TC Bilingual Institute May 2011

Prepared by D.M. Valenti, Ph.D.

FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE

PARTICIPANTS

OBSERVABLES
SETTING

SHARED KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO MANAGE A CONVERSATION

FOOTING CLARIFICATION CRUTCHING

GRAMMATICAL CONSTRAINTS

FREE MORPHEME CONSTRAINT EQUIVALENCE CONSTRAINT

Based on Zentella 1997

TC Bilingual Institute May 2011

Prepared by D.M. Valenti, Ph.D.

FACTORS DETERMIINIING CHOIICE FACTORS DETERMIN IN G CHOIC E FACTORS DETERM N NG CHO CE

(Based on Zentella)

Realignment
TOPIC SHIFT

FOOTING: Realignment and Appeal and Control

A shift in topic is marked by a shift in language. The speaker recalls speech and reports it directly or indirectly, not necessarily in the language used by the person quoted. The language shift accompanies a shift into or out of a question. The shift seeks the listeners opinion or approval, usually in the form of a tag. The speaker asks a question and immediately follows it with the answer in the opposite language.

Vamos a preguntarle. Its raining

QUOTATIONS: DIRECT AND INDIRECT DECLARATIVE /QUESTION SHIFT CHECKING

El me dijo, Lets go to the park.

I do the data entry, que mas?

Porque tenemos que ir a la escuela,

right?

RHETORICAL ASK AND ANSWER

Sabes lo que hizo esa maestra? She

lost the IEPs.

Appeal and Control

AGGRAVATING REQUESTS MITIGATING REQUESTS ATTENTION ATTRACTION

The switch intensifies/reinforces a command. The switch softens a command.

Dame la bola. Give me the ball.

Maria, give me your hand, mi hija. Give me your hand. Ella esta ganando, look at her.

The language shift calls for the attention of the listener. CLARIFICATION

TRANSLATION APPOSITIONS The switch marks the introduction of an appositional phrase that adds subject specification. A N/NP is followed by a switch to a clause that begins with a pronoun that refers to the same noun. CRUTCH-LIKE MIXES CRUTCHING Speaker does not remember or know the switched word The speaker fills the space with a catch-all term. The speaker tries to repair a nongrammatical swtich.

No me crees? You dont believe me

Shes teaching in intermediate school,

en la escuela de Faucetta.

DOUBLE SUBJECT/ LEFT DISLOCATION

The new teacher, ella se pone muy nerviosa when she has visitors

Maria tiene muchas preguntas sobre

mainstreaming. You have deso

FILLING IN

RECYCLING

Tu ate lo comistes.

TABOOS

Are you going to eat that mierda.

TC Bilingual Institute May 2011

Prepared by D.M. Valenti, Ph.D.

SWITCH POINTS

(Zentella 1997:118-119]
SWITCH POINT Full Sentence Noun/Noun Phrase Object N Object NP Subject NP Subject N Independent Clauses Without Conj. With Conj. Subordinate Clauses With Conj. Without Conj. Adverb/ Adverbial Phrases Adverb Adverbial Phrase Verb/Verb Phrase Verb Phrase Verb Prepositional Phrase Filler Adjective/ Adjectival Ph Adjective Adjectival Ph Imperative Tag Conjunctions Coordinate Subordinate Relative Clause Exclamation Miscellaneous Interrogatives Personal Pronoun Predicate Adj Determiner Preposition EXAMPLE Pa, me va(-s) (a) comprar un jugo? It cos 25 cents. 385 360 She went to the entierro. Tu estas metiendo your big mouth. Tiene dos strings, una chiringa. My pollina is longer than hers. 214 102 26 18 304 208 96 112 72 40 96

%
22.8 21.4 13 6 1.5 1.06 18 12.3 5.7 6.6 4.3 2.4 5.7

You know how to swim but no te tapa. My father took him to the ASPCA y lo mataron.

He saw que e/h/ta bola e/h/ mia. Because yo lo dije.

Ima put it al revez. Ra/h/ came alli, alli mismo, a little bit down.

59 38 60 32 28 54 48 46

3.4 2.2 3.6 1.9 1.7 3.2 2.8 2.7 1.9 .8 1.9 1.8 2.8 1.8 1 1.4 1.3 1.3 .5 .6 .6 .5

Her sister me e/h/peto una hebilla. Puede ser manana means que no trae este dia, trae manana. Im going with her a la esquina. Wheres the deso?

Yo me voy a quedar skinny. I saw hone bees, un monton, making honey. Its full already, mira. E/h/to e/h/ una peseta, right?

33 13 33 30 47 30 17 24 22 22 13 11 10 8

He came last night pero the thing was he stood up Millies house. You never seen one que in the night time this car comes? Alguien se murio en ese cuarto that she sleeps in. Y era un nene, embarrassing! Cual? Which one? Oye, you. Ni son sweet ni na(da). The little martians, los little aliens asi, they were her family. She was con Lopezs mother.