 30.2 24.0 24.5 25.2 26.9 33.9 28.7 26.0 27.7 24.3 26.9 25.0 23.6 28.5 26.4 27.9
4.4 2.4 2.4 0.7 2.1 3.2 1.6 3.6 3.1 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 3.6 2.2 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.7
weather parameters and yield showed a positive relationship between total solar radiation during 5-1 5 d before 50% heading and a negative relationship between number of rainy days 15-30 d before 50% heading. Yield was predicted by these equations:
Jaya: Y = 11.74**X 1 308.02* X 2 2175 (3.91) (2.16) R = 0.73
IR8: Y = 10.36**X 1 238.80 X2 1720 (3.42) (1.65) R = 0.68 **Significant at 1% level *Significant at 5% level
X 2 = number of rainy days 15 30 d before 50% heading. Figures in parentheses are the t values of the regression coefficients. Yield declines were more predominant for crops planted 18 Sep, 3 Oct, and 17 Oct, but yield reductions occurred under adverse weather parameters regardless of planting date.
Where, Y = grain yield (kg/ha), X1 = mean solar radiation 5 15 d before 50% heading in mWh/cm2 per d, and

HYBRID RICE
Isolation of restorers and maintainers for two Chinese malesterile lines having wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm
M. Rangaswamy, K. Natarajamoorthy, G.A. Palanisamy, and S.R. Sree Rangaswamy, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 641003, India
Pollen parents classified according to spikelet fertility percentage. TNAU, India.
Cytosterile Zhen Shan 97A
Effective Weak restorers restorers >80% 60-80% 40-60% 20-40% IR36 IR54 IR56 IR58 IET1722 ASD8 TNAU658 K. Samba
Weak maintainers 15-20% IR40 IR50 IR52 IET4786 A09246 Co 41 IR18599 10-15% IR9752 TKM9 BAS370 PTB10 TNAU4372 Co 33 Co 37 Co 39 IR2307 AS19789 IET3630
Effective maintainers 5-10% <5% ADT31 PY2 Co 13 Kanchi
Pollen from 26 early- and mediumduration rice varieties (8 from IRRI and 18 from India) were crossed with cytosterile Zhen Shan 97A and 12 varieties (6 from IRRI and 6 from India) were crossed with cytosterile Erjiu Nan 1A to identify restorers and maintainers of pollen fertility. The two cytosteriles are of Chinese origin with wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm. The F1 hybrids were raised during 1985 rabi in a test cross nursery at Paddy Breeding Station, TNAU. The
Er-jiuNan 1A
IET6208
IR9698 IR19053 IET5103 IR19058 IR9715 IET13267
BPHR5
main panicle of each hybrid plant was bagged and spikelet fertility was estimated at harvest. On the basis of spikelet fertility, pollen parents were classified as effective restorers (>80% spikelet fertility); partial or weak restorers (20 to 80% fertility), which is again subdivided into three groups;
weak maintainers (5-20%) and effective maintainers (<5%) (see table). Stable male-sterile lines MS47A, MS37A, and MS31A are being developed utilizing weak maintainers Co 33, Co 37, and ADT31. A program to identify effective restorers and maintainers is in progress.
Recurrent selection in rice

T. James, E.P. Guimaraes, Brazilian National Research Center for Rice and Beans, CNPAF/EMBRAPA CP179 74000, Goiania GO, Brazil
To complement conventional breeding systems and to facilitate hybrid breeding programs, CNPAF and IRAT are synthesizing populations with broad genetic bases. The ability
of these populations to produce good varieties through conventional breeding or to provide good female parents with high prospects for cross pollination for the hybrid program will gradually increase through cyclic application of intermating and selection. To facilitate intermating, a recessive male sterile gene [from IR36 male sterile (MS)] was introduced. Control of recombination and conservation of
the MS gene are assured by harvesting only open-pollinated seeds from male sterile segregants. Two populations, one for irrigated rice and one for upland rice, are now ready to be used in conventional breeding systems. The rate of natural outcrossing on male sterile plants is sufficient to guarantee renovation of the populations. An average 165 seeds from male sterile plants of irrigated rice and 26 seeds from upland rice
(0.5 0.5 m interplant space) were collected. For the hybrid program, we are
synthesizing one population for irrigated rice and one for upland rice. The long stigma of the wild
allogamous species Oryza longistaminata is being introduced in these populations.
Cytogenic relationship between two cytoplasmic male-sterile lines S.S. Virmani and R. C, Dolores Dalmacio, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Pollen fertility behavior of F 1 progenies between CMS, maintainer, and restorer lines. IRRI, 1986 dry season. Female parent Male parent Plants (no.) CS IR54755B IR46828B IR46829B IR46830B IR36R IR46R IR64R IR9761-19-1R IR28 IR34 IR43 IR52 19 49 9 8 9 9 6 6 9 5 10 8 19 0 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 6 0 IR46828A F1 plants (no.) in pollen fertility class a S 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 PS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 PF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F 0 0 0 0 9 9 6 6 9 0 0 8 48 15 10 10 8 10 10 6 9 10 10 10 Plants (no.) CS 48 0 10 10 0 0 4 0 0 9 5 0 IR54755A F1 plants (no.) in pollen fertility class S 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 1 3 0 PS 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 PF 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 F 0 0 0 0 6 10 0 5 4 0 0 10
Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CMS), conditioned by the interaction of nuclear and cytoplasmic factors, is used extensively in hybrid breeding programs for self-pollinated crops. Hybrid varieties grown commercially in China are derived mostly from cytoplasmic sources of wild rice Oryza sativa f. spontanea, designated as WA (wild rice with aborted anthers). Alternative sources of cytosterility are needed to protect F 1 hybrids against potential genetic vulnerability to diseases and insects. We have developed a new CMS (A) line, IR54755A, which has the cytoplasm of land race ARC13829-16 introduced from Assam, India, and the nuclear genotype of elite breeding line IR10179-2-3-1. Another CMS line, IR46828A, was developed in the same nuclear genotype with the WA cytoplasm from Chinese CMS line Zhen Shan 97A. We studied the cytogenic relationship between the two cytosterile lines developed from the two different cytoplasmic sources. Each CMS line was crossed with its maintainer and single plant selections of a number of other maintainers,
a pollen fertility classes: cs = completely sterile, 0% pollen fertility; s = sterile, 1-10% pollen fertility1 PS = partially sterile, 11-30% pollen fertility; PF = partially fertile, 31-60% pollen fertility; F = fertile 61-100% pollen fertility.
restorers, and partial restorers of the WA cytosterility system. The F 1 population of these crosses was evaluated for pollen fertility using 1% IKI solution. The maintainers of the two CMS lines (IR54755B and IR46828B) effectively maintained the male sterility in the two cytosterile lines (see table). However, IR64R, IR9761-19-IR, IR28, IR34, and IR43 showed differential fertility in crosses with the two CMS lines.
These results indicate that the cytoplasmic factors inducing male sterility in IR46828A and IR54755A may be different. The maintainers IR46828B and IR54755B, derived from the line IR10179-2-3-1, have genotypes capable of maintaining both cytosterility systems. The cytogenic differences observed here need to be substantiated by analysis of mitochondrial DNA of the two CMS lines.
Survival of some F 1 rice hybrids and their parents in saline soil D. Senadhira and S. S. Virmani, Plant Breeding Department, IRRI
Increased vegetative and root vigor are useful traits to use in adapting rice plants to soil and climatic stresses. Usually, F 1 hybrids express these traits. We evaluated 12 F 1 rice hybrids 14 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)
and their parents for survival in saline soil at IRRI in the 1986 dry season. Although the hybrids parents are not known to be tolerant of salinity, our objective was to test the usefulness of hybrid vigor under such stresses as soil salinity. Five-wk-old seedlings grown on wet seedbeds were transplanted at 50 hills/entry in a field where salinity to an EC of 7 dS/m had been induced by
adding common salt. Check varieties were IR28 (salt sensitive) and IR988454-3 (salt tolerant). The field salinity level was maintained throughout the experiment. Plant survival was recorded at 6, 12, and 15 wk after transplanting. Salinity prolonged the growth duration of all varieties tested. Very early parents and hybrids flowered about 100 d after seeding.
Six of the 12 hybrids showed strikingly increased survival compared to their parents (see table). In three cases, hybrids and parents were comparable; in two, hybrids were inferior to the better parent. The hybrid 97A/Milyang 54 showed superiority over the parents at early stages but subsequently became comparable to them. These results indicate that F 1 hybrids could be superior to their parents in adaptability to salinity. Because the parents of the hybrids tested are not known for salinity tolerance, better performance of some hybrids can be attributed to increased root and shoot vigor.
Survival of some parents (female, male) and their hybrids (F 1 ) at 6, 12, and 15 wk after transplanting (WAT) in a saline field (EC = 7 dS/m). IRRI, 1986. Survival (%) Hybrid or variety Female 97A/Milyang 54 IR46830A/IR50 IR46830A/IR9761-19-1 V20A/IR9761-19-1 IR21845/IR29512 IR21845/IR19392 IR21845/IR20933 IR21845/IR14753 IR21845/IR15847 IR21845/IR4422 IR21845/IR13146 IR21845/IR54 R IR9884-54-3 (resistant check) IR28 (susceptible check) 26 28 28 16 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 6 WAT Male 32 58 26 26 74 48 22 28 22 36 38 28 93 42 F1 50 60 64 28 38 60 44 46 24 32 36 46 Female 16 8 8 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 12 WAT Male 12 46 14 14 66 44 8 24 16 28 24 28 90 40 F1 16 54 34 18 22 54 40 40 18 24 28 46 15 WAT Female 16 8 8 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Male 10 40 8 8 62 44 8 24 12 20 24 26 83 33 F1 16 46 18 12 16 50 34 30 12 12 22 40

TISSUE CULTURE
Variability in quantitative traits of anther culture-derived progenies S. R. Sree Rangasamy, T. B. Ranganathan, and G. Manimekalai Gurunathan, School of Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
We studied the pattern of variability in quantitative traits of homozygous lines developed from anther-derived plants of the cross Co 37/Co 40. Anthers were collected from F1 plants during 1979 wet season and cultured in the laboratory. Sixteen
plants were established in October 1980. Seven A 1 plants (R1 to R7) resembling the parent (Co 37) in vigor, growth, and seed set were grown individually in A 2 in 1981 wet season (Jun-Sep). They were uniform within each progeny and carried forward as individual lines. During 1982 wet season, 10 plants were established for each entry, with 3 replications. The F 4 of Co 37/Co 40 and Co 37 alone were included for comparison. Plant height at maturity, number of productive tillers, panicle
length, grains per panicle, and grain yield per plant were measured for each plant. All the seven lines exhibited variations comparable to that in Co 37. The F 4 population of the cross showed perceptible variation between plants and within lines for all characters. Similar variation was observed in the next generation during 1983 dry season for all the traits except panicle length. Compared to that in the anther-derived lines, variation was high for all traits (see table).
Performance of anther-derived lines at Coimbatore, India, 1983 dry season. Plant height (cm) Culture Range Mean SE Tillers (no.) CV Range 4.9 3.6 4.1 3.7 6.3 6.6 4.3 6.4 7.8 6-11 5-12 5-12 5-12 7-12 7-12 6-12 5-12 6-12 Mean SE 7.91.6 8.72.3 8.32.2 8.21.9 9.71.9 8.91.8 9.21.9 7.92.1 9.62.1 CV 21.4 27.1 27.4 24.0 20.2 20.8 22.2 27.9 30.2 Panicle length (cm) Range 20.1-27.1 19.5-23.6 19.5-24.3 21.8-24.8 19.0-23.2 19.7-24.5 18.3-23.5 21.4-24.4 20.1-27.2 Mean SE 22.628.0 21.613.1 22.411.9 23.5 9.4 21.810.5 21.513.3 21.114.2 22.712.8 23.416.2 CV 82.7 62.7 54.7 41.6 49.8 63.9 69.8 38.3 72.4 Range 143-167 95-165 116-228 105-188 85-191 75-205 97-185 100-160 77-1 75 Grains/panicle Mean SE 153.58.3 130.520.2 169.128.3 138.126.0 131.934.9 122.139.2 141.430.0 129.717.3 127.727.0 CV Grain weight/plant (g) Range Mean SE 9.63.1 8.62.6 8.52.3 6.72.3 10.72.9 9.73.3 9.53.0 8.82.5 10.65.0 CV 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.5 2.8 3.5 3.2 2.9 5.7
433 A R1 433 A R2 433 A R3 433 A R4 433 A R5 433 A R6 433 A R7 Vaigai (Co 37) Vaigai/Co 40 (F5)
91.53.9 84-98 89.12.6 84-92 90.83.7 85-98 83-95 88.83.2 79-95 85.25.5 75-96 85.05.5 82-94 87.83.6 94-1 19 103.56.4 90-138 116.27.4
5.6 9.0-10.0 15.9 8.2-9.0 17.3 8.1-8.8 19.5 6.3-7.0 27.4 10.2-11.1 33.2 9.2-10.3 21.9 9.0-9.9 14.2 8.4-9.2 26.8 8.1-13.4
Duration of the anther-derived progenies was 135 d; it was 120 d in Co 37. Homozygosity for quantitative traits
in anther-derived plants in the A 2 generation was manifest and stabilization in the immediate generation was exhibited in the
diploidized haploids developed through anther culture. These lines are being tested for yield performance.
Pest Control and Management

DISEASES
Virulence of isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae of Haryana
P.R. Ray, Plant Pathology Department, Haryana Agricultural University (HAU), Hisar; S.S. Malik, HAU Rice Research Station, Kaul (Kurukshetra); and J. N. Chand, HAU, Hisar, India
Reaction of isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae on rice differential hosts. Haryana, India, 1985. Isolate no. Reaction a TN1 MS S HS S HS HS HS S MS HS MS MS MS MS MS MS S MS MS S HS S HS S TKM6 MR MR HS HS R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R MS MR MR MS R Sigadis R MR MS MS MS R MR R R R R MR MR R MR R MS R R MR MR R R MR IR36 Karnal MR MS S S MR S MS MR R R R R Kurukshetra R R R R Ambala R R R MR MS R S MR IET4141 MR MS HS MS MR MS MR MR MR R R R R R R R MR MR R MR MR R MS R BJ1 R MS R MR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R DV85 R MS HS MR MS HS S R R R R R R R R R R MR R MR MS R MS R Zenith R MR MR S MR S MR R R R R R MR R R R R R R MS MR MR MR R
Twenty-four isolates of the bacterial blight (BB) pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae collected from rice growing areas of Haryana State (12 from Karnal, 4 from Kurukshetra, and 8 from Ambala District) were tested Jul-Aug 1985 in the screenhouse on 8 differential hosts. Inoculations were made at maximum tillering stage by the clipping technique using a single-colony culture of bacterial suspension (10 D at 600 nm) isolated from samples taken from different locations. Disease reaction was assessed by lesion length: 0.0-3.0 cm = resistant, 3.1-6.0 cm = moderately resistant, 6.19.0 cm = moderately susceptible, 9.112.0 cm = susceptible, and 12.1 cm or longer = highly susceptible. Lesion development on 9 randomly collected inoculated leaves was high 15 d after inoculation (see table). Virulence of isolates varied considerably. TN1, with no known major resistance gene, had a susceptible reaction to all the isolates. BJ1 displayed the broadest resistance. One isolate was virulent on BJ1, three on Zenith, four on TKM6 and Sigadis, five on IET4141, and seven each on IR36 and DV85. A difference of one grade was used to divide differential isolate-variety interaction into 9 groups (I has isolates 1, 8-16, 18, 19, 22, and 24; II has
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
aR
= resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.
isolate 2; III, 3; IV, 4; V, 5, 7, and 21; VI, 6; VII, 17; VIII, 20; and IX, 23). Group I is weakly virulent; groups II, V, VII, VIII, and IX are moderately virulent; and groups III, IV, and VI are highly virulent. These results show that more than one pathotype of X. campestris pv. oryzae has developed in Haryana. The variation in rice differentialsbacterium interaction might have several explanations. All the major genes in the rice differentials from Japan or from the Philippines were identified by using domestic bacterial
isolates, which cannot be expected to show identical reactions with isolates of another country. The major genes in the rice differential genotypes were from different genetic backgrounds and could vary in their expression. An isogenic set of differentials is the only way to rule out this variation. Rice varieties could have horizontal resistance governed by polygenes. The variation in lesion length in these differentials could be explained by the existence of such horizontal resistance.
Controlling sheath rot (ShR) in rice

H.D. Lewin and P. Vidhyasekaran, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
All the high yielding cultivars in Tamil Nadu are susceptible to ShR caused by Sarocladium oryzae Sawada. The disease is severe during samba and thaladi seasons (Aug-Feb).
Several fungicides inhibited mycelial growth of the fungus in vitro. Their efficacy in the field was tested with cultivar Co 43 in four annual trials 1982-86. Plot size was 24 m 2 in a randomized block design with 4 replications. The fungicides were sprayed at panicle initiation and 15 d later. Disease intensity was assessed 10 d before harvest.
All fungicides tested carbendazim (0.l%), edifenphos (0.l%), mancozeb (0.25%), thiophanate methyl (0.l%), captafol (0.125%), carboxin (0.2%), glycophene (0.2%), validamycin (0.1%), IBP (0.l%), iprodione (0.1%), tridemorph (0.1%), and copper oxychloride (0.25%) were ineffective.
Pseudomonas fluorescens suppresses development of bacterial blight (BB) symptoms

C.S. Anuratha and S.S. Gnanamanickam, Centre for Advanced Studies in Botany, Guindy, University of Madras, Madras 600025, India
Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae, the BB pathogen, was isolated from naturally infected IR20 and ADT36 plants collected from Coimbatore and Tirurkuppam fields. We also isolated native strains of P. fluorescens (biotype III) from roots of rice, pearl millet, and citrus. In in vitro assays, all P. fluorescens strains restricted the growth of X. c. pv. oryzae. The strain isolated from rice inhibited growth the most. The diameter of inhibition zones varied
from 1.1 to 5.1 cm. The citrus strain was used in greenhouse experiments. Bacteria-coated rice seeds and nontreated seeds were planted in pots. P. fluorescens (108 cfu/ ml) was mixed with a 1% solution of sterile carboxy methyl cellulose and powdered vermiculite, and dried overnight at room temperature (28C). Control seeds were coated with a mixture that did not contain the bacteria. Bacterized seedlings received a spray with P. fluorescens (l08 cfu/ml) 20 d after seeding. Four hours later, bacterized and nonbacterized seedlings were inoculated with X. c. pv. oryzae (l06 cfu/ml) by the standard clipping technique. The seedlings were maintained on greenhouse benches (24-25 C). Severity of BB was recorded 7 d after inoculation.
Bacterized rice plants showed substantial reduction (40-60%) in BB severity (see table).
Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens treatment on BB incidence in rice, Madras, India. a BB index b in 3 experiments I 3.6 1.9 1.7** 3.4 2.0 1.4* 1.6 3.0 4.6** II 5.6 3.0 2.6** 7.2 3.3 3.9** III 6.3 3.8 2.5**
Cultivar TN1
Treatment Untreated Treated Difference Untreated Treated Difference Untreated Treated Difference
IR8
TKM9
a Av of 60-187 observations each. b t value significant at P = 0.05 (*) and P = 0.01 (**).
Multiplication and movement of bacterial blight (BB) pathogen in the rice plant
P.R. Ray and J.N. Chand, Plant Pathology Department, HAU, Hisar, India; and S. S. Malik, HAU, Rice Research Station, Kaul 132021, India
Multiplication of the BB pathogen in host tissue would be reflected in the total inoculum generated and scope for further disease buildup and spread. Seed of resistant IET4141 and susceptible TN1 were sown separately in earthen pots during Jul-Aug 1985. Seedlings were thinned to five uniformly spaced plants per pot.
Plants were inoculated at 6 wk with bacterial suspension (OD 1 at 600 nm) using the clipping technique. Lesion lengths were measured in 10 leaves of each variety at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 d after inoculation. One-square-centimeter sample leaf areas from the tip of inoculated leaves collected at intervals up to 12 d were assessed for in vivo multiplication. Each leaf piece was macerated aseptically in a mortar and pestle and a tenfold dilution was plated on NDA in triplicated petri plates. The petri plates were incubated at 27-30C and colonies were counted after 48 h. Two leaf pieces were used for each variety at each interval.
The in vivo multiplication of the bacterium and population buildup per unit area of inoculated leaves at different intervals were faster in the susceptible variety than in the resistant variety (see table). Lesions developed in the susceptible variety when the population level reached 103 at 3 d and expanded rapidly to a maximum of 15 cm at 15 d. In the resistant variety, lesions developed at 9 d after inoculation when the population level reached about 106 and expanded gradually to a maximum of 3.5 cm at 15 d. The bacterium population declined faster in the lesions of the susceptible variety than in the resistant variety. Most of the lesion area in both
varieties became necrotic after 12 d. The rate of multiplication was consistently higher in the susceptible than in the resistant variety. It appeared that lesion size was not necessarily determined by the population of the pathogen but by a particular host-pathogen relationship.
~~
Mutiplication and development of lesions caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae in diseased rice plants, India. Days after inoculation 3 6 9 12 15 Bacterial cells/cm2 leaf area TN1 2.83 2.65 2.16 2.65 Necrotic lesion 10 3 10 5 10 3 10 6 ET4141 1.0 10 3 1.5 10 4 1.5 10 6 1.33 10 5 Necrotic lesion Nature and range of lesion length (cm) TN1 0.2-0.5, grey green 0.5-1.5, yellow 2.0-5.0, yellow 5.0-10.0, brownish 7.0-15.0, straw color IET4141 No lesion No lesion 0.5-0.8, light yellow 1.0-1.5, yellow 1.5-3.5, brownish
Occurrence of rice ragged stunt virus (RSV) in Sri Lanka K. W. Jayasena, Regional Research Station. Angunukolapalana, Sri Lanka; and H. Hibino, IRRI, Philippines
Plants showing symptoms similar to those of rice RSV were first observed in Hambantota district in 1984. Varieties BG276-5, BG34-8, BG94-1,
BG34-6, and BG380 were affected. Disease incidence ranged from 20 to 70% in farmers' fields in Weeraketiya and Ranna. Plants with typical symptoms collected from Weeraketiya, Walasmulla, Belliatta, Ranna, and Jandura were tested for virus recovery. Virus-free Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix sp. reared on TN1 plants in insect-proof cages were allowed to
feed on infected plants for 4 d, then confined with 7-d-old TN1 seedlings for 4 d. The first symptoms similar to those reported for RSV were observed 21 d after inoculation. N. lugens but not Nephotettix sp. transmitted the disease to TN1 seedlings. Dried infected TN1 leaves were serologically tested at IRRI. ELISA test confirmed RSV in extracts of the leaves.

INSECTS
Meadow grasshopper Conocephalus longipennis damage to rice spikelets A. T. Barrion and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI Tettigoniids as foliage feeders occur on rice worldwide. The nocturnal C. longipennis (de Haan) is more abundant in crops past the vegetative stage. It shows dual food habits - as a pest feeding on rice foliage and as a predator of rice bug and stem borer eggs and nymphs of leafhoppers and planthoppers. Conocephalus also eats the highly nutritive rice anthers by cutting through the lemma or palea. In the process, it damages rice spikelets. Whitish cut holes on damaged 1-dold spikelets become noticeable when they turn brown on the third day (see figure). We found that caged adults can destroy 10-28 spikelets daily. Conocephalus damage can be distinguished from bird, rat, or rice bug damage because only small holes
Conocephalus damage to rice spikelets: undamaged (left), 1-d-old damage (middle), and 3-d-old damage (right).
are eaten in each spikelet. Feeding birds and rats strip off many spikelets.
Bugs feeding on seeds do not make noticeable holes in spikelets.
Ochthera sauteri Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae), predator of rice whorl maggot (RWM) flies A. T. Barrion and J.A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
RWM Hydrellia philippina Ferino has few recorded natural enemies. Recently, we found an ephydrid fly preying on RWM flies. The predator Ochthera sauteri Cresson (identified by P.J. Clausen, University of Minnesota, USA) is in
the subfamily Parydrinae previously recorded only in Taiwan. The 5- to 7mm-long adult can be identified by its black and silvery body, 0.16 mm head index value, 3 aristal hairs on the antenna, pointed frons, mantis-like forelegs with 4 long spines, and tibial spur as long as the basal segment of the tarsus, forecoxa and tarsus subequal in length, wings hyaline with tips of vein R4 + 5 and M1 + 2 close to each other (see figure). The behavior of O. sauteri is different from that of its relatives in this mainly phytophagous group. It
walks on the rice foliage or water surface, or dives from the plant to the water to grab sighted prey. The prey is held transversely in its mantis-like forelegs and rapidly pricked by the tibial spur 3-10 times prior to feeding. The predatory fly laps up the body fluids that ooze from the preys body. Cage studies showed Ochthera live 4-7 d. They prey on species of Hydrellia, Brachydeutera, Psilopa, and Paralimna, consuming 4-18 flies/d. They also feed on Notiphila spp. at 1-3 flies/d.
Female of O. sauteri (a), frontal view of head (b), side view of face with 3 aristal hairs (c), clypeus (d), mantis-like foreleg stretched to show spur (e) and held at rest (f), hind leg (g), tarsal segments (h-i), and tip of males abdomen (j). Scale = 1 mm except d, h, and i.
Five granular and 4 sprayable insecticides evaluated for yellow stem borer (YSB) control M.S. Purohit, A.H. Shah, and S. Raman, National Agricultural Research Project, Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari, India
cypermethrin spray was most effective (Table 1). Next was monocrotophos, followed by fenitrothion. Among granules, carbofuran was most effective; carbaryl + gamma BMC was least effective. Chlorpyrifos, phorate, and quinalphos were ineffective. None of the granule formulations were
effective during rainy season 1982. Although cypermethrin spray resulted in the highest yield (3.43 t/ha), broadcasting carbofuran and spraying monocrotophos and fenitrothion significantly increased yield (2.94-3.01 t/ha) over the untreated control (Table 2).
In 1982 and 1983, five granular and four spray insecticide formulations were tested against YSB Scirpophaga incertulas. GR-11 seedlings were transplanted in 6-m2 plots in a randomized block design with 6 replications. Granular insecticides were applied at 15 and 45 d after transplanting (DT); spray formulations were applied at 15, 45, and 60 DT. Deadhearts at 75 DT and whiteheads at harvest were counted; unhulled grain yield was recorded. Of five granule and four spray formulations tested in three seasons,
Table 2. Effect of granular and sprayable insecticide application on yield, Navsari, Gujarat, India, 1982 and 1983. Insecticide Carbofuran 3G Chlorpyrifos 10G Phorate 10G Quinalphos 5G Carbaryl + gamma BHC 2+2G Fenitrothion 50 EC Monocrotophos 36 EC Carbaryl 50 WP Cypermethrin 25 EC Untreated control
a
Dosage (kg ai/ha) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.36 1.00 0.15 1982 rainy season 2.5 a 2.5 a 1.8 a 2.5 a 2.6 a 2.4 a 2.5 a 2.2 a 3.0 a 2.2 a
Grain yield a (t/ha) 1983 summer 3.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.1 3.0 3.1 2.1 3.3 1.8 c c c bc ab ab bc a c ab 1983 rainy season 3.4 b 2.8 c 2.9 c 2.9 c 3.2 bc 3.4 b 3.4 b 3.1 bc 4.0 a 2.8 c
In a column, figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Table 1. Control of yellow stem borer by 5 granular and 4 sprayable insecticides. Navsari, Gujarat, India, 1982 and 1983. a 1982 rainy season Insecticide Carbofuran 3G Chlorpyrifos 10G Phorate 10G Quinalphos 5G Carbaryl + gamma BHC 2 + 2G Fenitrothion 50 EC Monocrotophos 36 EC Carbaryl 50 WP Cypermethrin 25 EC Untreated control
a No.
1983 summer Deadhearts (no.) 14.5 21.5 22.5 18.5 14.5 14.7 14.5 17.8 10.7 23.0 ab c c c Whiteheads (no.) 139.8 187.7 195.2 185.8 174.8 148.0 124.7 186.3 114.2 199.0 a c c c bc ab a c a c
1983 rainy season Deadhearts (no.) 18.5 26.5 23.7 23.5 19.7 19.5 19.0 21.8 15.7 29.0 de bcde bcde abcd abc abc bcd a e ab Whiteheads (no.) 18.5 40.8 42.8 41.5 36.7 24.8 15.2 44.3 13.0 58.9 cde cde cde bcd abc a de a e ab
Dosage (kg ai/ha) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.36 1.00 0.15
Deadhearts (no.) 8.7 7.8 10.0 9.7 9.5 3.8 6.3 4.0 1.5 7.8 cd cd d d d
Whiteheads (no.) 394.2 a 304.8 a 384.3 a 340.7 a 348.0 a 353.2 a 408.2 a 337.5 a 260.7 a 370.8 a
bc ab a cd
ab ab ab a
c c
of deadhearts or whiteheads/6 m 2 . In a column, figures followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
Daylength effect on development of 4 green leafhopper Nephotettix spp. R.R. Valle, Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan
Although diapause in the temperate species of rice green leafhopper (GLH) N. cincticeps (NC) has been well studied, not much is known about diapause in the tropical species N. virescens (NV), N. nigropictus (NN), and N. malayanus (NM). The three 20 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)
tropical GLH species were subjected to the daylength and temperature conditions that induce diapause in NC. Sixty newly hatched 1st instars of each species in individual test tubes (20 mm diameter and 170 mm long) were fed 5-d-old seedlings of the susceptible japonica variety Nipponbare. The insects were reared at 20C under 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 light hours (LH). The nymphs were fed fresh seedlings every 3 d and nymphal duration measured daily. Short daylengths 8, 10, and 12 LH did not induce diapause in the
tropical species, although development was slightly prolonged as daylength shortened from 16 LH to 8 LH (see table). Nymphal development of both males and females of NN was significantly different in daylengths shorter than 10 LH and longer than 12 LH, except that for males under 8 LH development was about 1 d longer. The development of NV males did not significantly differ between photoperiods, but that of females was significantly prolonged under photoperiods shorter than 12 LH. The 5-d difference between 8 LH and 16
LH was the largest among the tropical species of GLH. Under 16 LH, the development of both sexes of NM was significantly shorter than under other photoperiods. Among the four species, only the temperate NC showed a clear lengthening of nymphal development under 10 LH. Under 8 LH, both the 4th- and the 5th-instar nymphs of NC exhibited arrested development; total development was prolonged to 74.2 d for males and 77.9 d for females.
Developmental period of Nephotettix spp. exposed to different photoperiods at 20 C. Japan. Species N. nigropictus N. virescens N. cincticeps N. malayanus
aIn
Developmental period a (d) 8 LH Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 43.8 a 46.3 a 44.0 a 45.6 a 74.2 a 77.9 a 44.1 a 46.7 a 10 LH 44.3 a 46.4 a 44.3 a 45.2 a 55.2 b 58.6 b 43.8 a 46.1 a 12 LH 42.0 c 44.1 b 42.4 a 44.2 a 44.0 43.7 43.6 a 45.3 a c c 14 LH 42.8 bc 44.4 b 41.2 a 42.7 b 39.6 42.8 42.7 a 45.3 a d c 16 LH 42.3 44.0 c b
42.3 a 40.8 c 40.4 42.9 40.3 b 43.4 b c d
a row,means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
An earwig predator of Asian pink stem borer (PSB) in upland rice A. T. Barrion, E. M. Libetario, and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
Asian PSB Sesamia inferens (Walker) can be particularly abundant in upland rice grown near sugarcane or related grasses. We found the earwig Euborellia stali (Dohrn) preying on PSB larva in stem borer-damaged tillers in upland ricefields in Claveria, northern Mindanao, Philippines. The predatory earwig bites the anal portion as the larva attempts to escape. There is a similar record of this earwig preying on the Oriental maize borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guene).
E. stali (see figure) has a shiny black body, light yellow brown legs with a black band on midfemora, and 17segmented antennae with segments 1415 colored white. It is common in dryland habitats and can be collected by digging in the soil at the base of rice hills. The female earwig drags its prey out of the stem to her nest at the base of the plant to feed the newly hatched nymphs. A female shows maternal care to the 200-350 pale yellow and globular eggs it lays. The nocturnal earwigs live 3-5 mo. Cage studies show that this earwig can consume 20-30 young PSB larvae a day.
Adult of E. staIi (a) and its feeding behavior on PSB larva inside the plant stem (b). Scale = 1 mm.
Ovicidal activity of eight insecticides against the rice whorl maggot (RWM) Hydrellia philippina Ferino P. C. Pantua and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
Ovicidal activity of 8 insecticides applied as foliar spray on plants with 2-d-old eggs of RWM. IRRI, 1986. Insecticide Deltamethrin Triazophos Azinphos-ethyl BPMC Carbaryl Carbosulfan Buprofezin Malathion
aAv
Formulation 2.5 EC 40 EC 40 EC 50 EC 85 WP 20 EC 25 WP 51 EC
Rate (kg ai/ha) 0.012 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.125 0.4
Egg. mortalitya (%) 98 97 94 50 42 39 32 25 a a a b b b b b
Two-wk-old potted rice plants were caged in nylon mesh. Field-collected male and female RWM adults were introduced into the cage and allowed to oviposit. Eggs on each potted plant were counted at 1 d. Plants with at least 10 eggs were used in the experiment. Four potted plants laden with 2-dold RWM eggs were placed in a mylar cage and sprayed with 25 ml (equivalent to spray water volume of
of replications. All means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. Abbotts formula was applied for corrected percent egg mortality.
1,000 liters/ ha ) of each test insecticide using a 1-liter plastic hand sprayer. Deltamethrin, triazophos, and azinphos-ethyl were highly ovicidal
(see table). Some ovicidal activity occurred with BPMC, carbaryl, carbosulfan, buprofezin, and malathion.
Leafhopper and planthopper populations and rice tungro virus (RTV) incidence at the tail end of an irrigation system
A.L. Alviola III and J.A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI
The tail end of the 100,000 ha Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System (UPRIIS) in Central Luzon, Philippines, is an endemic area for RTV. Irrigation canals block natural drainageways, converting the west side of Batitang near the tail end of one lateral from a first class rainfed rice area to an uncultivated fallow. In dry season, irrigation water reaches only the east side of Batitang. In wet season, the laterals drain runoff water into Batitang, causing floods. Ricefields east of Batitang near the fallow are planted asynchronously because irrigation releases are undependable. Many farmers have their own pumps. To measure differences in insect populations in the 1981 wet (WS) and 1982 dry seasons (DS), pairs of kerosene light traps were installed and
monitored daily in six villages from the head to the tail end of the canal system. RTV symptoms were determined visually and confirmed by the iodine test. They correlated highly ( r = 0.73**) with increasing distance from the head end of the system (Table 1). Staggered planting, measured as the variance in planting date, increased significantly ( r = 0.87*) from the head to the tail end. Three green leafhopper (GLH) species were collected in the light traps. Their numbers also increased from the head to the tail end of the system. Nephotettix malayanus was the most abundant species at the tail end, but only N. virescens ( r = 0.59*) and N. nigropictus ( r = 0.68*) numbers correlated with RTV incidence. In sweep net samples taken twice a week from 25 ricefields in 1982 DS, less than 3% of the GLH catches were N. malayanus; 75-86% were N. nigropictus and N. virescens (Table 2). The most abundant planthoppers Sogatella panicicola and Sogatodes pusanus feed on Echinochloa sp. and Leersia sp. weed. Echinochloa glabrescens (52%) and Leersia
hexandra (38%) dominated the fallow in weed biomass. Weeds in ricefields east of Batitang were mainIy Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus difformis, and Monochoria vaginalis. FARMCOP suction samples from three fields of IR42 on nine sampling dates during 1982 WS in east Batitang revealed no N. malayanus nymphs. Less than 1% of the total GLH adult catch was N. malayanus. The GLH nymphal population was split evenly between N. virescens and N. nigropictus. Because N. malayanus was reared from E. glabrescens and L. hexandra but not from rice, its role as a vector of RTV is questionable. We conclude that increased RTV incidence is associated more with the increasing incidence of staggered planting than with the nearness of ricefields to uncultivated weedy fallow. However, weedy fallow areas can harbor low numbers of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers.
Table 2. Leafhoppers and planthoppers collected by sweep net from abandoned ricefields. Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, Jan-Mar 1982 DS.a Species Cicadellidae Nephotettix malayanus N. nigropictus N. virescens Recilia dorsalis Delphacidae Sogatella panicicola Sogatodes pusanus Sogatella kolophon Sogatella furcifera Sogatella longifurcifera Nilaparvata lugens N. bakeri
a
Table 1. GLH and RTV incidence in ricefields of 6 villages from head to tail end of UPRIIS, Central Luzon, Philippines, 1981 WS-82 DS. Village Distancea from head end (km) 0 9 15 16 17 18 Variance RTVof planting infested date b hills c (%) 49 90 217 241 314 429 0 0.4 4.5 8.0 4.0 10.5 Light trap collection d (no./season per trap) N. virescens N. nigropictus 128 1191 486 1001 619 2324 16 321 136 238 143 931 N. malayanus 16 215 156 511 507 2788
Collected (X) 21 12 3 1 43 16 2 1 1 1 1
Ibabaw Bana Rajal Centro Marawa Santa Rita Manaol Batitang

aMeasured
along length of canal system.bBased on a sample of all fields within a 0.5-km radius of the center of a pair of kerosene light traps in each village, 1981 WS.cSample of 125 hills in each of 5 randomly selected fields planted to IR36 or IR42. RTV incidence at reproductive stage was averaged from 1981 WS and 1982 DS. Diagnosis was confirmed by iodine test.dA pair of kerosene light traps placed 100 m apart in open ricefields in each village. Values are an average of 1981 WS and 1982 DS catches. Season = 6 mo.
100 sweeps in each of 3 fields every 10 d for 5 mo. Rice plants were not encountered in 10-m2 samples in each of 3 fields nor seen in any fields. Weeds, representing 3% dry weight each, were Paspalum paspalodes, Echinochloa picta, Ipomoea aquatica, and Ludwigia adscendens
The International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) invites all scientists to contribute concise summaries of significant rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to one or two pages and no more than two short tables, figures, or photographs. Contributions are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors will be identified by name, title, and research organization.
22 IRRN 12:l (February 1987)

WEEDS
A survey of weeds in transplanted and wet-seeded rice under rainfed and irrigated conditions
P. P. Pablico and K. Moody, IRRI
Percentage weed cover associated with transplanted and wet seeded rice in Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Cover Weed species Family Transplanted rice Rainfed Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. Cyperus difformis L. Cyperus iria L. Cyperus rotundus L. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. ssp. hispidula (Retz.) Honda Echinochloa glabrescens Munro ex Hook. f. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Hassk. var. zippeliana (B1.) Koster Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Isachne globosa (Thunb.) 0. K. Ischaemum polystachyum Presl Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Leersia hexandra Sw. Lindernia antipoda (L.) Alston Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urb. Marsilea minuta L. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) Presl Panicum repens L. Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) J. Vickery Scirpus grossus L. f. Scirpus supinus L. Sphaeranthus africanus L. Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Sporobolus diander (Retz.) Beauv. Total no. of species Species in common (no.) Total cover (%) Amaranthaceae Commelinaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Asteraceae Asteraceae Cyperaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Poaceae Scrophulariaceae Onagraceae Papilionaceae Marsileaceae Pontederiaceae Poaceae Poaceae Cyperaceae Cyperaceae Asteraceae Sphenocleaceae Poaceae <1 <1 4 2 <1 <1 <1 1 29 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 25 9 17 72 Irrigated <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 4 <1 9 6 percentage Wet seeded rice Rainfed <1 9 <1 8 3 <1 <1 15 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 55 <1 <1 <1 18 98 12 Irrigated 11 <1 <1 5 13 <1 <1 15 10 <1 <1 <1 9 5 <1 <1 16 70
A survey was carried out in Sep 1985 in barangays Sagrada, San Isidro, Pawili, and Takbong of Pili, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Ten wet seeded (pregerminated seed sown on puddled soil) ricefields (six rainfed and four irrigated) and seven transplanted ricefields (three rainfed and four irrigated) were assessed 6070 d after planting. Percentage weed cover was determined visually. Severity of weed cover was greater in wet seeded rice and under rainfed conditions. Of the 27 weed species found (see table), 10 were grasses and 6 were sedges. Of the 22 species found in wet seeded rice and 18 found in transplanted rice, 11 were common to. both types of culture. More weed species were found under rainfed conditions than irrigated conditions. Only Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa glabrescens, Fimbristylis miliacea, and Ludwigia octovalvis were observed in all growing conditions. Pseudoraphis spinescens, which has never been reported as a weed of rice in the Philippines, and F. miliacea were the major weeds under rainfed conditions. In irrigated transplanted rice, Monochoria vaginalis dominated. In irrigated wet seeded rice, the important species were
Alternanthera sessilis, E. glabrescens, F. miliacea, Ischaemum rugosum, and M. vaginalis.
Irrigation and transplanting reduced weed cover.
Control of Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. in upland rice

A. Mohamed Ali and K. Ramamoorthy, Agricultural College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tirunelveli 627003, India
Preemergence herbicides pendimethalin (0.75 and 1.25 kg/ ha)
and thiobencarb (1.0 and 1.5 kg/ ha) followed by postemergence application of 2,4-D EE and hand weeding were compared with the manually operated, long-handled rotary weeder, 3 hand weedings, and unweeded check in a field experiment in Vertisols of Paramakudi, South India, in 198485. Eragrostis japonica, the major weed
with a population of 252/m2, constituted 90% of the total weed population and caused 86% yield reduction. With pendimethalin at 1.25 kg/ha, it numbered 12 m2 ; with thiobencarb at 1.50 kg/ ha, it was 16 m2. Total weed dry matter production at 80 DAS with these treatments was low compared to that with 2 hand
weedings and in the unweeded check. Pendimethalin at 1.25 kg/ ha and thiobencarb at 1.50 kg/ha followed by hand weeding gave highest grain yields (see table).
Weeding cost was highest with the peg-type weeder. The marginal benefitcost ratio was highest with the combination of thiobencarb at 1.00 kg/ha followed by 2,4-D EE.
Effect of weed control treatments on major weed, total weed dry matter, and grain yield in upland bunded rice. Tirunelveli, India, 1984-85. Treatment a Pendimethalin fb HW 30 DAS Thiobencarb fb HW 30 DAS Hand weeding at 20, 35, and 50 DAS Working peg-type weeder 20, 35, and 50 DAS Thiobencarb fb post-em 2,4-D EE 35 DAS Pendimethalin fb HW 30 DAS Thiobencarb fb HW at 30 and 50 DAS Pendimethalin fb HW at 30 and 50 DAS Thiobencarb fb HW 30 DAS Pendimethalin fb post-em 2,4D EE 35 DAS Hand weeding at 20 and 35 DAS Unweeded check CD (P = 0.05)
a
Rate (kg/ha) 1.25 1.5 at 1.0 0.5 0.75 1.0 0.75 1.0 0.75 0.5
Eragrostis japonica (no. m2 ) 80 DAS 12.6 15.8 19.8 25.7 28.5 33.6 30.3 31.6 36.6 26.4 106.3 252.6 3.9
Total weed dry matter (kg/ha) 80 DAS 61.5 69.5 75.9 185.4 206.6 277.5 227.6 221.3 265.6 208.7 117.3 1354.5 65.9
Grain yield (t/ha) 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 0.4 1.5
Weeding cost ($/ha) 48.6 31.4 63.8 82.2 24.3 41.1 51.7 56.2 37.0 30.1 48.0
Benefit: cost ratio 6.03 7.50 3.65 2.16 9.34 4.76 3.73 3.41 5.28 6.86 2.97
Pre-em = preemergence, post-em = postemergence, fb = followed by, HW = hand weeding. Men labor at US$0.8/8 h and women at US$0.6/8 h. Pendimethalin cost, US$8.0/liter; thiobencarb, US$7.1/liter; 2,4-D EE, US$4.0/liter.
Weeds in shifting cultivation in Quezon Province, Philippines R. T. Lubigan and K. Moody, IRRI
In Real, Quezon Province, farmers plant rice at the start of the rainy season immediately after clearing secondary forests by dibbling into fields that have had no land
preparation. After the rice is harvested, citrus or sweet potato is planted, depending on the availability of citrus seedlings. In 1984, we surveyed 4 recently cleared fields 19, 69, and 76 d after seeding (DAS) rice. At the same time, we surveyed adjacent areas planted to citrus and sweet potato which had been cleared the previous year. Percentage of weed cover and weed
species were recorded. None of the crops were weeded. In recently cleared areas where the land was sloping, weeds were not a problem. Weed cover was 0-3% at 19 DAS and 0-15% at 69-76 DAS. In one field, 10% was flat land adjacent to a stream. The soil was moist most of the time, which favored weed seed germination and growth. Weed cover in this area ranged from 30% at 19 DAS to 90% at 76 DAS. Where clearing had been done the previous year, weed infestation was severe, particularly in the area planted to citrus where weed cover was 98%. Paspalum conjugatum, the predominant weed, covered 95% of the area. Sweet potato suppressed weed growth; weed cover in that field was only 30%. Weeds growing in association with the different crops are listed in the table. P. conjugatum was the predominant weed in all fields. It is expected that P. conjugatum and Imperata cylindrica, which are aggressive species, will provide most of the weed cover in future years in fields currently planted to rice. To our knowledge, this is the first time Axonopus compressus and Solanum cumingii have been reported as weeds of rice in the Philippines.

OTHER PESTS
Golden apple snail: a pest of rice R. C. Saxena, International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya, and IRRI; A. V. de Lara, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines at Los Baos; and H. D. Justo, Jr., IRRI
Weeds gowing in association with rice, citrus, and sweet potato in Real, Quezon, Philippines, Jul-Sep 1984. Weed species Ageratum conyzoides Axonopus compressus BIumea sinuata Crassocephalum crepidioides Cyperus halpan Emilia sonchifolia Imperata cylindrica Paspalum conjugatum Pseudoelephantopus spicatus Solanum eumingii Rice Sloping land Flat land Citrus Sweet potato
The golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, an aquatic gastropod originating from South America, was introduced recently in the Philippines as a culture material to be farmed in
cement tanks, ponds, or other controlled environments. In recent surveys, the snail and its egg masses (Fig. 1a) were found in abundance in the Azolla propagation ponds of the U.P. College of Agriculture at Los Baos (Fig. 1b) and in adjoining irrigated ricefields on the IRRI experimental farm. The snail feeds voraciously on Azolla. Adults measuring 22-26 mm can consume up to 15 g of Azolla fronds in 12-24 h. The snail feeds also on other succulent aquatic vegetation, such as newly transplanted rice. It attacks the base of rice seedlings and then devours aerial parts. A large snail can consume a blade of rice in 3-5 min (Fig. 1c). The snail is most active at dusk, night, and dawn. Damage is most severe in low-lying portions of newly transplanted ricefields. Severely damaged plots are characterized by missing seedlings and floating, cut leaves (Fig. 1d). Damage can reach 10-20%. In a freshly transplanted 0.1-ha ricefield on the IRRI farm where damage was observed, three 3-gallon pails of golden apple snails were collected. Females start laying eggs at 75-90 d, preferably on substrates protruding above the water surface (rice hills, weeds, rat fence walls, and bamboo stakes). A single gravid female can lay 25-320 bright pink eggs per week. Eggs hatch in 8-15 d, depending upon temperature. Newly hatched snail larvae about 2 mm in diameter readily disperse
1. Golden apple snail: a) females and their egg masses on rice plants; b) clusters of egg masses on bamboo stakes in an Azolla propagation pond; c) full-grown snail grazing on a rice seedling; d) missing seedlings due to feeding by full-grown snails.
through irrigation water to other ricefields. Young snails feed on algae. Older snails have a horny tongue or radula with rows upon rows of sharp teeth (Fig. 2). The snails are more active and grow faster during warmer months, but mortality is high under hot temperatures. The golden apple snail can be controlled with organotin molluscicides. However, these chemicals are also toxic to aquatic animals such as fish and tadpoles. Manual collection of snail egg masses can alleviate the problem in ricefields.
2. Radular tooth pattern of the golden apple snail.
Irrigation Water Management

The effect of supplementary irrigation on rice yield in Bangladesh
A. F. M. Saleh, Water Resources Engineering Department, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, BangIadesh
In Bangladesh, rice is grown in aus (summer), aman (autumn), and boro (winter). Although aus and aman rice cover 89% of the total cropped area and yield 84% of the total rice output, they are still grown as rainfed crops. Uncertain rainfall during transplanting
and critical growth periods means crop losses, even though 80% of the mean annual rainfall in the country (1,400 mm in the northwest to over 5,000 mm in the northeast) occurs during aus and aman. We studied the amount of IRRN 12:l (February 1987) 25
supplementary irrigation needed, its effect on yield, and the risks associated with rainfed aus and aman rice cultivation on the farm of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, in 1980-81. The three treatments were I) rainfed, 2) rainfed with supplementary irrigation to keep the plots saturated, and 3) rainfed with supplementary irrigation to keep the plots under 25-50 mm standing water. The water balance method was used to determine the crop water requirement, with provisions for measuring rainfall, evaporation, and seepage and percolation. Treatment 3 had yields 8-71% higher than in treatment 1 during aus and 71% higher during aman. Rainfall was 842 mm during aus and 783 mm during aman. Supplementary irrigation was required because of erratic distribution. For treatment 3, 69 mm supplementary irrigation was required in aus and 573 mm in aman. For treatment 2, a 57% higher yield over treatment 1 during aman required only 15 mm supplementary irrigation. Crop water requirements at field level
Supplementary irrigation required (SIR) during aus and aman seasons at rainfall probabilities of 25, 50, and 75%. BRRI, Bangladesh. 1980-81.
were calculated as 643 mm for aus and 893 mm for aman. Probability analysis projected that aus rice would require supplementary irrigation in 1 out of 4 yr and aman rice 3 out of 4 yr. The amount of
supplementary irrigation required would vary 0-69 mm with rainfall probabilities of 50-75% for aus and 67309 mm with rainfall probabilities of 25-75% for aman (see figure).
Irrigation management for lowland rice under water constraint
Water management effects on yield in Tamil Nadu, 1985-86. Kharif Treatment Water consumed (mm) 1639 97 1 723 917 1463 CD at 5%
a
Summer WUE (kg/ha mm) 3.2 5.8 6.4 6.0 4.1 Water consumed (mm) 1651 1013 1430 960 1387 Yield (t/ha) 5.18 5.04 5.48 4.83 5.24 0.46 WUE (kg/ha mm) 3.1 5.0 3.8 5 .0 3.8
R. Marimuthu and R. Kulandaivelu, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore 3, India
Yield (t/ha) 5.30 5.19 4.18 4.58 4.98 0.57
A trial on irrigation practices used IR50 rice on clay loam soil at TNAU during 1985 kharif and 1986 summer. Kharif treatments were I) continuous 5-cm submergence, 2) saturation to 5cm submergence, 3) field capacity to 5cm submergence, 4) a turn system of two 7-cm irrigations at 3- and 4-d intervals in 1 wk, with no irrigation the alternate week, and 5) continuous 5cm submergence to 30 d after transplanting (DT) and thereafter no irrigation for 4 d, followed by 1 wk continuous submergence. In summer, field capacity submergence was
1 2 3 4 5
WUE = water use efficiency.
replaced by a partial turn system 4 d no irrigation followed by 1 wk continuous 5-cm submergence up to 30 DT and then continuous submergence. Saturation to 5-cm submergence
saved about 40% of the water needed for continuous submergence without significantly affecting yield (see table). Under the turn system, yields were 14% less in kharif and 7% less in summer.
26 IRRN 12: 1 (February 1987)
Soil and Crop Management

Response of rice to N split application on a saline soil
A.B. Niane, Institut Sngalais de Recherches Agricoles, Djiblor, B. P. 34, Ziguinchor, Senegal
Effect, of 5 salt and 4 N levels on yield. IRRI greenhouse.
Salt level (dS/m) ECe ECe ECe ECe ECe
a
Shoot av (g/pot) 17.6 13.3 5.2 2.2 0.6 7.8
Straw av (g/pot) 16.5 14.1 8.6 4.4 0.0 8.7
Grain a (g/pot) 50 17.2 a 13.0 b 4.4 c 2.1 d 0.0 d 7.4 75 b 22.6 a 21.3 a 8.5 b 3.8 c 0.0 d 11.2 100 17.5 a 14.3 b 3.5 c 0.6 d 0.0 d 7.2 125 b 25.9 a 22.2 b 6.5 c 1.0 d 0.0 d 11.1 Mean 20.8 17.7 5.7 1.9 0.0 9.2
This study in IRRIs soil chemistry greenhouse used soil samples taken from Kalawagan, Pangasinan, Philippines. The soil was nonsaline, nonsodic, low in organic matter, and had a pH of 7.4. Sodium chloride was used to obtain soil solution EC, values of 2.8, 4.8, 8.2, 10.0, and 13.4 dS/m at 25 C. IR56 seedlings were planted. The soils were fertilized with superphosphate and muriate of potash at 25 mg/ kg. Basal N as urea was applied as 25, 25, 50, and 100 mg N/ kg. The two 25 mg/ kg levels received additional urea at 50 and 100 mg N/kg at panicle initiation. The 4
2.8 4.8 8.2 10.0 13.4
Mean
In a column figures followed by a common letter are not significantly different at 5% level by DMRT. b Split application: (25 basal + 50 mg/kg topdressed) or (25 basal + 100 mg/kg topdressed).
levels of N finally imposed were 50, 75, 100, and 125 mg/kg. Regardless of the amount and timing of N, increasing salinity levels strongly affected yields from EC, 8.2 to 10.0 dS/m (see table). At EC, 13.4 dS/m, plants died. The yield reduction may be attributed to the effects of salinity on
the yield-contributing characters. Plant height, tiller numbers, panicle weight, and 1,000-grain weight were affected. N did not significantly affect shoot weight. However, the straw and grain yields differed with basal and split N applications. In saline conditions, topdressed nitrogen was more efficient than basal application.
Efficiency of urea-based fertilizers in coastal rice

B. N. Patil, A.M. Krishnuppa, Badrinath, K. Kenchaiah, K. B. Rao, and N.A. Janardhana Gowda, Agricultural Research Station, Kankanady, Mangalore 575002, Karnataka, India
Urea-based fertilizers effects on grain yield and N uptake. Mangalore, India, 1984. Treatment a Control Urea split (50% basal + 25% tillering + 25% panicle initiation) Urea basal application Lac-coated urea Neem cake-blended urea Green manure + urea (1:1) CD (0.05)
a Urea at the rate of 90 kg N/ha.
Grain yield (t/ha) 3.7 4.7 4.4 5.1 5.1 4.9 0.7
Productive tillers/m 2 385 493 500 485 458 458 59
Grain wt (g/hill) 7.7 9 .1 9.0 10.3 10.0 9.8 1.4
N uptake (kg/ha) 73 92 88 94 91 90
We evaluated the efficiency of ureabased N fertilizers in midland soil of coastal Karnataka. The experimental field was fine, loamy, mixedisohyperthermic family of Ustoxtropepts with pH 5.1, 1.26% organic C, and 78 kg P and 50 kg available K/ ha. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Medium-duration IET3232 26-d-old seedlings were transplanted on 17 Jul 1984 at 20- 10-cm spacing, 3 seedlings/hill. Plots were treated with
75 kg superphosphate and 90 kg muriate of potash/ ha and kept flooded from transplanting to harvest. Pests and diseases were controlled. Harvest was on 6 Nov 84. Five N sources were tested (see table). Yield and its attributes differed significantly with N source. Maximum grain yield with neem cake-blended
urea and lac-coated urea was statistically significant. Split application of urea was more productive than basal application. Yields with green manure + urea (1:l) at planting were comparable to those with coated urea. N uptake was higher with coated urea than with conventional urea applied basal.
Crop establishment with inverted-T seeder

M.A. Choudhary, M. Aban, T. Santos, B. Mambani, and R.A. Morris, IRRI
Effect of tillage and sowing methods on upland crop establishment. IRRI. Tillage and sowing method Conventional tillage and hand sowing Conventional tillage and seeder sowing No-till and seeder sowing
a
Plant emergence a (%) Maize 41 b (49) 67 a (77) 69 a (73) Soybean 29 b (39) 24 b (46) 45 a (58) Mungbean 15 b (15) 49 a (65) 46 a (56)
We compared the newly developed inverted-T seeder (see figure) with traditional sowing methods. Experimental treatments were conventional tillage and hand sowing (one plowing by carabao, two harrowings, seed furrows made with lithao, seed dibbling and covering by hand) (CTH); conventional tillage and
Seed germination = maize 97%, soybean 47%. and mungbean 75%. Values in parentheses indicate plant emergence, including subsurface surviving seedlings, at 12 d after sowing. In each column, values followed by different letters show significant differences at P 0.05.
Inverted-T seeder.
inverted-T seeder-sown (CTI); and notillage and inverted-T seeder sown (NTI). Mean soil moisture potential at seeding was -11 kPa for CTH, -14 kPa for CTI, and -19 kPa for NTI. Each tillage treatment area was divided into three 20- 3.5-m plots with 0.3-m row spacing. They were sown with maize at 5 seeds/m row, soybean at 7 seeds/m row, or mungbean at 18 seeds/m row. Soil was sandy clay loam in an upland field previously under sorghum. Glyphosate herbicide at 4 liters/ ha was sprayed to control sorghum ratoons and other weeds in no-till plots. Plant establishment counts represented 25% of total planted area. Plant establishment with the
inverted-T seeder (average of CTI and NTI) was 65% better in maize and 300% better in mungbean than with CTH (see table). Analysis of the unemerged seed recovered suggested that a large proportion of seed did not germinate in CTH. In-groove soil studies suggested that uneven depth of seed placement and low bulk density in CTH plots resulted in low soil moisture conduction (particularly capillary) from the soil matrix and low availability at the seed interface. More subsurface surviving seedlings were found in both CTI and NTI plots, suggesting further potential plant establishment if more moisture had been available.
Effect of green manure on yield

B. Rabindra, R.A. Setty, B.S. Naidu, S.N. Swamygowda, and B.B. Channappagoudar, University of Agricultural Sciences, Regional Research Station, V.C. Farm, Mandya 571405, Karnataka, India
Effect of green manure on nutrient uptake and rice yield at Karnataka, India. Uptake (kg/ha) (grain and straw) N 79.2 96.1 75.4 102.3 77.3 80.2 70.1 58.3 ** 9.8 3.2 P 14.0 16.2 14.1 16.8 14.3 10.2 12.2 8.1 Recovery (%) (grain and straw) N 20.9 37.8 17.1 44.0 19.0 29.2 15.7 P 26.8 36.8 27.3 39.5 28.2 9.5 18.6 Grain yield (t/ha) 5.1 5.8 4.9 6.1 5.2 5.0 4.4 2.6 ** 0.5 8.7
Treatment a Azolla at 100 kg N/ha, basal Azolla at 50 kg N/ha + urea in 2 splits at 50 kg N/ha Sunhemp at 100 kg N/ha, basal Sunhemp at 50 kg N/ha + urea in 2 splits at 50 kg N/ha Urea in 3 splits at 100 kg N/ha Sunhemp at 25 kg N/ha + urea at 50 kg N/ha Urea at 75 kg N/ha Control, no N F Test CD (0.01) CV (%)
a
We studied the effects of azolla and sunhemp incorporation with eight treatments in a randomized block design replicated four times during summer 1986. Soil was red sandy loam (Alfisol) with pH 7.4, 1.2% organic matter, 15 kg available Olsens P/ha, and 146 kg available K/ha. Azolla A. pinnata with 4.7% N and 0.3% P, and sunhemp Crotalaria juncea at 2.5% N and 0.2% P were incorporated 3 wk before transplanting.
All treatments received 22 kg P and 41.5 kg K/ha.
Combined green manure and urea to supply equal quantities of recommended N dose yielded
significantly more than urea applied in three splits (see table).
Effect of neem leaf application on nitrogen efficiency in lowland rice

S. R. Santhi ond SP. Palaniappan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 84-1003, India
Table 1. Effect of neem leaf application on NH 4 -N and NO 3 N content of lowland soil. a Coimbatore, India. Treatmentb PU - N50 PU - N75 PU - N100 NCU - N50 NCU - N75 NCU - N100 FNL - N50 FNL - N75 FNL - N100 DNL - N50 DNL - N75 DNL - N100 PL - N50 PL - N75 PL - N100 CD (P = 0.05)
aMean
NH 4 -N (ppm) Wet season 11 12 9 15 13 13 17 14 14 14 13 15 2

b PU
NO 3N (ppm) Wet season 16 12 12 10 11 11 12 11 11 11 14 15 5 Dry season 10 12 12 7 7 9 7 8 8 10 7 7 7 6 5 2
Dry season 8 14 17 13 17 18 12 15 16 13 16 15 11 11 12 2
A field experiment on the Coimbatore lowland farm in 198485 wet (Jun-Sep) and dry (OctFeb) seasons studied the effect of neem Azadirachta indica L. leaf on N efficiency. Short-duration IR50 rice was planted in a clay loam (Typic Haplustalf) with low available N, medium available P, and high available K. We evaluated prilled urea (PU), neem cake-coated urea (20% urea by weight) (NCU), fresh neem leaf (FNL) at 5 t/ha and dry neem leaf (DNL) at 1.25 t/ha, each with 50, 75, and 100 kg N/ha applied basally. Fresh pongam (Pongamia glabra Vent) leaf (PL) at 4 t/ha substituted for FNL in the dry season. All plots received 22 kg P and 42 kg K/ha. The leaves were incorporated in the respective treatment plots 1 wk before planting. Soil samples collected 5, 10, 20, and 30 d after planting were analyzed for + NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N. FNL conserved + more N in the form of NH 4 -N (15 ppm) in wet season (Table 1). Neem + cake conserved appreciable N as NH 4 N (16 ppm) in dry season. PL had little + effect on NH4 -N content (11 ppm) and hence on nitrification rate in the soil. In both seasons, leaf or cake neem plots had lower NO3 -N than untreated urea plots. Neem products probably inhibited nitrifying organisms. FNL produced higher grain yields in both seasons, followed closely by DNL in wet season and PL in dry season
values of 4 soil sample analyses. = prilled urea, NCU = neem cake urea, FNL = fresh neem leaf, DNL = dry neem leaf, PL = pongam leaf. 50, 75, and 100 indicate kilograms N/ha.
Table 2. Neem leaf fertilizer and N recovery, response, and grain yield. Coimbatore, India. Treatment a N recovery percentage Wet PU - N50 PU - N75 PU - N100 NCU - N50 NCU - N75 NCU - N100 FNL - N50 FNL - N75 FNL - N100 DNL - N50 DNL - N75 DNL - N100 PL - N50 PL - N75 PL - N100 Control CD (P = 0.05)
a50,
N response ratio Wet 16 14 15 37 32 31 53 45 37 48 46 29 Dry 14 11 10 29 13 13 42 32 22 30 27 14 38 19 22
Grain yield (t/ha) Wet 4.2 5 .0 5.5 5.5 6.1 6.7 6.3 7.0 7.3 6.1 7.1 6.5 3.7 1.0 Dry 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.6 4.1 4.5 5.3 5.6 5.4 4.7 5.2 4.6 5.1 4.6 5.4 3.2 0.8
Net return ($/ha) Wet 218 312 360 374 420 504 478 555 599 607 572 488 161 167 Dry 163 170 177 265 174 202 362 365 340 248 319 236 316 247 353 83 105
Dry 42 40 32 69 35 30 75 52 48 59 51 38 72 53 52
59 44 32 65 44 38 67 51 47 61 51 41
75, and 100 indicate kilograms N/ha.
(Table 2). In both seasons, FNL recorded higher N recovery and N
response ratio. Neem leaf application also resulted in higher net returns.
Effect of sunlight and temperature on azolla nitrogen requirements Wu Xi-Zhou, Zheng-kou Middle School, Gucheng County, Hebei Province, China
In North China, Azolla (Filicales Lamk) is used as livestock and poultry feed. We have found that Azolla in manure water has different NH4 -N
requirements in winter. In summer, with high temperature and sunlight, Azolla growing in dense stinking pond water is emerald green. But in the greenhouse in winter and in the propagating tent in spring, temperatures are low and sunlight scarce. If NH4 -N in the water is over 4 ppm, Azolla gradually dies. This leads
to failure to propagate in spring and failure to survive over winter. We measured water temperature in the pond at 58 cm deep at 1 day hour and 1 night hour to calculate average temperature. A ZF-2 was used to measure sunlight. NH4-N ppm density was measured on the 2d and last day of spring and winter periods. Changes IRRN 12:1 (February 1987) 29
in Azolla color, multiplication, and death rate were calculated. In summer, when water temperature rose to 28-30 C with 100,000 lux and NH 4 -N was 4-7 ppm, Azolla grew well. When NH 4 -N was above 8 ppm, Azolla died. Azolla needed less NH4 -N at low temperatures and sunlight. In the spring propagating tent and winter greenhouse, Azolla died when NH 4 -N was 4-5 ppm. It grew well when NH 4 N was 0.5-2 ppm in the winter greenhouse and 2-3 ppm in the spring propagating tent.
Growth of azolla at different air temperatures, sunlight hours, and NH4 -N levels in Hebei, China. Place WPH a WPH NTH WPH SPT b SPT SPT SPT SPT SGP c SGP SGP
a
Hours Sunlight 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 10 10 12 12 12
Light force (Lux) 0.05 0.5 0.5 1 1 0.8 0.8 1 2 10 10 10
Av temp (C) 7 15 15 10 15 10 15 20 23 30 30 28
NH4 -N ppm 3-4 4-5 3-4 0.5-1.5 0.5-2 5-7 4-5 5-6 2-3 6-7 8-12 4-6
Azolla condition Slowly died Slowly died Retarded growth Good growth Good growth Died Quickly died Quickly died Good growth Good growth Died Good growth
Winter-passing house. bSpring propagating tent. cSummer growing pond.
Response of rice to Azospirillum inoculation

D. Purushothaman, S. Gunasekaran, and G. Oblisami, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India
Table 1. Effect of Azospirillum seed inoculation on seed germination and vigor index. Coimbatore, India. Azospirillum isolate Germination (%) CO 40 92.0 96.0 94.0 86.0 4.8 IR50 97.0 96.0 92.0 88.0 Vigor Increase index (%) 1140 16.3 1680 71.4 1480 51.0 980 180 1380 27.7 1440 33.3 1260 16.6 1080
Sp. 7 IPI S-3 Untreated control CD (P=0.05) sp. 7 IPI S-3 Untreated control
CD (P=0.05)
3.2
148
We studied the influence of inoculating seed of IR50 and Co 40 rice varieties with three strains of nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azospirillum brasilense: Sp. 7, Brazil; IPI isolated from root tissues of Ipomoea sp., India; and nonnitrogen-fixing A. brasilense mutant S-3, University of Florida, USA. Seeds of IR50 and Co 40 were surface sterilized by soaking in sterile water for 12 h, separately inoculated with broth cultures of the bacterium strains, and dried in the shade. Each seed surface had an average 2.2 10 5 cells of the bacterium. The seeds were germinated at 30C (paper towel method). Vigor index (shoot length + root length % germination) was determined at 5 d. In another experiment, inoculated seeds were sown in pots containing wet field soil. At 30 d after seeding,
seedling weight, root biomass, number of roots, and plant height were recorded. Seed inoculation significantly increased germination and vigor index of both cultivars (Table 1). In general, all three strains of Azospirillum enhanced seedling vigor. Shoot and root development, number of primary and secondary roots formed, and seedling weight increased significantly. Response was higher with IPI (Table 2). Inoculation with S-3 also had positive effects. All three strains produced appreciable amounts of phytohormones in vitro, notably indoleacetic acid and gibberellic acid. This suggests that initial growth responses to inoculation might be due more to the secretion of growthpromoting substances than to biological N fixation.
Table 2. Effect of Azospirillum inoculation on growth of 2 rice varieties.a Coimbatore, India. CO 40 Treatment Shoot length (cm) 16.34 17.26 16.20 11.60 2.27 a a a Root length (cm) 6.20 a 5.80 ab 5.20 b 4.70 c 0.69 Primary roots (no.) 5.80 5.33 5.20 4.30 0.81 a a a Dry wt (mg) of seedling 74.0 ab 80.0 a 68.0 b 60.0 c 6.7 Shoot length (cm) 14.26 bc 18.20 a 19.20 a 12.21 c 2.26 Root length (cm) 5.80 bc 6.48 c 5.40 a 5.00 a 0.76 IR50 Primary roots (no.) 5.60 b 6.90 a 4.20 cd 3.60 d 0.93 Dry wt (mg) of seedling 92.0 112.0 96.0 86.0 10.9 b a b b
Azospirillum (Sp. 7) Azospirillum (IPI) Azospirillum (S-3) Uninoculated control CD (P = 0.05)

aFigures
followed by the same letters are statistically similar.
Pulse crop residue as N source in rice-based cropping system

R. Prasad and SP. Palaniappan, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
Incorporating green leaf manures to maintain soil fertility and to

Table 1. Effect of incorporating pulse residues on succeeding rice crop yields. Coimbatore, India.a Grain Straw Treatment yield yield (t/ha) (t/ha) Green gram stalks incorporated + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Green gram stalks incorporated + no fertilizer Green gram stalks cut + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Green gram stalks cut + no fertilizer Soybean stalks incorporated + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Soybean stalks incorporated + no fertilizer Soybean stalks cut + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Soybean stalks cut + no fertilizer
aData
4.4 3.2 3.8 2.9 4.4 3.8 4.3 3.3
7.4 4.7 6.4 4.1 8.1 5.9 6.9 4.2
economize on fertilizer costs has been a farmer practice. But because costs of collecting and transporting have become major hurdles, the practice is being discontinued. An integrated system of pulses grown for both grain and green manure would help reduce costs and maintain soil fertility. We compared residual N from two pulse crops green gram Co 4 and soybean Co 1 grown with normal fertilization in Jun-Aug preceding a Sep-Jan rice crop. Experimental field soil at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University was clay loam with pH 7.9, low available N, medium available P, and high available K. The rice variety
was Co 43 (135 d). Plot size was 130 m 2. Treatments were pulse crop residues incorporated after harvest, with and without recommended 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha. The trial was not replicated because it studied residual effects of pulse crop residues on rice yield in large plots. Soybean stalks added more residue than green gram did (Table 1). Chemical analysis showed that soybean residue added 52 kg N/ ha and green gram residues, 43 kg N/ha. Returns were highest when soybean stalks were incorporated without fertilizer application to rice (Table 2).
Table 2. Economic return of pulse crop residue incorporated preceding rice. Coimbatore, India. Treatment Green gram stalks incorporated + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Green gram stalks incorporated + no fertilizer Green gram stalks cut + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Green gram stalks cut + no fertilizer Soybean stalks incorporated + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Soybean stalks incorporated + no fertilizer Soybean stalks cut + 100-22-42 kg NPK/ha Soybean stalks cut + no fertilizer Total return ($/ha) 780 553 625 510 798 664 760 562 Net return ($/ha) 475 316 370 275 493 426 454 328 Return/$ invested 2.56 2.33 2.21 2.15 2.6 1 2.80 2.49 2.38
not statistically analyzed.
Fertilizer efficiency with dry placement

M.S. Zia, M. Ashraf, and M.A. Sagar, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan
Productive tillers, weed count, yield and water use under different fertilizer placement methods. a Sadhoke (Sheikhupura), Pakistan. Fertilizer placement Puddled soil (no fertilizer) Incorporation of fertilizer in dry soil Incorporation of fertilizer in puddled soil
a
Weed count 30 DT b (no./m2) 4 5 4
Productive tillers/plant (no.) 9 b 15 a 14 a
Fertilizer Yield Water use c efficiency (t/ha) (mm) (kg yield/kg N) 4.6 c 1575 8.0 a 1725 7.2 b 1950 34 26
Water use efficiency (kg/mm per ha) 2.9 4.6 3.7
We studied the relative efficiency of fertilizer incorporated in dry soil and in puddled soil. Experimental soil was heavy-textured clay loam, pH 8.0. In both treatments, 26 kg P/ha was basally applied. IR6 was the test variety. In dry soil incorporation, the soil was well pulverized and 80 kg N/ha placed in deep furrows. Irrigation water was applied immediately after leveling. Leveling was repeated twice in standing water before transplanting. In puddled soil incorporation, the field was flooded 20 d before transplanting
In a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT. b Days after transplanting. c Excluding rainfall.
and conventionally puddled with 80 kg N/ ha applied before the last plowing and leveling. At panicle initiation, 20 kg N/ ha was applied to both treatments. There was no significant difference in number of productive tillers
between treatments (see table). However, yield was significantly higher with fertilizer incorporated in dry soil. Weed count was slightly higher in dry soil. However, dry soil incorporation used more water.
Response of rainfed rice to nitrogen level and postplanting soil management practices
K. K. Katoch, B. R. Sharma, and V. K. Bhatnagar, Vivekananda Laboratory for Hill Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Almora, Uttar Pradesh 263601, India
Integrated nitrogen management for lowland rice

B. S. Mahapatra, K. C. Sharma, and G. L. Sharma, Agronomy Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital, U. P. 263145 , India
We studied the response of rainfed rice to 0, 20, 40, and 60 kg N/ha under uncompacted interrow soil (C0:1.36 g/cm 3 bulk density) and compacted interrow soil (C: 1.6 g/cm 3 bulk density). Soil was a loamy sand with 0.44% organic C and saturated hydraulic conductivity of 45 mm/h. VRS163-2-3 was sown at 23-cm row spacing on 28 Jun 1985 with 18 kg P and 33 kg K/ha. Compaction was imposed after complete crop emergence. Increasing N levels raised yields in general. Compacting soil to a bulk density of 1.6 g/cm3 raised yields by about 15% (see figure). Straw yields did not differ significantly. Simple linear regression equations ^ (a) Y = 2.19 + 0.014 X (r = 0.98**) ^ for uncompacted soil and (b) Y = 2.50 + 0.017 X ( r = 0.93**) for compacted soil, correlating rice grain yield and N application, show a higher response under soil compaction. That can be attributed to more water retention and less leaching losses in compacted than in uncompacted soils.
An integrated approach or complete substitution of chemical N with bioorganic N sources would help increase lowland rice productivity. We experimented with azolla and Sesbania aculeata alone and in combination with chemical N during the 1982-83 and 1983-84 wet seasons. The loam soil had pH 7.6, 2% organic C, and 0.21% total N. Each treatment received 17 kg P and 33 kg K/ ha. Zn was sprayed at 60 and 90 d after transplanting.
Yields with Azolla incorporation at 45 kg N/ha + 45 kg chemical N/ha, S. aculeata as green manure at 60 kg N/ ha + Azolla inoculation at 30 kg N/ha in 1982-83 and 1983-84, and Azolla inoculation at 30 kg N/ ha + 30 kg chemical N/ ha in 1983-84 equaled yields with prilled urea at 90 kg N/ ha (see table). N uptake showed a similar trend. The lower grain yield in 1983-84 was due to low plant population, dry matter production, and panicle numbers. In 1983-84, low dry matter production resulted in low N uptake. These results suggest that during the wet season, S. aculeata green manuring + Azolla inoculation or Azolla incorporation or inoculation + chemical N can be substituted for chemical N alone.
Yield and N uptake with bio-organics alone or in combination with chemical N. a Pantnagar, India, 1982-83 and 1983-84 wet season. Treatmentb Control S 30 kg N + PU 30 kg N A 30 kg N + PU 30 kg N PU 60 kg N S 45 kg N + PU 45 kg N A 45 kg N + PU 45 kg N PU 90 kg N S 60 kg N + AI 30 kg N USG 30 kg N + AI 30 kg N PU 30 kg N + AI 30 kg N CD at 5%
a Values
Grain yield (t/ha) 1982-83 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.3 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.0 3.5 0.5 d cd d 1983-84 2.5 3.0 3.6 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5 0.6
b
N uptake (kg/ha) 1982-83 47.3 68.2 70.6 64.0 102.5 104.9 96.3 103.7 82.3 69.7 7.4 b b b a a a a b 1983-84 46.3 61.9 71.0 59.0 17.8 78.8 78.5 83.8 79.9 72.8 10.6 cd bc d ab ab ab a ab b
ab ab a ab ab ab ab
c c
a a ab a abc cd
followed by the same letter do not differ significantly. S = Sesbania aculeata green manure, PU = prilled urea, A = Azolla incorporation, AI = Azolla inoculation at 7 d after transplanting (DT), USG = urea supergranules placed at 10-cm depth at 7 DT.
Slow-release urea fertilizers in sodic soils

D.L.N. Rao and S. K. Ghai, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
Yields under varying N levels with and without soil compaction. Almora, India.
Volatilization of applied N is high in sodic soils. We are experimenting with timing and N splits to match the plant needs, slow-release fertilizers, deep placement, and urease inhibitors to improve urea efficiency.
In a field experiment in 1984 wet season, we evaluated the efficiency of prilled urea applied all at once (PUW) prilled urea applied in split doses (PUS), one-half at transplanting, onefourth at 21 d after transplanting (DT) and one-fourth at 42 DT; sulfur-coated urea (SCU), 37.4% N; lac-coated urea (LCU), 30.4% N; and urea 1-g supergranules (USG). All were applied at 120 kg N/ ha. Soil was sodic sandy loam, Calciorthid Natrustalf, pH 8.4, EC
32 IRRN 12:l (February 1987)
0.37 dS/m, 0.6% organic C, 0.06% total N, and 100 kg KMnO4 oxidizable N/ha. Plots were 4 4 m with 3 replications of 6 treatments in a randomized block design. Jaya seedlings were transplanted at 35 d after seeding. Fields were treated with 10 ppm ZnSO4 and 5.4 ppm P as single superphosphate. All urea sources except USG were surface mixed followed by flooding to 5 cm. USG was placed 10 cm deep between 4 hills. Floodwater chemistry (pH, alkalinity, NH 4 -N concentration) was monitored at 1330 h daily for 1 wk. Ammonia volatilization was studied separately on bare soil in pots. Semiopen can traps were calibrated in a pure ammonia system. Because the semi-open cans allow a fair exchange of air and water between the outside and the inside of the traps, an artificial microclimate does not develop inside the trap. SCU did not affect grain yields, LCU decreased yield, and USG increased yield significantly (see table). LCU had no effect on dry matter, SCU and USG increased dry matter. USG significantly enhanced N uptake
Effect of slow-release urea fertilizers on yield and N uptake in a sodic soil. Haryana, India. N source No N Prilled urea Prilled urea split SCU LCU USG b LSD (P = 0.05)
a
Yield (t/ha) Grain 5.4 7.4 7.4 7.3 6.6 8.8 0.5 Straw 3.6 5.9 6.2 7.4 6.4 8.3 0.3 Total 9.0 13.2 13.6 14.6 13.1 17.1 0.8 Grain 52 76 84 86 71 96 12
N uptake (kg/ha) Straw 17 29 31 48 36 49 11 Total 69 105 115 134 107 145 22
N uptake efficiency a (%) 28 35 50 29 59 18
Apparent N uptake efficiency =
N uptake in treatment N uptake in control 100. b1-g granules. N applied
by grains; both SCU and USG enhanced N uptake by straw. SCU and USG significantly increased total N uptake and improved apparent N uptake efficiency. These results are consistent with floodwater chemistry and ammonia volatilization analyses. SCU and USG were most effective in maintaining low ammoniacal N concentration and alkalinity; PUW, PUS, and LCU were ineffective (see figure). SCU and USG reduced ammonia volatilization losses from prilled urea. Slow-release urea fertilizers like SCU and USG promise to improve fertilizer N efficiency in sodic soils.
Dynamics of ammoniacal N in floodwater of a sodic soil following 120 kg N/ha applied as PUW or as PUS and slow-release and SCU and LCU. USG were deep placed at 10 cm.
Influence of organic amendments and oils on ammonia volatilization in flooded rice

G. R. Singh and T. A. Singh, Soil Science Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Nainital, U. P. 263145, India
Jaya rice was transplanted at 23 d after seeding at 4 seedlings/ pot. At 5 d after transplanting, coated or uncoated urea was broadcast and incorporated and 1-g urea supergranules (USG) were deep placed 5 cm at the center of 4 hills. Treatments were replicated
twice. A cylindrical frame covered with a heavy-duty polythene bag was immediately placed on each pot and sealed. A petri dish filled with standard H2SO4 hung inside the frame. The petri dish was emptied every 4 d, the contents distilled for NH3 by
We measured NH 3 volatilization loss from urea with amendments and oils in flooded conditions in a greenhouse study. Soil was Beni silty clay loam, Aquic Hapludoll with 7.2 pH, 1.5% organic C, 24 meq/ 100 g of soil CEC, 24% free CaCO3, and percolation rate of 14 mm/d. Pots were filled with 16 kg soil amended with 50 ppm of pbenzoquinone (PBQ) and catechol (Cate) and 50 g plant residue babul Acacia arabica, khair Acacia catechue, and inknut Terminalia chebula.
N loss through NH3 volatilization in flooded rice. Pantnagar (U.P.), India. Treatmenta loss Urea USG deep placed Linseed oil-coated urea Neem oil-coated urea Urea + p-benzoquinone Urea + catechol Urea + Acacia arabica Urea + Acacia catechol Urea + Terminalia chebula
a Each
N loss (%) 0-4 d 4.2 0.4 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.6 4.9 4.3 4.4 4-8 d 4.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.0 1.3 6.6 4.6 5.7 8-12 d 12-16 d 4.7 2.6 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.5 7.7 5.2 6.2 2.9 0.9 3.0 2.9 1.6 1.7 5.0 4.1 4.8 16-20 d 20-24 d 24-28 d 0.9 0.9 2.6 2.6 1.8 1.9 3.0 2.3 3.0 0.8 0.8 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Cumulative (%) in 28 d 18 8 12 12 8 9 29 21 26
treatment received 2.0 g urea.
microkjeldahl method, and ammonia volatilization estimated. Ammonia volatilization losses in the
first 4 d after fertilizer application were highest with Acacia arabica and lowest with deep placed USG (see table).
Ammonia volatilization was higher with plant residues (more than 20%) than with urea.
Effect of sowing time and planting method on rice yield per day N. Acikgz, Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agronomy Department, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
Effect of sowing time and planting method on yield. Izmir, Turkey, 1975-77. a 21 May Duration (d) 127 120 124
a
4 Jun Yield Duration (d) 140 117 115 Yield t/ha kg/d 40.0 37.6 49.6 Duration (d) 130 112 111
20 Jun Yield t/ha 5.1 4.4 5.1 kg/d 39.2 39.3 45.9
t/ha 5.1 4.5 5.7
kg/d 40.2 37.5 46.0
A 3-yr study (1975-77) evaluated the effect of sowing time and method on rice (Ribe) productivity per day. Main plots were early, normal, and late sowing; subplots were planting methods, transplanting, broadcasting, and drilling. Subplots were 40 m2. In general, yield decreased with
Transplanting 5.6 Drilling 4.4 Broadcasting 5.7
Duration = day from sowing or transplanting to harvest. LSD at 5%: yield = 0.45, duration = 2.3, yield per day = 6.10.
delayed sowing (see table). Yields were higher with early season broadcasting
and lower with drilling in all sowing times.
Efficacy of Azospirillum brasilense in increasing rice yield G. Gopalaswamy and P. Vidhyasekaran, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai 612101, India
Grain and straw yield response to A. brasilense inoculation. Aduthurai, India. Dose of Grain yield (t/ha) nitrogenous fertilizer Without With (kg N/ha) A. brasilense A. brasilense 0 3.1 25 3.5 50 4.1 75 3.6 100 4.3 CD (0.05)
a*
% increase a
Straw yield (t/ha) Without A. brasilense 4.5 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.8 With A. brasilense 5.9 6.5 1.6 8.3 7.7
% increase a
Azospirillum brasilense Tarrand et al. colonizes rice roots and fixes atmospheric N in soil. Its efficacy depends on the pre-inoculum soil N status. We studied the effect of A. brasilense in the field at different N (urea) application levels. Peat-based A. brasilense inoculum mixed with well-powdered farmyard manure (2 kg inoculum + 15 kg farmyard manure/ ha) was uniformly
0.2
3.1 3.8 4.4 4.4 4.1
0 ns 9* 7* 22* ns
31* 8 ns 27* 41* 13*
= significant difference, ns = not significant.
broadcast in the field after urea application. Roots of ADT36 seedlings were soaked in 1 kg A. brasilense/ 400 liters water solution for 20 min before transplanting.
Inoculation increased grain and straw yield over urea alone, particularly at 75 kg N/ha (see table).
Phosphate sources for lowland rice S. K. Sahu, Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Department, College of Agriculture, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
We compared the efficiency of seven phosphate sources in a randomized block design replicated three times
during 1980 and 1981 wet seasons. The soil was clay loam (Typic Aquept) with pH 5.6, 0.65% organic C, and 9 kg Olsens P/ ha. Phosphate sources were single superphosphate (6.9% P), Mussorie rock phosphate (9.5% P), mixture of single superphosphate and Mussorie rock phosphate at 3:1 and 1:1 P, urea ammonium phosphate (28-12-0 NPK), diammonium phosphate (18-20.6-0
NPK), and seedling root dip phosphate slurry prepared with single superphosphate, soil, water, and fresh cow dung at 1:2:3:1. We used 8.6 kg P/ ha for the phosphate slurry and 17.8 kg P/ ha for soil application. Pankaj was planted with 60-17.8-25 kg NPK/ha. Single superphosphate and Mussorie rock phosphate at 1:1 gave better yields than 5 other treatments
and equaled 100% single superphosphate at 3:1 urea ammonium phosphate (see table). Mussorie rock phosphate and phosphate slurry were inefficient. Single superphosphate, single superphosphate and Mussorie rock phosphate at 1:1 and urea ammonium phosphate were superior for grain P uptake. Full Mussorie rock phosphate and phosphate slurry contributed less P to the grain.
Effect of P sources on rice yield and P uptake. Bhubaneswar, India. Yield (t/ha) 1980 1981 3.0 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.4 0.4 3.7 3.2 3.6 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.9 0.2 P content (%) 1980 1981 0.36 0.29 0.31 0.35 0.36 0.33 0.29 0.24 0.37 0.32 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.29 P uptake (kg/ha) 1980 1981 10.8 7.5 8.4 10.5 10.8 9.6 8.1 5.7 13.7 10.2 11.9 14.8 12.9 11.9 8.7 8.4
Treatment Single superphosphate 100% Mussorie rock phosphate 100% Single superphosphate 75% + Mussorie rock phosphate 25% Single superphosphate 50% + Mussorie rock phosphate 50% Urea ammonium phosphate Diammonium phosphate Phosphate slurry Control (60, 0, 30 kg NPK/ha) CD at 5%
0.001 0.002
Rice-Based Cropping Systems

Irrigated rice-based cropping strategies in coastal Maharashtra
B. P. Patil, V.N. Khade, S.A. Khanvilkar, and J. H. Dongale, Central Experiment Station, Irragation Research Scheme Wakawali 415711, Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India
Grain yield and net returns of the postrice dry season crops, by sowing date. Maharashtra, India, 198385. Cropa Sorghum (120-60-60) Wheat (100-50-50) Green gram (25-50-0) Cowpea (25-50-0) Black gram (25-50-0) Pigeonpea (25-50-0) Groundnut (25-50-0) Sunflower (50-30-0) Soybean (25-50-0) Niger (25-25-0) Sesamum (25-25-0) Mean
a
Grain yield (t/ha) 15 Dec 3.27 1.96 0.76 3.25 0.96 14.8 3.09 1.79 0.56 0.81 0.55 5 Jan 2.41 2.03 0.42 2.45 0.53 1.56 2.99 1.67 0.37 0.34 0.64
Net return ($/ha) 15 Dec 290.18 251.67 64.38 717.29 110.66 243.03 454.82 317.30 60.61 83.57 78.34 231.87 5 Jan 209.87 269.02 26.97 578.59 3.56 266.22 426.84 273.91 92.29 50.37 115.89 178.83
Most ricefields in coastal Maharashtra remain fallow following one monsoon (Jun-Oct) crop. However, a growing number of medium and small irrigation projects are enabling dry season cropping. Because irrigation water usually is released from mid-Dec to early Jan, we evaluated irrigated crops at 2 planting times, 15 Dec and 5 Jan, in 1983-84 and 1984-85. Soil was medium black. clayey with 6.3 pH, 0.65% organic C, 28.85 kg available P2O5/ha, and 190.0 kg available K2O/ha. The rice crop (Jaya) transplanted in early Jul and fertilized
Figures in parentheses indicate kg NPK/ha.
with 100-50-50 kg NPK/ha yielded 4 t/ ha. The postrice crops were harvested from mid-Mar to late Apr. In general, early sowing was more profitable than late sowing (see table).
Cowpea sown on 15 Dec had the highest net return ($717.29/ha). Planting date of wheat. pigeonpea, groundnut, sunflower, and sesamum did not affect net return.
Announcements
An inside look at the Green Revolution
International agricultural research efforts are providing an extra 50 million tons of grain to the worlds poorest countries enough food to feed almost 500 million people.
according to a new book by Warren Baum. The author, a former chairman of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) an international consortium of 34 donors that collectively supports food crop
research in developing countries says that food crop varieties developed at the CGIARs 13 international agricultural research centers have dramatically transformed agriculture in developing countries: Mass starvation. particularly in Asia, has been averted by greater production

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol12 No.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

GENETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS

PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Guidelines and Style for IRRN Contributors

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Location Bhubaneswar Chiplima Joshipur Berhampur Overall average

Table 2. Grain yield of Subhadra in the northeastern hill regions, India.

Location Meghalaya Manipur Sikkim

T P S 1 a short-duration red rice in Tamil Nadu

IR22/Usha Resistant IR22/W1263 Resistant

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Dormancy in some early and medium duration varieties

5 DH b 1985 87 95 75 79 76 56 56 18 1984 99 100 91 90 85 98 99 30

10 DH 1985 100 100 97 92 88 84 95 46

20 DH 1984 100 99 100 97 98 88 1985 100 100 97 100 96 100 88

110 123 106 110 129 135 139 149

= days after harvest.b 80% germination.

IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

10 20 10 DAS DAS DAS Partially filled Average Good Very good 36 59 68 95 91 93 94 95 15 21 30 48

20 10 DAS DAS 89 89 89 90 8.0 8.5 9.6 9.8

a Av of 3 replications. DAS = days after sowing.

for consumption, rather than for seed.

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

TKM9/Co 29 Co 29/TKM9 TKM9/IR36 IR36/TKM9 TKM9/IR50 IR50/TKM9

a By SES. b Significant at 5% (*) and 1% (**) levels.

6 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Tolerance of Sitopas crosses for ragged stunt virus (RSV)

Sources of resistance to sheath rot (ShR)

IRRN 12:l (February 1987)

8 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 12:1 (February 1987) 9

BG367-3 IR36 IR50 TKM9 ADT36 PY3 TN1 (susceptible check)

115 120 115 115 115 115 125

the Standard evaluation system for rice. 1-9 scale.

IR60 were moderately resistant to all three species.

10 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Reaction of eight rices to gall midge (GM)

22.3 bc 24.6 c 27.3 c

planting (DT). GM damage at 30 DT ranged from 3.6% on ACM8 to 27.3% on ACM2

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 12:l (February 1987) 11

31-40% TNAU801103 IR64 TKM9 IR50 TNAU83134

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

12 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Cytosterile Zhen Shan 97A

Effective maintainers 5-10% <5% ADT31 PY2 Co 13 Kanchi

IR9698 IR19053 IET5103 IR19058 IR9715 IET13267

Recurrent selection in rice

IRRN 12:l (February 1987) 13

allogamous species Oryza longistaminata is being introduced in these populations.

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 12:1 (February 1987) 15

Pest Control and Management

= resistant, MR = moderately resistant, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, HS = highly susceptible.

16 IRRN 12:1 (February 1987)

Controlling sheath rot (ShR) in rice

Pseudomonas fluorescens suppresses development of bacterial blight (BB) symptoms