International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.11 No.1

Contents
GEU EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

Overall progress 3 White ponni rice in Tamil Nadu 3 NLR9672 and NLR9674 released for cultivation in southern Andhra Pradesh 4 New rice varieties derived from BG90-2 5 HKR120, a promising new rice
Disease resistance
5 6 6 6 7 7
Disease-resistant IRRI varieties in Tamil Nadu Sheath blight (ShB) damage to seven rices Reaction of IRRI and Tamil Nadu rices to yellowing syndrome Screening for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) Reactions of IRRI rices to rice diseases in Tamil Nadu
18 A new rice disease in Manipur, India 18 Reaction of green leafhopper (GLH)-resistant varieties to rice tungro virus (RTV) complex 19 Rice gall dwarf virus (GDV) outbreak in West Guangdong Province, China 19 Breakdown of Xa 4 gene for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) at Pantnagar, India 20 Effect of bulky organic manures on sheath blight (ShB) 20 Maize a new host of rice gall dwarf virus (GDV) 21 Rice diseases on the Godavari Delta 21 BR3 reaction to multiple disease infection 22 Sheath blight (ShB) control 23 Influence of sheath blight (ShB) on agronomic traits at different N levels 23 Effect of inoculum age on transmission of rice gall dwarf virus (GDV) Other pests 23 Estimating rat damage in deep water rice 24 Traditional pest control practices in West Africa 25 Burrowing pattern of bandicoot rats in deep water rice fields 25 Bandicoot rat damage in deep water rice fields
Insect resistance
8 9
Resistance of Nephotettix virescens gene sources to Asian N. virescens populations Field evaluation of rices for whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and leaffolder (LF) resistance Varietal screening for leafhopper and planthopper resistance at Varanasi, India
SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

26 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 Sources and methods of N application for drilled, rainfed lowland rice Effect of nursery bed nutrient management and seed treatment on rice grain yield Yield response of IR36 and IR42 to N application under nonsubmerged conditions Ratoon crop performance of three rices Regulating K+ and Na + in two rice varieties grown in sodic soils Nitrogen use efficiency in relation to seedling age and transplanting time Herbicides reduce azolla growth Effect of soil amendments on summer growth and survival of Azolla pinnata Some physiological studies on rice grown on manganese-deficient soil The Na-K ratio as index of salt stress in rice cultures Azolla as a substitute for N fertilizer in rice cultivation Effect of phosphorus on kharif rice Storing Azolla pinnata inoculum for transport
Agronomic characteristics 10 Performance of IR64 at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI) Deep water 10 Elongation ability of deep water rice at two nitrogen levels
PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Insects 11 Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) outbreak in Haryana, India 11 Need-based control of yellow stem borer (YSB) 12 Virulence of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) populations in South and Southeast Asia: report of a collaborative project 13 A carbon dioxide-cone (CO 2 NE) sampler for arthropods in flooded rice 14 Brown shield bug attack on rice 14 Rice hispa in Burdwan, West Bengal 15 Virulence of green leafhopper (GLH) colonies from Luzon, Philippines, on IR36 and IR42 15 Influence of planting time and rainfall on gall midge (GM) incidence and rice yield in Goa, India 16 Oviposition of rice whorl maggot (RWM) in wet seedbeds Diseases 17 Spread of rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in Bicol, Philippines
ANNOUNCEMENTS
32 32 Chang honored Yuan Longping receives World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) gold medal 32 New IRRI publications
Guidelines and Style for IRRN Contributors

Articles for publication in the International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) should observe the following guidelines and style. Guidelines Contributions should not exceed two pages of double-spaced typewritten text. Two figures (graphs, tables, or photos) may accompany each article. The editor will return articles that exceed space limitations. Contributions should be based on results of research on rice or on cropping patterns involving rice. Appropriate statistical analyses should be done. Announcements of the release of new rice varieties are encouraged. Pest survey data should be quantified. Give infection percentage, degree of severity, etc. Style
Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

OVERALL PROGRESS
White Ponni rice in Tamil Nadu
P. Vivekanandan, J. Venkatakrishnan, K. Nilakantapillai, R. Swaminathan, and D.S. Aaron, Paddy Experiment Station (PES), Tirur 602025, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India White Ponni was introduced in India from Malaysia. It is a tall indica from Taichung 65 Mayung Ebos 80 and matures in 135 d. It has medium-slender white grains with good cooking quality. White Ponni is popular for transplanting and direct seeding in Tamil Nadu. We compared it and other popular varieties at PES in samba (JulAug to Nov-Dec) and late samba (Sep-
For measurements, use the International System. Avoid national units of measure (cavan, rai, etc.). Abbreviate names of standard units of measure when they follow a number. For example: 20 kg/ha, 2 h/d. Express yield data in tonnes per hectare (t/ ha). With small-scale studies, use grams per pot (g/pot) or g/row. Express time, money, and common measures in number, even when the amount is less than 10. For example: 8 min, $2, 3 kg/ha, 2-wk intervals. Write out numbers below 10 except in a series containing 10 or higher numbers. For example: six parts, seven tractors, four varieties. But There were 4 plots in India, 8 in Thailand, and 12 in Indonesia. Write out numbers that start sentences. For example: Sixty insects were put in each cage. Seventy-five percent of the yield increase is attributed to fertilizer. Place the name or denotation of chemicals or other measured materials near the unit of measure. For example: 60 kg N/ha, not 60 kg/ ha N; 200 kg seed/ ha, not 200 kg/ ha seed. Use common names not trade names for chemicals. The US$ is the standard monetary unit in the IRRN. Data in other currencies should be converted to US$. When using acronyms, spell each out at first mention and put the specific acronym in parentheses. After that, use the acronym throughout the paper. For example: The brown planthopper (BPH) is a well-known insect pest of rice. Three BPH biotypes have been observed in Asia. Abbreviate names of months to three letters: Jun, Apr, Sep. Define in the footnote or legend any nonstandard abbreviations or symbols used in a table or figure. Do not cite references or include a bibliography.
Oct to Jan-Feb). For direct-seeding trials, seeds were sown when rains began and the fields later were flooded (see table). The crop received 10 t of farmyard manure/ha and 50 kg N/ha was topdressed in equal splits 30 and 45 d after seeding. Transplanted trials with tall indicas received a basal 15-14 kg PK/ha, and 52 kg N ha was topdressed in equal splits 20 and 40 d after transplanting. Semidwarfs received a basal dose of 2242 kg PK/ha and 100 kg N/ha was applied in 4 equal splits at 10-d intervals after transplanting. White Ponni yielded highest under all conditions (see table).
Performance of White Ponni under transplanted and direct-seeded conditions, Tamil Nadu, India. Samba 1984-85 Variety Parentage Days to flowering 100 105 100 93 98 116 93 99 98
a
Late Samba 1984-85 Days to flowering Yield (t/ha) 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.9 3.0 3.8
Yield (t/ha)
White Ponni Paiyur 1 PY 1 Ponni Co 43 IR20 White Ponni Bam3 Co 31 IR20

a Sown
TG65/ME80 IR1721-14/IR1330-3-3-2 Ponni/IR8 TC65/ME80 Dasal/IR20 IR262ITKM6 TG65/ME80 Bayyahunda-Pureline GEB24/O. perennis IR262/TKM6
Transplanted 3.1 100 3.0 103 2.5 103 105 2.4 100 2.4 98 Direct-seeded 2.2 1.2 1.5 0.2
c
c 14 Aug, planted 8 Sep 1984, b Sown 17 Oct, planted 23 Nov 1984. Sown 21 Sep 1984.
NLR9672 and NLR9674 released for cultivation in southern Andhra Pradesh G. V. Reddy, D. V. S. R. Rao, K. J. Reddy K. S. Narayana, and G. V. Rao, Agricultural Research Station (A RS), Nellore 524004, India
NLR9672 and NLR9674, developed at ARS, are high yielding semidwarf rices that were released as Kotha Molagolukulu for cultivation in wet
season in Nellore, Prakasam, and parts of Cuddapah and Chittoor. Both are from the cross of Bulk H/9 and Milekkunning. Bulk H/9 is a selection from local Pedda Molagolukulu and has good grain quality. Milekkunning is a Malaysian variety with blast (Bl) resistance. NLR9672 matures in 160-170 d and NLR9674 in 170-180 d. They are weakly photoperiod-sensitive. NLR9674 has a droopy flag leaf, and NLR9672 has an erect flag leaf. They have good tillering
IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)
ability and produce many grains per panicle (Table I). Both varieties have grain type similar to that of Molagolukulu, which is locally preferred. Grains are short and bold with white, translucent kernels and have excellent cooking and keeping qualities. Seed dormancy also is desirable. Both the varieties perform well, even if 60-dold seedlings are planted late in wet season. NLR9672 is moderately resistant to B1 and bacterial blight, and NLR9674 is B1 resistant. In five yield trials from 1970 to 1974 (Aug-Sep to Jan), NLR9672 followed by NLR9674 yielded significantly higher than Bulk H/9. In 1975 minikit trials at 20 sites in Nellore. NLR9672 yielded an average 17% and NLR9674 10% higher than Bulk H/9 (Table 2). NLR9672 is grown on 250,000 ha and NLR9674 is on 200,000 ha in Nellore
New varieties derived from BG96-2 C.S. Ying, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou; H. Jiang, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and D. B. Fei, Jiangpu County Institute Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
Table 1. Agronomic traits of NLR9672 and NLR9674 at Nellore, India. Variety Duration (d) 160 170 180 Plant ht (cm) 100 104 150 Panicles/m 2 Grains/ panicle 339 326 192 1,000-grain wt (g) 23.5 22.5 22.0
NLR9672 NLR9674 BulkH/9
248 269 198
Table 2. Grain yields of NLR9672 and NLR9674 at Nellore, India. Grain yield (t/ha) Variety NLR9672 NLR9674 BulkH/9 CD P = 0.05
a
1970 5.4 5.2 3.8 0.5
1971 5.7 5.7 5.4 0.2
1972 6.1 5.9 5.3 0.5
1973 3.8 3.5 3.1 0.3
1974 4.4 4.1 3.3 0.5
Mean 5.1 4.9 4.2
1975 minikit triala 4.0 3.7 3.3
Mean of 20 locations.
and Prakasam and parts of Guntur, Cuddapah, and Chittoor. morphoagronomic characters and high resistance to bacterial blight (RH). Its growth duration exceeds 150 d. however, which makes it difficult to grow after wheat. Several promising varieties or lines have been developed from BG90-2. B-xuan 1 and B-fu 1 were selected from BG90-2 by the Jiangpu County Institute of Agricultural Sciences in 1979; 910 and Yang-dao 1 were developed by the Yangzhou District Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou. Jungsu Province, in 1980. B-xuan 1, 910. and Yang-dao 1 were derived from BG90-2 as pureline selections, but B-fu 1 was developed by irradiating BG90-2 seeds with Co 60 gamma rays. The new varieties and lines have shorter growth duration than BG90-2 and good characters (see table). They have been widely planted in Honan, Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu Provinces. By 1984 they had covered 400,000ha.
BG90-2 was developed in Sri Lanka. Introduced in China in 1976, it was released in Nanjing as a midseason variety in 1979 because it has excellent
Characteristics of varieties derived from BG90-2, Nanjing, China. Height (cm) 107 100 91 106 113 Seeding to full heading (d) 102 103 97 95 115 Growth duration (d) 136 137 129 126 154 Panicle length (m) 28 28 24 26 26 Grains/ panicle (no.) 131 136 132 111 161 Fertile grains/ panicle (no.) 102 100 116 98 128 Sterility (%) 22 27 13 12 20 1,000seed wt (g) 30 29 25 36 27 Grain yield (t/ha) 8.8 8.6 7.7 7.6 8.2 Reaction to BB R R S R R
a
Variety
B-xuan 1 910 Yang-dao 1 B-fu 1 BG90-2 (parent)

a
R = resistant, S = susceptible.
The International Rice Research Newsletter (IRRN) invites all scientists to contribute concise summaries of significant rice research for publication. Contributions should be limited to one or two pages and no more than two short tables, figures, or photographs. Contributions are subject to editing and abridgment to meet space limitations. Authors will be identified by name, title, and research organization.
4 IRRN 11 :1 (February 1986)
HKR120, a promising new rice

R. Pal, A. Singh, and D. V. S. Panwar, Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station (HAURRS), Kaul 132021, Kurukshetra, India
HKR120 is a promising, mediumduration (140-145 d) semidwarf

Performance of HKR120 in Haryana, India. Variety HKRl20 PR106 Jaya CD at 5% CV %
a
developed from Ptb 33/4*IR3403-267-1 at IRRI. Tested in the 1981 International Rice Observational Nursery, it showed good phenotypic acceptability. Under evaluation at HAURRS in 1982-84, it yielded more and had better tillering capacity than the checks PR106 and Jaya. It has yield
stability (see table) because it is resistant to bacterial blight (BB) and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH), which are major pests in Haryana. Its grains are long, slender, translucent, and have no white belly. Quality is as good as that of PR106.
Av yield (t/ha) 1982-84 6.5 6.1 6.0 0.5 5.4
Duration (d) 146 148 147 0.7 7.5
Panicles/ m2 296 313 298 0.3 3.9
Milling (%) 67 67 71
Length: Width 3.43 3.25 2.86
Kernel elongation (mm) 1.98 1.98 1.76
Cooking quality Good Good Fair
BBa (0-9 scale) 3 7 7
WBPH b (0-5 scale) 0.7 3 4.0 4.5
Rating c R S S
Based on the Standard evaluation system for rice. b Based on Kalode et a1 1975. c R = resistant, S = susceptible.

DISEASE RESISTANCE
Disease-resistant IRRI varieties in Tamil Nadu V. Mariappan and S. Chelliah, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai 612101, Tamil Nadu, India; and G. S. Khush IRRI
Disease resistance of IRRI varieties in Tamil Nadu, India. Disease infection Variety RTV(%) Leaf Bl Neck Bl ShR (%) (%) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 40 58 45 0 0 3 3 3 1 1 5 3 1 3 3 3 1 3 1 0 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 BS BLB G1D (0-9) (0-9) (%) 0 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 0 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 Stray 3 9 3 5 3
Glasshouse Field Greenhouse Field (0-9) (%) IR9179-209-2-2-2-3 IR13423-10-2-3 IR13429-299-2-1-3-1 (IR60) IR1 7494-32-1-1-3-2 IR18349-53-1-3-1-3 IR24632-34-2 IR31802-48-2-2-2 IR32307-10-2-1-1 IR32385-37-3-3-3 IR32429-47-3-2 IR32429-68-3-3-3 IRl3423-17-1-2-1 IR13927-40-2-3-3-3-3 IR28143-66-3-3-2 IR31851-63-1-2-3-2 IR31868-64-2-3-3-3 IR29725-3-1-3-2 IR54 IR58 IR50 Co33 TKM9 ADT36 IR20 8 0 4 16 0 14 8 10 24 19 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 62 65 70 48 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.9 0 0 57.6 60.0 58.5 45.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 5 7 5 3 0 0 7 7 7 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 37 60 3 5 0 0 50 62 53 6 4
Between 1982 and 1984, blast (B1) and tungro virus (RTV) caused serious yield losses in Tamil Nadu. Commonly grown TKM9 and IR50 were susceptible to B1 and ADT31, ADT36, TKM9, and IR20, to RTV. We evaluated 37 IRRI rices for disease resistance at TNRRl in 1984-85 kuruvai (Jun planted) and thaladi (Sep planted). For RTV screening in the glasshouse, 1 viruliferous green leafhopper that had fed for 4 d on RTV-infected plants was placed on each 10-d-old seedling for 2 d. For Bl screening in the greenhouse, 15d-old seedlings were spray-inoculated with a conidial suspension (20,000 cells/ml) of the Bl fungus and kept in polythene tents in high humidity for 24 h before and after spraying. The varieties were also field-screened under natural conditions with 100 kg applied N/ha. Disease incidence was scored by
0 Stray 0 5 5 10 10 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 2 9 0 5 0 5 10 5 5 2
the Standard evaluation system for rice 0-9 scale (see table). Only RTV was present in kuruvai. In thaladi, RTV, B1, sheath rot (ShR),
brown spot (BS), bacterial leaf blight (BLB), and grain discoloration (G1D) were common. Evaluation of these selections will continue in 1985.
Sheath blight (ShB) damage to seven rices

C.P. D. Rajan, assistant plant pathologist, Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru; and V. D. Naidu, assistant plant pathologist, Agricultural Research Station. Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
Yield losses caused by ShB in 198283 rabi in Maruteru, India. Variety Percentage disease index Filled grains (%) Healthy 92 92 92 86 84 89 91 89 Diseased 80 87 71 71 75 76 74 76 Grain yield (t/ha) Healthy 5.1 6.0 6.9 7.8 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.2 4.4 11.9 Diseased 4.2 5.4 4.2 5.3 5.1 4.5 4.2 4.7 Yield loss (%) 18 10 39 33 15 21 30 24
ShB caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn [ Thanetophorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk.] causes major yield losses on the Godavari Delta in Andhra Pradesh. We evaluated seven rices (see table) for ShB resistance in 1982-83 rabi. Rice was planted at 15- 15-cm spacing in 3.00- 4.05-m plots in a split-plot design with 3 replications. All treatments received 120-30-30 kg NPK/ ha. Plants in the disease treatment were inoculated at panicle initiation with ShB-infected leaf bits.
BPT1235 65 IET1444 46 IR50 61 IR36 72 RP4-14 52 MTU6182 43 RGL 2624 72 Mean 49 CD V 15 (P: 0.05%) H D CV % 14.2
2.8 1.7 3.3
RGL 2624 had highest percentage disease index (PDI) (see table). ShB caused significant yield losses in all varieties. Yield loss was highest in IR50, followed by IR36 and RGL 2624. Yield loss was primarily due to a significant reduction in filled grains. moderately resistant, 5 = moderately susceptible, 7 = susceptible, and 9 = highly susceptible (100% yellowing, drying, and severe stunting). Medium-duration IR32, IR34, IK42, IR54, and IR56 and short-duration IR36 and IR50 were resistant (score 1 3). Medium-duration IR25, 1K38, IK44. and IR45, and short-duration IR36 and lR50 were moderately susceptible (score 5). Medium-duration IR5, IR8, IR20, IR24, IR26, IR40, IR43, IR46, and IR48 were highly susceptible. Long-duration ADT1, ADT2, ADT5, Screening for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) D. Singh, A. Singh, and S. Sunder, Rice Research Station (RRS), Kaul, Kurukshetra 132021, India BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae is a major rice disease in Haryana. We evaluated 280 lines for BB resistance at Haryana Agricultural University RRS in 198384 kharif. Each line was planted in two 5-mlong rows in 2 replications. Plants were inoculated 45 d after transplanting by cutting 5 cm of the upper leaves with a sickle dipped in inoculum prepared by
PDI was correlated positively with yield loss (r = 0.5606) and negatively with percentage of filled grains ( r = 0.5236), which was negatively correlated with percentage yield loss ( r = 0.5148).
Reaction of IRRI and Tamil Nadu rices to yellowing syndrome

M. Subramanian, A. P.M. K. Sundararaj, and V. Sivasubramanian. Tamil ,Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai 612101,India
Scattered leaf yellowing was noticed in rice in the Tamil Nadu delta zone in 1984 kuruvai (Jun-Jul to Sep-Oct). All local varieties, including ADT31, ADT36, and TKM9, were affected, but recovered greenness within 10 d when sprayed with 3% diammonium phosphate. Yield did not seem to be affected. Leaf yellowing was more severe in thaladi (SepOct to JanFeb) and samba (JulAug to JanFeb). IR20 yielded nothing. Ponni, White Ponni, and Paiyur 1 survived but yielded low. Leaf yellowing seems to be caused by a complex set of factors and therefore is called yellowing syndrome. We evaluated 18 medium- and 2 short-duration IRRI varieties and 14 long- and 7 medium-duration Tamil Nadu varieties for field reaction to yellowing syndrome in SepOct 1984. Leaf yellowing incidence was 100% in susceptible lines and check variety IR20. Varieties were scored as follows: 0 = highly resistant, 1 = resistant, 3 =
ADT10, and ADT13 and mediumduration White Ponni were highly resistant (score 1). Long-duration ADT22, ADT25, and CR1009 (Ponmani or Savithiri), and mediumduration Paiyur 1 and Pondicherry 1 scored 3. Long-duration ADT6, ADT8, and ADT24. and medium-duration ADT35 and Co 43 were moderately susceptible. Long-duration ADT7, ADT11. and ADT21 and mediumduration Co 36 were highly susceptible (79). Unreleased medium-duration AD9408 scored 35. soaking small pieces of natural1y infected leaves in water for 20 min. The Standard evaluation system for rice was used to score reaction. Entries with a resistance score of 1 were BAM-10, BG90-2, W1263, 1R2055481-24-2, RP632-94-1-2-1-7, RP633-C, CR129-18, RP2151-173-1, RP2151-40-1, RP2151-4-21-1, RP2151-33-4, RP215133-2, RP2151-21-1, CR319-644, RP1575-143-823-1, RP2151-173-1-8, RP2151-224-4, RP2151-200, RP215140-1, IET4141, UPR82-1-7, M.S.S., Wase Aikoku 3, Kogyoku, and DV85. Entries with a resistance score of 3 were Lastroval, Sigadis, T-201902, IET4135, AC1613, B459-PN-4-5-6-1,
6 IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)
BKN681-9-33-3-21-3, KNth 361-1-8-6, BR51-245-1, BR51-331-4, BR52-90-2, Pusa 2-33, Tea-1-P 2 -5-2, B-4-90-2, IR577-24-1-1-5, IR578-111-2-2, IR41154-357-2-3-2, IR1544-238-2-3, Reactions of IRRI rices to rice diseases in Tamil Nadu
M. Subramanian, A. P.M. K. Sundararaj, and V. Sivasubramanian, Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI), Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu 612101, India
IR1550-8, IR2053-362-1-4-4, IR2053-375-1-1-5, IR2060-213-2-17, IR2061-464-2-4-4-6, IR2061-522-6-9, IR2070-414-39, IR2070-423-2-5-6, IR2071-527-3-1-5, IR50, IR52, PR107,
BJ-1, FH663, CR44-1018, CR75-93, CR167-10, CR164-12, CR316-639, HAU5-9-1, HAU5-101-1, RP5-32, RP291-74, UPR173-23, UPR82-1-7, and UPR173-1-8.
Reaction of IRYN rices to some important diseases in Tamil Nadu, India. a YS BG379-2 BR153-2B-10-1-3 BR40-300-2-1 BW295-4 BR-IRGA-409 IR18349-22-1-2-1-1 IR19672-140-2-3-2-2 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 IR21848-65-3-2-2 IR22082-41-2 IR24637-38-2-2-1 IR25587-133-3-2-2-2 IR25603-20-2-1-3-2 IR25604-99-1-3-2-2 IR27316-96-3-2-2 IR27325-63-2-2 IR28118-138-2-3 IR28150-84-3-3-2 IR329723-143-3-2-1 IR31917-31-3-2 IR4744-295-2-3 RAU2004-669-2-13 (BIET2004) RNR74229 RNR74802 RTN16-2-1-1-1 SI-PI 692106 UPR254-85-1-TCA 3 X.3-D.T. IR42 Co 43 (local check)
aScored b y
H 3 7 3 3 7 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 5 3
BB 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 1
ShB 5 3 3 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 5 3 3 7 7 3 3 7 5 5 5 3
GlD 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 3 5 5 3
In 1984 thaladi (Sep-Oct to Jan-Feb), rice in Tamil Nadu was damaged by yellowing syndrome (YS), which often caused total crop loss, and by bacterial blight (BB), Helminthosporium (H), sheath blight (ShB), and grain discoloration (GID). The 1984 International Rice Yield Nursery was grown under this disease pressure, and rices were evaluated using the Standard evaluation system for rice (see table). Of 30 entries in the trial, 10 had multiple disease resistance: BR40-3001-2, IR18349-22-1-2-1-1, IR19672-140-23-2-2, IR21820-154-3-2-2-3, IR21848-653-2-2, IR25587-133-3-2-2-2, IR25603-202-1-3-2, IR27325-63-2-2, IR28118-1382-3, and IR31917-31-3-2. IR28118-1382-3 had the best resistance and yielded 4.4 t/ha. IR18349-22-1-2-1-1, IR21820154-3-2-2-3, and IR25587-133-3-2-2-2 combined high yield (5.3 t/ha) and disease resistance.
0 0 3 5 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 3 5 5 3 5
the Standard evaluation system for rice 1-9 scale: 1 = resistant, 9 = susceptible.

INSECT RESISTANCE
Resistance of Nephotettix virescens gene sources to Asian N. virescens populations E. A. Heinrichs, H. R. Rapusas. and G. S. Khush, IRRI; S. Chelliah and A.M. Hanifa, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India; M. M. Salleh and G. Von Vreden, MA RDI, Bumbong, Lima, Malaysia; W.S. Akib, MORIE Maros, Sulawesi, Indonesia; S. Pongprasert, Rai Research Institute, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand; W. Katanyukul and C. Tayathum, Entomology and Zoology Division, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand; and N. C. Thuat, Central Institute of Plant Protection, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tungro virus, vectored by green leafhopper (GLH) N. virescens, is a major problem where GLH-susceptible varieties are grown. IRRI and national program greenhouse screening has identified more than 1,300 cultivars with GLH resistance. Seven genes for N. virescens resistance have been identified in genetic analysis at IRRI and the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, and
some of those genes have been incorporated into improved rice varieties. Although these varieties have been effective in controlling GLH, there is evidence that the levels of resistance conveyed by the different genes vary with location. We sought to determine the levels of resistance conveyed by the seven genes to local GLH populations in the Philippines (IRRI), India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Resistance was determined in seedbox screening and nymphal survival tests. In
Table 1. Reactions of seedlings in seedbox screening for GLH resistance, GLH Collaborative Project. Reactionsa in Variety Gene Philippines (IRRI) R R MR MR R MR MR R S India (Coimbatore) S MR MR R MR MR R R S Indonesia (Maros) R R MR MR R MR R R S Malaysla (Bumbong Lima) S R S R R R R MR S Thailand TRRI MR R MR R MR R R MR S EZD MR R MR R MR MR R R S Vietnam (Hanoi) R R MR R R R MR R S
Pankhari 203 ASD7 IR8 Ptb 8 ASD8 TAPL #796 Moddai Karuppan IR29 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check)
a
Glh 1 Glh 2 Glh 3 glh 4 Glh 5 Glh 6 Glh 7
TRRI = Thai Rice Research Institute, EZD = Entomology and Zoology Division. R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible. Table 2. GLH nymphal survival at different locations, GLH Collaborative Project. Survival (%)
a
the thrice-replicated seedbox screening test, varieties were infested with about 5 1 st- or 2d-instar nymphs/ seedling 7 d after sowing. Damage was rated by the Standard evaluation system for rice when 90-100% of susceptible TNl seedlings died. In the survival test, three 7-d-old seedlings were transplanted per pot. Each variety was replicated five times with each pot as a replication. Pots were in a randomized complete block design and were covered with mylar film cages. Plants were infested with 10 1st-instar GLH nymphs/cage 23 d after transplanting. Surviving insects were counted 15 d later. Pankhari 203 (Glh 1 ) was susceptible in India and Malaysia and resistant or moderately resistant at all other locations. IR8 (Glh 3) was susceptible in Malaysia and moderately resistant in other locations. The other varieties, except TNl, were resistant or moderately resistant at all locations. ASD7 was resistant in all locations except India, where it was moderately resistant. IR29 was resistant at IRRI, India, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam (Table 1). Results of the survival study were generally similar to those of the seedbox screening test. ASD8, which was resistant in the seedbox test at IRRI, Indonesia, and Malaysia, and moderately resistant in Thailand, had low nymphal survival at IRRI and in Indonesia and Malaysia, but moderately high survival in Thailand (Table 2). Survival on IR29 was low at IRRI and
Variety
Pankhari 203 ASD7 IR8 Ptb 8 ASD8 TAPL #796 Moddai Karuppan IR29 (resistant check) TN1 (susceptible check)
Resistance gene
Philippines (IRRI) 2a 8 ab 24 b 76 c 14 ab 28 b 74 c 0a 80 c
Indonesia (Maros) 0a 32 b 42 b 40 b 2a 32. b 34 b 0a 74 c
Thailand (TRRI) 66 40 78 58 72 38 32 80 94 bc ab cd abc c ab a cd d
Glh Glh Glh glh Glh Glh Glh
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a Av of 5 replications. Separation of means in a column by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level; TRRI = Thai Rice Research Institute.
in Indonesia and Malaysia, but high in Thailand. There was a distinct difference in the reaction of Pankhari 203 to GLH populations in Coimbatore, India, and Bumbong Lima, Malaysia. Pankhari 203 would not be used as a parent to
provide GLH resistance in India and Malaysia. ASD7, however, is resistant everywhere but in India, where it is moderately resistant and nymphal survival is low; therefore, it has good potential as a donor of GLH resistance.
Field evaluation of rices for whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) and leaffolder (LF) resistance K.S. Kushwaha and R. Singh, Entomology Department, Haryana Agricultural University Rice Research Station, Kaul 132021, Kurukshetra, India
WBPH Sogatella furcifera Horvth has become a serious pest in Haryana. In 1984 kharif, an epidemic of the insect occurred. LF Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Gn. also is increasing in importance. We evaluated 43 varieties received
from the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project for field resistance to WBPH and LF in 1984 kharif. Two 1-m-long rows of each variety with 10 hills/row and 1 seedling/hill were planted in two replications on 5 Jul. Susceptible TN1 was planted as a skip row after every 10 varieties and around the trial. To encourage WBPH population, the border rows were sprayed with 0-0.2% methyl parathion at 10-d intervals starting the 1st week of August. WBPH damage was scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice. LF damage
8 IRRN 11 : 1 (February 1986)
Field reaction of rice varieties to WBPH and LF at Kaul, India. Variety RP2068-18-35 RP2068-17-3-7 RP2068-18-4-5 RP2068-18-2-6 RP2068-16-9-5 RP2068-18-4-7 RP2068-18-2-11 CO 29 Balamawee TN1 T7 IET8770 IET8769 IET8868 (OR405-4) IET7800 IET837 1 IET8817 (CR372-48) RP2199-292-31 RP2199-84-2 RP2199-296-3 RP2199-286-26 BKNBR1088-83 T2005 Vaizhaeppoo Samba IR4707-106-3-2 CO 42 RP2071-18-1-1 RP2071-22-5-3 RP2076-46-4-2 RP2069-3-4-1-2 RP2069-3-4-4-6 RP2069-3-5-2-2 RP2069-39-3-1-4 RP2068-12-1-8-1 RP2068-15-1-4-2 RP1579-26 RP1579-27 RP1579-28 RP1579-29 RP1579-47 RP1579-48 RP1579-53 RP1579-54 a + = did not flower, ++ = Swarudhan/Veluthachera -do-do-do-do-do-doCO 13/CO 14 Donor Susceptible check Donor MTU4407/WGL 26888 -do IR20/Shakti Phalguna/ARC6650 Phalguna/TKM 6 -do-do-doIR2030-203-3-1/RDl Donor Donor IR1888-156/IR2061-213-2 RP31-49-2/Leb Mue Nahng Swarudhan/NLR9674 -doIET6314/NLR9674 Swarudhan/Andrewsali -do-do-doSwarudhan/Veluthachera Phalguna/ARC6650 -do-do-do-do-do-do-dolate flowering.
WBPH damagea (0-9) 1+ 1+ 0+ 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 0.5++ 4 9 5 7 7 4 5 4 1 6 7 5 5 4 2 2 8 4 4 4 4 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 5 7 5 5 4 4 4 4
LF damage (%) 4 3 1 6 11 12 9 5 6 21 4 4 6 9 9 11 1 8 2 11 4 8 7 2 5 7 22 11 10 9 4 5 10 11 4 3 12 9 10 8 24 11 33
was rated based on percent leaves damaged per 5 hills. Damage was rated the 3d week of September, when TN1 showed hopperburn. RP2068-18-3-5, RP2068-17-3-7, RP2068-18-4-5, CO 29, IET8817 (CR372487), Vaizhaeppoo Samba, and RP 2069-344-6 were resistant to both insects (see table). T7, IET8770, RP2199-84-2, and RP1579-26 were resistant to LF. RP2068-18-2-6, RP2068-16-9-5, RP2068-184-7, T2005, RP2069-34-1-2, RP2069-3-5-2-2, RP2069-39-3-1-4, RP2068-12-1-8-1, and RP2068-15-1-4-2 were resistant to WBPH.
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Varietal screening for leafhopper and planthopper resistance at Varanasi, India D. S. Misra and K. D. Reddy, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005; and B. C. Misra, Division of Entomology, Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Cuttack, Orissa, India
We evaluated seedlings of 24 rices commonly grown by farmers in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and those from an upland rice project for resistance to leafhoppers Nephotettix virescens and N.
nigropictus, brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, and whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) Sogatella furcifera. Hoppers were reared on TN1. Ten seedlings per variety were grown in each 60- 40- 10-cm tray with 5-7 cm of soil. Resistant Ptb 33 and susceptible TN1 and Jelhore were included for comparison. Ten days after sowing, 8-10 2d- and 3d-instar nymphs each of BPH and WBPH and 3-5 leafhopper adults were released on each plant. Each species had three replications in separate trays. The trays were put in an aquarium covered with wire mesh. Damage was rated by the Standard
evaluation system for rice when 90% of the TN1 plants died. Five cultivars had resistance to BPH, 11 to WBPH, 9 to N. virescens, and 8 to N. nigropictus. Only Ptb 33 was highly resistant to BPH (Table 1). Cultivars with moderate resistance were studied for nymphal survival. Three replications of 1st-instar nymphs of each insect species were placed on 30d-old plants in pots covered with glass chimneys. Percent nymphal survival, recorded 15 d later, was between 60 and 80% for all varieties but Ptb 33, on which 43-53% of nymphs survived (Table 2).
Table 1. Varietal reaction to leafhoppers and planthoppers, Varanasi, India. Variety OR34-16 Jaya CR202-2 Culture 1 CR132-168-73 IR8 Saket 4 DR92 RP79-24 Mtu 17 Nagina 22 RP79-27 CR142-2-10 RP79-5 Cauveri IR28 Pusa33 Jelhore C7 306 FH109 IET5725 CR115-107 TN1 Ptb 33
aR
Reaction to N. lugens S MR S MR S MR S S S S S S S S S S S S S S MR MR S R S. furcifera MR S MR MR MR S MR S S S S S S S MR MR S MR MR S MR S S MR N. virescens MR MR MR S S MR MR MR MR S MR S S S S S S S S S S S S MR N. nigropictus MR S MR S MR S S S MR S MR S S S S MR S MR S S S S S MR
Table 2. Nymphal survival of rice leafhoppers and planthoppers on moderately resistant varieties at Varanasi, India. Variety Jaya IR28 RP79-24 Jelhore IR8 OR34-16 CR202-2 Nagina 22 Saket 4 DR92 CR132-168-73 CR115-107 Culture IET5725 Cauveri C7306 TN 1 Ptb33 Survival (%) of insect species N. lugens 63 83 70 70 160 67 97 43 S. furcifera 67 77 67 80 80 87 70 77 57 73 100 47
a
Nephotettix spp. 73 87 70 73 77 73 73 87 80 83 80 100 53
a = not studied; a mixed population of N. virescens and N. nigropictus was used.
= resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and S = susceptible.

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Performance of IR64 at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute (TNRRI) M. Subramanian, A. P.M. K. Sundararaj, and V. Sivasubramania, TNRRI, Aduthurai, Thanjavur District 612101, India
Performance of IR64 at TNRRI, Aduthurai, India. Grain yield (t/ha) Variety 1983 kuruvai 3.4 4.9 2.4 1984 kuruvai Trial 1 5.6 5.0 Trial 2 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.7 Flowering duration (d) 65-70 75-80 70-75 80-85
and yielded 0.5 t/ha more than TKM9, IR50, and ADT36 (see table). It has short stature and long, slender grains, and is resistant to brown planthopper, gall midge, and yellowing syndrome, a serious disease in Tamil Nadu. Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
IR64 (IR18348-36-3-3) was evaluated at TNRRI in the 1983 International Rice Yield Nursery-Early trial and in 1984 yield trials. IR64 matured in 110-115 d
IR64 TKM9 IR50 ADT36

DEEP WATER
Elongation ability of deep water rice at two nitrogen levels H.A. Quayyum, A. R. Gomosta, and M. Z. Haque, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Deep water Habiganj Aman II seeds
were sown in earthen pots with 8 kg soil and 0 or 8 g urea fertilizer per pot. The 5 replications had a pot each with 10 plants. Triple superphosphate and muriate of potash were applied at 5 g/pot. Five weeks after sowing, the pots were placed in concrete tanks,
flooded, and water was raised 10 cm/d for 9 d. A single seedling was taken from each pot every 2 d to record chlorophyll content and internode elongation. Elongation rate of all plants increased for 4 d after flooding and then gradually
submergence depth rather than by N content. The no-N plants had lower final plant height. Chlorophyll content of the three upper leaves of the no-N plants gradually increased during flooding
(Fig. 2). With added N, chlorophyll content decreased and then increased to slightly more than the initial content. Chlorophyll increased more rapidly in no-N plants than in those with added N.
Pest Control and Management

INSECTS
Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) outbreak in Haryana, India
K. S. Kushwaha and R. Singh, HAU Rice Research Station, Kaul, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
1. Plant height and internode elongation ability of Habiganj Aman II.
WBPH Sogatella furcifera Horvth has attacked rice in Haryana since the early 1970s, and severe outbreaks occurred in 1984-85. We surveyed field
populations of WBPH in villages in Karnal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, Jind, Hisar, and Sirsa Districts in mid-Sep, when pest incidence was high and rice was at panicle emergence stage. Sixty of the 85 villages surveyed had more than 70% infestation and 15 villages had 18% infestation (see table). WBPH population was 100-2,000/hill. PR106 was the most affected variety. Weather was generally warm and humid.
WBPH population intensity in Haryana, India, 1984-85. District Karnal Block Nilokheri Indri Karnal Jundla Assandh Pundri Kaithal Sewan Cheeka Pehowa Ambala Naraingarh Bilashpur Jagadhari Rania Kalait Tohana Ratia Total Villages surveyed (no.) 4 6 3 5 6 15 7 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 12 4 4 3 85 Villages (no.) with indicated intensity a Severe 4 6 2 5 4 13 7 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 4 3 60 Moderate 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 0 0 15 Light 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 10
Kurukshetra
Ambala
Sirsa Hisar
Severe = fields with one or more hopperburned patches; moderate = fields with yellowing; light no visible symptoms.
2. Change of total chlorophyll content of leaves of Habiganj Aman II during flooding.
decreased (Fig. 1). No-N plants were shorter than plants with N before flooding, but elongated more rapidly, indicating that ability of internodes to elongate is influenced more by
Need-based control of yellow stem borer (YSB)

M. S. Purohit, A. H. Shah, and S. Raman, National Agricultural Research Project (NARP), Gujarat Agricultural University, Navsari Campus, Navsari 396450, India
YSB Scirpophaga incertulas Wlk. damages rice from tillering to maturity. We compared need-based control of YSB using egg masses as threshold criteria with scheduled control in 1983 and 1984 rainy seasons at NARP farm.
IRRN 11 : 1 (February 1986)
11
The experiment was in duplicate plots (ABBA method) with seven replications. GR-11 seedlings were transplanted in 50-m2 plots. Egg masses were counted in need-based plots at 10-d intervals. When 1 fresh egg mass was observed in any plot, all replications were sprayed with monocrotophos 0.36 kg ai/ ha. In schedule-based control plots, the same insecticide formulation was applied 15, 45, and 60 d after transplanting. Percentage of deadhearts at maximum tillering, number of whiteheads at reproductive stage, and grain yield were recorded, and the data were statistically and economically analyzed. In 1983, mean percentage of deadhearts was 2.9 in the need-based treatment and 6.4 in the schedule-based treatment (Table 1). The trend was similar in 1984. The number of whiteheads also was significantly lower in need-based than in schedule-based treatments. The need-based treatment had 10 and 15% higher yield in 1983 and
Table 1. Efficiency of need-based control of YSB compared with schedule-based insecticide application, Gujarat, India, 1983 and 1984.a Insecticide application Need-based Schedule-based 't' value
a Separation
Mean percentage deadhearts 1983 2.9 a 6.4 b 2.54 1984 3.6 a 6.0 b 4.09
Mean no. whiteheads 1983 75 a 102 b 2.44 1984 93 a 168 b 3.16
Mean grain yield (t/ha) 1983 3.7 a 3.3 b 2.71 1984 5.6 a 4.7 b 8.84
of means in a column at the 5% level.
Table 2. Economics of need-based control of YSB, Gujarat, India. Insecticide application Total cost of insecticides and laborb ($/ha) 1983 1984 Gross income ($/ha) 1983 1984 Net gain over check ($/ha) 1983 1984 Incremental cost benefit ratio (additional profit per $ cost) 1983 Need-based Schedule-based
a Three a
1984 1.64
38 36
50 36
565 511
863 730
b
54
132
0.42
ticides.
sprays were necessary in 1983 and four in 1984.
Labor cost for sampling and applying insec-
1984, and higher net return and cost benefit ratio (Table 2). The appropriate YSB egg mass
threshold level per unit area should be determined.
Virulence of whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) populations in South and Southeast Asia: report of a collaborative project
E.A. Heinrichs. H. R. Rapusas, and G.S. Khush, IRRI; S. Chelliah and K. Gunathilagaraj, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India; S. Uthamorang, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India; W. S. Akib, MORIF, Maros, Sulawesi, Indonesia; S. Y. Choi, College of Agriculture, Seoul National University, Suweon, Korea; S. Pongprasert, Rice Research Institute, Bangkhen, Thailand; W. Katanyukul, Entomology and Zoology Division, Bangkhen, Thailand; and N. K Huynh and T. H. Tien, University of Cantho. Vietnam
Table 1. Summary of damage ratings of varieties with genes for resistance in seedbox screening for WBPH. Reaction a at Variety N22 ARC10239 IR2035-117-3 WC1240 Colombo TN1
a
Gene Wbph 1 Wbph 2 Wbph 1 + Wbph 2 Wbph 1 + 1 recessive Wbph 2 + 1 recessive None
Philippines India Indonesia Korea Thailand Vietnam IRRI Tamil Nadu Maros Suweon Bangkok Cantho R R R R R S R R R R R S R R R R R S R R MR R R S R R R R R S MR S MR MR MR S
R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible.
Table 2. Feeding activity of WBPH female adults as indicated by honeydew excretion (area of honeydew spot in mm2) a on varieties with different genes for resistance. Honeydew spot (mm 2) Variety N2 2 ARC10239 IR2035-117-3 WC1240 Colombo TN1
a Av
WBPH Sogatella furcifera Horvth outbreaks appear to have increased in frequency and severity throughout Asia. Resistant varieties, which should play a key role in WBPH control, have not been developed. More than 400 traditional varieties with WBPH resistance have been identified in greenhouse screening at IRRI and in national programs in South and
Philippines IRRI 28 a 21 a 10 a 44 a 27 a 714 b
India Coimbatore 77 b 95 b 8a 14 a 37 ab 367 c
Indonesia Maros 3a 5a 4a 26 a 5a 116 b
Korea Suweon 6a 7a 0a 2a 0a 49 b
Thailand Bangkok 9 45 46 41 151 269 a a a a b
Vietnam Cantho 47 ab 69 b 23 a 42 ab 121 c
level.
of 5 replications. Separation of means in a column by Duncans multiple range test at the 5%
Southeast Asia. Genetics studies at IRRI have identified several genes for resistance to the Philippine population. There have been reports of differential reactions of resistant varieties to WBPH populations in South and Southeast Asia. In breeding for WBPH resistance, it is important to select parents that have resistance to local populations. Materials for use in several countries should have resistance to a diversity of WBPH populations. We determined the response of varieties with different genes for WBPH resistance to help breeders select parent varieties with broad WBPH resistance. IRRI-developed high yielding lines with WBPH resistance also were evaluated in several countries. The gene sources given in Table I were evaluated in six countries using seedbox screening, feeding, and population growth tests. IR2035-117-3 is a resistant check. Its progeny IRl5527-21-2-3, IR15529-253-2-2-2, and IR15795-151-2-3-2-2 showed WBPH resistance in tests throughout South and Southeast Asia. All gene sources in seedbox evaluation were resistant or moderately resistant at the various locations, except ARC10239 which was susceptible in Vietnam (Table 1). The other varieties were moderately resistant in Vietnam and most were resistant at the other locations. All resistant varieties significantly reduced WBPH feeding (Table 2). At IRRI and in Indonesia, there was no difference among the resistant cultivars. The survival test showed fewer WBPH on resistant varieties than on susceptible TN1, except on N22 at IRRI and in Vietnam (Table 3). Although ARC10239 was susceptible in seedbox screening in Vietnam, very few WBPH survived on it. In population growth tests, all cultivars except N22 at IRRI significantly reduced WBPH populations below those on TN1 (Table 4). Among test cultivars, populations on N22 were generally among the highest. At IRRI, IR2035-117-3 had the lowest population and performed similarly in India, Korea, and Thailand.
Table 3. WBPH survivala on varieties with different genes for resistance. Survival (%) Variety Philippines IRRI India Coimbatore Korea Suweon Thailand Entomology and Zoology Division Bangkok 10 a 18 a 12 a 10 a 6a 68 b Thai Rice Research Institute Bangkok 66 66 58 42 58 96 b b b a b Vietnam Cantho
N22 ARC10239 IR2035-117-3 WC1240 Colombo TN1
96 68 70 86 82 96
b a a ab ab b
40 b 34 b 16 a 40 b 44 b 72 c
43 24 20 19 19 60
b ab a a a
48 bc 14 a 17 a 28 ab 70 c
aAv of 5 replications. Determined at 15 d after inoculation. Separation of means in a column by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level.
Table 4. Population growth of WBPH on varieties with different genes for resistance. Population growth (no./pair) Variety Philippines IRRI India Coimbatore Korea Suweon Thailand Entomology and Zoology Division Bangkok 8a 11 a 4a 4a 9a 44 b Rice Research Institute Bangkok 219 c 226 c 163 b 125 a 233 c 782 d
N22 ARC10239 IR2035-117-3 WC1240 Colombo TN1
307 cd 192 bc 33 a 126 b 86 b 559 d
61 24 17 23 28 104
a a a a
11 a 0a 0a 0a 0a 202 b
aAv of 5 replications, determined at 30 d after inoculation. Separation of means in a column by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level.
Data show that all the varieties with genes for resistance to the Philippine WBPH population also are resistant or moderately resistant in India, Indonesia, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. IR2035117-3, with Wbph 1 and Wbph 2, has been extensively used as parent at IRRI.
Many breeding lines developed from IR2035-117-3 were resistant at all of the locations tested. If differential responses of resistant varieties to WBPH populations throughout Asia are a constraint to breeding, it was not apparent in this study. The aluminum cone is carefully placed over a rice hill followed by the enclosure ring. The cone is then filled with CO2 (see photos). A rubber stopper seals off the opening at the top of the cone. After 1-2 min the cone is removed. The arthropods that fell onto the water within the enclosure ring are scooped up with the strainer and collected in the attached vial. Arthropods that fall between tillers are flushed out with water. When sampling is complete, the arthropods in the vial are rinsed out through another vial with 75% alcohol and brought to the laboratory.
A carbon dioxide-cone (CO2NE) sampler for arthropods in flooded rice G. B. Aquino and E. A. Heinrichs, Entomology Department, IRRI
We developed a CO2NE arthropod sampler for obtaining absolute estimates in research plots. The sampler consists of a portable CO2 tank with a rubber hose to deliver gas, an aluminum cone, a strainer with an attached plastic vial with a nylon mesh bottom, and an enclosure ring.
13
Arthropod density in three lowland rice varieties determined by FARMCOP and CO2NE insect samplers,a IRRI, 1984. Arthropods (no./5 hills on indicated variety) Sampler Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens IR22 FARMCOP CO 2 NE
aIn
Green leafhopper Nephotettix spp. IR22 IR28 IR36
Green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis IR22 17.6 a 22.8 a IR28 IR36
IR28
IR36
Wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata IR22 IR28 IR36
7.2 a 4.0 a 1.6 a 44 a 5.2 a 4.8 a 3.2 a 21 b
2.8 a 13.6 a 4.4 a 15.6 a
12.2 a 8.4 a 17.2 a 13.6 a
9.2 a 6.4 a 5.2 a 9.2 a 8.4 a 7.6 a
a column, means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to t-test (P < 0.01).
The CO2 NE sampler is inexpensive and easy to handle. A tank containing 22.5 kg of CO2 costs about $10 and is enough to sample 2,000 or more hills. In the field, a portable tank with 300 ml of CO2 , can be used to sample 30 to 40
The CO 2NE sampler.
hills. In a field trial comparing the CO2NE and a formerly used FARMCOP suction machine, there was almost no difference in the number of arthropods collected (see table).
Brown shield bug attack on rice P. B. Chatterjee, entomologist, All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Rice Research Station, P. O. Chinsurah R. S., Hooghly, India
&
, I *kt*
"
Filling the cone with CO 2 .
A pentatomid or shield bug damaged rice in Dinajpur District, West Bengal, in 1983. Dinajpur is between 25.2 and 26.5N and 88 and 89 E. Wet season lowland rice is the principal crop, but summer and pre-kharif rice crops are increasing. Two species of the pentatomid bug were identified by the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, as Dolycoris indicus Stal and D. baccarum Linn (see figure). Nymphs and adults damage rice by sucking plant sap and milk from panicles in dough stage. Panicle sterility averaged 10%. Populations were highest in Apr, when it was not unusual to find 23 insects per plant.
Rice hispa in Burdwan, West Bengal

D. K. Banerjee and D. K. Nath, Entomology Section, Government of West Bengal, Adaptive Crop Production Research Station, Kalna Road, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Scooping the arthropods on the water surface.
Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera occurs
in only a few areas of West Bengal. In 1984 kharif there was a severe hispa outbreak on 62,341 ha of rice in 5 southern districts. Data from Burdwan District, which had 24,575 ha attacked by hispa, showed 4 broods during 1984 kharif. The first developed just after
transplanting in mid-Aug, the second in the first week of Sep, the third in midSep, and the fourth (only on latetransplanted crops) in the first week of Oct. Periodic incidence of adults on the leaves indicated successive broods. Grubs mined between the leaf epidermis, turning 1/3 to 1/2 white. At late-stage infestation, fields developed a blighted Virulence of green leafhopper (GLH) colonies from Luzon, Philippines, on IR36 and IR42 H. R. Rapusas and E.A. Heinrichs, Entomology Department, IRRI In 1979, we surveyed farmers' fields in the Philippines to determine if there were GLH Nephotettix virescens biotypes virulent on the resistant varieties being grown. Results generally indicated that biotypes were not a problem. We repeated the survey in several Luzon provinces in 1984. GLH adults were collected in Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Norte, and Abra and grouped by towns and varieties from which they were collected. Ten colonies were reared on susceptible TN1 in the greenhouse for two generations. A TN1 colony maintained in the greenhouse for more than 50 generations was included in the test. We tested the ability of each colony to develop a population on resistant IR36 and IR42. Six-day-old seedlings of the test varieties were transplanted at 5 seedlings per pot in 10-cm-diameter clay pots. Two weeks after transplanting, each pot was enclosed in a mylar film cage to keep out other insect pests, parasites, and predators. Ten days later, the plants were inspected and any arthropods present in the cage were removed. Three pair of 3-d-old GLH adults from each of 11 colonies were introduced in each cage, replicated 5 times. The surviving insects were counted 25 d later. A colony that was significantly bigger than the greenhouse colony on IR36 or IR42 indicated an increase in virulence of that colony (see table). Colonies from all locations except Cuyapo. Nueva
look. Early generations caused patchy damage but cumulative damage by successive generations covered whole fields. Crop-cuts (10 m 2 ) were taken from short-duration Ratna and longduration Pankaj. Yield loss was 23% for short-duration and 17% for longduration varieties. Weather conditions may have encouraged the hispa outbreaks. Most
days were rainy during sowing, which prevented the normal dry seeding. Rainfall was higher than normal, but the number of rainy days and the duration of bright sunshine hours were the same. Sunny weather interrupted by quick showers. no summer plowing, and lack of insecticide application may have increased hispa incidence.
Populations of GLH colonies from Luzon, Philippines, when reared on IR36 and IR42. Colony Capas, Tarlac Guimba, Nueva Ecija Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija Umingan, Pangasinan Santo Tomas-San Jose, Nueva Ecija Bauang, La Union San Fernando-Bacnotan, La Union Santa Cruz-Bantay, Ilocos Sur Paoay-Badoc, Ilocos Norte Pidigan, Abra Greenhouse
a
Variety from which collected IR36 IR36 IR42 IR42 IR42 IR42, IR36, IR42, IR42, I R42 TN1
Progeny/3 femalesa on IR36 130 164 91 152 207 143 109 176 152 82 57 abcd bcd abc bcd d bcd abc cd bcd ab a IR42 131 ab 204 bc 178 bc 127 ab 227 c 472 d 221 c 162 bc 155 abc 184 bc 89 a
IR36, traditional IR42, traditional traditional Wagwag
Separation of means in a column by Duncans multiple range test at the 5% level.
Ecija; San Fernando-Bacnotan. La Union; and Pidigan, Abra, were more virulent on IR36 than the greenhouse colony. On IR42, all colonies except those from Capas, Tarlac; Umingan, Pangasinan; and Paoay-Badoc, llocos Norte, were more virulent than the greenhouse colony. In contrast to our 1979 survey, results indicate that GLH colonies collected in most of the provinces were more virulent than the greenhouse colony. Influence of planting time and rainfall on gall midge (GM) incidence and rice yield in Goa, India D. Sundararaju, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa, India
Populations were about double those of the greenhouse colony on both IR36 and IR42. Therefore, GLH biotypes are developing in the Philippines. Because IR36 and IR42 have low level of resistance to tungro virus (RTV). but have resistance to the vector GLH, there is the potential for higher RTV incidence on IR36 and IR42 in the locations where GLH colonies are most virulent.
We assessed damage caused by GM Orseolia oryzae (Wood-Mason) and its impact on grain yield in 1981 and 1982. Jaya was planted at 2-wk intervals in 40m2 plots with 5 replications beginning in Jun and ending in Jul. No insecticide was applied. GM damage was recorded 30, 45, and 60 d after transplanting (DT)
15
2. Relation between GM infestation and grain yield at Goa, India, 1981.
1. GM population and rainfall pattern at Goa, India, 1981. GM infestation and grain yield of different plantings, Goa, India,a 1981. Silvershoot (%) Planting date 30 DT 1980 7 22 7 22
a
45 DT 1981 1980 0a 0a 6 b 15 c 1981 0a 0a 30 b 32 b
75 DT 1980 0a 0a 23 c 11 b 1981 0a 15 b 20 c 29 d
Grain yield (t/ha) 1980 6.9 6.2 4.7 4.2 a a b b 1981 5.1 a 4.7 b 3.2 c 1.6 d
and at harvest. Rainfall and daily light trap catches of GM were recorded from Jun to Oct 1981 (Fig. 1). The early planted crop had no GM damage up to 45 DT, and GM infestation later had minimal impact on grain yield. GM attacked late-planted crops at 30 DT and significantly reduced yield (see table). GM infestation at 30 DT in 1981 was significantly and negatively correlated with grain yield (r = -0.694) (Fig. 2). Peak GM population was in Sep. about 2 mo after peak rainfall, which may indicate probable GM outbreak. Therefore, rice planted early (Jun) in the monsoon has better chance of escaping infestation than late crops.
Jun Jun Jul Jul
0a 0a 0a 6 b
0a 0a 3 b 23 c
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excepts from articles in the IRRN.
Separation of means in a column at 5 % level.
Oviposition of rice whorl maggot (RWM) in wet seedbeds
J. P. Bandong and J. A. Litsinger, Entomology Department, IRRI RWM Hydrellia philippina Ferino is a major pest of irrigated rice in central Luzon, Philippines. Farmers often spray their wet seedbeds several times, even a few days before pulling the seedlings (20-25 d after seeding [DAS]). Late
spraying may kill RWM eggs laid in the seedbed before transplanting. Perhaps RWM control by foliar sprays after transplanting is inadequate because of seedbed infestation. RWM eggs were monitored at 3d intervals from 7 to 24 DAS on 50 randomly selected plants 0, 10, 20, 30, 100, 130, 150 cm from the edges of 7 farmers' seedbeds. Wooden planks were set over the seedbeds so plants could be
removed without disturbing the rest of the seedbed. Most eggs were laid on the edges of seedbeds (Fig. 1), which indicates that RWM is attracted to the open standing water around seedbeds (Fig. 2a) but will lay a few eggs in the closed canopies of seedbeds, on direct-seeded lowland rice, or on plants growing over azolla. Central Luzon farmers leave the deeprooted seedlings along the edges of
seedbeds (Fig. 2b), and therefore carry insignificant numbers of RWM eggs to the field. Most infestation, therefore, begins after transplanting.
Complete slide sets of photos printed in Field problems of tropical rice, revised 1983, are available for purchase at $50 (less developed country price) or $60 (developed country price), including airmail postage and handling, from the Communication and Publications Department, Division R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines. No orders for surface mail handling will be accepted.
1. RWM egg distribution sampled from 9 flooded, wet seedbeds, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 1984.
2a. Wet seedbeds showing standing water between adjacent beds.
2b. Wet seedbeds after seedlings are pulled, leaving the borders.

DISEASES
Spread of rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) in Bicol, Philippines
V. M. Aguiero, N. B. Bajer, G. B. Jonson, and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology, Department, IRRI Tungro (RTV) is a disease complex associated with rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and RTSV. Previous
studies showed that susceptible varieties with RTV symptoms were generally infected with both RTBV and RTSV and that those without symptoms oftenwere infected only with RTSV. To confirm the occurrence of RTSV and identify vector species, Nephotettix virescens, N. nigropictus, and Recilia dorsalis were collected from rice fields in Bicol, Philippines, in Feb and Mar 1985.
Vector populations were high, but RTV incidence was low or nonexistent. The vectors were allowed overnight inoculation access on TN1 seedlings in test tubes. All inoculated seedlings were tested in ELISA for RTBV and RTSV 1421 d after inoculation. In about 32 ha of rice fields in 7 municipalities, leaf samples were collected from some rice plants with
17
Infectivity of RTV vectorsa collected in rice fields in Bicol, Philippines, Feb and Mar 1985. RTV infection (%) 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 Stage of collected vectors Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Adult Nymph Vectors (no.) transmitting RTBV (B) and RTSV (S) N. virescens B+S 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 B 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 S 0 0 3 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 None 31 8 26 14 6 8 1 16 8 13 1 24 156 B+S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N. nigropictus B 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 2 0 1 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 None 60 17 9 1 6 1 64 2 19 5 31 2 44 261 B+S 1 1 0 2 R. dorsalis B 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 None 2 1 1 4
Location
Variety
Cagsawa, Albay Ligao, Albay Polangui, Albay Pili Camarines Sur San Fernando, Camarines Norte Daet, Camarines Norte Talisay, Camarines Norte Total
a Field-collected
IR42 Masuri IR50/unknown IR29/IR58 Unknown IR42 IR42/unknown
vectors were allowed to feed on TN1 seedlings and the inoculated seedlings were tested in ELISA for RTV.
RTV-like symptoms and tested in ELISA. Leaf samples from Ligao municipality reacted positively to RTBV + RTSV and RTSV. Although the presence of RTV was not confirmed, some vectors collected in other municipalities transmitted RTBV + RTSV and RTSV (see table). At Pili, Camarines Sur, N. virescens populations A new rice disease in Manipur, India
N. I. Singh. Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Manipur Agricultural College, Iroisemba. lmphal 795001, Manipur, India
were very low, but N. nigropictus population was high. More than 10% of N. nigropictus transmitted RTSV. Of 172 N. virescens tested, 3 transmitted RTBV + RTSV, 3 transmitted RTBV alone, and 8 transmitted RTSV. Of 271 N. nigropictus tested, 10 transmitted RTSV and none transmitted RTBV. Of six R. agar. Young panicles were inoculated with a 7-d-old culture of the pathogen. The pathogen was identified as Oospora oryzetorum, which produces coenocytic, branched, hyaline mycelium. Conidia are hyaline. 1-celled, globose, and 2.3
dorsalis tested, two transmitted both viruses. The results indicate that RTSV is spreading as an independent disease in Bicol and that both N. nigropictus and N. virescens are carriers. RTSV also occurs in rice fields where RTV incidence is very low or nonexistent.
Manipur. The disease appears at panicle emergence, when the glume develops a whitish, powdery growth. If the infection occurs early, the grains become chaffy. The pathogen was isolated from fresh, diseased glumes on potato dextrose
Susceptibility of panicles at different development stages to Oospora, Iroisemba, Manipur, India. Panicle stage Emerged Milk Dough Mature Panicles inoculated (no.) 20 20 20 2 Panicles infected (no.) 0 20 4 0
A new rice disease has been identified in
3.5 in diameter. Panicles at different development stages were sprayed with mycelial bits and a spore suspension prepared from a 10-d-old culture. Milk stage was most susceptible to the disease (see table).
Reaction of green leafhopper (GLH)resistant varieties to rice tungro virus (RTV) complex
E. R. Tiongco, R. C. Cabunagan, and H. Hibino, Plant Pathology Department, IRRI
We tested ARC11554, ASD7, Gam Pai 30-1 2-1 5, Gam Pai 30-12-30, Habiganj DW8, Jhingasail, Palasithari, and Ptb 18 for reaction to RTV-associated viruses. All the varieties except Habiganj DW8 were resistant to GLH. Single test plants were planted in clay pots and enclosed in mylar cages. One month after planting they were inoculated for
24 h with l, 5, 10, 20, and 30 RTV viruliferous Nephotettix virescens per plant. ARC1 1554, Habiganj DW8, and Ptb 18 had low infection with rice tungro bacilliform (RTBV) + rice tungro spherical (RTSV) viruses or RTBV alone, regardless of the number of GLH per plant. That indicated stability of their resistance to RTV complex. RTBV infection of ASD7, Gam Pai 30-12-15, Gam Pai 30-1 2-30, and Palasithari increased with the number of viruliferous GLH per plant (see figure). Jhingasail had mild yellowing and stunting but high RTBV + RTSV
Reaction of GLH-resistant rices to RTV complex when inoculated with different numbers of viruliferous GLH per plant.
infection. ASD7 had severe yellowing and stunting but high RTBV infection. Results indicate there are two types of RTV resistance high resistance to RTBV + RTSV
and RTBV alone even with high insect pressure, and increasing RTBV infection with increased insect pressure. In the latter case, however, infected
varieties may not be a virus source for the spread of the disease. Furthermore, resistance to RTV complex is not always correlated with resistance to the vector, as shown by Habiganj DW8.
Rice gall dwarf virus (GDV) outbreak in West Guangdong Province, China Faan Hweichung and Zhang Shuguang, South China Agricultural University; Xie Shuungda, Zhou Lianggao. and Liu Chaozhing, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; and Liu Xiaurong. Guangdong Agricultural Bureau, Xinyi County Agricultural Bureau, China
You 2, Shan You 6, and Shan You 30 were very susceptible, as were some local varieties. Electron microscopy showed that polyhedral particles 60 nm in diameter were associated with the diseased plants. Recilia dorsalis (Motsch), Nephotettix
Breakdown of Xa 4 gene for resistance to bacterial blight (BB) at Pantnagar, India M. P. Pandey, H. Singh. and S. C. Mani, Plant Breeding Department, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar 263145, India
cincticeps (Uhler), and N. virescens (Distant) transmitted the disease. Based on the characteristic gall, size of the virus particles, and vectors, the disease was considered to be GDV, which occurs in Thailand and Malaysia.
In 1981, an unknown rice disease occurred on 7,3 10 ha in West Guangdong. By 1982, the disease had spread to 33,333 ha. Disease incidence was 30-40% and caused losses of 1.9 to 4.5 t/ha. Symptoms were stunting, dark green leaves, small light green galls on leaf blades and sheaths, and low tillering. Hybrid rices Shan You I, Shan
BB caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae is a major disease of rice in
the tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh, where it causes up to 80% yield losses. Incidence is increasing, and in 1982 and 1983 some previously resistant varieties were infected. To identify reliable donors of resistance against the Pantnagar race of the pathogen, we artificially fieldscreened 101 entries, including international differentials for BB, promising IRRI varieties, elite strains
19
Table 1. BB reaction of rice varieties at Pantnagar in 1984 kharif.
SES Variety or elite strain score 0 1 3 DV85, BJ1, UPRB30, UPRB31, IET4141 5 Kinmaze, Tetep, lR29, IR43, IR50, IR54, UPRH300, RP633, RP633-9-8-1 7 IR8, Javal4, 70x45, IR22, IR23, 1R38, IR42, IR48, IR52, UPRH137, RP633-5191-1-1 9 IR1545-339-3-2, Kogyoku, Kuntlan, T(N) 11, Nagina 5, DR92, IR30, IR32, IR36, IR44, IR45, IR46, IR56, TKM9, Bala, Govind, Pusa 33, Saket 4, Ratna, Prasad, IR24, Pant Dhan 4, Jaya, T3, Tilakchandan, UPRH93, UPRH130, UPRH153, UPRH166, UPRH216, UPRH245, UPRH246, UPRH247, CR167-7, CR200788-3, AD9246, OR173-1-1, RP1036-352-5-1-1, PR103, Pusa 205-15-1, CR163CRRP 56, CR75-93 Mut. 11-4, OR147-1137, RP1575636-6-1, RP1775-243-719, OR79-21, SKL6, OR131-5-8, HPU804, BPT1235, BIET236, AAU49-31-2, RP79104, UPR254-24-1-1, UPK10344-2, NDR301, NDR302, KR1047, PAU405653-5, NSRP II Late, BAU4040-1, UPR8144, BK670, NRL326-3, Rasi, Camposelak, TKM6, RW9-9, RP825-24-9-1, RP97528-4-2, LZN, IR20, Sayaphal, RP215140-1, OR164-5, RP1667-301-1196-1562, RP1451-17124319
from the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Program, popular high yielding varieties from Uttar Pradesh, and some resistant lines from hill germplasm maintained at Pantnagar. The entries were sown 10 Jul 1984 and transplanted 30 Jul; each was in 2 rows at 20- 15-cm spacing. Recommended fertilizers and irrigation were applied and plots were kept weed free. Forty-five days after transplanting, five plants in each row were clipinoculated with naturally occurring inoculum. Disease reaction was scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice (SES). Govind and Prasad, which were bred from TKM6 at Pantnagar and possess the Xa 4 gene for resistance to BB, had susceptible reaction (Table 1). This indicates that a new race of the BB pathogen that will break down resistance conferred by the Xa 4 gene may have evolved (Table 2). The lines BJI, DV85, UPRB30, UPRB31, and IET4141 were resistant. BJ1 and
Table 2. BB reaction of some resistant rices at Pantnagar, 1982-84.
Variety
Gene for resistance
BB reaction (0-9 a 1982 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 9 1983 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 3 9 1984 9 9 9 9 7 3 3 3 9 3 3 9
TKM6 Xa 4 Govind Xa 4 Prasad Xa 4 IR20 Xa 4 Xa 4 IR22 BJ1 xa 5 IET4141 xa 5 DV85 xa 5 + Xa 7 Pant Dhan-4 not known -doUPRB30 UPRB31 -doTN1 No gene
a
Scored by SES.
IET4141 have the xa 5 gene for resistance and DV85 has xa 5 and Xa 7 genes. These sources of resistance appeared to be the only reliable sources among rices adapted to Pantnagar conditions. They are being used in the breeding program.
Effect of bulky organic manures on sheath blight (ShB) C. P. D. Rajan, assistant plant pathologist, and G. V. Reddy, senior scientist (Agronomy), Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh, India
Effect of bulky organic manures on ShB and rice yield,a Maruteru, India.
Manure Neem cake Neem cake Castor cake Castor cake Rice straw Rice straw Green leaf Green leaf Farmyard manure Control F test CD @ 5% CV%
a ns =
Dosage/ha 250 kg 500 kg 250 kg 500 kg 2t 6t 2t 8t 8t
Disease index (%) 68 69 65 68 67 66 69 66 67 67 ns
Grain yield (t/ha) 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.6 4.1 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.5 s 0.3 5.8
Straw yield (t/ha) 6.4 6.5 6.8 6.4 6.5 6.5 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.3 ns 8.9
ShB is an important rice disease in Andhra Pradesh. Applying bulky organic manures has been reported to enhance soil microbiological activity, which may increase ShB. We evaluated the effect of organic manure on ShB incidence at ARS in 1983 kharif. Different amounts of 5 bulky organic manures (see table) were incorporated 15 d before transplanting. Fertilizer application was adjusted to 100-30-30 kg NPK/ ha. The experiment was in a randomized block design with four replications. Highly ShB-susceptible MTU6024 was planted in 5.8- 3.4-m plots at 20- 1km spacing. Natural disease incidence was recorded at dough Stage. Incorporating neem cake, castor cake, rice straw, green leaf (Gliricidia
6.2
nonsignificant, s = significant.
muculatu), or farmyard manure did not affect ShB incidence. Grain yields, however, differed significantly among
Maize a new host of rice gall dwarf virus (GDV)
Xie Shuangda, Zhou Lianggao, and Liu Chaozhing, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Zhang Shuguang and
the treatments. Straw yields were similar. Yield variations were attributed to reasons other than ShB incidence.
Faan Hweichung, South China Agricultural University; and Liu Xiaurong, Guangdong Agricultural Bureau, Xinyi County Agricultural Bureau, China
We studied the host range of GDV in
20 IRRN 11: 1 (February 1986)
1983 in Guangdong Province, China. Eight plant species grown in pots were confined with 1-5 viruliferous zigzag leafhoppers Recilia dorsalis Motsch per plant until the vector died (34 d). Maize plants also were inoculated with green leafhopper Nephotettix cincticeps. Disease symptoms developed 15-25 d after inoculation. Plants without symptoms were observed for 5-6 mo. GDV infected wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), wild rice (Oryza rufipogon), Japanese grass (Alopecurus aequalis), and maize (Zea mays). Small galls developed on field grass (Leptochloa chinensis), but further confirmation is needed. Echinochloa crus-galli and Leersia hexandra did not have virus symptoms (see table). Maize is a new host of GDV. Both zigzag and green leafhoppers
Host range of GDV in Guangdong, China, 1983.a Host Triticum aestivum Avena sativa Oryzae rufipogon Alopecurus aequalis Zea mays Leptochloa chinensis Echinochloa crus-galli Leersia hexandra
aNephotettix
Zigzag leafhopper per plant 1 1 4 5 3 7 3 3 3 1
Plants inoculated (no.) 17 15 6 3 12 5 5 5 5 15
Plants infected (no.) 2 3 3 2 1 1 small galls 0 0 0
cincticeps were used to inoculate the virus.
transmitted GDV to maize. Symptoms developed 28 d after inoculation. Small, light green galls appeared on the leaf veins, enlarged, and became waxy white. Some galls formed vein swellings up to
1.5 cm long and 0.25 cm wide. Stunting was not serious. The results were confirmed when rice plants exhibited typical symptoms after backinoculation.
Rice diseases on the Godavari Delta C. P. D. Rajan, assistant plant pathologist, Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh, India
We surveyed rice disease status in 1983 rabi, 1984 kharif, and 1984 rabi in East
and West Godavari Districts. Surveyors visited 69 villages and talked with 86 farmers in West Godavari, and visited 31 villages and talked with 35 farmers in East Godavari. Blast (Bl), which only occurs in rabi, sheath blight (ShB), and
Disease incidence a on different rices in Andhra Pradesh, India, 1983-84. Disease incidence Variety Bacterial blight M SL SL M M SL SL SL SL SL M Blast Tungro Sheath blight M S S M S M M M M M S Stem rot
IR50 IET1444 BPT1235 IR62 RP6-17 Prabhat IR36 Mahsuri MTU5 249 MTU7029 MTU5249 MTU4870 MTU2077 MTU2067 RP6-17 MTU6024 IR42 Jaya Mahsuri Swarna Mahsuri IR62
a SL
VS SL M SL M
Rabi S M M SL
SL SL M
bacterial blight were major diseases, and caused substantial yield losses. Tungro (RTV) occurs sporadically, but southern coastal districts had RTV epidemics in 1984 kharif. IR50 is highly susceptible to Bl. Applying heavy N doses (60-140 kg N/ ha) increased Bl disease seventy. Rabi varieties BPT1235 and IR62 have Bl resistance (see table). Stem rot caused by Sclerotium oryzae, brown spot caused by Helminthosporium oryzae, and sheath rot caused by Acrocylindrium oryzae were sometimes observed, but caused negligible losses.
BR3 reaction to multiple disease infection A. H. Mondal and S. A. Miah, Plant Pathology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur. Bangladesh
Kharif
= slight, M = moderate, S = severe, VS = very severe.
Rice fields often are infected by more than one disease. We evaluated BR3 under multiple disease infection. BR3 seedlings were transplanted in 48 rows of 10 hills each. The field received the recommended 80-60-40 kg NPK/ha.
21
Table 1. Disease index of four diseases and their interaction on BR3 in 1984 aus, Joydebpur, Bangladesh. Average disease index a Inoculant Without ShB 0 2 (ShR) 3 (BB) 4 (LSc) 2, 3 2, 4 3, 4 2, 3, 4
a Data
BB With ShB 2.67 b A 3.00 b A 3.00 b B 3.00 b A 6.00 a A 2.33 b B 2.33 b B 5.33 a A Without ShB 2.67 a B 0.0 c B 1.67 ab B 0.33 c B 0.0 c B 0.0 c B 0.33 c B 1.00 b B
ShB With ShB 3.33 5.00 5.00 4.33 A A A e cd cd de Without ShB 0.67 f A 4.33 b A 2.33 cd A 1.00 ef A 3.00 c A 2.67 c A 1.67 de A 5.67 a A
ShR With ShB 0.33 d A 4.33 ab A 1.67 c A 2.00 c A 3.67 b A 3.67 b A 1.67 c A 4.67 a A Without ShB 3.67 d A 2.33 e A 5.00 c A 5.33 bc A 3.67 d A 5.00 c A 6.67 a A 6.00 b A
LSc With ShB 2.67 c A 3.00 bc A 2.67 c B 5 .00 a A 2.67 c A 3.67 b B 5.00 a B 5 .00 a A
3.67 d A 2.67 d A 6.33 a A 3.00 d A 5.00 b A 4.33 c A 5.00 b A 5.00 b A
A 6.33 a A 5.33 bc A 5.83 ab A 6.00 ab A
are averages of 3 figures based on Standard evaluation system for rice. 0 = no disease inoculation, 2 = ShR, 3 = BB, and 4 = LSc. Small letters in a column indicate differences among treatments. Capital letters in a row indicate difference with and without ShB.
Table 2. F values of yield characters of BR3 with multiple disease infection, Joydebpur, Bangladesh. a F values SV Fertile tiller (%) Filled grain (%) 1.08 ns 19.81** 1.07 ns 11.07 1,000grain wt (g) 2.13 ns 14.54** 2.09 ns 4.11
Multiple infection 2.01 ns No disease vs ShB 12.38** Multiple infection 2.12 ns no disease vs ShB CV %
a Diseases
10.63
were ShB, ShR, BB, and LSc. ns = insignificant F value; ** = 1% significant F value.
Plots were inoculated with one to four diseases using a completely randomized design. Subplots were sheath blight (ShB) and no ShB inoculation. Plants were inoculated with ShB and bacterial blight (BB) inocula at maximum tillering, and with sheath rot (ShR) and leaf scald (LSc) at flag leaf stage. Reactions were significantly different among treatments and with and without ShB (Table I). When LSc infection was high, BB infection was lower. ShB was highest in ShB-inoculated plants and
suppressed the other diseases. ShR was high only when alone, with ShB inoculation, or with inoculation of all diseases. It appeared that ShB did not affect ShR development. Only ShB was significantly and negatively correlated with fertile tillers, number of filled grains, and 1,000-grain weight (r = -0.60*, -0.81**, and -0.58*). Of the four diseases, ShB developed fastest and caused the most damage. Values for yield component characters are in Table 2.
Sheath blight (ShB) control
Chemical control of ShB in 1984-85 kharif, Pattambi, India. Treatment Dose/ha g g g g ml ml Disease incidence (%) 29 (31) 24 (29) 30 (33) 37 (38) 13 (21) 343 (36) 81 (65) (11) 19 Disease severity (0-9) 3 2 2 4 1
V. P.S. Dev and C. A. Mary, Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Kerala 679306 India ShB caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk is a serious rice disease in Kerala. Under the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, we evaluated different fungicides for ShB control in a field trial with 1R50. There were seven treatments with four replications in a randomized block design. Plants were inoculated 25 d after planting with ShB pathogen that was multiplied on unhusked rice grains. Fungicides were sprayed 40 and 50 d after planting. Disease incidence and
Carbendazim 500 50 WP (Bavistin) Carbendazim 500 50 WP (Jkstein) 500 Thiophanate 70 WP Mancozeb 1250 75 WP Validamycin 1000 3L IBP 48 EC 500 Check (unsprayed) CD (0.05) CV (%)
severity were measured by counting infected tillers from 10 randomly selected hills from each plot and scored using the Standard evaluation system for rice. All the fungicides checked ShB intensity (see table). Validamycin 3L at 1 litre/ha and carbendazim 500 g/ha performed similarly and significantly better than other treatments (see table).
9 1 21
Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Influence of sheath blight (ShB) on agronomic traits at different N levels C. P. D. Rajan, assistant plant pathologist. Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Maruteru, Pin 534122, Andhra Pradesh, India
We studied changes in agronomic traits of MTU6024 caused by ShB at 0, 40, 80,
and 120 kg N/ha. Plant samples from a field trial at ARS in 1984 kharif were subjected to split-plot analysis. Main plots were N levels and subplots were healthy and diseased plants. Rice was planted in 3- 5-m plots at 20- 15cm spacing and 13 kg P/ha was applied. Agronomic traits of healthy and diseased plants were recorded. ShB increased significantly with each
N level. Plant height, effective tillers per hill, and number of grains per panicle did not differ significantly. Percentage filled grains and 1,000-grain weight were significantly less in diseased than in healthy plants (see table). Although disease score increased with N, there were no consistent changes in agronomic or yield characters.
Effect of ShB on agronomic traits of rice in Maruteru, India. N level (kg/ha) 0 40 80 120 Mean CD Disease score a 5 6 7 7 Plant height (cm) Healthy 99 100 102 104 101 Diseased 99 101 103 105 102 Effective tillers/hill Healthy 8 9 9 9 9 Diseased 8 9 9 9 9 Grains/panicle (no.) Healthy 119 116 125 131 123 Diseased 126 114 125 117 120 Filled grains (%) Healthy 86 87 88 88 87 7.2 1.0 3 .0 18.3 11.6 Diseased 73 68 82 13 74 1,000-grain weight (g) Healthy 23 23 23 24 24 0.7 4.1 Diseased 23 22 23 23 22
CV %
(0.05)
HD
0.5
1.2
a Standard
evaluation system for rice 09 scale.
Effect of inoculum age on transmission of rice gall dwarf virus (GDV) H. Jumanto, Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops, Jl. Cimanggu Kecil No. 2, Bogor, Indonesia: and T. Omura, T. Usugi, and T. Tsuchizaki, National Agriculture Research Centre, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305, Japan
Table 1. Transmission efficiency of GDV and RDV from plants of different inoculum ages, Ibaraki, Japan. Virus GDV RDV Replication I II I Inoculated plants (no.) 50 60 50 60 Infected plants (no.) 0 yr 13 31 8 6 0.5 yr 7 2 1.0 yr 8 5 0 0 2.0 yr 12 9 0 0
GDV-infected TN1 plants were maintained by vegetative propagation through bimonthly cutting, dividing, and transplanting in an airconditioned greenhouse (27 + 3 C). Inocula of different ages were used for the transmission test and ELISA. Rice plants infected with rice dwarf virus
Table 2. Detection by ELISA of GDV antigens in rice plants at various times after inoculation, Ibaraki, Japan. Replication Dilution a I II
a
(RDV), the transmissibility of which is reported to decrease very quickly, were treated in the same manner and results were compared with those with GDV. GDV transmissibility (Table 1) and virus concentration (Table 2) remained
high for 2 yr. RDV transmissibility decreased very quickly (Table 1). The results indicate that, in favorable conditions, GDV-infected plants may provide inoculum for longer than 2 yr.

OTHER PESTS
Estimating rat damage in deep water rice Md. S. Ahmed, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute; and M. Y. Mian, M. E. Haque, and J. E. Brooks, Vertebrate Pest Section, Bangludesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Virus concentration 0 yr 0.5 yr 1.0 yr 3.0 yr 0.800 1.600 1.600
1.600 3.200
Reciprocal of the highest dilution with positive reaction.
In Bangladesh, rat damage is estimated by quadrat sampling, but the method is not yet reliable for deep water rice. In 1982, we used burrow system density and average amount of stored rice per system to estimate grain loss due to rodents in several deep water areas.
23
Data on the density of rat burrow systems/ ha were obtained in 7 deep water Upa-zillas (subdistricts) by taking a 30-m-wide transect and crossing 10 to 30 fields from the nearest high ground out to 350 m (see figure). Density within the first 25 m was low because those fields are excavated for repairing highways and to build up island-villages. Burrow system density increased from the 26th m and was almost constant to 175 m, but was low between 176275 m from high ground. Observations indicated that field condition was more important to burrow density than distance to high ground. At harvest, we collected 23 samples of cached rice from burrow systems. Both large and small burrows contained an average 1.7 kg rice (see table). Damage vanes from Upa-zilla to Upa-zilla. Areas where floods receded first were hardest hit. Low damage and low burrow densities in Rupganj, Polash, and Narshingdhi reflect their low lying nature. Even at harvest the water table was within 0.25 cm of the surface and some fields had 25 cm standing water. Under such conditions, bandicoot rats do not invade the fields, but burrow into the shallow bunds separating fields. Damage was thus minimal. Mean density of burrow systems/ ha was 35, mean stored rice was 57.8 kg/ha, and average damage was
Rat damage to deep water rice based upon cached rice in Bangladesh in 1982. Area Manikganj Manikganj Manikganj Mirjapur Rupganj Rupganj Polash Narshingdhi Daudkandi Daudkandi Gazaria Gazaria Mean Burrow systems/ ha 76 71 42 60 18 10 21 20 27 11 24 36 35 Estimated a stored rice (kg/ha) 126 119 70 100 30 17 35 33 45 19 40 60 58 % loss b from 1012 kg/ha 12 12 7 10 3 2 3 3 4 2 4 6 6
Relation between burrow system density in decp water rice areas and distance from the high ground, Bangladesh, 1982.
Distance from the high ground (m)
5.7% of the crop, although farmers reduced this by collecting cached rice at harvest.
Based on 57.8 kg rice/ ha stored by rats, the national loss of deep water rice in 1982 was 89,414 t of paddy.
Traditional pest control practices in West Africa

S. A. Raymundo, formerly plant pathologist, UNDP-FAO-IITA-Sierra Leone Rice Research Project, Rice Research Station, Rokupr, Sierra Leone. Present address: International Potato Center, Lima, Peru
a Based on 1.7 kg/system (mean of 23 samples of cached rice). b Av national yield/ha of 198283 season.
Extensive surveys of West African rice farmers, particularly in Sierra Leone, have provided valuable information about pest management practices. Following are some common practices. Felled tree trunks and other wood remnants are left to help reduce termite damage on rice. When newly cleared fields are completely free of logs, termites feed on rice roots and kill many seedlings. Before rainy season peaks, soil is mounded so that even when fields are flooded, soil on the mounds remains above water. Weeds emerge and grow. Just before field preparation and transplanting, mounds are broken up and scattered, which kills the weeds. This practice is particularly common in the north, where boliland rice farms are loca ted. Fields are fenced with palm fronds to prevent rodents from entering. Rodents cause major damage in many rice
growing areas in Africa. In Sierra Leone, a mixture of eight or more rice varieties is planted in traditional upland rice areas. The mixture of varieties reduces damage by insect pests and diseases and provides stable yields. It is common to see rice fields with a mixture of varieties at varying maturity. Some farmers said this practice makes rice available as needed. Bulk storage encourages destructive storage pests such as rice weevils. Birds are major pests of rice in West Africa; therefore farmers like awned varieties, which lessen bird damage. Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa indica varieties such as Rok 16 and Ngovie are popular. In mangrove swamps, farmers plant several rice seedlings per hill to compensate for crab damage. Planting older seedlings also reduces damage. In a village or town, farmers tend to grow the variety or varieties with similar duration planted at more or less the same time. A variety that matures earlier than others planted nearby will have greater bird damage. Integrated with other tactics, these simple practices could serve as a basis for effective pest management programs.
Burrowing pattern of bandicoot rats in deep water rice fields

Md. S. Ahmed, Entomology, Division. Bangladesh Rice Research Institute; and M. Y. Mian, M. E. Haque, and J. E. Brooks, Vertebrate Pest Section, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Map of rat burrow systems, openings, and runways in a deep water rice field in Gazaria, Bangladesh, at harvest, 1982.
We studied burrowing characteristics of lesser bandicoot rats in a 24- 45-m deep water rice field in 1982. There were seven burrow systems (see figure), most of which were connected by pathways under the plant canopy. Each system had 1 to 17 burrow openings, averaging 7. Burrow length ranged from 1.25 to 27 m and averaged 9.4 m. Burrow length may vary by field and Bandicoot rat damage in deep water rice fields
Md. S. Ahmed, Entomology Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute: and M. Y. Mian, M. E. Haque, and J. E. Brooks, Vertebrate Pest Section, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
area because burrowing activity depends on soil conditions. The study field was a dry sandy loam, which may encourage long burrow systems. Burrow
fumigation may not be efficient in such systems, and more time and energy will be necessary to plug the burrow openings for fumigation.
We studied bandicoot rat damage and distribution in deep water rice in 1982 in the Gazaria Upa-zilla of Dhaka district. The 24- 45-m plot was divided in 1,080 1-m2 subplots and recently cut stems were counted and recorded for
each subplot. The rat burrow openings and runaways were mapped and locations of cut stems were plotted (Fig. 1). There were 0 to 38 damaged stems/ m 2 . At harvest, rat damage was greatest near burrow openings and pathways (Fig. 1). More than 30% of the stems were cut within 1 m of burrow openings (Fig. 2). The pattern of damage indicates that field control operations may be more effective if rodenticides and traps are used near burrow openings rather than randomly placed in the field.
1. Distribution of rice stems cut by rats during ripening stage in a deep water rice field in Gazaria, Bangladesh, 1982. Each dot represents one cut stem. Burrow openings (open circles) and rat runways (connecting lines) are shown.
2. Relationship of the intensity of rat damage and the distance of burrow openings in a deep water rice field, Gazaria, Bangladesh, 1982.
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
25
Soil and Crop Management

Sources and methods of N application for drilled, rainfed lowland rice S. R. Patel and B. R. Chandrawanshi, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Raipur, Madhya Pradesh, 492012, India
Grain yield and panicles of rice with different N application methods, Raipur, India. Treatment No N (control) Urea broadcast and incorporated as basal dose before seeding Urea applied in plow furrow and seed drilled in alternate rows USG applied in plow furrow and seed drilled in alternate rows Urea and seed drilled in same furrow USG and seed drilled in same furrow Urea applied in single dose after first weeding, before land submergence USG placed manually between alternate rows under shallow water, after first weeding CD (0.05) Panicles/m2 (no .) 215 232 250 255 25 1 25 1 258 267 ns Grain yield (t/ha) 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.4 0.3
We evaluated sources and methods of N application for rainfed lowland rice on a clay loam soil at Raipur Research Farm (see table). Soil had pH 6.7 and 0.65% organic carbon. Sumridhi (R-2384), a 125-d, gall midge-resistant variety, received 40 kg N/ha in all treatments. The number of panicles/m2 was not significantly affected by treatments. However, panicles/m2 and grain yield were maximum with urea supergranules (USG) placed manually between alternate rows under shallow water after first weeding or 30 d after seeding (DS), followed by urea applied in a single dose
after first weeding. Applying N 30 DS was more effective than application at seeding. Applying urea at seeding gave
yields equivalent to those of the no N check plot, indicating the magnitude of N loss.
Effect of nursery bed nutrient management and seed treatment on rice grain yield S. Rajagopalan and S. Palanisamy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Paddy Experiment Station, Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India
Effect of nursery nutrient management and seed treatment on TKM9 and IR20 grain yield, Tamil Nadu. India. Yield (t/ha) TKM9 Nursery nutrient management 5.8 No added fertilizer 6.1 DAP CD Seed treatment Potassium chloride 1% Manganese sulfate 4% Ferrous sulfate 4% Zinc sulfate 4% Control CD 0.4 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.4 5.8 0.4 IR20 3.1 4.0 0.22 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 ns
We evaluated the yield response of IR36 and IR42 grown under nonsubmerged conditions. Soil was a Ustic Dystropept, sandy clay loam with pH 5.2, 2.78% organic matter, 178 ppm available P (Bray II), and 0.9 meq exchangeable K (NH4 Ac extract) per 100 g. Both varieties yielded significantly
Mean grain yield at 14% moisture of IR36 and IR42 as affected by N application, Maros, Indonesia. Treatment (kg N/ha) 0 30 60 90 120 150 CV (%)
a
We studied the effect of nursery bed nutrient management and seed treatments in a sandy loam soil. Test varieties were TKM9 and IR20. The experiment was in a factorial randomized block with three replications. The treatments are in the table. Applying diammonium phosphate (DAP) significantly increased rice yield (see table). ZnSO4 seed treatments produced significantly higher grain yield than other treatments. Seed treatment affected TKM9 more than it did IR20.
Grain yielda (t/ha) IR36 1.4 2.9 4.0 4.1 4.9 4.9 11.8 c d IR42 0.8 1.7 2.4 3.7 4.2 4.3 12.6 c d
Yield response of IR36 and IR42 to N application under nonsubmerged conditions C. J. S. Momuat, A. Mappe, and I. T. Corpuz, Maros Research Institute for Food Crops (MORIF), Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
b b a a
b a a a
Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5% level by Duncan multiple range test.
higher with 30 kg N/ ha than in the noN check, 60 kg N gave significantly better yields than 30 kg, and 90 kg N
produced better IR42 yields than 60 kg N. IR36 yield at 90 kg N was not significantly higher than at 60 kg.
Applying 150 kg N did not significantly increase yield of either variety (see table).
Ratoon crop performance of three rices B. Basavaraju, B. V. Jayakumar, and M. Mahadevappa. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
Aug and ratooned in November yielded highest followed by Haiubbalu planted 15 Oct, and Mangala and Halubbalu planted 15 Sep. Yield data for the
Regulating K + and Na+ in two rice varieties grown in sodic soils A. Qadar, Division of Genetics and Plant Physiology, Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Harvana, India
ratoon crop are unreliable because there was considerable bird damage; however, they encourage further study of rice ratooning for the area. soil of pH 9.5 and 9.8. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was 52 and 69. Pots with normal soil (pH 8.1 and ESP 7) were the control. Soil was 41.4% sand, 35.0% silt, and 23.2% clay. Cation exchange capacity was 10.6 meq/100g. Soil had 24, 11, and 85 mg/kg available NPK. One gram urea and 0.09 g ZnSO4 /pot were applied basally. An additional dose of 0.5 g urea/pot was applied at tillering and flowering. After 45 d of growth, 3 sets of the top 4 fully expanded laminae were sampled and analyzed for K+ and Na +. Differences in Na+ content were statistically significant and were in order 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. K+ was lowest in the first lamina of control plants. Each lamina of Damodar had significantly higher K+ than the corresponding one in Jaya; the reverse was true for Na+ (see figure).
Rice in Bangalore, Kolar, and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka, India, often is planted late because irrigation tanks have not filled, and can suffer cold damage. Land often remains fallow until wet season begins in Jun-Jul. We sought to determine the potential of a ratoon crop of rice planted in late wet season. Mangala, CT1351, and Halubbalu were planted in 3.0- 1.8-m plots in 4 replications on 15 Aug, 15 Sep, and 15 Oct in late kharif 1983-84. Recommended practices were followed for the main crop, which was somewhat damaged by blast (Bl) and low temperatures. The Bl-damaged plots grew new tillers and produced some grain. The plots were ratooned after main season harvest. The ratoon crop was irrigated 2-3 times a month and was not cultivated or fertilized. Halubbalu produced no grain in tha main crop because of Bl. Mangala and CT1351 yielded 1.5 to 2.5 t/ha and had moderate B1 resistance. Ratoon yields are in the table. Mangala planted on 15
Ratoon yield of three rice varieties as influenced by three planting dates, Bangalore, India.a Planting date Variety 15 Aug 15 Sep 15 Oct Mangala GY (t/ha) 1.81 MCD (d) 118 RCD (d) 85 GY (t/ha) 0.94 MCD (d) 127 RCD (d) 100 1.41 1.21 126 130 90 80 1.07 1.25 134 140 100 110
Rice varieties differ in salt tolerance. Tolerant varieties generally have comparatively low Na+ content per unit dry weight with less imbalance in shoot K +. The ability to regulate those ions in leaves may help prevent Na+ excess in young plant parts. Damodar and Jaya. which have different salt tolerance, were grown under sodic conditions to study their ability to control K+ and Na + contents in different laminae and their sheaths. Forty-day-old seedlings were transplanted in pots with 8.5 kg sodic
CT1351
1.49 1.55 GY (t/ha) 0.93 138 148 MCD (d) 136 RCD (d) 105 116 110 a Gy = grain yield, MCD = main crop duration, RCD = ratoon crop duration. Halubbalu (S317)
Effect of sodicity on K+ and Na + contents of different laminae of two rices, Haryana, India. Bars = 1st to 4th laminae K+ , vertical lines = Na +.
IRRN 11: 1 (February 1986)
27
Damodar is more salt tolerant than Jaya and regulated Na+ and K+ better. For example, at pH 9.8, Damodar had maximum increase of Na + (1600%) in the 4th lamina as compared to Jaya's 1178% over the respective controls. K+ content of each Damodar lamina decreased less than in Jaya. Reduction in the first lamina over the respective controls was 43% for Damodar and 51% for Jaya. Thus, each part of Damodar had lower Na+ to K+ ratio than that of Jaya . Analysis 60 d after transplanting showed that each leaf sheath had higher Na+ content than its lamina in both genotypes (see table). The same was true for K+ for the first and second leaf
f
f
Effect of sodicity on Na+ content of first to fourth laminae (1 L to 4 L ) and their sheaths (1 LS to 4 LS) in two rices (% dry weight), Haryana, India. pH, ESP Variety Damodar Jaya 9.5 Damodar 52 Jaya Mean CD at 5% 8.2 7 Na+ content 1 L 0.087 0.093 0.650 0.660 2L 0.070 0.126 0.760 0.737 3L 0.077 0.123 0.903 0.977 4L 0.077 0.143 1.10 1.09 0.605 Mean 0.078 0.121 0.854 0.867 1 LS 0.413 0.303 1.21 1.45 2 LS 0.427 0.410 1.53 1.74 3 LS 0.473 0.677 1.86 1.92 4 LS 0.463 0.917 2.12 2.37 1.470 Mean 0.444 0.577 1.68 1.87
0.373 0.424 0.520 S V L 0.023
0.846 1.029 1.232 S V LS 0.045
sheaths at pH 8.1. At pH 9.5, however, each lamina had higher K+ than its sheath. In both varieties, sodicity decreased K+ content and increased Na+ . Higher Na+ in older laminae seems to
occur because of its poor retranslocation from older to younger parts. K + depletion was highest in older plant parts, suggesting that export of K + from older to younger parts exceeded its import under stress.
Nitrogen use efficiency in relation to seedling age and transplanting time P.S. Gill and H. N. Shahi, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Rice Research Station (RRS), Kapurthala 144601, India
We studied N use efficiency in terms of grain yield and N recovery in relation to seedling age at transplanting at PAU RRS. The 1981 and 1982 trials were in a split-plot design with 3 transplanting dates (30 Jun, 20 Jul, 9 Aug) and 5 N levels (0, 60, 90, 120, and 150 kg N/ ha) as main plots and 3 seedling ages at transplanting (30, 45, and 60 d) as subplots. PK was applied at 13-25 kg/ ha at last puddling. Urea N was applied in equal splits at transplanting, tillering, and panicle initiation. N recovery (kg grain/ kg of applied N) was calculated:
Grain yield Grain yield (kg/ha) in (kg/ha) in N recovery = N plots 0 N control N level (kg/ ha)
Effect of transplanting schedule, N level, and seedling age on rice grain yield, Kapurthala, India.
Transplanting 60-d-old seedlings gave highest grain yield (see figure). The differences in grain yield were most significant at later planting dates. Sixtyday-old seedlings outyielded 30 and 45d-old seedlings with much higher differences under 0 N as well as under all other N levels with a margin of 0.581.1 and 0.184.48 t/ ha.
Recovery increased with N application. Late-transplanted, 60-d seedlings had much higher N recovery than 30- and 45-d seedlings, although N recovery tended to remain at par for seedlings transplanted 30 Jun and 20 Jul. The increase in grain yield and N recovery with older seedlings was the net result of balanced dry matter production, early flowering, and high spikelet fertility.
Herbicides reduce azolla growth J. D. Janiya, research assistant, and K. Moody, agronomist, Agronomy Department, IRRI
When azolla is inoculated in transplanted rice fields to fix N, it also competes with weeds by rapidly covering the water surface. However, it does not control all weeds. We studied
the effect of recommended rates of commonly used rice herbicides (see table) on azolla. The study was in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Azolla caroliniana Willd. was inoculated at 500 g fresh weight/m 2 immediately after transplanting. Except for oxadiazon applied 3 d before transplanting, all herbicides were applied 4 d after transplanting. Except for thiobencarb, piperophos 2, 4-D, and oxadiazon, all herbicides significantly reduced azolla fresh weight by 10 d after treatment. The proprietary mixture of molinate - simetryn - MCPB was most damaging to azolla. Herbicides did not affect azolla N content. By 20 d after treatment, all herbicides reduced azolla growth. Molinate simetryn - MCPB killed all azolla. Thiobencarb was least harmful, reducing
Fresh weight and N content of azolla as affected by herbicide application. a IRRI, 1984 wet season. Treatment Molinate - simetryn - MCPB Butachlor - 2,4 -D Butachlor 2,4-D Oxyfluorfen Naproanilide - thiobencarb Pendimethalin Thiobencarb - 2,4-D Piperophos - 2,4-D Oxadiazon Thiobencarb Untreated Herbicide rate (kg/ha) 0.93 1.25 1.0 0.8 0.14 1.7 0.75 1.2 1.0 0.75 1.0 Fresh weight (g/m2 ) 10 d 185 223 310 216 310 348 383 365 485 438 612 603 f ef cdef def cdef bcdef bcdef bcdef abcd abcde a a 20 d 0 g 32 fg 77 ef 148 ef 238 def 198 defg 160 efg 289 cde 191 defg 489 bc 521 b 135 a N content (%) 10 d 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.8 a a a a a a a a a a a a 20 d 1.5 a 1.5 a 2.7 a 2.5 a 2.5 a 2.3 a 2.4 a 1.3 a 2.6 a 2.4 a 2.5 a
a Observations were made 10 and 20 d after herbicide application. Means followed by a common letter are not significantly different at the 5% level.
azolla fresh weight 29% compared to the untreated check. The herbicides had no significant effect on azolla N content. However, had azolla been incorporated 20 d after herbicide application, there would have
been significant differences in the amount of N incorporated because of the different fresh weights. Weed control measures other than herbicides should be used when azolla is grown.
Effect of soil amendments on summer growth and survival of Azolla pinnata K. Nandabalan and S. Kanaiyan, Agricultural Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
Effect of soil amendments on azolla growth and survival of azolla in summer, Tamil Nadu, India. Treatment Control Superphosphate Muriate of potash Neem cake Diammonium phosphate Farmyard manure Cow dung Rice husk Rice chaff Sawdust SE : SEd : Azolla fronds (no./10 cm 2 ) 96 114 107 193 222 88 223 115 311 99 4 5 Root length (cm) 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.3 2.4 1.8 2.1 0.1 0.2 Singlefrond wt (mg) 47.7 49.3 49.7 52.0 62.3 45.7 61.3 64.3 76.3 44.0 2.0 2.8 Biomass (g/10 cm 2 ) 14.3 15.3 13.0 20.3 23.7 15.3 22.0 21.7 35.0 12.7 0.6 0.8
It is difficult to maintain azolla under field conditions in summer in tropical rice growing areas. We studied the effect of soil amendments on summer azolla growth in Apr 1984. The experiment was in a randomized block design with 4 replications in 1-m2 plots. The following amendments were added to the plots and mixed thoroughly: 50 kg P/ha, 50 kg K, 500 kg neem cake, 50 kg diammonium phosphate, 10 t rice husk, 5 t fresh cow dung, 10 t rice husk, 10 t rice chaff, 5 t farmyard manure, and 10 t sawdust, Azolla pinnata was inoculated at 400 g/m2 in 10-cm-deep water. Fronds floated on the water for 2 d and then settled on the soil. Soil was kept saturated for 3 wk. The number of fronds, biomass/10 cm2, single frond weight, and root length were recorded. Biomass increased
over the control in all treatments except that of K and sawdust. The most fronds survived on rice chaff, which gave the highest single frond weight, followed by cow dung and diammonium phosphate. Rice husk gave the longest root length (see table). Results showed that soil amendments influence azolla growth and survival in summer. Rice chaff increases moisture holding capacity. Allowing azolla to root may enhance survival over maintaining the fronds in floodwater.
Some physiological studies on rice grown on manganese-deficient soil N. P. Kaur and V. K. Nayyar, Soils Department, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
Wheat grown in rotation with rice on coarse Punjab soils is showing increasing Mn deficiency, but rice has shown no visual symptoms. To understand this tolerance mechanism, we grew PR103 in a Mn-deficient (DTPA Mn 0.8 mg/kg) loamy sand soil
29
Table 1. POE and peroxidase activity in chloroplasts (X) and cytoplasm (Y) in rice leaves, 42 d after transplanting, Ludhiana, India.a Mn applied POE (mg/kg) A 0 2.5 5.0 10.0 15 .0 20 .0
aA
Table 2. Elemental composition in rice leaves, yield, and DTPA Mn in soil, Ludhiana, India. Mn applied (mg/kg) 0 2.5 5 .0 10.0 15.0 20.0 Composition (mg/kg) Mn 53 71 70 115 81 93 Fe 5 10 485 402 305 278 265 Fe 2+ 174 95 100 104 86 83 Zn 30 32 36 34 36 30 Yield (g/pot) Grain 2.4 4.4 5.9 7.2 7.6 8.4 Straw 40 42 38 39 39 41 DTPA Mn in soil (mg/kg) 7.7 10.5 11.8 13.4 15.3 19.3
POE Peroxidase B X 18 28 28 29 30 32 0.60 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.39 0.35
Peroxidase Y 4.8 4.8 5.4 6.4 4.7 4.2
9 14 14 15 16 17
= OD at 620 nm/unit chlorophyll per 5 min; B = OD at 620 nm/100 mg fresh wt per 5 min; X = OD at 660 nm/60 s per unit enzyme in chloroplast; Y = OD at 660 nm/60 s per 100 mg fresh wt in cytoplasm.
in a pot experiment. Four seedlings were transplanted per pot and Mn was applied at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/ kg of soil. Chloroplasts were isolated from leaves 21 and 42 d after transplanting and colorimetrically assayed for photosynthetic oxygen evolution (POE). Peroxidase activity in chloroplasts and cytoplasm was determined colorimetrically using guiacol as substrate. Results at two growth stages were similar. Data for the 42d stage are given here.
The Na-K ratio as index of salt stress in rice cultures S. Raman, N. D. Desai, J. B. Solanki, and S. M. Bhatt, Water Management Project, Gujarat Agriculture University, Navsari District, India
POE was very low in Mn-deficient plants but increased with application of 2.5 mg Mn/kg. Applying more Mn did not proportionately increase POE (Table 1). Chloroplast peroxidase was highest in plants that received no Mn. Cytoplasmic peroxidase increased up to 10 mg Mn/kg and decreased slightly at higher rates. Elemental analysis of leaves showed Mn concentration increased with Mn supply (Table 2). Fe2+ and total Fe content in leaves was highest in 0 Mn plants, indicating an inverse relationship with Mn concentration. Zn concentration did not change with Mn
application. Grain yield was significantly higher (about 4 times more with 20 mg Mn/kg than with 0 Mn) with Mn application, but straw yield was about the same. Grain filling was incomplete in Mndeficient plants. DTPA Mn content 42 d after transplanting had increased manyfold in all pots due to reduction under submerged conditions. Results indicate that although rice plants did not show symptoms of Mn deficiency, low Mn decreased photosynthetic activity and impaired translocation of photosynthates to grain.
We screened 16 rices for salt tolerance in coastal soils in South Gujarat.

Grain yield, and K and Na content, and their ratios in different rices, Navsari, India. Variety IET7587 IET7589 IET7908 IET7910 IET7911 IET6993 IET6996 IET7337 IET7588 IET7912 IR2031-729-2 SLR51214 CD at 5% Yield (t/ha) 2.6 2.9 1.8 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.6 2.8 3.4 2.1 3.5 2.8 1.1 K (%) 0.51 0.45 0.36 0.36 0.32 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.52 0.38 0.57 0.40 0.10 Na (%) 1.05 1.16 1.05 0.91 0.91 1.10 1.17 1.06 0.99 0.87 0.68 1.04 0.20 Na:K 2.06 2.58 2.92 2.53 2.84 2.82 2.92 2.79 1.90 2.29 1.19 2.60
SLR51214 was the check variety. At transplanting, soil had ECe 9.0 dS/m, pH 8.6, and ESP 25. Twelve entries performed uniformly and at par with SLR51214. Grains were analyzed for nutrient content and Na:K was calculated (see table). K content varied from 0.32 to 0.57. IR2031-729-2 had highest K and lowest Na and yielded highest. Na:K for most varieties
was above 2.5. However, IR2031-729-2 had 1.19 and IET7588 had 1.90, indicating a preferential absorption of K over Na. Yield and K content were highly and positively correlated (r = 0.96). The relation between yield and Na content was not significant. Na:K, however, was significantly and negatively correlated with yield (r = 0.82).
Azolla as a substitute for N fertilizer in rice cultivation H. K. Senapati, associate professor, and B. Behera, professor, Department of Soils and Agricultural Chemistry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
In 1980-81 in Bhubaneswar, we studied azolla as a substitute for N fertilizer in rice cultivation. Soil was a laterite with pH 5.6, CEC 3.5 meq/100 g soil, 0.36% C, 0.35% N, 0.45% P, 1.55% K, 70.1%
sand, 16.3% silt, and 12% clay. The experiment was in a randomized block design with three replications. All plots received 10 cartloads of farmyard manure, 13.3 kg P, and 24.9 kg K/ha before transplanting Pusa 2-21 (IR8/TKM6). Azolla was surface applied or multiplied in situ 1 wk before transplanting. Plots received azolla alone or azolla with urea fertilizer (see table) . All treatments yielded more than the control. Applying 10 t azolla/ ha
Effect of azolla inoculation on rice yield, Bhubaneswar, India. Yield (t/ha) Treatment 1978-79 kharif 1.7 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 0.4 1979-80 kharif 2.1 3.0 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.5 0.6 1979-80 rabi 3.5 4.6 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.6 0.6 Increase (%) 34 20 30 34 44
Control Azolla at 10 t/ha Azolla at 1 t/ha, surface applied Azolla at 5 t/ha + 15 kg N/ha 30 kg N/ha 60 kg N/ha CD
produced the same yield as 30 kg N/ ha. Highest yields were with azolla + urea. Applying azolla increased both total and available N. With 8 azolla crops in 1 season, total N harvest was about 140 kg/ ha at Bhubaneswar and 80 kg] ha in saline conditions. Individuals, organizations, and media are invited to quote or reprint articles or excerpts from articles in the IRRN.
Effect of phosphorus on kharif rice S. S. R. Reddy, M. N. Reddy, and P. N. Rao. Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru 534122, Andhra Pradesh, India
Grain and straw yields of 4 rices at 4 P levels, Maruteru, India. Variety Swarna Lakshmi MTU7633 Vasista Mean CD at 5% Grain yield (t/ha) 0 5.1 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 8.7 kg 5.2 3.8 5.1 4.8 4.7 17.5 kg 5.4 4.1 5.1 4.7 4.8 26.2 kg 5.5 4.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 Mean 5.3 4.1 5.0 4.7 4.8 0.3 0.2 ns ns 4.8 0 6.1 5.0 6.5 6.1 5.9 8.7 kg 5.9 5.0 6.4 6.2 5.9 Straw yield (t/ha) 17.5 kg 6.2 4.9 6.6 6.9 6.2 26.2 kg 6.2 5.1 6.5 6.4 6.0 Mean 6.1 5.0 6.5 6.4 6.0 ns 0.2 ns ns 3.7
We determined the P requirement of kharif rices in 1984 on soil with pH 7.8, EC 0.70 mmho/crn, 0.68% organic carbon, and 12.1 kg available P and 329 kg available K/ha. The experiment was in a split-plot design with three replications. P at 0, 8.7, 17.5, and 26.2 kg/ ha applied basally as superphosphate were main plots; Swarna, Lakshmi, MTU7633, and Vasista were subplots. NK at 40-30 kg/ ha were applied to all treatments. Swarna yielded highest with an average 5.3 t/ha, which was significantly
P levels Varieties P levels varieties Varieties P levels CV%
superior to that of all other varieties. P significantly increased yield only at 26.2 kg P/ ha (see table). P levels did not significantly influence straw yield.
MTU7633 had the highest mean straw yield of 6.5 t/ ha. Swarna performed best and 8.7 kg P/ha appears to be optimum and economical for the test varieties.
Storing Azolla pinnata inoculum for transport D. Sukumar and S. Kannaiyan, Agricultural Microbiology Department, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
Different bags for storing azolla, Coimbatore, India, Treatment Cotton cloth bag Polyester cloth bag Newspaper bag Brown paper bag Polythene bag Polythene-lined gunny bag Gunny bag Azolla survival (%) 2d 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 3d 58 53 57 41 66 62 61 5 4d 45 40 56 38 65 46 44 5 5d 19 17 19 16 32 28 22 2 Recovery (%) in the field when inoculated 26 17 21 15 46 27 27 4
We evaluated different storage techniques for A. pinnata, Coimbatore strain. Fresh A. pinnata fronds were collected from field multiplication plots, soil was washed from their roots, and water was drained from them. The fronds were stored in cotton cloth, polyester cloth, newspaper, brown paper, polythene, polythene-lined gunny, and gunny bags for 5 d. Frond survival was recorded on days 2, 3, 4, and 5. All
CD
azolla lived for 2 d, then began to die. At 5 d, polythene and polythene-lined
gunny bags performed best (see table).
The International Rice Research Newsletter and the IRRI Reporter are mailed free to qualified individuals and institutions engaged in rice production and training. For further information write: IRRI, Communication and Publications Dept., Division R, P. O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
31
Announcements
Chang honored
T.T. Chang, IRRI principal scientist, recently received the following honors. He was selected for the Outstanding Achievement Award of the University of Minnesota, which Minnesota President Kenneth Keller describes as the Universitys way of recognizing former students who have attained distinction and honor in their fields. The award is the highest honor the university gives alumni. For his activities in germplasm collection and maintenance, Chang received a bronze medal from the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources. A paper coauthored by Chang with J.C. Zadoks and C.F. Konzak was included in This Weeks Citation Classic in the 14 Oct 1985 Current Contents. The paper, A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. was
published in Weed Research (14:415-21, 1974). It has been cited in more than 250 publications.
Yuan Longping receives World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) gold medal
tonnes. Yuan is deputy chairman of the Chinese Crop Science Association and a member of the Scientific Board of the Ministry of Agriculture. He was a member of the China Peoples Congress from 1978 to 1983.
Yuan Longping, director of the Hybrid Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, recently received the WIPO Invention and Creation Gold Medal. The award is the highest honor ever given for scientific research in China. Yuan pioneered the development of commercial Fl hybrid rice in China in 1974. Through his persistent efforts and dynamic leadership, China now grows about 8 million ha (22% of total rice area) of hybrid rice each year. Planting hybrid rice has increased Chinas annual rice production by about 6 million
New IRRI publications
The following new IRRI publications are available for purchase from the Communication and Publications Department, Division R, IRRI, P.O. Box 933. Manila. Philippines: Women in rice farming Flowering response of the rice plant to photoperiod, rev. ed., by B.S. Vergara and T.T. Chang, 1985 Rice diseases, 26 ed., by S.H. Ou.
The International Rice Research Institute

P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines
ISSN 0115-0944

International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.11 No.1

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International Rice Research Newsletter Vol.11 No.1

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Contents

GEU EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

PEST CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT

Guidelines and Style for IRRN Contributors

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

White Ponni Paiyur 1 PY 1 Ponni Co 43 IR20 White Ponni Bam3 Co 31 IR20

IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

NLR9672 NLR9674 BulkH/9

248 269 198

1970 5.4 5.2 3.8 0.5

1971 5.7 5.7 5.4 0.2

1972 6.1 5.9 5.3 0.5

1973 3.8 3.5 3.1 0.3

1974 4.4 4.1 3.3 0.5

Mean 5.1 4.9 4.2

1975 minikit triala 4.0 3.7 3.3

B-xuan 1 910 Yang-dao 1 B-fu 1 BG90-2 (parent)

4 IRRN 11 :1 (February 1986)

HKR120, a promising new rice

HKR120 is a promising, mediumduration (140-145 d) semidwarf

Av yield (t/ha) 1982-84 6.5 6.1 6.0 0.5 5.4

Duration (d) 146 148 147 0.7 7.5

Panicles/ m2 296 313 298 0.3 3.9

Length: Width 3.43 3.25 2.86

Kernel elongation (mm) 1.98 1.98 1.76

Cooking quality Good Good Fair

BBa (0-9 scale) 3 7 7

WBPH b (0-5 scale) 0.7 3 4.0 4.5

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

Sheath blight (ShB) damage to seven rices

2.8 1.7 3.3

Reaction of IRRI and Tamil Nadu rices to yellowing syndrome

6 IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

Glh 1 Glh 2 Glh 3 glh 4 Glh 5 Glh 6 Glh 7

Indonesia (Maros) 0a 32 b 42 b 40 b 2a 32. b 34 b 0a 74 c

Thailand (TRRI) 66 40 78 58 72 38 32 80 94 bc ab cd abc c ab a cd d

Glh Glh Glh glh Glh Glh Glh

8 IRRN 11 : 1 (February 1986)

WBPH damagea (0-9) 1+ 1+ 0+ 0.5 0.5 0.5 4 0.5++ 4 9 5 7 7 4 5 4 1 6 7 5 5 4 2 2 8 4 4 4 4 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 5 7 5 5 4 4 4 4

IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

Reaction to N. lugens S MR S MR S MR S S S S S S S S S S S S S S MR MR S R S. furcifera MR S MR MR MR S MR S S S S S S S MR MR S MR MR S MR S S MR N. virescens MR MR MR S S MR MR MR MR S MR S S S S S S S S S S S S MR N. nigropictus MR S MR S MR S S S MR S MR S S S S MR S MR S S S S S MR

Nephotettix spp. 73 87 70 73 77 73 73 87 80 83 80 100 53

a = not studied; a mixed population of N. virescens and N. nigropictus was used.

= resistant, MR = moderately resistant, and S = susceptible.

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

IR64 TKM9 IR50 ADT36

Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

Deep water Habiganj Aman II seeds

10 IRRN 11:1 (February 1986)

Pest Control and Management

1. Plant height and internode elongation ability of Habiganj Aman II.

2. Change of total chlorophyll content of leaves of Habiganj Aman II during flooding.

Need-based control of yellow stem borer (YSB)

IRRN 11 : 1 (February 1986)

Mean no. whiteheads 1983 75 a 102 b 2.44 1984 93 a 168 b 3.16

of means in a column at the 5% level.

sprays were necessary in 1983 and four in 1984.

Labor cost for sampling and applying insec-

threshold level per unit area should be determined.

R = resistant, MR = moderately resistant, S = susceptible.