'

NA'I',NAL
AER /'iAJIICS A Y D SPACE ADMINISTRATION NAS+1INCTON D C 29546

A 2-41 55 m lELS HJg 2-69'_5

FOR RELEASE: SUNDAY

RELEASE NO:

66-213

August 21, 1 6 96

.
PROJECT:
Apollo/Saturn 202

(To be launched no

E S S
i

e a r l i e r than Aug. 25)

CONTENTS

z 0
0

UCCESSION N U M B E R )

ITHRU)

D .

(PAGES)

(CODE)

3 1
(CATEGORY)

(NASA C R O R TMX O R AD NUMBER)

RELXASE NO:

66-213
APOLLO SATURN

HEAT SHIELD

IN ORBIT TEST
The t h i r d unmanned Apolloflprated Saturn I f l i g h t w i l l be launched no e a r l i e r than Aug. 2 5 .
Thfs w i l l be the second

f l i g h t t e s t of t h e Apollo spacecraft command and service

modules and the t h i r d f l i g h t t e s t of t h e Saturn I rocket i n prep a r a t i o n f o r manned rnissicns o r b i t i n g the Earth.
The 17,825-mile f l i g h t w i l l c a r r y the s p a c e c r a f t three-

q u a r t e r s o f t h e way around the Earth.

Landing w i l l be i n

t h e n o r t h c e n t r a l P a c i f i c about 300 miles southeast of Wake

Island.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration w i l l

launch t h e space vehicle from Launch Complex 34, Kennedy Space Center, Fla.,

a t l2:3O a.m.

EDT t o provide a long

period of d a y l i g h t f o r spacecraft recovery operations.

f l i g h t w i l l take almost

The

93 minutes.

The mission i s t h e second performance check of the

Apollo command module a b l a t i v e heat s h i e l d . be subjected t o extended high h e a t loads

BTU/per

The shield w i l l

--

about 23,000

square foot

--

r e s u l t i n g f r o m a r e e n t r y path resembling

a " r o l l e r coaster" r i d e on Earth.

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8/15/66

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On the first unmanned Apollo mission last February, the heat shield underwent high heating rates at a very steep angle. The reentry trajectory in this mission will be

longer and shallower to produce very high heat loads.

The two types of trajectories represent reentry heating

conditions encountered in manned Earth orbital missions. For lunar landing mission reentry, the spacecraft heat shield will be tested next year on Saturn V missions.
The Apollo/Uprated Saturn space vehicle stands 224 feet

4 high (launch vehicle is 1 1 feet and spacecraft 83 feet).

Total weight on the launch pad will be 1,326,400 pounds (launch vehicle is 1,269,500 pounds and spacecraft 56,900 pounds). The Apollo command module, although unmanned, is a fully operational spacecraft except for crew couches and a few displays for pilots. The guidance and navigation system

and fuel cell electrical power system will undergo their first flight test. The Apollo Emergency Detection System will be tested in the automatic mode.

I will automatically initiate firing of t

the spacecraft launch escape system and separation of the command module if two of the Saturn first stage engines fail, or if a guidance failure causes excessive pitch, yaw and roll during first-stage powered flight. -more-

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On manned missions, the emergency d e t e c t i o n system can

o p e r a t e automatically o r i t w i l l s i g n a l the crew t o i n i t i a t e f i r i n g of t h e escape system. Relay l o g i c o f the emergency

d e t e c t i o n system i s located primarily i n t h e Saturn v e h i c l e instrument u n i t .

The first test of S-Band communications w i l l be conducted

on the mission, although i t w i l l n o t be t h e prime method of air-to-ground communications, The Apollo Unified S-Band

system w i l l be fully operational f o r Saturn V manned missions i n 1958. The 21,500 pound t h r u s t service propulsion system engine

w i l l be f i r e d four times i n f l i g h t f o r a t o t a l of more than f i v e

minutes.

On Apollo lunar landing missions, t h i s engine w i l l

p r o v i d e t h r u s t f o r t h e spacecraft t o c o r r e c t v e l o c i t i e s en route

t o the Moon, break into lunar o r b i t and r e t u r n t o Earth.

A s t r u c t u r a l t e s t o f the common bulkhead s e p a r a t i n g t h e

Saturn second s t a g e p r o p e l l a n t tanks w i l l be conducted a f t e r t h e s t a g e s e p a r a t e s from the spacecraft.

Similar t o t h e

check on t h e second Uprated Saturn I mission, It i s designed t o determine t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e sandwich-like s t r u c t u r e which i n s u l a t e s the l i q u i d oxygen a t minus-297 minutes degrees
F. from supercold l i q u i d hydrogen a t minus-423 degrees F.

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Ground tests and the previous flight test show that the bulkhead will withstand pressure differentials of about 34 pounds per square inch operating conditions.

-- more than three times normal

Maxirmun pressure is expected as the

stage reenters the atmosphere over the Atlantic. Pressure differential reached will depend on the amount
of liquid oxygen remaining i the tank. n

It is not known

whether this will cause the stage to break up as it did in the previous Saturn flight last month.
S i x movie cameras and one television system will record

data (See Cameras, Page 23 ).

A t o t a l of 2,158 measurements

will be recorded during the mission, 863 from the Apollo spacecraft and 1,295 from the Saturn.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS)

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THE FIISSION
Countdown for t h e Apollo/Uprated Saturn (AS-202) v e h i c l e a t Launch Complex 34 w i l l begin about 25s hours before l i f t o f f . During t h e early phases of the count f i n a l checks of the spacec r a f t , ordinance arming and mechanical work on the launch v e h i c l e w i l l be accomplished. Liquid oxygen loading t o both stages of the Saturn launch v e h i c l e w i l l begin six hours before scheduled l i f t o f f . Liquid hydrogen loading t o the second s t a g e w i l l begin four hours before launch. Hatches of the s p a c e c r a f t w i l l be sealed 45 minutes before l i f t o f f , and 15 minutes l a t e r the Apollo access s w i n g arm on the umbilical tower w i l l be r e t r a c t e d . Terminal phase of t h e countdown w i l l begin 30 minutes before launch. A t 2 minutes 43 seconds before l i f t o f f the countdown w i l l go on automatic sequence. The vehicle w i l l be held on the pad f o r about t h r e e seconds a f t e r the e i g h t first-stage engines i g n i t e t o a s s u r e stable combustion. It w i l l l i f t off t h e pad on an azimuth o f 100 degrees East of North, r o l l to 105 degrees and begin t o p i t c h o r tilt along the f l i g h t path, a s o u t h e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n from Cape Kennedy. The first stage burns f o r 2 minutes 23.7 seconds and the s t a g e i s separated. The booster propels the vehicle t o a 35-mile a l t i t u d e and 35 miles down range. The s t a g e impacts about 270 miles downrange near Antigua.

Two recoverable movie cameras mounted on the forward end o f the first s t a g e w i l l record separation and i g n i t i o n of t h e second s t a g e (See Cameras, Page 23)

A f e w seconds after t h e second stage J-2 engine ignites, the s p a c e c r a f t launch escape system i s j e t t i s o n e d , The engine burns f o r about 7 minutes 23 seconds producing thrust

t o c a r r y t h e vehicle t o a 135-mile a l t i t u d e some 969 miles from t h e launch s i t e . -more -

-6About 10 seconds a f t e r second s t a g e c u t o f f t h e spacec r a f t s e p a r a t e s from the stage and Saturn instrument unit. A t e l e v i s i o n camera mounted i n t h e instrument u n i t w i l l record movement o f the spacecraft lunar module adapter panels as they f o l d back t o f r e e the s p a c e c r a f t , The adapter w i l l house t h e lunar module on l a t e r E a r t h o r b i t a l f l i g h t s and lunar landing missions. Signals from t h e camera w i l l be monitored and recorded a t the Antigua t r a c k i n g s t a t i o n (See Cameras, Page 23 ).
The pressure t e s t o f the second s t a g e common bulkhead w i l l begin 90 seconds a f t e r s p a c e c r a f t separation. The l i q u i d oxygen tank vent valve w i l l be opened and the l i q u i d hydrogen tank vent valve w i l l be closed. This w i l l cause t h e pressure d i f f e r e n t i a l across t h e bulkhead t o increase, The amount of increase w i l l depend on the amount of l i q u i d oxygen remaining i n t h e tank. M a x i m u m pressure is expected t o be reached as the s t a g e r e e n t e r s t h e atmosphere over t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean.
A f e w seconds a f t e r spacecraft separation the 21,500pound thrust s e r v i c e module propulsion engine w i l l be f i r e d f o r the T i r s t time. This burn of t h r e e minutes 35 seconds w i l l boost the s p a c e c r a f t t o i t s peak a l t i t u d e of 706 m i l e s over South Africa about 41 minutes a f t e r l i f t o f f .

The second s e r v i c e propulsion engine burn, of one minute 28 seconds, w i l l occur approximately 25 minutes l a t e r over the Indian Ocean near the Western t i p o f Australia.
o f t h r e e seconds duration, take place. These a r e t o t e s t t h e r a p i d r e s t a r t c a p a b i l i t i e s o f the engine.

About 10 seconds l a t e r , t h e t h i r d and f o u r t h burns, each

The s p a c e c r a f t guidance and c o n t r o l system w i l l o r i e n t t h e s p a c e c r a f t f o r separation of t h e cormnand and s e r v i c e modules about two minutes a f t e r the f o u r t h s e r v i c e p r o p u l s i o n , burn. The 100-pound t h r u s t s e r v i c e module r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l engines are f i r e d t o separate it from the corumand module.
A f e w seconds a f t e r s e p a r a t i o n t h e command module w i l l be o r i e n t e d f o r t h e long shallow reentry. From a n a l t i t u d e of 400,000 f e e t i t w i l l descend t o 218,000 f e e t a t a speed of more than 19,000 m i l e s p e r hour. A t t h i s time t h e guidance and navigation system w i l l i n i t i a t e t h e r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system t o modulate the l i f t vector and the s p a c e c r a f t w i l l s k i p back t o an a l t i t u d e of about 264,400 f e e t ,

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From t h i s a l t i t u d e "he f i n a l phase o f r e e n t r y b e g a s a t a v e l o c i t y about 16,000 m i l e s per hour, The apex cover of t h e spacecraft w i l l be j e t t i s o n e d t o deploy the two 13-foot diameter drogue parachutes a t 23,850 f e e t a l t i t u d e . The t h r e e 83-foot diameter main parachutes are deployed a t 10,350 f e e t . Splashdown i s expected one hour, 32 minutes, 54 seconds a f t e r l i f t o f f . The predicted landing point f o r t h e mission i s a t 17 degrees 9 minutes N l a t i t u d e and 171 degrees 87 minutes E longitude, located i n the downrange p o r t i o n o f t h e terminal landing f o o t p r i n t . The terminal landing " f o o t p r i n t " i s an a r e a 3,500 n a u t i c a l miles long, varying between 200 and 300 n a u t i c a l miles i n w i d t h c u t t i n g between the Caroline and Marshall I s l a n d s w i t h impact point 300 miles southeast of W k ae I s l a n d i n t h e North Central P a c i f i c , The a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , USS Hornet, two d e s t r o y e r s and seven C-130 a i r c r a f t comprise t h e Department o f Defense recovery f o r c e i n t h e area. The USS Hornet w i l l be a t the p r e d i c t e d impact a r e a , Should the s p a c e c r a f t ' s guiaance system f a i l , a b a l l i s t i c r e e n t r y w i l l be achieved and landing w i l l be i n t h e uprange p o r t i o n o f t h e long f o o t p r i n t , This impact p o i n t i s approximately 1,000 miles uprange i n t h e v i c i n i t y of the e Caroline I s l a n d s , north o f Nw Guinea. A f t e r recovery the Command Module w i l l be taken t o Downey, C a l i f o r n i a , f o r p o s t - f l i g h t analysis by NASA and North American Aviation engineers.

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e

-8TLIGHT SEQUENCE

Hour

Minutes
00 00 00

Seconds
00 10

Event Lift-off Pitch and roll maneuver i n i t i a t e d

R o l l terminated

15

01

19

Maximum dynamic pressure ( a l t i t u d e 7.8 miles, 2.5 m i l e s downrange, velocity 1,010 m i l e s per hour).
Pitch terminated
First stage inboard engines c u t o f f
F i r s t s t a g e outboard engines c u t o f f ( a l t i t u d e 35 m i l e s ; 35 m i l e s downrange, v e l o c i t y 4,150 mph)

02 02
02

15.7 20.7 23.7

02 02
02
02

24.3 24.5 26.13 49.55 50 52.55

01 35

Second stage u l l a g e rocket i g n i t i o n

F i r s t stage s e p a r a t e s

Second s t a g e i g n i t i o n Camera capsule e j e c t e d from separated S-IB Launch escape system j e t t i s o n I n i t i a t e a c t i v e guidance Second s t a g e engine c u t o f f ( a l t i t u d e 135 m i l e s , 969 m i l e s downrange, velocity 14,300 mph) Separation o f s p a c e c r a f t from Saturn second stage F i r s t burn Service Propulsion System Engine (SPS), 215 seconds Second s t a g e bulkhead t e s t begins
First burn concluded
Apogee reached, 706 s t a t u t e m i l e s

02 02 10

10 10
1 1

11
22

52

13
41

57
25

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-9Hour 1 1 1 1 1 1
1

Minutes

Seconds

Event

05
06
07

38

RCS ullage burn

Second burn SPS, 88 seconds Second SPS burn concluded Third SPS burn, 3 seconds Third SPS burn concluded Fourth burn SPS, 3 seconds Fourth SPS burn concluded

08
36 45

07

07
07

49
59
02

08 09
11 11
11
12

1
1

58
16

CM/SM separation attitude

CM/SM separation sequence starts (150 seconds RCS burn SM)

1
1
1

17
56 38 36 36

CM/SM separation CM reentry attitude CM at 400,000 foot altitude

Blackout begins Blackout ends Apex cover jettisoned Drogue chute deployed Main chute deployed at 10,350 feet Splashdown

1
1

13
23

1
1

26 2 7
27

58
00

1 1

52

32

54

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-10M I S S I O N CONTROL AND TRACKING

The Manned Space F l i g h t Control Center a t the Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, w i l l c o n t r o l t h e mission from l i f t o f f through recovery of t h e s p a c e c r a f t , The second f l o o r Mission Operations Control Room w i l l be used as i t was f o r the Apollo/Uprated Saturn I missions l a s t February and J u l y , Real-time i n - f l i g h t a n a l y s i s and monitoring of the onboard systems by f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r s w i l l be accomplished through data t r a n s m i t t e d from A i r Force Eastern Test Range and the N S AA Manned F l i g h t Tracking Network tracking f a c i l i t i e s . S t a t i o n s p a r t i c i p a t i n g w i l l be Kennedy Space Center, P a t r i c k AFB, and M e r r i t t Island i n Florida; Bermuda; Grand Bahama Island; Grand Turk I s l a n d ; Antigua; Ascension Island; P r e t o r i a , South Africa, and Carnarvon i n A u s t r a l i a . I n t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean, the t r a c k i n g s h i p Rose mot Victor w i l l monitor s p a c e c r a f t separation I n a d d i t i o n t o receiving o t h e r telemetry data. Two t r a c k i n g ships i n the western P a c i f i c w i l l be the Coastal Sentry Quebec, which w i l l monitor s e p a r a t i o n o f the command and service modules before r e e n t r y , and t h e Wheeling.

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PRELAUNCH CHECKOUT
The uprated Saturn I launch v e h i c l e first s t a g e (S-IB), second stage (S-IVB), and instrument u n i t ( I U ) a r r i v e d a t Cape Kennedy i n January and February. They were erected inside t h e Canplex 34 s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e in March.

--

--

The Apollo spacecraft,command module, s e r v i c e module and l u n a r module adapter, a r r i v e d at t h e N S Kennedy Space Center AA i n A p r i l . The coamand module underwent extensive environmental c o n t r o l system checks and was taken t o the pyrotechnic installat i o n b u i l d i n g where it was mated w i t h the launch escape system.
A f t e r receiving and inspection, t h e s e r v i c e module was taken t o Complex 16 on Cape Kennedy f o r checks of its secondary propuls i o n system. Then it was returned t o the Kennedy Space Center f o r f u e l c e l l i n s t a l l a t i o n and tests i n an a l t i t u d e chamber which simu l a t e s t h e near-vacuum of space.

The l u n a r module adapter and t h e s e r v i c e module were mated near the end of June. Mate of t h e Apollo modules with the launch v e h i c l e was accomplished i n e a r l y July.

Tests of the i n t e g r a t e d launch vehicle and spacecraft followed a t Complex 34. A f u l l - s c a l e countdown demonstration was conducted by the launch team about three weeks before the scheduled launch date. During t h e demonstration, a c t u a l countdown was followed t o i g n i t i o n and l i f t o f f . This included loading the launch vehicle with cryogenic propellants -- l i q u i d oxygen and l i q u i d hydrogen.
A s i n previous Uprated Saturzl I flights, much of the checkout of both launch vehicle and s p a c e c r a f t was accamplished through t h e use of computers. Launch vehicle automatic checkout already used t o a great extent i n Apollo s p a c e c r a f t tests will be progressive with each succeeding flight.

---

The Saturn V launch vehicle, f o r the most part, w i l l s i g n i f y the u l t i m a t e in automatic checkout whenmost of its preparat i o n i s accomplished through the use of mmputers, Two RCA 110-A

computers, one located a t the base of the launch pad and one i n the launch c o n t r o l c e n t e r are u s e d f o r checkout of the Saturn.

Spacecraft computer checkout uses a system called ACE/SC h (acceptance checkout equipment f o r spacecraft), T e ACE system provides reliable, instantaneous, accurate checkout of the syst e m s w i t h computers, display consoles and recording equipment,
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ACE, a l s o used a t spacecraft c o n t r a c t o r p l a n t s and a t N A S A ' s Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, i s manufactured by General E l e c t r i c , Apollo Support Department, Daytona Beach, Fla.

While automatic checkout of t h e various systems of t h e spacec r a f t and the launch v e h i c l e a r e being c a r r i e d out independently a t t h e Kennedy Space Center and on t h e launch complex a t Cape Kennedy i n t e r f a c e instrumentation joins t h e two systems f o r a p i c t u r e of t h e o v e r a l l prelaunch preparation.
APOLLO SPACECRAFT
The s p a c e c r a f t c o n s i s t s of two modules which a r e fastened t o g e t h e r i n tandem, t h e Apollo command and s e r v i c e fnodules, The launch escape Sys tern i s atop t h e command module. A n adapter sect i o n is l o c a t e d between t h e s e r v i c e module and t h e launch v e h i c l e which w i l l house t h e l u n a r module on f u t u r e Apollo flights.

Command Module Although this is an unmanned mission, t h e instruments and equipment i n the tbmmand module w i l l be f u l l y operational, with t h e exception of a f e w astronaut-oriented d i s p l a y s , It c o n s i s t s of a p r e s s u r i z e d compartment of aluminum honeycomb and an o u t e r h e a t s h i e l d of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l honeycomb. Shape :
Height :

Conical (cone)

11.5 f e e t

D i a m e t e r a t base: Launch w e i g h t : Outer d t r u c t u r e :

13 f e e t
11,900 (including RCS p r o p e l l a n t s )

Stainless s t e e l brazed honeycomb bonded between aluminum alloy sheets An a b l a t i v e material which v a r i e s from 1 2 inch t o 2-1/2 inches is / applied t o e n t i r e o u t e r surface,
Aluminum honeycomb bonded between aluminum alloy sheets. Thickness inches a t base ranges from 1-1/2 t o 3 4 inch a t forward bulkhead. /
A two-layer micro-quartz fiber in/ s u l a t i o n 1 2 inch-thick separates the walls of t h e i n n e r and o u t e r structures.

Inner compartment :

Insulation :

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.
Electrical : provide entry, post landing and pyrotechnics energy. Service Module
The s e r v i c e module I s an unpressurized c y I i n d r i c a 1 s h e l l which houses t h e main propulsion engine, p r o p e l l a n t tanks, e l e c t r i c a l power system, r e a c t i o n control engines and p o r t i o n of the environmental c o n t r o l system i n a s i x pie-shaped section. Three f u e l c e l l s , each with t h e c a p a b i l i t y of producing 1,420 watts, w i l l f l y on t h i s mission.

Six s i l v e r oxide -zi nc batteries with a capacity of 40 ampere hours

Shape :
Height :

Cylinder

24.6 f e e t (including main propulsion engine

Diameter :
Launch weight:

13 feet

&
Structure : Aluminum honeycomb panels one inch thick b o l t e d t o six s o l i d aluminum f i e l d beams t h a t are chemically milled t o within .007 inches (seven thousandths)

9,800 pounds 23 000 ounds

E l e c t r i c a l power:

The e l e c t r i c a l energy source f o r the s p a c e c r a f t throughout the m i s sion u n t i l t h e command module sepa r a t e s from t h e s e r v i c e module i s provided by t h e three f u e l c e l l s .

Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter

T h i s adapter j o i n s t h e s e r v i c e module and t h e S-IVB i n s t r u ment u n i t . In f u t u r e flights it w i l l house t h e l u n a r module, b u t on t h i s f l i g h t an aluminum a l l o y bracing i s included i n i t s place. The adapter i s 28 f e e t h i g h and t a p e r s from 22 f e e t a t t h e instrument u n i t end t o 13 f e e t where it a t t a c h e s t o t h e s e r v i c e module. It weighs 3,700 pounds. It c o n s i s t s of f o u r aluminum honeycomb panels attached by hinges t o t h e lower end of the adapter. The panels may be separated by explosive charges and opened petal-like t o expose t h e lunar module preparatory t o CSM l u n a r module docking on f u t u r e flights.

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MAJOR APOLLO SPACECRAFT SYSTENS

Boost Prot e ct i v e Cover (BPC)

The boost-protective cover p r o t e c t s the command module from aerodynamic heating during boosted f l i g h t and from heat and soot from the launch escape and j e t t i s o n motors of t h e launch escape system. It is made of a b l a t i v e cork and Teflon-impregnated glass c l o t h supported by g l a s s honeycomb i n t h e upper portion. It is j e t t i s o n e d w i t h t h e launchescape system a t 268,000 feet a l t i t u d e less than three minutes a f t e r l i f t o f f .

Launch Escape System (LES)

The launch escape system is 33 f e e t t a l l a n d c o n s i s t s of an escape motor, p i t c h c o n t r o l motor, tower j e t t i s o n motor, tower release mechanism, canard subsystem and Q - b a l l assembly. It weighs about 8,500 pounds.
The launch escape motor i s 26 inches i n diameter, 15 feet, 3 inches long and burns about 4,700 pounds of s o l i d p r o p e l l a n t t o provide 155,000 pounds of t h r u s t .
The p i t c h c o n t r o l motor i s n i n e inches i n diameter, 22 i n ches long, and burns s o l i d propellant.

The tower j e t t i s o n motor is 26 inches i n diameter, 47 inches long, uses s o l i d p r o p e l l a n t and develops about 33,900 pounds of t h r u s t . It removes t h e LES a f t e r t h e second stage i g n i t i o n .

The tower release mechanism c o n s i s t s of f o u r explosive b o l t s which separate j u s t before the j e t t s i o n motor o r escape motor ign i t e s t o detach t h e LES from t h e command module.
The canard subsystem i s mounted i n t h e p i t c h c o n t r o l motor housing near t h e top of the launch escape system. Each of two wing-like canard s u r f a c e s i s about 18 inches wide and 24 inches 1 long. The aerodynamic surfaces are deployed by explosives 1 seconds a f t e r t h e escape motor f i r e s during an abort. They stab i l i z e the command module blunt end forward p r i o r t o drogue chute deployment

The Q - b a l l assembly i s a t t h e top of t h e launch escape syst e m and contains pressure sensors t o determine f l i g h t angles of a t t a c k and dynamic pressures during launch o r launch a b o r t .

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Command Module Guidance and Navization System The system c o n s i s t s of i n e r t i a l , computer and o p t i c a l subsystems. During t h i s unmanned mission t h e o p t i c a l subsystems, telescope and sextant, w i l l be i n a c t i v e .
A c o n t r o l programmer w i l l perform t a s k s normally done by

the astronauts.

The computer w i l l be a c t i v a t e d t o determine s p a c e c r a f t v e l o c i t y and a t t i t u d e and r e e n t r y angle.

Command Module A t t i t u d e Control and S t a b i l i z a t i o n System

The system, composed of 1 2 s m a l l rocket engines i n s t a l l e d i n independent, i d e n t i c a l sets of s i x , provides onboard propuls i o n f o r p o s i t i o n i n g r e e n t r y i n t o t h e Eartn's atmosphere. Fast acting valves enable t h e engines t o b e f i r e d i n s h o r t b u r s t s t o 30 p e r second t o p o s i t i o n t h e spacecraft p r e c i s e l y during r e e n t r y . Thirty b u r s t s ( p u l s e s ) per second i s about the rate a spark plug f i r e s i n a n automobile engine operating a t 3,000 r e v o l u t i o n s per minute, o r about 70 mph.

Thrust : Length :
Diameter:
Weight :

93 l b s . p e r engine
1 inches 1

5 inches 8.3 l b s .
Monomethylhydrazine ( f u e l ) and nitrogen t e t r o x i d e ( o x i d i z e r ) . Combination is s t o r a b l e and hypergolic 270 l b s . on t h i s mission.

Propellants :

Components :

Ablative t h r u s t chambers, f a s t a c t i n g valves, and detachable nozzle extension.

30 cycles per second

Pulse frequency :

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-16E a r t h Landing System (ELS)

Besides t h e sequence c o n t r o l l e r , t h e E a r t h landing system c o n s i s t s of two n y l m c o n i c a l ribbon drogue parachutes 13 f e e t i n diameter; t h r e e r i n g s l o t nylon p i l o t chutes, seven f e e t i n diameter; and t h r e e r i n g s l o t , nylon main chutes 83.5 f e e t i n diameter.
A t 24,000 f e e t a l t i t u d e , a f t e r reentry, a barometric switch a c t i v a t e s pyrotechnics which j e t t i s o n t h e apex heat s h i e l d t o uncover t h e parachutes.

Two seconds l a t e r t h e drogue chutes are deployed by mort a r t o s t a b i l i z e t h e spacecraft b l u n t end forward. The drogues are reefed f o r e i g h t seconds, then f u l l y opened by reefing cutters.

The p i l o t chutes are deployed about 10,350 feet, p u l l i n g The main chutes a l s o are reefed f o r e i g h t seconds u n t i l c u t t e r s permit t h e large canopies t o open f u l l y .
t h e three main parachutes from t h e i r containers.

v i v a l and recovery beacons begin operation before touchdown.

If t h e s p a c e c r a f t lands w i t h i t s apex end i n t h e water, t h e c o n t r o l programmer w i l l s i g n a l a pump one minute a f t e r splashdown t o i n f l a t e one of three f l o t a t i o n bags. r'ive minutes l a t e r , i f t h e spacecraft i s s t i l l n o t upright a second pump i n f l a t e s another bag, and if necessary f i v e minutes l a t e r t h e t h i r d bag w i l l i n f l a t e .

The VHF recovery and s u r v i v a l antennas and a f l a s h i n g l i g h t are deployed after the main chutes disreef, the sur-

When upright, other aids, such as t h e HF t r a n s m i t t e r and f l a s h i n g l i g h t begin operation. Power Supply System Power f o r t h e spacecraft w i l l be furnished by two o f three f u e l c e l l s c a r r i e d i n t h e s e r v i c e module. Maximum gross power of these two u n i t s i s 2,840 watts (29 v o l t s ) , The c e l l s weigh 240 pounds each and use oxygen and hydrogen as r e a c t a n t s . A t o t a l of 672 pounds of l i q u i d ox gen ( i n two tanks) and 60 pounds of l i q u i d hydrogen ( i n two tanks w i l l be c a r r i e d . The t h i r d fuel c e l l w i l l not fhnction during t h i s mission.

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-17

Service Module Main Propulsion System (3PS)

This system provides t h r u s t required f o r l a r g e c h w e s i n s p a c e c r a f t v e l o c i t y a f t e r launch v e h i c l e separation.

I n o r b i t a l missions t h e SPS w i l l be used f o r o r b i t a l changes and r e t r o f i r e , and on a l u n a r journey w i l l provide midcourse c o r r e c t i o n s and v e l o c i t y changes f o r e n t e r i n g and leaving lunar orbit

SPS engine with the c a p a b i l i t y of gimballing a c t i o n . SPS p r o p e l l a n t s ( f u e l and o x i d i z e r ) a r e kept t o the bottom of t h e tanks f o r proper flow i n t o engine pumps by maneuvers performed by the SM r e a c t i o n control system.

Two e l e c t r i c a l l y operated servo-actuators provide t h e

During t h i s f l i g h t t h e r e s t a r t a b l e engine w i l l be f i r e d f o u r s e p a r a t e times f o r a t o t a l of 5 minutes and 25 seconds.

DESCRIPTION :

Engine T h r u s t

21,500 pounds Engine i s capable of operating f o r 12 and a half minutes i n various time increments involving up t o 50 separate periods of operation.

Propellants

7,500 l b s . of UCsvIH ( f u e l ) 15,180 l b s . of nitrogen

tetroxide (oxidizer)
12 f e e t

Height

7 inches

Weight

770 l b s .
Service Module Reaction Control System

Sixteen small rocket engines are used t o c a r r y out u l lage requirements, perform s t a b i l i z a t i o n maneuvers d u r i n g f l i g h t and t o s e p a r a t e s e r v i c e and command modules p r i o r t o reentry. They a r e arranged i n c l u s t e r s of four.
FUNCTION:

Positioning of SM, ullage requirements f o r SPS proM C pellants, separation S / M

DESCRIPTION :

Number

16 c l u s t e r e d i n four quadrants
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-18-

.
Propellants Nitrogen tetroxide and hydrazine 50-50 8 l b s . carried on this mission
14 inches long, largest diameter six inches

Size Weight Thrust

5 pounds
100 l b s . (each engine)

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Canards (deployed1

LES CM separation

CM SM separatioIn

APOLLO SPACECRAFT

(without boost protective cover)

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-19-

THE UPRATED SATURN I LAUNCH VEHICLE

The Uprated Saturn I launch v e h i c l e was conceived i n t h e NASA Marshall Space F l i g h t Center as t h e quickest, most reliable, and most economical means of p r o v i d i n g a veh i c l e w i t h greater payload c a p a b i l i t y than t h e S a t u r n I f o r s u b o r b i t a l and o r b i t a l Apollo missions before t h e Saturn V would be a v a i l a b l e

1962 a t

The design was based on u s i n g two e x i s t i n g stages of Saturn I and Saturn V v e h i c l e s , redesigned Saturn I booster ( t h e S-IB stage) and t h e t h i r d stage (S-IVB) and instrument u n i t from the Saturn V.
The concept p e r m i t t e d r a p i d development of t h e vehicle, and maximum u s e of designs and f a c i l i t i e s from o t h e r Saturn programs saved t i m e and money.

Two Uprated Saturns launched earlier t h i s year on Feb. 26 and J u l y 5 continued the s t r i n g of 10 Saturn I successes.
The Uprated Saturn I, including two stages and an i n s t r u ment u n i t , i s 141 feet t a l l . Mated w i t h the 83-foot Apollo s p a c e c r a f t t h e e n t i r e space vehicle s t a n d s 224 feet high on t h e launch pad. The 202 stage is 80 feet long, 213 f e e t F i r s t stage i n diameter. D r y w e i g h t Is 91,600 pounds.

--

Design changes have been made i n the Saturn I booster t o reduce w e i g h t . However, the first stage f o r t h i s f l i g h t was one of two boosters i n the series i n i t i a l l y designated a part of t h e Saturn I program and some of t h e w e i g h t reducing changes were not incorporated.
The second f l i g h t Uprated S a t u r n I stage, flown i n July, was t h e first of t h e boosters incorporating v i r t u a l l y a l l of t h e weight reduction changes. Dry weight of that stage, 86,200 pounds, w a s reduced by about 20,000 pounds over t h e basic S-I. This w a s done by redesigning t h e f i n s , removing hydrogen vent p i p e s and brackets unnecessary t o t h e new design, r e s i z i n g machine parts I n t h e t a i l s e c t i o n assembly, redesigning t h e s p i d e r beam and modifying t h e p r o p e l l a n t tanks.

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-20-

.
E i g h t H - 1 engines producing a t o t a l t h r u s t of 1.6 million pounds power t h e stage. The engines, made by Rocketdye, burn l i q u i d oxygen and RP-1 fuel, I n approxlmately 22 minutes of operation, t h e stage bums 40,000 gallons (270,500 pounds) of RP-1 f u e l and 64,OOO gallons (611,000 pounds) of l i q u i d oxygen, t o reach an a l t i t u d e of about 35 miles a t engine cutoff,

Four of t h e Rocketdyne H-1 engines are mounted i n a square pattern i n t h e center of the stage's thmst s t r u c t u r e section, The other four are mounted i n a square p a t t e r n near t h e outer edge of the thrust structure, The outer engines are equipped w i t h independent, closed-loop hydraulic systems which gimbal t h e engines as much as eight degrees f o r vehicle f l i g h t direction control,
T e stage is made up of eight 70-inch diameter propelh l a n t tanks (Redstone type) surrounding a single 1E-inch ( J u p i t e r type) tank, The center tank and four of the outer ones hold l i q u i d oxygen, and t h e other four contain RP-1 (kerosene). The tanks are interconnected at the bottcm t o provide the c a p a b i l i t y of completing the mission I n case one engine f a i l s , This capability was demonstrated i n two Saturn I flights,
C h r g s l e r assembles t h e stages a t the NASA-Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y i n New Orleans and tests them a t the NASA Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, Huntsville, Ala.

Second stage The stage is 58 feet long and 2 . feet 17 i n diameter, Its Rocketdyne 5-2 engine, powered by l i q u i d hydrogen and oxygen, generates 200,000 pounds thrust, After first stage burnout it l o f t s the spacecraft t o about 135 m i l e s altitude,
Dry w e i g h t of the stage, including t h e interstage uhlch connects the first and second stages, is 29,700 pounds, T e h stage operates about 7.5 minutes t o achieve o r b i t a l speed and altitude, but w i l l not o r b i t on t h i s flight, The 5-2 engine w i l l burn approximately 60,000 gallons (36,000 pounds) of l i q u i d hydrogen and some 20,000 gallons (lg0,OOO pounds) of l i q u i d oxygen,

--

Douglas Aircraft Co, builds t h e second stage a t Its Huntington Beach, C a l , , f a c i l i t y and t e s t s it a t the Sacramento T e s t Center.

APOLLO/SATURN I B SPACE VEHICLE

--

LAUNCH ESCAPE MOTOR LAUNCH ESCAPE TOWER COMMAND MODULE -----SERVICE MODULE ADAPTER
-

i I I 12' SPACECRAFT
-----+ 13'
83' 1
I

i j
I

---

i
----

INSTRUMENT UNIT
GUIDANCE SYSTEM TELEMETRY EQUJPHENT POWER SUPPLY BATTERIES AND INVERTERS
/ '

II
i

224'

, '

r-

S-IPB SECOND STAGE

11-2 ENGINE 200,000 LBS.TOTAL THRUST LOX/LH2

A'

!;--

S-IE[BSTACE 58
i

1
i
i
1

11
i

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,

. _ .

1
L

-_
,I

n-.

-__I

____

!
I

LAUNCH VEHICLE 141'

I

i!
I

S-IB FIRST STAGE-

1
I

I I

8/H-1 ENGINES l,600,000LBS. TOTAL THRUST LOXhP-1

S-IB

80'

AGE

i
I
~

I !
i

i m
LAUNCH WEIGHT
1,312,300
IJ~S.

I
--

.A

SPACE VEHICLE

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.
--

-21-

Instrument Unit The 260-inch diameter instrument u n i t i s three feet high and weighs 4,500 pounds. It i s an unpressurized, load-supporting s t r u c t u r e of sandwich-type bonded construction. Honeycomb-panel "cold plates" are attached t o welded brackets on the i n t e r i o r skin. The e l e c t r i c a l and e l e c t r o n i c equipment i s mounted on the plates f o r cooling purposes. The instrument u n i t has the e l e c t r i c a l and mechanical equipment which guides, c o n t r o l s and monitors v e h i c l e performance f o l i f t o f f u n t i l a f t e r i n s e r t i o n of the payload. rm It c o n t r o l s f i r s t stage powered f l i g h t , stage separation, second stage powered f l i g h t , and f u r t h e r f l i g h t t o t h e p o i n t of payload separation.
O n t h i s mission t h e instrument u n i t w i l l c o n t r o l t h e v e h i c l e through second stage powered f l i g h t . Some ten seconds later the spacecraft i s separated.

Equipment includes guidance and c o n t r o l , e l e c t r i c a l , measurement and telemetry, radio frequency, instrumentation, range safety command system, environmental c o n t r o l , and emergency d e t e c t i o n systems (EDS).
Systems include t h e ST-124-M-I11 i n e r t i a l platform, the launch v e h i c l e d i g i t a l computer and the e l e c t r i c a l equipment required f o r launch vehicle performance.

The instrument u n i t w a s designed by t h e Marshall Center. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp., Federal Systems D i v i s i o n , i s t h e I U c o n t r a c t o r f o r f a b r i c a t i o n , system testing, and i n t e g r a t i o n and checkout w i t h the launch v e h i c l e , w i t h major elements coming from Bendix, IFM, Electronic Communications, Inc

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-22-

LAUNCH COMPLEX 34

The AS-201 space v e h i c l e w i l l be launched from Complex 34, Cape Kennedy, the pad used f o r t h e f i r s t f o u r Saturn I launches and t h e f i r s t Apollo/Uprated Saturn I l a s t Jan. 26,
The complex c o n s i s t s of a 430-foot diameter launch pad, a mobile s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e ? a launch c o n t r o l c e n t e r and related ground support equipment, v e h i c l e s e r v i c e systems including RP-I (kerosene) fuel, l i q u i d oxygen and l i q u i d

hydrogen used f o r launch vehicle cooling and p r e s s u r i z a t i o n . Preparations are d i r e c t e d during checkout, countdown and launch from a dome-shaped launch c o n t r o l c e n t e r l o c a t e d about 1,000 feet from t h e pad. The c o n t r o l c e n t e r (blockhouse) is constructed of steel and concrete w i t h a roof designed t o well withstand pressures of 2,188 pounds per square inch above safety l i m i t s f o r the 3OO-man crew i n s i d e , i n event of a n explosion i n t h e pad area.

--

The mobile s t r u c t u r e i s wheeled i n t o place during launch preparations and rolls back 680 feet from t h e pad about three hours before l i f t o f f , It s t a n d s 310 feet high and weighs some 3,500 tons, Seven fixed platforms and e i g h t enclosed, retractable working areas are i n t h e s e r v i c e s t r u c t u r e , These g i v e t h e s e r v i c e crew access t o a l l s e c t i o n s of t h e launch v e h i c l e and s p a c e c r a f t ,

Hurricane doors, 44 feet t a l l , provide weather prot e c t i o n f o r t h e f i r s t stage, and retractable silo s e c t i o n s provide similar cover f o r t h e S-NB, instrument u n i t and spacecraft. Following t h e successful Saturn I series, Complex 34 w a s modified f o r t h e Uprated Saturn I program. The work included i n s t a l l a t i o n of doors capable of p r o t e c t i n g t h e f i r s t stage from hurricane winds, s i l o s f o r t h e upper stages and spacecraft, a new anchoring system f o r the serv i c e s t r u c t u r e ? reinforcement of s t r u c t u r e s , frames and prop e l l a n t systems, Additional modifications were made t o t h e swing arms, instrumentation, pneumatics and environmental c o n t r o l system f o r the Saturn, Modifications r e q u i r e d t o "man rate" Complex 34 f o r t h e Apollo program included i n s t a l l a t i o n of a s p a c e c r a f t access arm and a h i g h speed e l e v a t o r i n t h e umbilical tower f o r t h e f l i g h t crews.

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-23CAMERAS

Motion Pictures Saturn F i r s t Stage

Two 16 r M i l l i k e n movie cameras mounted on t h e f o r m w a r d end of the f i r s t stage will record f i r s t and second stage separation, operation of t h e second stage u l l a g e

r o c k e t s and 5-2 engine i g n i t i o n .

The cameras w i l l begin operating approximately t h r e e seconds before stage s e p a r a t i o n and w i l l be e j e c t e d 25 seconds a f t e r separation a t an a l t i t u d e of about 49 miles.
The cameras a r e enclosed i n waterproof capsules. The capsules have aluminum s h e l l s and stainless s t e e l nose sect i o n s , quartz windows, r e e n t r y equipment and recovery aids.

D u r i n g descent, paraballoons i n f l a t e a t approximately 14,000 f e e t t o keep t h e capsules a f l o a t . Radio beacons and dye markers w i l l assist an A i r Force recovery team t o locate

them.
These camera systems were flown on t h e previous Uprated Saturn missions. One camera was r e t r i e v e d on each f l i g h t .

Chrysler C o r p . assembled and t e s t e d the camera packages AA f o r t h e N S Marshall Space F l i g h t Center.

Spacecraft Four 16 mm Milliken motion p i c t u r e cameras w i l l be mounted i n the Command Module t o record instruments, chute deployment and reentry. One camera will be mounted on the f l a t p l a t e i n t h e egress hatch ( i n the nose of the CM) t o record j e t t i s o n i n g of t h e Apex cover, parachute deployment and reentry. The second camera is on a p a l l e t where t h e right a s t r o n a u t couch would be located, and w i l l record l i f t o f f and r e e n t r y through t h e right-hand window. Two Instrument cameras, one on the left and one on t h e center, w i l l r e c o r d instruments and d i s p l a y s during the f l i g h t . Camera/Location
1) Apex
2 ) Astro

Speed/Timing
32 FPS

- egress
-

hatch

r i g h t window

10 FPS

- reentry-30,000 f t . t o splashdown - Ti fptlo s f 72 t o p l u s 10 l f to T u splashdown

- T-45
t o T Plus 10 and o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t periods

3) Instrument

l e f t pallet and c e n t e r

10 FPS

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-24Television
A small t e l e v i s i o n camera mounted on a cross beam atop the instrument u n i t will photograph the movement of the snacecraft-lunar module adapter panels as they f o l d back t o free the spacecraft,

The panels w i l l enclose t h e Apollo l u n a r module on later missions. They are hinged about seven feet above the i n s t r u ment u n i t and are t o f o l d back some 35 degrees,
A n assembly of eight m i r r o r s w i l l allow the forward pointing camera t o record t h e movement of a l l four panels. Four lights, one on each panel, wlll illuminate the area during camera operation.

The camera w i l l be turned on a t l i f t o f f and w i l l operate 12-15 minutes, It may photograph clouds and the Earth as thestage f a l l s back i n t o t h e atmosphere. It has standard commercial scan rates, 525 l i n e s and 30 frames a second, The t r a n s m i t t e r i s located i n the instrument u n i t ,

The Antigua tracking s t a t i o n w i l l monitor the transmission and record it.

The General Electrodynamics Corp. b u i l d s t h e t e l e v i s i o n system under the d i r e c t i o n of the NASA Marshall Space F l i g h t Center.
APOLU) PROGRAM MANAGEMENT

The Apollo/Saturn program i s d i r e c t e d by Dr. George E. Mueller, Associate A d m i n i s t r a t o r f o r Manned Space Flight, NASA Headquarters, Wash., DOC., Apollo Program Director is Maj, Gen. Samuel C P h i l l i p s , USAF, NASA's Office of Manned . Space F l i g h t , E, E, Christensen is Director of Mission Opera-

tions ,
The Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, Huntsville, A l a . , is responsible for development of the Saturn launch vehicles. Dr. Wernher von Braun i s Director of t h e Center.

The Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston, is responsible f o r development of t h e Apollo spacecraft, crew training and i n - f l i g h t mission c o n t r o l from the Manned F l i g h t Mission Control Center located a t M C Dr, Robert R. G i l r u t h i s S. Center Director,

The John F. Kennedy Space Center, Cape Kennedy, Fla. I s responsible f o r Apollo/Saturn launch operations. Dr. Kurt R, Debus is Center Director.

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The Goddard Space F l i g h t Center, Greenbelt, Md., i s Gesponsible f o r management of t h e NASA Manned Space F l i g h t Tracking Network, D r , John F. Clark is Director.

Mission O f f i c i a l s :
Mission Director

B r i g . Gen, C. H. B l e n d e r , USAF,

Mission Operations

NASA Headquarters, Wash.,

D.C.

Launch Director F l i g h t Director

Rocco A. Petrone, Director of Launch Operations, Kennedy Space Center, Fla.

John D. Hodge, F l i g h t Operations, MSC, Houston

D r . Joseph F. Shea MSC, Houston

Manager, Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager, Uprated Saturn I Launch Vehicle Program -

Lee James MSFC, H u n t s v i l l e

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c

MAJOR APOLLO/SATURN

IB CONTRACTORS

SATURN I B

F i r s t Stage

Chrysler Corp.

Space Division New Orleans Rocketdyne Division North American Aviation, Inc. Canoga Park, C a l .
Douglas A i r c r a f t Co., Inc. Missile & Space Systems D i v . Huntington Beach, C a l .

H - 1 Engines

Second Stage

5-2 Engine

Rocketdyne Division North American Aviation, Inc. Canoga Park. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machlnes Corp. Federal Systems Division Huntsville, A l a . Bendix Corp. Eclipse Pioneer Div. Teteboro, N.J.

Instrument Unit

ST-124M I n e r t i a l Platform i n the Instrument Unit

,

Apollo Spacecraft

Command Module, Service Space & Information Systems Div. Module and L E M Adapter North American Aviation, Inc. Downey, C a l . Subcontractors f o r Major Spacecraft Systems Ablative Heat Shield Material Brazed Honeycomb Panels Avco Research and Development Div. Wilmington, Mass. Aeronca Manufacturing Co. Middletown, Ohio

Command Module A t t i t u d e Rocketdyne Div. of North American Control and S t a b i l i z a t i o n Aviation Engines Canoga Park, Cal.

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Communications & Data System Control Programmer

Collins Radio Coo Cedar Rapids, Iowa Autonetics Div. of North American Aviation Anaheim, Cal. Northrop Corp., Ventura Div. Newbury Park, Cal. AiResearch Div. o ' Garret Corp. f Los Angeles Pratt and Whitney Div, United Aircraft Corp. Hartford, Conn. Lockheed Propulsion Coo, Redlands, Cal.

Earth Landing (Parachute) System Environmental Control System Fuel Cell

Launch Escape and Pitch Control Motors

Service Module Reaction The Marquardt Corp, Van Nuys, Cal. Control System Stabilization and Control System Telemetry Data Processing System Tower Jettison Motor Honeywell, Inc. Minneapolis Radiation Inc. Melbourne, Fla. Thiokol Chemical Corp. Elkton, Md.

Apollo Guidance and Navigation System

Design and Development

Instrumentation Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Mass.

AC

Manufacture, assembly, testing and subsystem integration Subcontractors Digital computer and display keyboards Optical subsystem (sextant telescope)

Electronics Div. of General Motors Corp. Milwaukee Space and Information Div. Raytheon Company Sudbury, Mass.

Kollsman Instrument Corp. of Standard Kollsman Industries, Inc. .. Syosset, N Y

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Ground Support Equipment

Apollo Spacecraft Acceptance Checkout Equipment (ACE)

General Electric Co. Apollo Support Dept. Daytona Beach, Fla. Radio Corporation of America Aerospace Systems Div. Van Nuys, Cal.

Saturn l l O A Checkout Computer and Display

systems

-End-