Civil Affairs Handbook France Section 12

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL
352-78
'S HANDBOOK
FRANCE
..
-'
SECTION 12: 78: AGRICULTURE
STATISTICAL DATA
__DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTERo-The Infor
mation c:ontained in restricted documents and the essenticJl characteristics
of restricted. I'haterial may be given to any person known to be in the
service of fhe United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and
d;scretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be
communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military
public relations agencieso (See also patol8h, AR380-S; 28 Sep 19420)
HEADQUARTERS,'ARMY SERVICE FORCES 1 SEPTEMBER .1944
ARMY SERVICE FORCES"MMIAL M352-78'
Civil Affairs
CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK
FRANCE
SECTION 7B: AGRICULTURE'
STATISTICAt DATA
Headquarters" Army Service Forces 1 September 1944.
_ DISSEMINATION OF RESTRICTED MATTER.-The Infor- .
mation contained in restricted docume"ts and the essential characteristics
of restricted material may be given to any person known to be in the
service of the United States and to persons of undoubted loyalty and .
discretion who are cooperating in Government work, but will not be
communicated to the public or to the press except by authorized military
public relations agencies. _ 8b, AR 3 8 0 - ~ , 28 Sep 1942..}
I
- 11
NUMBERING SYSTEM OF
ARMY SERVICE FoRCES MANUALS
The main subject matter of each Forces Manual is
indicated by consecutive numbering within the following categories: .
Ml- M99 Basic and Advanced Training ,
fUOO - Ml99 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre-
Induction Training
114200 - M299 Personnel- and Morale
M500 - M599 CiviI Affairs
M400 - M499 Transportation
M500 - M599
Fiscal
M600 - M6S9 Procurement and Production
M700 - llIl799 Administration
MaCe - M899 Miscellaneous .
M90a .... up Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction
* * * * *
HEADQUARTERS, iUiMY SERVICE FORCES
Washington 25, D. e. , I September 1944
Army Service Forces Manual ltd -552-1, Civil Affairs Handbook
France, Section 7B , Agriculture, Part II, has been prepared under the
superyision of The Provost Marshal General, and is published for the
information and guidance of all concerned.
461. {21. Sep 45}]
By command of Lieutenant General SOMERVELL:
STYER,
1. Staff Corps,
'Starr .'
OFFICIAL:
. J. A. ULIO,
Major General
Adjutant
-
\
- iii
This on Agriculture in France was prepared for the
It4ILITARYGOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL
, '
by the
OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE"
\"
OFFICERS USING THIS MATERIAL. ABE REQUESTED TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS AND "
CRITICISMS IliDICATING THE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHICH WOULD MAKE
THIS MATERIAL MORE USEFUL FOR PURPOSES. THESE CRITICISMS
SHOULD BE SENT"TO THE CHIEF OF THE LIAISON AND STUDIES BRANCH,
MILITARY DIVISION, PMGO, 2807 MuNItIONS BUILDING,
WASHINGTON 25, D. C.
.... 1v ....
. IiTRODUCTION
Purposes .Qf... .Q1!.!! Affairs Handbook
The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (l) to assist the
Commanding General qy quickly establlshing those orderly conditions which
will contribute most ef'fect!vel to the, conduct of military operations,
(2) to reduce to a minimum the human sutfering and the ma1;ierial damage
resulting from disorder and (5) the coDditionswhich will
it possiblef'or ciy1lianl agencies to. function
The preparation of Civil Affairs Handbooks is a part of the effort
to carry out these responsibillties as efficiently and as 1s
possible. The 'Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will
depend upon changing and unpredictable developments). It shOuld be
. . . . .
clearly understood that they Ss. B2! 'given official program 2!
action. The,y are'rather reaqy reference source books containing the
basic factual information needed f'orplanning and policy making.
The 9ffice of' Foreign Agricultural Relations completed a general
survey on Agriculture in:Franceberore they were able to secure
statistics, consequently tpe stud;y has been divided into Part I, General
and Part'II,Statistical Datao Part I was published 26 October
1945 as Civil Affairs Handbook 1\4 552 .. 7A.
-v-
All!!li
Q'Y.IltI!!
1. Geographioal and Sooial Baokground
2. .Government and Administration
5. Legal Affairs
4. Government Finanoe
5. Money and Banking
6. Natural Resouroes
7. Agrioulture
.m,: Statistical
8. Industry and Commeroe
9. Labor
10. Publio Works and Utilities
li. Transportation Systems
12. Communications
15. Publio Health and Sanitation
14. Publio Safety
15. Education
16. Public Welfare
17. Cultural Institutions
This study cn Agriculture in France was prepared for the MILITARY GOVERN
MENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL by the OFFICE OF
FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
., nIE
mBEWOBD .
/
A. Batura1 Features
!. Land Utilization
C The Farms
D. Farm. Machine17 and Artificial 'ertilizer
B. Principal Crop.
:r. Livestock and Liv.stock ProdUction
. G.Per Oap! t8 Food Production
II lDUTTABY-BOmwtDY
. A. !Tatural Features
:B. Land Utilization
O. The Farms
D. Farm MachineX7 anc1. Artificial Fertilizer
]I. Principal Orops
:r. Livestock lind Livestock Production
G. Per Capi ta Food
. II I nST. CElmiAL FRANCE
A.Batural Features
:B. Land Uti.lization
C. The Farms
D. Jarm Machine17 and Artificial
E. Principal Orops
r. LivestOCk and Livestock Production
G. Per Capita lood Production
IV .. SOUTHWEST FBANCI
A. lTatureJ. Features
:B. Land Utilization
C. The Farms
D. Farm Machinery- and Artificial Fertilizer
lI. Crops
F. Livestock and, Livestock Produ.ction
G. Per:Oapita J'oodProducti on
xl
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
5
13
13
13
14
14
16
16
17
25
2S
25
26
26
2'1
28
29
39
39
39
40
40
41
42
43
-vii....
TABLI OF CONTENTS
Page ,
V. NORTHEAST FBANCm
, 51
A. Natural Features 51
. B. LandUtilization 51
C. !nhe Farms '
51
D. Farm Machinery and Artificial Fertil! zer 52
E.Prlncipal Cropi . 52
F. Livestock and Livestock P:roduction
53
G. Per Cap! ta Food Product.lon
64
VI EASIJ: AND SOUTH QENrRAL FlU.NCm 63
:B. Land Utlllstion 63
C. TheFa.rmtJ 64
D. Farm Machinery and Artificial Fertilizer 64
- E. Fri.r.cillal C r o ~ i i . 65
F. Livestock alld Livestock Production
66
G. Per Capita Food Production
68
77
l. L e ~ d Utilization
77
C. The Farms 78.
D. lam Machinery and Artificial Fertilizer
78
E. Principa.l Crops
79
F. Livestock and Livestock Production
80
G. Per Oap! ta Food Production
81
,. ..
VIII. CORSIOA 89
At. Natural Features 89
.B.
Land Utilization 89
C.
The Farms 89
D. Farm- Maohinery B.nd Artificial Fertilizer 89
E.
Principal Crops
90
F.
Livestock and Livestock Production
90
G.
Per Oapi ta Food Production
91
/
- viii
Page
IX. LIST OF TABLES
LAND UTILIZATION, 1957
1. North Central France 1
13. Brittany-Normandy 18
25. West Central France 30
57. Southwest France 44
49. Northeast France 56
61. East and South Central France 69
75. Mediterranean FranQe 82
85. Corsica 92
NUMBER OF F.ARMS AND DISTRIBUTION BY SIZE, 1929
2. North Cantra1 France 6
58. SouthwestFrance 44
62. East and' South Central France 69
74. lied!terranean France 82
86. Corsica 92
NUJ4BER AND T Y P ~ OF TENURES, 1929
75. Med!terranean France 85
87. Corsica 95
NUMBER OF PAIl? AGRICULTURAL WORKERs, 1929
4. North, Central France ,7
52. -Northeast France 57
76. Mediterranean France 85
83. Corsica 94
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Page
NUMBER OF TRACTORS-BY HP AND THRESHERS
BY CAPACITY, 1929
17. ,Brittany-Normanqy 20
89. Corsica 94
NUMBER OF SPECIFIED FARM MACHINES, 1957
,54. Northeast France 58
66. East and South Central Franc.e 71
CONSUMPTION OF ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS
N, K20, P205} 1928-29
51. West Central France ,52
55. Northeast France
, 58
AREA OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, AVERAGE 1955-1957
52. West,Central France
. 55
87. Corsica 95
SPECIFIED CROPS' YIELD PER HECTARE, AVERAGE 1955-37 . '
45. 'Southwest France 48
69.
and South central;ilieUI
75
81.
Medi terranean France .. I
86
87.
. Corsica
95
-x-
LIVESTOCK NUMBERS,
10. North' Centrd France
22. Brittany-Normandy
54. West Central France
46. Southwest France
70. East and South Central France
82. Mediterranean France
88. Corsica
AVERAGE 1955-57
PRODUCTION STATISTICS'FOR PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS,
"VERAGE 1955-57
11. North Central France
25. Brittaqy-Normandy
..
5,9. Northeast France
71. and Central France
85. Mediterranean France
87. Corsica
PER CAPITA PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED COMMODITIES,
AVERAGE 1955-57
12. North Central France
24. Brittany-Normanqy
72. East and South Central France
84. lediterranean France
89. Corsica
x. MAPS
Features and Regions
Production of Principal Cereals
Livestock Numbers
Regions and Sections
XI. REFERENCES
Page
10
22
54
48
60
75
86
94
11
23
55
49
61
74
81
95
12
24
56
50
62
75 "
88
94
xvi
57
76
95
97
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- xi -
FOREWORD
Civil Affairs Handbook M352-7A gave a general survey of
agriculture and food supplies in France. It also
to 'regional variations in production. This section - Pi 352-7B
contains basic'statistical dataor the regions and. for the two or
three sections' into which each region has been elivided (See Map
No.1. ) These data are presented in some detail, though necessar
at the expense of other material, because a similar breakdown Qf'
the national totals into a manageable number of' sub-totals in 'not .
available elsewhere.
,As a background for the present regional study, a short
summary of Section 7A may be useful. Agriculture. "as a more impor
tantsource of employment in than in most other industrialized
nations, occupying thirty-five per" cent of the gainfully employed in
1951. French farmers ppoduced about eighty-four per cent of' the
calorlcvalue of the food consumed in the country in the ot
. 1955-1957 (allowance having been'made for ()od produced trom imported \
feeds). France was practica.1J self-sufficient in wheat and potatoes.
It produced six-seventhsof its sugar supplies and a somewhat smaller
proportion of wine consumption. Mostotthe meat and dairy products
were turnished by the domestic livestock industry which, however, de
pended imported feeding notabl1 oilcakes. For
edible fats and oils thedetlcit ran over forty per cent
. A little over ,three-fifths of the area of the country was
put to agricultural use, two-fifths as plowland, one-fifth as
grassland and one-twentieth' as vineyards, Qrchards andaardens. .Woods
and forests accounted for another fifth, idle produotiva land for one
tenth, and other categories for the remainder (See page xvi).
Farms are not small tor Continental Europe.
While holdings under ten hectares had great numericalimportance (seventy-
three per cent,otall holdings), the,y covered twenty-two per cent
'of the land in farms and twenty-five per cent ot the land in agricultural,
use in 1929. Almost fifty per cent of land in farms was in moderate
size'holdings (10-50 hectares), and thirty per cent was in larger hold
hgs which had twenty-three percent of the land in agrioultural use.
Fragmentation and dispersion, however, constitute a seriou8 drawback.
Even dwarf holdings mBJ consistot several parcels scattered in different
localities.' '
Owner-occupancy is the predominant f'orm of' tenure. In 19.29,
three-fourths ot the f'armers owned the land that ther operated, and their
share in the farmland amounwd to sixty per cent of the total.' Another
thirty per cent was rented on a fixed-rent basis, and ten per cent was
cultivated P1 share-tenants (metqers.n.r
- xii
As is ordinari1 the case in the Temperate Zone, family
workers supplied the bulk of the farm labor. According to the 1929
census, agricultural wage earners, both permanent and temporary,
numbered abo,ut two million, or something more than one to every two
Over 10 percent of the paid workers were foreigners.
France was fairly ,well supplied with harvest machinery,
according to standards prevailing in northwestern Continental Europe.
Use of mechanical drart power, howeverI had made little progress. In
1929, tractors numbered 27,000, almost ten per cent of which
were under five horsepower. By 1957, total tractor numbers had in
creased-to 50,000, -or 1.5 per 1,000 hectares of arable land.
Consumption of artificial fertilizer was also low compared
to that of northwestern European countries. In the 1928-29 season,
the quantit,r of artificial fertilizers applied were sufficient to fur
nish an average of 41t 7 kilograms of nitrogen, 6ltS kilograms of potash
(K20), and 1207 kilograms of phosphates in tarmaof P20S per,. hectare
of land in agricultural use.
Over half of the arable land was devoted to mainly
wheat and oats,'which oovered 10.7mi111on hectares in 1955-1957. Roots
and tubers (inoluding fodder oabbage) were planted on 5.2 million heo
tares, while rotation legumes and grass for hay accounted for 4.5 million
hectares. Dry legumes, vegetables grown in the open field, hemp, flax
and oliseads occupied around 500,000 hectares. Another 1.7 million hec
tares, or 8.5 per cent'of' thea.r11b1e area, were left fallow in 1957.
The 11.4 million hectares in grassland consisted of nearly 5.6
million hectares of grass cut- for hay, over 1.8 million of grass
land good enough to permit the fattening of cattle, and about 4.1 million
hectares of ordinary uncut grassland. In 1929, nearly one-third of the
ordinary uncut grassland was classified as high mountain pasture.
From 1.5 IJd11ion hectares of vineyards (average 1955-1957),
France produced more wine than any other country. TrUck gardens covered
428,000 hectares in 1957, of which.l26,OOO were under .truck crops des
tined for sale occupied 155,000 hectares, and ornamental, nursery,
medicinal and perfume plants 44,000 hectares.
Densit,y of the horse, cattle, and goat population was not
so great as in GerIIl8.D\Y, but France had twioe_ as many sheep. Farm live
stock numbers per 100 hectares 9 land in agricultural use amounted to
about 8 horses,l mule or ass, 46 cattle, 2Ssheep, 4 goats, 20 pigs,
256 and 90 rabbits. In maqy parts of France cattle were used
as draft animals. According to data for 1957, little more than half of
- xiii
the eight million milk cows were kept as milk cows only.. Sheep were
kept for meat, and goats for milk..
Small prOduction units characterized the
Processing of milk on the farm had great importance. According to
official figures_ fQr cow milk in 1957, which do not count output of
the small cooperatives as farm-produced products,tarm butter
accounted for over half of the recorded butter output, and farm cheese
for more than one-fourth of the recorded cheese output, whilefresb .
milk sold directly by the producer to the consumer almost equalled in
quantity the amount sold indirectly tor tresheonsumption. Few cattle,
sheep or goats were slaughtered qn the tarm, but farm-consumed pork
from farm-slaughtered pigs constituted two-fifths or more of total pork
produotion.
Most French farmers, desirous of productng at home as much as
possible of their familY's food requirements, raise a variet,y both of
crops and 11vestock. But, while the -type of farming which prevails in
France is highJ diversified, variations in topography, climate, soils
and accessibility to markets give rise to variations in the of
the different regions and sections as producers of agricultural
When production is put on a per capita basis, the oroar ofimportance of
the regions and sections is somewhat changed. Lacking aIV" consumption
data, a comparison of sectional and regional per capita production with
national per capita consumption has been used to indicate surplus and
deficit areas,-sinceFrance came near to self-sufficiene,y except in the
case of oils and fats.
French sources show agricultural statistics for France as a
whole and tor ninety departments arranged in alphabetical order. Since
these data do not readily lend themselves to a stuQy of agriculture in
various parts of the country, this study has grouped them to co'ver
fifteen sections into which continental France has been divided, and
the sectional data in their been grouped to cover seven
regions (eight including Corsica). The boundaries of the and
re!::ions are shown on Map No.1.
In the tables on land utilization, "land in agricultural use"
cOlTesponds to what the French term "territoire cultive
ft
in the 1929
. census, and includes arable land, grasslands, vine,yards, market gardens,
orchards, nurseries, etc. "Idle productive land" corresponds to what
is termed "territoire non cUltive" or ftlandes etterres incultes" in
French statistics, and includes heath, marsh and lands whose
natural vegetation is utilized in some fashion; e.g., :for litter or
firewood. The dragnet item, "territoire non agricole" in the 1929
census, non compris dansles catagories in the
. .
.. ?
.. xiv
1957 agricultural yearbook, unutilized marsh and other waste
lands, as well as land for buildings, roads, cana.ls, parks, etc.
With regard to land tenure, it should be pointed Olit that,
according to the 1929 agricultural census, one miUion operators out of
a total of million in France, held land under more than one form of
tenure. The holding of each was counted only once, being classified as
land held by owner-operators, fixed-rent farmers or share tenants, de
pending on that form of tenure under which the 1argestpart of. the l'arm
was held.
It should also be pointed out that in the 1929 agricultural
census women were. included as operators (ghats S!,culture) if they
directed farm operations. A quite different ooncept was obviously ap
plied in the population census of 1951 which showed, for agriculture and
forestry, a national total of 2.3 million female operators, as compared
with the 1929 census figure of 0.2 million.
Nor do the two censuses on the number of male operators.
According to the 1929 census, there were 5.4mil;Lion,whereas the 1931
census reported 2.4 million. The difference ver:1 nearl\Y corresponds to
the number of holdings under one hectare in size (about one million) I
whose operators perhaps were not inc1uied as farmers in the population, ,
census. If so, this would help to explain the larger number of
employed farmers in agriculture shown by the 1929 census: 5.6 million
operators and 7.2 million both family help end hired labor (if
census instructions were tollowed), or a grand total of lO!8 million, as
compared with a gra11d total of 8.1 million according to the'1926 popula
tion census, and 7.6 million according to the 1951 population census.
In showing agriculture's share 1n the employed, the
. figures used were those of the 1951 popuJ.ation census where it was stated
.:that in comparing the different departments with respect to persons
$mployed in the various occupations, "it 1s advisable to avoid
the influence of differences of interpretation as to the classification
of rives of cpltivators.
n
Percentages, therefore, were computed for the
" male employed only.
Differences in interpretation of instructions and in the
completeness and accuracy of reporting, among other factors, affect"all
comparisons between departments and, though. to a less
between sections and regions. While too
placed on the preciseness of the figures, the.y serve to indicate the
varia.tions from one part of the country.to another.
__1 ....
-"XV
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
1 meter (me) =100 centimeters (em.) =3.28 feet
"I hectare (ha.) =2.47 acres
1 hectoliter (hI.) =100 liters (I. ) =26.42 US gals.
1 qUintal ( ~ u . ) =100 kilograms (kg.) =220.46 lbs.
=39.37 inches
=104.59 US quarts
=3.67 bu. wheat
=3.94 bu. rye
=4.49 bu. barley
=6.89 bu. oats
:: 3.94 bu. cern
=3.67 bu. potatoes
- xvi
lIf,lJI11;1l1l f N / \ ~ e
Physical Features and Regions of France
I. NORTH CENTRAL FRANCE !I
That part of France lying north of the gre'at bend in the
Loire and between Normandy, and old Lorraine incluies the country's
richest agricultural region. It does not appear as a surplus area
except for sugar beets, however, mainly because it also includes
Paris and other large industrial centers 0 Wbile the proportion' of
gainf'u.J.lj"-employed males who engaged in farming ranged from twenty
three to fort,y-nine per cent in the rather east
ern departments, agriculture accounted for only fourteen per cent of
the region's gainfully-emplo,yed males in 1951.
At! NATURAL FEATURES
Most of North Central France, which is cut the'Seine,
Marne, Oise, Somme and other rivers, lies less than 200 meters above
sea ,level. The! climate is moderate, summer and winter temperatures
at Paris averaging 17.70 C and 4.10 C respectively. Rainfall ranges
between 50 and 75 centimeters, except in a drier area east of Paris,
and is well distributed throughout the year.
The region has a large share in the best French soils, the
so-called .li.l'!2!! des plateaux. soils, which cover much of the
western section, are excellently suited to agriculture, by
reason of their physical nature though where ,he subsoil is imperme
able '(e.g., in Brie) drainage is requ.ired. Heavy soils are fotmdnear
the Belgian border and also occur in puts of the eastern section where,
however, light, sometimes stony, soils prevail.
/'
B. LAND UTILIZATION
In 1957, land in agricultural use accounted for some two
thirds of the'total area of the region, woods and forests for near:q
one-fifth, :tdle pro'ductive land for five per, cent, and other categories
for eight Per cent (See Table No.1). Land in agricultural use occu
pied a much larger share of total area in the western section than in
the eastern section which had more forest and woodland and more idle'
Nine departments in the western section:, Pas-de-Calais, Nord,
Somme, Oise, liane, Seine-et-Marne, Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Eure
et-Loir; five departments in the eastern section: Ardennes, Marne,
Aube, Yonne, cate d 'Or.
j
- 2
product!va land. In both sections, araple land was of far
importance than grassland.
c. THE FARMS
Agricultural holdings are large, according to French stan
dards. The 1929 oensus showed forty-six per cent of the farmland in
holdings over fifty hectares in size, forty-two per cent in holdings
10-50 hectares and twelve per cent in holdings under 10 hectares,
the latter size group accounting for two-thirds of the number of' hold
the same distribution prevailed in the western
and eastern sections (See Table,No. 2).
Sharp differences appear in the tenure pattern, however. In
the eastern section over two-thirds of the land in farms was owner
operated, and three-tenths was rented (See Table 5). In the west
ern section, on the other hand, nearly two-thirds of the land in farms
was rented, a far higher proportion than prevailed in aqy of the other
sections here considered.
A further contrast lay in the dependence on hired labor.
According to the 1929 census, the western section empla,yed more than
one paid worker (permanent and temporar.y) per operator, whereas the
eastern section had more than twice as many operators as hired workers
(See Table No.4). Foreigners accounted for seventeen per cent of the
paid labor, the bulk of "them in the western section
D. FARM MACHINERY AND ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER
. Compared with other French regions, North Central France was
well supplied with mechanical" draft power. The 1929 census showed some
7,800 tractors for the region, one-tenth of them under five ,horsepower
(See Table No.5). About 200 more were recorded in 1957, an
in the western section being partly offset a. decrease in the eastern
section Table No.6). -In the latter year, tractors per 1,000 hec
tares of arable land numbered 2.2 in the western and 1.0 in the eastern
section.
The region also bad a number of binders, more
per 100 hectares of cereal area (4.5 in 1957) than other region, and
sixt,y per cent of the 265 combines in France in 19B7. Threshers were
likewise comparatively numerous. In 1929, when more threshers were counted
than in 1937, those with a capacity of less than 40 quintals per day

- 5 ....
accounted tor 65 per cent of the total, as compared with 70 per cent
for France as a who18e
Consumption of artificial fertilizer was heavy, measured by
Frenoh standards. In 1928-1929 this region used, per hectare ot land
in agricultural use, more nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash ,from
artificial fertilizers than any other region. The western section
accounted for a large share of the regional totals"
most notably in the case of nitrogen and potash (See Table 7) Yet
consumption of potash as well as phosphoric acid from artificial ferti-'
lizers per hectare of land in agricultural use in the eastern section
exceeded the national average.
E. PRINCIPAL CROPS
Tables Nos. S, 9, and 10 show area, yield per hectare and out
put ot the principal crops in North Central France in 1955-1957. Cereals,
mainly wheat and oats, covered about three-fifths of the arable land, a
high proportion for France. They accounted for twenty-five per cent of
the. national cereal area. With the highest yields of a:t.'f3' section in the
western section, and or near average yields in the eastern section"
the regionsupplled one-third of the nation's cereal output.
Roots and tubers occupied over one-fourth as much space as
cereals in the western section which had eight,y-three per cent of the
French sugar beet area and grew. large quantities of. fodder beets and
potatoes, yields being bigherthan elsewhere. Area under rotation legumes
and grass for hay" mainl1' alfalfa and clover, was sllght:Iy smaller than
area under roots' and tubers. In the eastern section, on the other hand,
area under alfalfa and other rotation hay crops" amounting to one-third
of the cereal area, was far more important than area under fodder beets,
and beets.
Other field crops of some significance included vegetables,
dry legumes and. flax, grown mostly in the western 'section which accounted
for almost half of the flax produced in France. In 1957 the western;
section left fallow three per cent of the arable land, whereas in
the eastern section fallow constituted fourteen per cent of the arable
land. ' .
, While the area in grassland was relatively small, grassland good
enough to permit the fattening of livestock, largely in the western section,
and cut grassland, mainly in the eastern section, accounted for four-fifths
- .
4
- of the regional total. According to the 1929 census, twenty per cent
of the cut in the western'seetion and fourteen per cent in
the eastern section were irrigated.
Total area under truck gardens exceeded that in other
region, "but Borth Central France in 1937 ranked third in area under
truck crops destined for sale. Three crops consisted mainly of apples
and pears, nearly of which were. apples and pears tor cider.
Little wine was 'produced in the western section, but the eastern section
iric1udes the Champagne district and a part of the Burgunqy district
(Cate d'Or). ' . . . "
F. LIVESTOCK AND .LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Tables Nos. 11 and 12 show number ot livestock and output of
Iivestock products in North Central France in 1953-1957 western
section surpassed the eastern seotion in density of livestock populations,
rabbits excepted. Both sections had more horses-per unit of land in'
agricultural use than France' as a whole. That regional sheep numbers were
also relatively large was due to the western section which contained o'Ver
two-thirds ot the total. Both sections had fewer cattle, goats, pigs,
mules and asses per unit ot land in agricultural use than France as, a whole.
Cattle, at least in the western section, belong mainly to two
breeds, Flemish in the north and Norman in the south. The Flemish is best
-knQwn for its milk-producing qualities and the Norman for its production
both of milk and meat. an: the sugar-beet farms, fattening of cattle is
carried on as a business distinct from breeding. Commercial fattening of
hogs has also been developed, around Paris. Both businesses de
pend on 11vestock from other regions. The region's sheep are chiefly
Merinos, or wool-types.
, . .
According to the 1929 census, 51.4 per cent of the French out
put of meat (other than poultry and ra]:)bit) was produced in the region,
28.0 per cent in the western and 5.4 per cent in the eastern section.
This pertains to slaughtered and does not include meat that moved
, into internal trade on the hoof. In an attempt to give some rough ap
proximation production based on local livestock, the share of the
sections in the of French cattle, pigs, sheep and goats
-(numbers in 1955-1957 times unit live-weight in 1929) was applied to
French production of the various kiDds of meat in 1955-1957. ,According
to this computation, the western section produced 9.5 percent and the
eastern section per cent of the French, output of beef, mutton, goat
meat and pig meat, a total of 12.9 percent tor the region. Inclusion
of chicken and rabbit meat in 1957 raises the regional percentage from
12.9 to 14.2. .
- 5
The region had more weight as a milk than as a meat producer.
Cows kept as milk cows o1i.q constitutedarelative1 large proportion
of the cow population. (over three-f()urths in both sections in 1957).
In the western 'section, the milk yield per cow (2,550 liters in 1957)
was very-' high compared to that of most other sections, while the yield
in the eastern section (2,070 liters in 1937) also exceeded the national
average.
About half' of the co. milk sold was sold as milk fresh
con8umption in 1957. Butter accounted for around one-third and cheese
, tor one-seventh of the total. The' relll8inder was destined chief'l1' tor
preserved milk. Goats and sheep made an insignificant contribution to
the commereial milk: 'suppq.All or the sheep milk and .three-fourths
of'theg9at milk went into milk for tresh consumption.
or aU cow milk sold for fresh consumption in 1957, torty
three percent was sold direct4 by the producer.' These direct sales
had less importance in North Central France than in France as a whole.
The reverse was true in the case ot butter and cheese, because of' the
large amounts produced on the tarmin the western section. In 1957,
tarm butter accounted tor as much asthree-tifths and farm cheese for
one-third of recorded regioBal. output.
G. PER OAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION
Table No ",' 15 shows per capita production of' the main' foods
in North Cel'ltral France in 1953-1957. The populated western
sEtct10n grew_less, and !nsoma cases much less) per capita than France
as a whole, sugar beets excepted. In the much more papule.ted
. eastern section the reverse was true for wheat and rye, dry
meat, cheese, milk for direct consumption and eggs. in the case .
ot wheat and rye, sugar beets and milk for direct consumption, however,
did regional.per capita production equal or .exceed national per capita
.production, and onq in the case o sugar beets was the excess at. all.
large. Both seotions fell short in potatoes, tats, wine and cider
.......
- 6
Table No. 1 (I A). LAND UTILIZATION, 1937
t : _ a
Cat'egory: a'Western secti9n 1/I Eastern section 2/.Total North- Central
-----...;:;:....-.1'------.... ....z;..;p-er;;;;.;..c..... ent-:1000 ha. -11000 ha. .percent
: : : a
Arable land 2-,974
59.3 1 42.9 4,5071 -52.5
Grassland -
651 13.0 : 495 z 13.9: 1,146: 13.4
Vineyards, horticulture, etc.:
93 I 1.9 : 54 1 1.5 I 147: 1.7
Total land in agricultural 1
I' a
use 3,718 I 74.2 I 2,082: 58.3 I 5.800a - 67.6
Woods and forests 21 I 672 : 13.4 : 950: 26.6 I 1,622: 18.9
Idle 'productive land !!I : 136 : 2.7 I 314 I 8.a I 450: 5.2
other y - -
: 486 : 9.7 : 227: 6., I 713: 8.3
u z I :
Total area I . 5,012 :. 100.0: 3.573: 100.0 t 8.585: 100.0
6rfice or Foreign Agricultural
. 1937.
9 depari:2n.ents: Nord, _Somme, Oise, Aisne, Seine-et-Marne, Seine.
Seine-et-Oise"Eure-et-Loir.
5 departments. Ardennes, Marne, Aube, Yonne, CSte d'Or.
Inol udes poplar and willow plantations.
See page xiii.
Table No.2 (I B). NUMBER OJ' FARMS AND DISTRIBUTION :BY SIZE, 1929
z : z
Size - group section 1f.:Eastern seotion North Central
- -num ....... b-er ..-:--ar-e-a 2/.: number
... l-o-OOo::-....na.: 1000
: area
:1006 ha.:
nUiilber
1000
I area ,31
:1000
:1: :
Under 10 heotares : 176 -: 526 lOB': -339 : 284 :
865
10 to 50 hectares
Over 50 hectares
Total
72
16
/264
1.905:
: 2.025:
: 4,L66 \:
43'
12
163
I 1,261 I
:
3,042:
115
28
427
: 3,166
',467
7,498
: ' : I
:
percent: percent: percent percent: percent :
: : I :
Under 10 hectares : 66.7 11.8 : 66.3 11.1 66.5 :
10 to 50 hectares 27.3: 42.8 26.4 41.5 26.9 t
Over 50 hectares 6.0 : 7.3: 47.h 6.6
Total - : 100.0: 100.0: 100.0: 100.0: 100.0
MHca of Foreign Agriculiurai Reie.'iOiis. Compiled from statistique Agricoie
Rtfsultats
11 See footnote 1 to Table 1 A.
See footnote 2 to Table 1 A.
11 Excludes publioly owned forests, heath e.ndrocky land.
- 7
Table No.3 (1 C). AND TYPES OF TENURES, 1929
: Western : Eastern : Total North
Type ot Tenure : Seetio'!.!I. : SeetioIi;.Y : Central !jrB;n-;;;,c;;;,,;e;....._
__________---:.;: Ar::.:::..;:e:.:::..a !I.: : Area !I. :Operators y.: Area!!
1, 000 :!2.Q.Q ha: I, 000 : 1000 !!!.: 1 J 000 :!Q.QQ ha.

owners 127 1,596 144 2,116 : 271
Fixed-rent tenants 107 2,856 16 904 : 123 :3,760
Share-tenants (M6tayers); -4
/ 21 1 25
. ?I
Total 234, 4,456 160 3,041 : 395 :'1,497
Percent :Percent: Percent :Percent: Percent :percent
. .
. . -
. : 54.3 35.8 90 69.6 68.8
. 49.5
Fixed-rent tenants : 45.7 64.1 10 29.7 31.2

50.2
.j
'Share-tenants (Metayers): / .1
Y
0.7 /

0.3

Total 100.0 '100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
.
.
ottice ot Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole
!,!:rrance. Re\sultats Mn6raux 1 'lhqu'8te
y 9 departments: Pas-de-Calais, Nord, Somme, Oise, Atsne, Seine,
Seine-et-Olse, lUre-et-Loir. ,
!I 5 departments: Ardennes, Marne, Aube, Yonne, Cate d'Or.
y See page xi v .
JI Excludes publicly owned torest, heath and rocky land.
J Less than 500.
Y Less 0.05 percent.
No.4 (1 D). NUMBER OF PAID AGRICULTURAL 1929
Permanent !I. Temporary y.. : , Total
Section
:French:Foreign:Total :French:Foreign:Total:French:Fore1gn: Total
- ,Thousands - - Thousands - - Thousands
western 'fI 153 33 186 99 20 119 252 53 305
Eastern !I 35 9 44 25 1 26 60 10 '10
Total North .
Central France:
,
188 42 230 124
. 21
145 312 63 375
.
ottice ot Foreign AgricuJ::tural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole'
.S! la REfsuJ,tats generaux '
jJ Euployed by the month or year.
y Day and seasonal labor.
]V See footnote 1 to Table IC.
y 2 to Table I C.
...
- 8
Table No. 5 (1 E). IUM13ER OJ'!l'1U.OTORS (:BY HORSEPOWIR) AID THRESHI:RS
(:BY CAPAOIft), 1929
: Traotors Threshers
Seotion : : : with daily of :
: under 5hp : over .Shp. total aunder 40 qUlover 40 qUe : total
: 1,000 a 1,000 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000
: : : : I
western!:! I 0.6 : 5.0 5.6 18.7 I 11.3 : 30.0
Eastern y
Total N.C.
:
I
0.2
I 2.0 2. 2 12.5 I
I '
6.7
I
:
19.2
Franoe
:
' 0.8 7.0 7.8 31.2 I 18.0 I 49.2
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. CompilBd i'rom $tatistique Agrico1e de 1a
Frenoe. Resu1tats 1929.
y 9 departmentsl Pas-de-ca1aia, Nord, Oiae, Aiane, Seine-et-Marne,
Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Eure-et-Loir.
y 5 a Ardennes. Marne, Aube, Yonne, cate d'Or.
'!'able 10. 6 (1 F). lUMBER 0' SPEOlnmD'ABMMACmDS, 1937
: : I :
Seotion Tractors Binders Threshers Combines
I : :
':
a 1,000 I 1,000 I 1,000
Number
a I I
We.tern y. : 6.5 I 81.9 : 23.2 134
Eastern y : 1.6 :
37.6 : 16.8 25
Total c. I : I
Franoe I 8.0 I 119.5
:
40.0 159
'
o:tForeign Agrioultural Re1a.tions. Compiled' from Statistique Agrico1e Annue11e.
rOOimo. te 1 to Table E. I.
31 See footnote 2 to Table I E.
!able !Io.7 (1 G). OOISOMP'1'101 OF AR'1'IJICIALJlRTILIZD (1.1., PUD
B, .lID 'a05). 1928-1929
a Total a Per ha. of land inag. use
,.etion
I a a N J . K20 :
P205
N K20 P205
I 1,000 metrio tons I
kilograms
t I I I a :
Western.'J/' I
68.3 : 78.0 : 66.3 : fe.3 : 20.9 .: 17.8
:
7.5 I 20.4 I 28.2 : 3.6 9.. 7 I 13.4
Total N. C. France a 75.8 : 98.4 I 94.5 I 13.0 . 16.8 I
16.2
otfice of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agrico'le de Ie.
Franoe. Resultats G6n'raux de l'Enqu3te
y 'See footnote 1 to Table
YSee footnote 2 toTable
Table NO.8. (1 H). ADA OJ PRIHOipAL ODS. AVlltAGB 1933-1937
Commodity
Wheat
Rye
Maslin
BarI.e,.
Oats
Corn
.Buckwheat
Millet
Total cereals
Potatoes
Sugar beets
Fodder beets
Other roots and tubers 21
Total roots and tubers
Dry legumes
Flax
Rota.tion legumes and
grass. for hay
Cut grassland
Uncut grassland:
Superior 11
Other
Total grassland
Truck crops /
Tree crops 9.1 .
Vines 1ifI .
Western
Section "JI
1000ba.
920
33
1
90
736
'}/
3.
1,783
'110
241
152
13
516
33
13
486
164
354
94
612
75
11
2
Eastern
Section y
1000 ha.
391
:34
1
80
368
1
3
878
50
20
74
1
145
7
;j
294
217
136
128
481
16
4
'34
Borth Central France
Share iii
Total
French total
1000 ba..
1,311
67
2
170
1,104
1
6
2,661
160
261
226
14
661
40
13
780
381
490
222
1,093
91
15'
36
Percent
24.7
9.9
3.0
23.3
33'.4
JtI
2.0
24.8
li.3
82.6
25. 2
2.4
al.5
15.5
46.4
18.3
6.8
26.'
5.6
9.6
21..3
11.2
2.2
Office of Foreign Ag;ricultural Relations. Compiled Agricola AnnueUe.
y 9 departments: . Pas de Calais.. Nord, Somme, Oi.e, .usne, Seine-et-llarne, Seine, .
Se1ne-et-Ois8, Eure-et-Loir.
y. 5 departments: Ardennes, Marne, Aube, Yonne. Oeste d'Or.
y Less than 500 hectares. . .
TJI. Less than 0.05 percent. .' ..
"5/ Includes fodder cabbage &swe11 as rutabagas, turnips, and .J.erusalem artichokes.
Y Kidney, horse, and broad beans, peas, and lentils. . . .
11 Herbages, i.e.; pastures good. enough to permit the tatteniDg ot livestock.
Y For home consumption and for sale, 1937. .
9J. In orchards and destined for sale, 1937. .
!.Q,I For wine and table grapes ' .
. ..
fable NQ. 9 (I J). SPJOIJ'IE ORQPS' TIlL]) PER BlO!ARI,AvnAGJJ 1933-1937
:\
Westem : Eastern : No. Central
Commodity
Section JJ: Section y: France
Wheat . ,.
Rye
Bar1131' . . .
Oats '.
.
Potatoes'
.
Sugar beets
.
Fodder Beets
Sainfoin . . .
.
Clover.
Alfalfa
Out
Uncut grassland: Superior Ji
. Other
quintals quintals quintals
.
. :
.
..
, '
.. t
227 173
.. 21.1
16.2
I
13.4 14.7
18.9 14.0 16.6
191 139 173
187.5 ,989 159.8
2917
274.6 .
290.4
451'.5 4083 4373
'317
32.6 32.2
38.6 34.2
372
42.0 38.0
353
30.4
325
41.3
374
40.2
238
21.4 22.4
All
France
quintals
15.4
11.6
14.3
14.0
108.8,
2795
351.3
32.1
31.0
40.1
31.2
352
14.1
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Oompiled from Statistique Agricola Annuel1e
y 9 departments: Pas-de-Oalais. Nord. Somme. 01se. Aisne. Seine-et-1-i'arne. Seine,
Seine-et-Oise. Eure-et-Loir.
y 5 departments: Ardennes. Marne. Aube, Yonne, CSte d'or.
It Herbagfl's. i.e., grassland good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
Table lio. 10(1 K). LIVESTOCK lmMlIIRS, AVBRAGlI 1933-193'1
Western : Eastern : North Central
Animal
Section y: Section gJ.: Total : Per 100 hal
ag;
land
/: 1000 hd. 1000 hd. 1000 hd.
Head.
Horses 452 195 647
.. 11.2

Mules 6 2 8 .1
Asses

g
4 12 .2
Cattle
1.372
612 1.984. 34.2
Thereof: cows 782 342 1.124 19.4
Sheep . .
1.243 542 1.785 308
Goats . .

40
17 57
1.0

. Pigs
577
164 741 12.8

:
Poultry j}!/ 10.217 3.,58 13.775 2375
Rabbits 'JJ.
: 4.061 2.583 6.644 114.6
Pigeons If 1.73
2
396 2.128

Office of Foreign Agric111ture1 Relations. Compiled from StatistiC1.ue Agicole Annuelle
y See footnote 1 to Table 1 J. .
Y See footnote 2to Table I J.
November 1. 1929.
1/ Includes geese, turkeys, and guinea hens.
Table !To. 11 (I L). PRODtrC!IOI STATISTIOS JOR P:alNCIPAL CROPS. AVERAGll 1933-1937
- .
I : western Eastern North uentral France
Oommodity
Wheat
!tVe
'Maslin
Barley
Oats
Corn
Buckwheat and millet
Total cereals
beets
Potatoes
Other roots and tubers y
Hay
lJry legumes !I
Wine (in 1,000 hl.)
Cider (in 1,00C; h1. )
Beef and veal
Fig meat 'j
Mutton and goat meat E.I
Uhicken and rabbit meat
Total above meats
Butter 21
Hog fat
Total above fats
Oheese Ji
Milk for direct
oonsumpt ion (in 1,000 h1.) 11
./
Flax
"Wool 2J
section y..
1000 quo
20,858 _
533
24
1,702
14,036
1
41
section y.
1000 quo
6,745
454
8
1,119
5,112
8
28
Total : Share in Fr. 'rlotal
10?0 quo - ps,rce,nt
27,603 33.8
987 12.6
32 3.4
2,821 27.0
19,148 4:l..5
9 0.2
69 2.2
37,194 13,474 50,668 32.7
70,294
20,623
72,358
5,491
4,947
30,397.
75,785
25,570
102,755
84.7
16.6
23.2
42,119 25,001 67 15.0
608 87 695 29.9
51
1,114
1,065
282
1,116
1,396
1.8
6.8
770
405
104
352
310
137
42
102
1,080
542
146
454
13.7
10.8
20.6
22.1
1,631 591 2,222 14.2
273
112
65
38
338
150
14.3
10.7
;j85 103 488 12.8
168 444 15,8
8,993
458
2,384
I
; 195
11,377
653
31.3
18.5
85
35
1
15
86
50
48.6
28.4
. Office of Foreign AgricultUral Relations. Partly based on official sources, partly
Y Includes fodder cabbage as well as fodder beets, X'Utabagas , turnips and
est mated0
.}J
y
9 departments:
5 departments:
. Pas-de-ua1ais, Nord, oomroe, Oise, a,isne, t)eine-et-N..arne, t)eine,

lU"de@es,Marne, .a:ube., Yonne, uSte d 'Or.
Jerusalem artichokes.' .
YKidney, broaq. aIldhorse peas, lentils. .
y A roughappro.x:i.mat:i.on reached by ap-p1ying the percentage share of the secrt ions
. in of all cattle, pigs, sheep and goats (average numbers
'in times u.n:it 1iveweigilt in 1929) '-0 French production of beef and veal,
pig meat, mutton and goat average 1933-37. .
/ dressed carcass weight, 1937.
11 Estimates exclude milk fed t.o calves, lambs and kids, and in'clude 8nallowance
. for quantities produced from cow's milk on :t.:a,:ni1
s
, 1937.
'/ A rough approximation, estimated in the 'smne way as pig meat production. - See
footnote 5.
- 193'7.
'fable Bo. 12 (I _). 'PH CAPI'!A PRODUCTION OF SPEOIFIED OOMMODITIES,
AVlRlGI 1933-1937
:Total I .. Total
Commodity
Western :Eastern ;Central Franoe

: Bee tion ]}.. :8eotion y. :Franoe
kgs. _
:
kgs. kgs. kgs.
Wheat
and rye 3J
18
4-5
4
66
00
217.f, .
21}4
:
Sugar beets 31
GOb.2
355 4
57
G
8 21
3-4
.
Potatoes 31
1779
3
20
2
194.6 3
6
7.
1
Dry legumes 3J
5.
2
5e6
5-3 5-
6
Wine (1.) 31
04
(13.9
8'5 145.
1
..

'0
Cider (1.) 3.1
..
9.6

18.3
10.6
4
8
.7

!I1eats!lJ
'14.1
3
8
.3
16.9
374
Fats 5.1 Y
3-3
6.7'
3-7
9.
1
Cheese y
24 109
34
6.7
Mtlkfor direct
0
consumption (1,)
Pi
86.6
77.
6
154-3
86.7
EggszJ
4.
0 12.6
5.
0
8.4
Otfice 0 l' Foreign Agricultural Relatio,ns. Partly based on 0 ffic ial sources t
partly estimated.
y <) departments: Nord, Somme. 01se, Aisne, Seine...et-Marne,
Seine, Seine-at.Oise, Eure-et.Loir. Total populat1on,1936: 11,594,900.
Y 5 departments: Ardennes. Marne. Aube, Yonne. Cete d'Or. Total popula..
tion. 1936: 1.544.90_, , - .
31 No allowance has been made for non-food uses. -.
AI A rough approximation only, Ino1udes beef and veal, mutton and lamb,
goatmeat, pigmeat, and (1937) chicken and rabbi
5/ A rough approximation only. Includes butter. hog fat olive 011.
y 1937 for. dairy products. Milk fed to calves, lambs and kids excluded.
An allowance has been made for quantities produced fromcowts milk and
oonsUmed on farms.
1./1931.
-Ill: III
- 13
The extreme northWestern portion .ot Franc..,' which' constituted
the old provinces ot Brlttmv' and HorJll8.Dd7, lsa heaV 000
producing region. It also stands out as' a surplus area, though
ot population exceeds' that tor Franoe a8 a whole. Here, a8 in mos'\;' ,
other regione,agriculture 1s a leading source ot emplO1llent.' FarJDing
was the occupationot' .forty-five percent ot the ..Ie gaintuJ.q-eapl07ed
in 1951, tbe proportion riSing above tittT per cent 1n su out ot ten :
departllents and ta]] lng below thirV-nine per cent. in onqone (Seine
Inf'erieure)
- Both Brittan and Normandy have. some hilly country, but the
bulk ot the ;region lies less than 150 meters above level. The
climate is mild, though at Rouen (Seine-Interieure) summers
are slightq cooler and winters onq slightlJ warm.r than at Paris.
Light rains fall frequentll', annual precipitation exceeding sevenv
tive centimeters except east and southeast ot the.. Britt8JV' hills, and
along the eastern edge ot NorJDs.nd1'.
most tertile soils" are found mostly in the north
ern portion or thepeninsulB., whUe Normand;y has. some gy,. plateaU!
(See Page xyi), in' the vallq or the Seine. North oithe Seine in Caux,
these soils 11e' on an impermeable Sub-soil, as in Br1ein North Central
France. Much' of 'NorlD8.DdJ and parts of BrittalJ;y are covered I. with i 8Q'-_l,s1
so heav.,. thq are .suited primari:q to hq and pasture. Especialq in .
the southern portion of the peninsula, there are also stretc}les
ot poor soils supporting the less exacting crQPs, such as 'rye and buck-,
.
J
B. LAND UTILIZATION
, .Both BrittaJV' and HormantV' devoted about three-fourths of "
. their total area totarming (See Table Ho. 14). Brlttan,, however,
ploughed the greater part ot its land in agricultural use, whereas
11 Five departments in Brltaruv': Finiswre, C8tes-du-Nord; lorbi
han, Ille-et-Vi1aine, five departments in
NorJDa.ndy: Seine-ID.:rer1eure," Orne, Manche.

- 14
NormandY had the greater! part in hay and pasture. The
of the remaining area likewise ditf'ered considerably, Normandy having
'a larger area under forests and having mucb more idle pro
ductive and other land. .
c. THE FABMS
Agricultural holdings in are larger on the average
than in France as a whole, but .in Britt8Jl1'they are smaller. Somewhat.
over halt of Normandy's farmland in 1929 was in holdings 10-50 hec
tares in size, and another three-tenths was in larger holaings, leaving
. less than one-.fif'thin small and dwarf holdings (See Table No. 15). In
Brittaqr, on the other hand, moderate-size holdings accounted for over
six-tenths of the land in farms, aDd large holdings tor IIttle more
than one-twentieth, leaving three-tenths in small and dwarf holdings.
While holdings up to ten hectares in size were, as usual, far more
numerous than holdings in the other two size-groups, the,y constituted a
smaller proportion of the total number even 'in Brittaqy than in the coun
try at large.
In both Brittany and Normandy, over half oithe farmers owned
the-land that they operated, but an area not much larger
than the farmers paying a fixed-rent (See Table No. 16). There were very
tew share-tenants (metayers) in either section. .
Farmers in relied more on paid labor than
those in Brittany. According to the 1929 census, the ratio ot hired
workers (permanent and temporary) to operators was almost 1:1 in 'Normandy,
as compared with 0.6:1 (See Table No. 17). Foreigners,
mostq in Normandy, accounted for only one per cent of all paid agricul
tural labor in the.region.
J). . FARlt MACHINERY AND ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER
. 4
'Compared to France as a whole, Normandy and Brittaqy, /
were not well supplied tractors. The' 1929 census showed some 1,900
tractors for the region, about one-tenth of them under five horsepower
(See Table 'No. 18). Some 300 fewer were recorded in 1957, a deorease .in
more than offsetting an increase in Normandy (See Table No. 19) ...
In the latter year, tractors per 1,000 hectares land numbered .
'1.1 in "Normandy, and 0.5 in Brittaqy.
- 15
Binders were &lso relativel.y tew in number, amounting to 1.7
per 100 hectares ofeereal ar_ea in 1957. _Although Norll18.lldy had a con
siderably smaller area under cereals than Britta.zl1", it was much better
equipped with binders and with combines (See Table No. 19). On the
other hand, Brittany had far more thre,shers than Normandy, and BrittarIT
was one of the few sections where recorded thresher numbers were larger
in 1937 than in 1929. Moreover.I according to the 1929 census, 55 per
cent ot the threshers in BrittaQy could handle 40 quintals or better
per day, onlJ 28 per cent -of the threshers in Normandy.bad a
capacity of 40 quintals or more.
\ Consumption ot commercial fertilizer per hectare ot land in
agricultural in 1928-1929 exceeded the national average only in the
case of phosphite fertilizers. Brittaqy and Normanqy consumed approxi
mately the same quantity per hectare of' land -_in agricultural use ot
phosphoric acid f'romcommercial f'erti1izere,butBrittaqy had a dis
proportionately large share of the- nitrogen, and Normandy" a dispropor
tionately large share of the potash (See Table ---Mo. 20).
E. PRINCIPAL CROPS
Tables Nos. 21, 22, and 24 show area, yields per hectare, and
output of the principal crops in Brittany and Normanqy in
Well over half' of' the arable land was planted in cereals. Wheat and oats
accounted tor eight,y-four per cent of the cereal area in Normandy, and
for seventy-one per cent in had a considerable area under
buckwheat., With above-average yields in Normandy' and below-average
'yields in Brit'ta,q, the region's ahare in national cereal output (14.4
per cent) was about equal to its share in national area under cereals.
(14.9 per cent).
Roots, tubers and fodder occupied almost half as much
space as cereals in Brittany which had a larger area under potatoes and'
fodder cabbage than aqy other section and grew substantial quantities of
fodder beets. Area under rotation legumes and grass tor amounted to
less than ane-third the cereal area. Normandy reversed the order ot im
portance of these two groups of products. Area 'under rotation legumes
and grass for hq, amounting to forty-five per cent of' the cereal area,
was nearly three times as large as area under roots and tubers. In both
_sections, the leading rotation hay was clover, but the area UIlder annual
green forage was almost as large in Brittany. '
Among other field crops of some significance were vegetables,
flax, colza and dry legumes. Normandy accounted for two-fifths of the
French flaz area and for one-tenth of the French colza area. According
-
- 16
to the 1929 oensus, BrittaI.\Y had" a larger area in vegetables grown in
the open field than section. Little arable land was left
fallow (rive per cent in Normandy 'and two per cent in. Brittaqy in 1957).
. , . '*
The area under grassland was re:l;.ative4r large in Normandy and
. relati small in BrittaD1'. Normandy had far more grassland good
enough to permit the fattening' of livestock than a:rq.other section,. and
fourteen per cent less cut grassland than Brittany where uncut .
. grassland a minor part. According to the 1929
. census, about tWenty per cent or the cut grassland was irrigated in
BrittaIv'", and fourteen per cent in Normandy.
While total area under truck crops amounted to sixteen per
cent of the national tota+ in 1957, the region had twenty per cent of
the national area under truck crops destined for sale, situated mai.nlJ
in Brittany sec,tion is a production center for early
frui ts and vegetables. Tree crops consisted mostly of apples and pears
for cider, the region producing three-fourths of the French cid:er
output. all of the small area in vines was in Loire
Interieure.
F.. LIVESTOCK' AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Tables Nos. 23' and 24 show numbers of 11vestock and output
products in BrittaD.1 and NorJDaIldy in 1955-1957. Brit'ta.n1'
had more' horses and cattle per t of lai1d in agricultural use than
ar.ij' ot,her section. NorI1l811dywas almost as heavil1' populated with cattle
as Bri . and had a relativeq large number of horses. Regional
pig numbers were also relative4 large, due to the unusual density of
the. pig population in Brittany which surpassed that of all but the
plateau section in East and South Central France. Both Normandy, and
especially Brittanr, however, bad fewer sheep and goats per unit of
1atld in agricultural use than France as a whole. The same was true of
poUltr.y and rabbits as recorded for 1 November 1929. However,sta
tistiesfor 1957 indicate that Brltt8.1V" was three times as large a
producer of chickens and rabbits as NorI1l811dy.
The large Norman cattle are good milk and meat producers.
Breton cattle are much smaller, but they fatten well and, considering
their .give substantial, quantities of milk which has a high
butter-fat content.
According to the 1929. census, 12.7 per cent of the French
output of meat (other than poultry and rabbit) was produced in the
region, 6.5 per cent and 6.2 per cent in This
pertains'to slaughtered meat and does not include meat that moved
into internal trade on the to give some rough
-
- 17
indication of production based on local 11vestock, the share of the
sections in the live-weight of French cattle, pigs, sheep and goats
(numbers in 1935-1957 times unit live-weight in 1929) was applied to
French output of the, various kinds of meat in According
to this computation, Brittaqr produced 10.3 per cent and Normandy 8.6
per c,ant of the French output of beef, mutton, goat meat and pig meat,
or a total 'of 18.9 per cent for the region. Inclusion of chicken and
,rabbit meat in 1937 changes the regional percentage to 18.7.
The region has greater weight as a milk than as a meat pro-:.
ducer. Over half ot the regional milk output came from Normandy.
While Brittany had more cows than ljormandy kept more as milk
cows only (eighty-eight Per ,cent of all cows in 1957" as compared with'
only twenty-four per cent in Britt8.D1'). The milk .yield per .milk cow was
high in NormanCJy (2,540 liters in 1957) and low
(1,490 liters in 1957).
Butter was the main dairy product, especially in Brittany
where it accounted for eighty-four per cent of the cow milk sold in
1957. In the same year, two-thirds of the cow milk sold in Normandy
was destined for butter, fifteen per cent for cheese and 16 per cent
tor milk tor fresh consumption, while cream and. preserved milk each
accounted for about two percent the total. Little goat milk was re
corded tor eitbersection and no sheep milk.
Processing of milk: on the farm had unusual importance in
Britta.Dy where eighty-.e....n per cent of recorded butter output was
tarm-produced, and sevenv-nine per cent of' the milk sold tor fresh
consumption was sold by the producer to the cdnsumer in 1951.
The corresponding percentages tor Normandy were 56 and 58. Farm-made
cheese, however" 'accounted ,for only eight per cent of recorded cheese
output. .
G. PER CAPITA FOOD PRODUCTION
Table No. 25 shows per capita production of' the main foods
in Brittan;y and Normandy in 1955-1957. Both sections exceeded the
national average per capita in output of wheat and rye, meats, fats,
eggs, milk tor direct consumption .and eider. Britt8.l1J' had enough
potatoes and Normand,. enough' cbees .to raise regional per capita pro
duction of these foods over the national average. Sugar beet pro
duction in NormanCJy, however, could not offset the small output in
Brittany, and both sections fell short in dry legumes and wine, though
cider production per capita in both sections exceeded wine plus cider
. production in France as a whole.
l" ... .

- 18 ...
Table No. 13 (II A). LAm) UTfLlZATIOB, 1937
z : Total
Category : Brittany : Normandy &: ' .:Brittany-Normand.t
11000 ha. 'Ipercent :1000 ha. :percent :1600 ha. :percen
: ' 'I : : : :
Arable lend
1.915: 54.2: 955:' 31.2: 2.870:
. Grassland
633: 17.9: 1,354: l.t4.2: 1.987:
Vineyards. horticulture, etc. 81: 2.3: 33: 1.1: 114:
Total land in .gricultura1 : 1 : : 1
use 2.629: 14.4: 2,342: 76.5: 4.971: 75.4
Woods end', :forests 21 212: 6.0:
363: 11.9: 575: 8.7
Idle productive land 316: 9.01 81: 2.6: 3971 . 6.0
Other W 374:
10.6: 277: 9.0: 651 t 9.9

1 Z : :
Total area t 3,531: 100.0: 3.063: 100.0: 6,594: 100.0
6thce .oJ: Foreign Agricul'tiir911telations.
Annue11e, 1937.
'}}' -(5 departments Cotes-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille....-e:'\:;-Vilaine. Loire-
Inferieure. '
2/ 5/ deparments: sein,e-Inferieure, Eure, Calvados, Orne, Manche.
21 and willow plantations.
1' ,See page xiii.
Table No .14 (II B). NU'MBER OF 'FARMS AND DISTRI:BUTIOI BY SIZE, 1929
.
: To:Cai
Size - group : Brittanl Y:: : Brittany-Normandy
number': area number: area,M

1000 :1000 na.: ,1000 :1600 ha.: 1000 : 1000 'lia. .
1 : :
Under 10 hectares
..
235
:
987 135
.
. 490 :
370 1,477

10 to 50 hectares 100 :2,015 62 :1,434 . : 162
: 3,.41+9
Over 50 hectares 1 196 8 : 805
9
1,001
Total
336
:3,198 205 :2,729' :
5W- 5.927
: : : :
.. percent:peroent : percent : percent: peroent: : peroent

: I
Under 10 hectares 70.0 :
3.9
I
65.9 18.0 I 68.4 24.9
10 to 50 heQtares
3.0
63.0 : 30.2 52.5 : 29.9 58.2
Over 50 heotares
if
6.1 :
3.9 1.7 16.9
Total : 100.0: 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 I 100.0 100.0
Offioe of Foreign Agricultural Relationae Compiled from Stati Agrio.ole
la de 1 'Enqu3te 1929. .
See footnote 1 to Table lIA.
See footnote 2 to Table IIA.
Excludes publicly owned forests, heath and rocky land.
Less than' 0.05 nercent.
----
- 19 :..
Table No. 15 (II C). IO'MJ3ER AND TYPES OF TENURES, 1929

Total
ttYpe of Tenure
Brittany 11 Normandy !I
: Brittany-Normandy
:Operators .1/.:Oparators y":A:rea!l. :Operators II
,.

1,000 :1000 ha: 1,000 .
:1000 ha. : 1,000 :1000
.
.
owners
179 1,615 96 :
,
'1,371 275 :2,986
Fixed-rent tenants 144 1,541 81 1,358 225 :2,899

Share-tenants f :

6 42 /
?I
6 42
Total 329 3,198 177 2,729 506 :5.927
Percent. :Percent: Percent :Percent Percent :Percent
Owners
54.4 50.5 54.2 50.2 54.3 50.4
Fixed-rent tenants 43.8 48.2 45.8 49.8 44:.5 48.9

Share-tenants ):

1.8 1.3 ./ ./ 1.2 0.7
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
, ,
Oftice of 'oreign .Agricultural Relations. Oompiled from Agrico1e
de 1a rance-. ;REfsultats geAeraux de l' mqume
y 5 departments: Finistere, uotes';'du-Nord, Morbihan, Il1e-et-Vilaine, Loire-
Inferieure.
y 5 departments: J!.ure, ualvados, Orne, Manche.
y. See page xi v
y. lSXcludes publicly owned forest, health and rocky land.
y Less. than 500.
]I. Less than 0.05 percent.
Table No. 16 (II D). EU'MnR OF PAID AGRIOULTURAL 'N'OPD-R5... 1929
Permanent Y. Temporary y. Total
Section
:French:Foreign:Tota1 :French:Foreign:Total:French:Foreign: Total
- Thousands - - Thousands - - Thousands
Brittany Y 115

115 68
!I
68 183
!I
183
No:rmandy J 109 3 112 60 1 61 169 4 1'73
Total Brittany-
Normandy' 224 3 227 128 1 129 352 4 356
Office ot Foreign" Relations. Oompiled from tstatist19u8ASricole
de la France. Rt(sultats Gd'nEfraux de 1 t mgu3'te
]j JWployedby the month or year.
y snployed by the day or season.
footnote 1 to Table II C. '
Y Less than 500.
footnote 2 to Table II o.
......-.... ' :.
-20
!8-1)le .0.17 (11 E). BtJMBIROr !1lAO!OJ,S(lff,KOltDPOWD), AD 'l'HDS-'>,
, (m CAPJ.CIft). 1929 ____
-total
1,000
17.0
14.0
-31.6
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricola de -la
France. Re'sultats Ge'n6raux ~ 1'Enquete 1929. - ---
. ~ 5 departmentsl Finistere; cSt'es-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille-et-Vi1aine, Loire
Ineriaura.
y 5 departments I seine-Inf'rieure, Eure, Calvados, urne, Mancha.
Table 110.18 (II F). BOMBIR O:r SPECIJ'IID J'ABM MAClIIDS.1937
I I I I
Section Tractors Binders Threshers Combines
: I I I
I
. 1,000
I 1,000 I 1,000 I Number
I I I I
Brittany y 0.5 a 10.0 I 20.4 I 3
Normandy y 1.1 I 16.5
I 11.7
I 21
Total Brit...
t I I I
t any-Normandy I 1.6 I
26.5 I 32.1 I 24
Offi6eof Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled franS-tatistique Agricola Annuelle.
See footnote 1 to Table II E.
11
See footnoi?e 2 to Table II E ~
001lSUMP'fIOI 0' AMIJIOIAL J'lR'fILIZD (1.1 J'URII
'fable 10. 19
(II G)
,1. ~ O . ,AND '25)' 1928-1929
Total I Per ha. of land in age use
Section
N
K2
0
P205.
I N I
K20
I
P205'
I ,1,000 metric tons I kilograms
I I : I I I
Brittarw y I 8.8 I 12.7 I 39.5 I 3'.5 : 5.0 : 15.7
Normandy Y I 6.9 I 16.6 I 37.9 : 2.9 : 7.1 I 16.1
Total Brit- a I I I I
tany-Nonnandy I 15.7 I 29.3 a 77.4 I . 3.2 I 6.0 I 15.9
i
Office"of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from statistique Agricole de la
/ / / ~ -
France. Resultats Generaux !! l'Enquete 1929.
" - ~
-.....
I
!ab1e 110. 20 (II H). ADA. 0'1 PRIlIOIPAL CROPS,' AVDAGI 1933-1937
CODIJlOclit1
Wheat
R7e
Maslin
Barley
Oats
Corn
Buckwheat
Millet
, cereals
PGtatoes
Sugar beets
Fodder beets
Other roota and tu.bers jJ
'Total roots and tubers
D17 legt1Ql8s 91
Flax .
Colsa
Rotation'legumes and
gras.for hay
Cut gras.laild
Uncut grassland:
Superior :11
Qt.br.
Total gra.aland
Truck crop, !I
Tree crops 21
Vine.. JJil '
Brittail7
"J/. '
1000 ha.
490
62
4
7'
249
1t{
21
1,041
'188
"J/
132
161
481
3.- '
3
')j
,,303
433
29
160
622'
45
6
29
Normand7
'y
lOOO.ha.
249
11
1
53
221
-
26
561
26
19
44
4
93
2
11
1
253
374
742
221
1,337
25
6
'J/
Brittanr-Nomancly
Share in
Total
French total
1000 ha., Percent;
739 13.9
73
10.8
5
6.8
128 17.5
470 14.2
JI .W
187 63.8
2.6
if
1,602 14.9
214 15.1
6.0
176 ' 19.7
165 27. 9
574
17.8
5 1.9
14 50.0
1 10.0
556 13.1
ern 14.li.
771 41.4
381 9.6
1,959 17.1
70 164
,12
9.0
29
1.8
ottice otForeip Acultural. Relations. COIIpUe4 tl'OJllStatistiQue' !Bricol.
, ." .... ' ,
. ,"JI 5<d.epartmenta. CSte.s-<1u-Nord,Korbiban" IU.... ... ,
. ,Wertewe. ' ,
V5 d.epar,taa. Bure, Calvados, Ome, Manch.. . '
than ' .' , .
'Ttl. L than 0.05' percent. ' " .'. '
51 Inc.lude. tOddel'Cabb.age a." well as rutabaau, turnips" and JeNsal_ artichokes.
Kidne,.,. hor.e, and broad beansI pea., and lent1u. . '
1J Herbag, 1, paature, good enougb to pemit t,he tatten1ng ot livestock.
For no. ecmawapt,ion and tor .al., 1937.

In orchard, IDc1 9st1ne4 for .
'J!1/ .For wine and table grap...
- 22'
I '. ,,:,. : Br1tt.,.,;,..
____;;.....,;;;"Oo;;.;lIJDO::;;- .:..:..;:.B;.:;r.::l.::.tt:.:::tml=z...lll 'IG1"1!94.y y. r '",' ... ;;::;.;;;d1;;.;t:&l-..;......... Franc.
a quintal. t qubttal. : qlJ.'btal. '>quintal.
-= a . ':.:
Wheat '. >.'. . 13.a t 19.5 15.' ' . 'I
l\v'e ,...............: 10.6' 14.4 11.2: 11.6
Barley : 13.7 14.8': 14.1 14.3
Oat. I 11.1 16.4 1l4..0
.Potatoea' .. : 117.3 114.8: 117.0 108.3
Sugar beets. . 2658 . :
279.5
Fodder 'beets : 304.0 387.5 351.3
..
S's.1nfoin : .
279
32.1
Clover :
39.3 370
AI!eJ.!a ., : 41.8 40.1
Out grassland. : 31.2
Uncut grasslana: au:perior 3/. :
331
352
other .:-...:
355
21.4 14.1
Office of Agricultural Relations., from Statistique Agr1cole Aanuelle
!Is, department,.: CSteS-du-Nord, Mor'b1haJl, Ille-et...Vl1aine, Loire->
Inf4trleUre.
?1. 5ieJ:>artHJlts: Orne. Manche.
II E.rbyel. i.e gras.land good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
Table 10. 22 (II K).. LIgHOOI lIUMBIllS, .t.VDAn 1933-1937'
:
Animal

: Brittw !I. : Normandy y. Total : Per 100 haeM. land
1000 hd. I 1000 hd. 1000 hd. head
Horses'
.

380 247 627
12.6
)l1111es
JJ
;}
U !/
Asses 2 17
: 19
.4
Cattle

1.904 1,665
3.569
71.8
-
, Thereof: cows : 1,142

798 1.940 390
She.ep
...
167
353
520 105
Goats
: 15
18
33 7
Pigs 812 342 1,154 232

Poultry ./j 5.487. 5,174
10,661 214-.5
Rabbit. pj, 1,281 1,518 2.799 56.3
'.
..

Pigeons } 260 385 645

Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. C0111J:li1ed from.Statistioue Agricole Annue11e
!J See footnote1 to Ta.ble II J
Y See footnote 2 toTable II J
.
}
Y Includes' chiCKens', 'ducks. geese. turkeys, and guinea hens.
j
-23
10.. 23 (II L).P:ROImOifXOlf CROPS, AVDAGJI 193;,193'1
Commodity
Brittany
y
Normandy
y"
Brittany -
Total
Normandy
Share in
French total
1000 quo "lOOOqu.
1000 quo
Wheat
Rye
6,458
658
4,849
158
11,307
816
13.9
10.4
Maslin
51 11 62 6.6
Barley
Oats"
1,026
2,756
1,691
783
3,615
285
1,809
6,371
1,976
17.3
13.8
64.3
Total cereals 12,640 9,701 22,341 14.4
Sugar beets
Potatoes
44
22,055
83,564
5,050
2,985
18,220
5,094
25,040
101,784
5.7
16.3
23.0
Hay
29,823 52,8.97 82,720 18.5
Dry legumes lJ!
35 27 62 2.7
Wine (in 1000 hl.)
Cider (in 1000 hl)
1,075
7,433 7,t{6
1,675
15,079
1.8
73.9
Beef and veal y
Pigmeaty
Mutton and goatmeat /
Chicken and rabbit meat 11
811
586
10
283
899
229
35
81
1,710
815
45
364
21.8
16.2
6.4
17.7

Total above meats 1,690 1,244 2,934 18.7
Butter /
Hogfat 21
447
163
457
64
904
227
38.1
16.2
Total above fats 610 521
'1,131 29.6 "
Cheese /
97 312 409 14.5
Milk for direct consumption
(in 1000 hl.) Y
Eggs 1Q/
2,764
288
3,,234
251
5,998
539
16.5
15.3
Flax 23 66 89 50.2
Hemp
Wool !Q/
2
2,630
1
8,980
3
1l,610
8.3
6.6 .
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on official sources, partly
, estimated. "
11 5 departments: COtes-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine, Loire:
Inferieure.
y. 5 departments: Eure, Calvados, Orne, Manche.
'J/lncludes fodder cabbage as well as fodder beets, rutabagas, turnips,. and
Jerusalem artichokes. .
Jjj Kidney, broad, and horse- beans, peas, lentils. .
5/ Less than 500.
! A rough approximation by applying the percentage sbare ot the sections in
total liveweight of all French cattle, pigs, sheep and goats (average numbers in
19)3-37 tiJnes unit liveweight in 1929) t.o French production of beef and veal, pig
meat, mutton andgoatmeat, average 193.3-37.
11 Estimated dressed carcass weight$ ,1937.
Y Estimates exclude milk fed to calves, lambs and kids, and include an allowance
tor quantities produced from cow'S milk and consumed on farms. 1937.
21 A rough approximation, estimated in the same way as pigmeat production. See
footnote 6. "1111, "
!9J 1937.
-24
!"able 110. M (II M) pP ODIn tlOMCfIOB OJ' SPlCIJlID COMMODI!IES,
.l'f.l!WJll1933-1937
<eo.
.
Commodity
t
Brittany 11 INormandyY
I
Total
Brittany.
Normandy
Total
Franoe

legs. kgs. kgs.
Whe8t and :rye 31
Sugar beets 31
232-9
14
..
.
- .
21
4.7
216.6
225.
0
94-5

21
3.4
Potatoes 31
7
21
.7
128.0
4
6
4.7 3
6
7.
1
D17' 1 egU1l8 S 3/ 1.1 1.2 1.2
5.
6
Wine (1.) ?J
35.
2
20.0 145;1
Cider (1.)
3/ 243.
2
3'Z7 9 Z799
4
8
.7
Meets AI
553 533 545
.

374
Fats 5/ y 20.0 , . 223
21.0
9.
1
Oheese y
,
3.
2 :
-,
134 76

-67
:
Milk for direct
cons':UDPtion (1,) Y J'
94
1113
86.7
Eggs 7J
94
10.8
:
10.0
84
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on official sources,
partly estimated. .
.
5 departments: Fi y

nistere, Cotes...du....Nol"d, }Corbihan, Ille-at-Vila ine,
Loire'-Inte'rieure. Total population, 193
6
: 3,5
6
,00:>. .' .
Y 5 departments: Seine-Interieure, Eure, Calvados, Orne,Vanche. Total
population, 193b: 2,33
1
,9
00

31 .No 8+1owance has been made for non-toad uses.
AI i:... rough approximstton only. Include::3 beef and veal, mutton and lamb, ,
goat meat, pigmeat, and (1937) chicken and rabbit ineat.
1/1<- rough8pproxiroation only. Includes butter, hog fat, and olive oil.
y 1937 for dairy products. Milk fed to calves, lambs, and kids excluded
.An allowance has been made for quanti produced fran cow' smtlk and
consumed on farms.
1/ 1937
'-'
-25 ...
III. WEST CENTR.AL FRANCE 11
That part of France which includes the basin of the Jlid<D.e
Loire and the land stretching west to the coast between the Loire and
Gironde is a heavy food-producing region. It also stands out strongly
88 a. surplus area. Agriculture is the leading source of employaent
for the rather sparse population. In 1931, fltty-four percent or the
male ga1n1'ully-emp1oyed were engaged in farming, a higher proportion
than prevailed in s:tJY' of the other regions under consideration.
A. NATURAL FEATURES
Most of the region, which is out by the Loire, Cher, Indre,
Creuse, Vienne and other rivers, lies lee8 t;han200 meters above sea
level. The climate shades from that of N o ~ Central France to the
warmer climate of Southwest France .At Tours the average lIinter tem
perature (4.40) is about as low as at Paris, but the average BUDner
temperature (18.7
0
C) is somewhat higher. To the 8Quthat Angoulime,
winter and summer temperatures average Sfl4C and 19.2
0
C respectively.
Rainf'all ranges between fifty and seventy-fivecentimeters in most ot
the reglon except the Poitou hills and the plateau or. Limousin where
1t exceeds seventy-five centimeters.
West Central France has a fairly high proportion of light
fo11s, some of them, especially in the eastern section, so shallow
and stony 88 to yield little besides pasturage for sheep and goats.
Considerable stretches or heavy so1l8are also to be found, mainly
in the northwest and southeast.. There is DO one large expanse of
the better soils, thoUgh sisable..eas are scattered throughout the
region. A part o.f the coastal dia'trict 18 marshy.
B. LAND tr.rILIZlTION
Land in agricultur8J. use constituted about three-fourths
of the total area of West Central France in 3937 (See Table Ho. 26).
The proportion rose to seventy-Dine p8t'cent in the western section
where only twelve percent of the total area was in forests and idle
produetive land, and fell to seventy-one percent in the eastern
.section where forests and idle productive land accounted for W'enV
one percent ot the total area. Field crop production bad great impor
tance, especially in the eastern section which used four times as much
land for ploug1;JJ and as for grassland. In the western section the. area
ploughed was twice as great as the area in grassland.
}/ Nine departments in the eastern section: Lo1ret.l Cher, Loir-et-Cher,
Indre-et-Loire, IDdre, Vierme, lIaute-Vienne, Deux-Bevres, Charente;
five departments in the western section: )(qenne, Sarthe, Maine-at-Loire,
Venci8e, Charente-Inreneure.
c. !HE FARMS
In both sectionsJ especially the eastern sectA1on, the
average size ot agricultural holding in 1929 exceeded that for Franee
as a 'Whole. - Uoderate-size boldiDga (lO-SO hectares) accounted for
f'orty-eeven percent, and larger holdings for as much as t.b1rt7-e1x
percent, of the la.Dd in farms in the eastern (See Table Ho.
27) The western section, on the other hand, had sixty-eix percent
of its in moderate-sise holdings, an unuaua.ll7 high pro
portion, and only about tnlve percent in large holdings. SJnall
and dwarf' holdings were relatively lees numerous than in the country
at large, but their share in the farmland in the w.tern section
equalled the national average.
Tenure patterns two sections also differed somewhat.
About fort7 percent more farmland was owner-operated t.h8n was rented
on a tixed basis in the eastern section, whereas in the western
seetion the rented area exceeded the -owner-operated area b1 eight
percent (See Table No. 28). EvCl in the ....estern section, ho1reYer,
the DUmber ofcnm.er-operators greatly eXceeded the number of ten
ants paying a fixed rent. Share-tenancy bad very coD8iderable 111
poriance in some depe.rtm_ta in each section; especiall:y if' its im.
portance is measured by the&1lOUl1t of land operated on this syBtem.
In both sections, aceordlna to the 1929 CeD8US, the number ..
of paid tarm workers (permanent and teIporaryl R8 about halt as
great as, themmaberof operators (See Table No. 29). 011; or tbe
foreigners workeicl in the eastern section where, however, they c0n
stituted onl7 three percent of all agr1cnil:tural W&ge-earners.
D. FAPJl l4ACHINERY AND ARm'lCIAL FERTILIZm
. Ccapared to France as a ,,-hole, nei'the:r section lt88 ver'71rell
equipped with tractors. The 1929 census showed some 4,100 tftotore
for the region, less than one-tenth of them under f1"f'8 .bone ponr
(See Table -No. 30). About 200 mOre were recorded in 1937, the in
cr,... being confined to the western section (See Table Bo. 31). In
the latter- 7ear, tractors per 1,000 hectares of arable.1and mDRbered
0.9 in the eastern section, and 0.8 in the western section.
Both seCtions had a relatively larS. number of. binders,
however, the regional total amounting to 3.7 per 100 hectares of
cereal area in 1937. With a little over two-tbirds or the region's
cereal area, the eastern section had a ll.ttle overtwo-thirds of. the
binders and combines.. The W'esternesction had nearly twice as manY'
threshers as the section, but, the 1929 CenstIIJ
which recorded more threshers in both sections than are shown for
1937, threshers with. a c.apacity of less than forty' quintals per dq
accounted for sixty percent of the west f s. total as compared 11'1th
twelve percent olthe east's total.
- 27 ....
Consumption of artificial per hectare ot land
in tural use in 1928-1929 .exceeded the national average only
in the case ot phosphate fertilizers. 'the western section uSed,
per hectare ot land in agricultural use, soaswhat more phosphoric
acid and nitrogen from artificial fertilisers than the eastern
section which, hoWever, used a disproportionately large share of the
potash (See Table No. 32). .
E. PRINCIPAL CROPS
. ,
Tables Nos. 33, 34 and 36, shaw area, yield per hectare and
output of the princ1palcrops in West Central 1933.-1937.
While 'the eastern section devoted about half' its arable land to cereals,
the western section put little more than two-.f'ifths of its arable land
under cereals, a low proport,ion foJi." i;;.'ance. Wheat predominated in the
western section and wheat and oats in the eastern section. Cereal
yields were below anrage in both sections. ThuS" on 21.4 percent of
the French cereal area, the region produced 19.8 percent of the French
cereal output.
Roots, tubers and fodder cabbage oocupied almost on.....third
as much space as cereals in th. eastern section, one-hal.t
as much space as cereals in the 'Western section. Potatoes and fodder
beets, together with Jerusal_ artichokes in the east and fodder cabbage
, in'the west" were the chietcropa of this 't,p8. Area under ro:tatioD_le
gumes and grass tor hay" amounting to nearly one-halt of the cereal area
1D the eastern section and tQ (1fffJr three-tif"'IiM of the cereal area in tba
western section" substantially exceeded the area UDder roots, tubers and
todder cabbage in both SectiOM. Among the rotation legumes and grass
for hq, clover and alfalta but an
m1
s' green forage covered
a larger area than alfalta in the ....tern section.
Other field crops ot some importance included. dr7 legta_,
especially kidney beans, vegetables, colza and hempJ the 'ft8tern section
accolUlting for almost Dine-tent.b8 of the French area, and the region
tor nearly of the French colza area. rn 19.37" onl7.tiTe percent
of the arable landwaa lett tallOW' in the western section, but in the
eastern the correeponding figure ftB ten percent.
Grassland occupied a comparatively small area, espec1ally in
the eastern section. Both sections had more cut than uncut gruslaDdil.
According to the 1929 cel1S'WJ,twsnty-f'lTe percent of the cut grasslands
in the eastern section and m.....o perccmt in the ".tern section were
irrigated.. JIost of the unc:ntt grassland in the eastern section was class
ified as ord1nary' pasture" lib.... in the westem section more than halt
was grassland good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
- 28
. .
Viineproduction assumed considerable signifi.cance in both
sections. Substantial quantities of cider were also produced, es;..
pecially in the western section, apples and pears constituting the
bulk of the tree crops. Yibile the region I s truck crop area accounted
for sixteen per cent of the national total in 1937, its share in that
part devoted to truck crops :for sale amounted to only ten per cent.
F' LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Tables No. 35 and 36 show numbers of livestock and output ~ of
livestock products in VJest Central France in 1933-1937. Due to re
latively large numbers of hors,es and cattle in the western section, and
. to relatively large. numbers of asses and goats in the eastern section,
the region had more of thes e kinds of animals per uni t 0 f land in
agricultural use than Frailce as a whole. Both sections, especially the
western section, had fewer mules, sheep and pigs per unit of land in
agricultural use. .
Various breeds of cattle are found in the region. The
Parthenay, suited for 'Work, meat and milk, .is most widespread. Other
breeds include the Durham-Mancelle, chiefly a meat a:nima.l, in }layenne
and Sarthe; the Limousin, a good draft and meat animal, in Haute-
Vierme; and the Norman, a gObd milk and meat animal, in Loiret. The
regionI s sheep are important for their meat rather than for wool or milk.
According to the 1929 census, 10.8 per cent of the French out
put of meat (other than poultry and rabbit) was produced in the region,
6.6. per cent in the eastern and 4.2 per cent in the western section
. This pertains to slaughtered meat and does not include meat that moved
into internal trade 'on the hoof. In an attempt to give some rough
approximation of production based on local livestock, the share of the
sections in live-weight of French cattle, sheep, goats and pigs,
French production of the varioUs Idnds of meat in 1933-1937. Accord
ing to this computation, the eastern section produced 10.7 per cent
and the western section 8.2 per cent of the. French output of beef, mutton,
goat meat ro1d pig meat, or a total of 18.9 per cent for the region. I n ~
elusion of chicken and rabbit meat in 1937 leaves the regional percentage
at 18.9.
The region had about the same weight as a producer of milk as
of meat. Both sections kept a relatively large m.unber of cows as milk
cOi'lSonly sixty-eight per cent of a+.l cows in the western and sixty-two
per cent in the eastern section in 1937) The milk yield per milk cow
in 1937 barely exceeded 'the national average in the western section
which obtained 1,829. liters, whereas the eastern section had a yield of
1, 970 liters.
-
- 29
Butter was the cb1er da1.r7 product, accounting tor eight7
and 8ft"ent,' percent of the Cow II1lk sold in the eastern and western
sections respectively 1n1937. Approximateq ,un-en percent of the
total went into cheese in both sections, aDd practica.ll7 all ot the
remai.nder into Jlilk tor fresh consumption. The eastern section also
had substantial ahare in the recorded. national output of goat Jdlk,
utilising more for cheese than anY' other section in 1937. Ho ,heep
II1.lk was reported tor lther aection.
Of all cow milk sold for fresh consumption in 1937, titty
three percent was sold direct:q b7 the producer to the consumer.
These direct sales had more importance in West Centra1 France than
in Prance as a whole. The reverse was true of butter, especia.ll7
in the ..estern section. In 1937, tarm butter constd.tuted. onq twent,'
five percent, and tarm cheese twenty' percat, of recorded regional
output.
Q. PER CAPITAFOQD PROOOCfiOB
Table Ho. 37 shows per capita prodt1ction ot the main foods
in Weat Central France in 1933-1937. Both sections exceeded the
national aTerage per capita in output ot wheat and ryeI potato.,
dry legumes, meats, tats, eggs, milk: for direct consumption and wine,
while the western section had enough cider to raise the regional
average per capita over the national average per capita. Cheese out
put in the eastern s8C'tion, however, pulled down the regional average,
and both sections tell short in sugar beets.
---
- 30
Table No. 25 (III A). LAND UTILIZATION, 1937
: : :
Category :Eastern sect :,Westernsection 2/:Total West Central
-----....:r:---=-------:.... l ... :1000 ha. :percent":lOOO ha. :percent
: : : : t :
Arable land
3,184: '54.7: 50.4: 4,844: 53.1
Grassland t
788 13.5, : 812: 24.7: 1,600: 17.6
Vineyards, horticulture, etc:
182 I 3.1: l42: 4.3 : 324: 3.6
Total land in agrioultural : :: : t
use t 4,1S4: 71.3: 2,614 t 79.4: 6,768: 74.3
Woods and forests 21 907: 15.6: 302: 9.2: 1,209:, 13.3
Idle productive land W : 337: 5.8: 86: 2.6 423 4.6
Other !V : 424 : 7.3: 291: 8.8: 715: 7.8
: : : : : :
Total area : 5.822: 100.0,:. 3,293: 100.0: 9,115: 100.0
Office 01 Foreign AgriculturaI Relations. compiled from Statistique Agricole
Annue1le, 1937.
9, departments: Loiret, Cher, Loir-et-Cher, Ineire-e'b-Loire, Indre, Vienna,
Haute-Vienna, Charente. .'
5 departments: Mayenne, Barthe, Maine.. Vendde, Charente-Inf'eJrieure.
Includes poplar and willo!" plantations.
See page xiii.
Table No. 26 (IIX B). BUMBER OF FABKS AND DISTRI13O'TION BY SIZE,1929
: : :
Size - group .Eastern secti,' on 1/.Western section 2/t'fotal Wes't Central
: number : area 2l: number : area it: numoer : area U
-------------:-.-lO!P!OIl"':O--:lIr"!OPl
O
"'
O
-
ha
.: 1600 :1000 ha.: 1000 11000 ba:
t t t , 1 I
Under 10 heotares : 257 t 929 t 154 I 68; t 411: 1,614
10 to ;Oheotares t 105 I 2.545,: 82 t t 187 4.542
Over ;0 hectares t' 17 :1,923: 4:' 348 I. 21: 2.271
'fotal :: 379 : 5.397 I 2l.tD: 3,030: 619 t
: percent't percent I percent : percent: percent t percent,
: : t t i a
Under 10 heotU"e. t 67.8 t 17.2 t 64.2 t 22.6 I 66.4 t 19.2
10 to SO hectares t 27.1: 47.2 t. 34.2 t 65.9 t 30.2 I 531'9
Over 50 hectares : .4-5: 35.6:' 1.6 I 11.;: 3.4 I 26.9
Total : 100.01 100.0 I 100.0 t ,100.0 I 100.01 100.0
Of'i'ice at Foreign Agricultural Relation's.Cam.pllea tram Sta'tistique );grioole
!! la France. R4'_ultats l'Enqufie 1929. . ,
liSe. footnote 1 to Table IlIA.
See footnote 2 to Tabie lIt A.
if EXcludes publicly oYGed' forests, heath and rocky land.
----

- 31
Table No. 27 (III' C). BUM13lIRAl'ID 'l'YPES OJ T.BiiORlS, 1939
Eastern ," I Western I Total West-
I SecYQn'lI., I SMMon 2J. France
_Typ_'_e_o_t_T_e_nur_e i/..I Area ' JI..Area" y.. IOperators 2/..IAre& y
1,000 .1000 bas 1;000 .1000 la.1 1'1000 11000 ba.
OWners I 267 I 2,559 I 138 I 405 13,788
1,229
F-ixed-rent tenants I 73
1,812 I
Sl I 1,333 I 154 .3,145
Sbare-tenants (Jl4ta78rs). 31 I 1,026 I 20
468 51 :1,494
Total : 371
5,397 : 239 : 3,030 '610

.8,427
I 1 1
I
Percent :percat. Percent .Percent I Percent Percent
1 1 I
Owners 72.0 1 47.'4 57.7,

40.6 : 66.4 4S.0
Fixed-rent tenants : 19.7 I 33.6 I 33.9

44.0 : 25.2 : 37.3
Share-tenants (Metayers) I 8.3 I 19.0 8.4 : 15.4 I 8.4 I 17.7
Total 100.0
,. 100.0 I
100.0 I 100.0 100.0 .100.0

otfice ot" Foreign Agricultural Relations. ,Compiled irom Statist19Ue, Asricole
, !!! !! France. R6sultats g4'n4'raux l'Enquete
"}/ 9 departMllta. Loiret, Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Inelre, Vienne,
Haute-Vienne., Deux-Stvres, Charente. " ""
y 5 departments: ' Ma)"enne:, Sarthe, Ilaine-et-Loire, G.haren1ie-Interieure.
JI. See page
y Excludes .owned f'Qrest, heath and rocky land.
No. 28 (III D). NUMBER 0' PAID AGRICULTURAL TtlOIUtERS. 1939
I Permanent !I.. : Tempor8.l7' y.. I Total
Section
ITotallFrenchl Foreign: Total: FrenchsFore1gn. Total
- Thousands - - Thousands - - Thousands -
Eastern JI.
Westem Y
:
:
III
81
5
21
116 I
81:
66
44
1
21
67:
44:
177
125
6
21
183
125
Total W.e.France: 192
5
197 :" liO 1 111 I 302 6 308
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from statistique Agrico1e
2! France. R'sultats aeneraux de l'EnquBte 1929.
y. Employed by the month or year.
yDa,. and a,asow labor.
y. "See footnote 1 to Table III C.
Y See tootnote2 to Tab1, III C.
Y Less than -SOO.
fir,. '_ 32 ....
!able 10. 29 (III E). m.TMBIR OJ' T:RAO!Ol1S (m HORSEPOWER) AND THRESRIR
(:BY OAfAOlfi) , 1929 .
a Tractors t Threshers
, Section a a a nlith daily oe.pacity of I
I under 5hp a over 6 hp : total ,under 40 qUlover 40 qUe : total
a 1,000
' 1,000
a 1,000, I, 1,000 I 1.. 000 I 1,000

,
,
I
Eastern t
0.2 , 2.8 : I 0.8 : 5.5 : 6.3
_Western y
. a
.0.1 1.0 : 1.1 : 8.6 5.b : 14.4
a t I,

Total W. C. I I : : a,
France a 0'.3 3.8 I 4.1 I 9.4 : 11.3 20.7
Office of Foreign Agriou1tura1 Relations. Compiled from Statistique .agrico1e de Ie.
France. 'Resu1tats' Generaux !! 1'Enqu;te 1929.
y 9 departments I Loiret, Cher, Loir-et-eher, Indre-et-Loire, Indre, Vienne, Haute
Vienne,
y 5 departments I Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-at-Loira, Vend'e, Charente-Inf:rieure.
Table 10. 30 (III F). mJMBD 0'1 SPICInu J'ABM MAOHINES, 1937
Section
t
I
Traotors

a
Binders
I
I
Threshers
a
:
Combines
I 1,660 I 1,000 a 1,600 I Number
Eastern t
a
I 3.0
I
I 60.0
I
I 5.8
a
I 18
western!! I 1.3 I 24.9 I 10.5 a 7
Total w. C. a a I I
France a 4.3
,
84.9 I 16.3 a 25
Office of Foreign Agriou1tUral Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricola Annualle,
1937.
1/' See footnote 1 toTable III E.
y, See too-tnote 2 to Table III E.
,_ !able !to. 31 (III G). OONSOMPTIOI OJ' AR'rIJ'IOIAL JDrlLIZD (I.E. t Pt1RE
B, AND '25)' 1928-1929
: 'Total Per ha. of land in age use
Seotion
:
N
:
K20
a P20'5 N t
K20 P205
: 1,000 metrio tons I kilograms
I a I I
,
Eastern t J 17.6 a 18.0 a I 4.2
,
4.3 15.0
western!! : 9.1 I I 41.2 I 3.5
,
6.1 t 15.9
Total W.C. I I : I I I
,
'FraIlCe 26.7 I 33.7 I
,104.4
I 3.9 I
5.0
a 15.4
Office of Foreign Agrioultural Relations. Compiled fro,m Statistique Agricole de la
France. Re'sultats de 1 1929.
1/ See footnote 1 to Table III E.
See footnote to Tab1e'IIIE.
.
. table 10. 32(111 H). J1lIA OJlPlllBCIPAL CDS, AVBRlGJI. 1933-1937
West Qentral 'lpce
astern western tihare in
CODlllOdity section }}. section gj Total :trench total
,lOO0ha. 1000 ha. 1000 ha. percent
Wheat 7'13 435 1,208 22.8
Bye 67 12 79 11.7
Maslin 14 6 20 27.0
Barley 121 94 215 29.4
Oat. 579 145 724 ' 21.9
Corn 10 3 13 3.8
Buckwheat 23 14 37 12.6
Millet
y 2 2 16.4
Total ceJ:"eals 1,587 711 2,298, 21.4
Potatoes 1'70 94 264 18.7
Sugar beets.
Fodder beets
18
157
2
101
20
258
6.3
28.8
Other roots & tubED.!Il48
135 283 47.9
Total roots & tubers 493 332
825 25.6
Dry E.I
Colza
Hemp
21
2
y
23
1
3
44
3
3
17.1
30.0
87.0
I
Ibtation legumes
and grass tor hay 750 446
1,196 28.1
Cut grassland
514 476
990 17.7
Uncut grassland:
superior /
other
50
202
183
127
233
329
12.5
8.3
Total grassland
766
786 1,552
13.6
Truck crops J.J
Tree orops y
. Vines'Y
40
:5
142
29
4
106
69
7
248
16.1
5.3
15.4
Oft ice of Foreign Agrio'-l!tural Relations. compiled trom Statistigue Agrioole
Axmuelle.
II 9 departments: Lo1ret, Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Indre, Vienne,
.... Haute -Vienne, Oharente. .
.;} I . "
!J. 5 departments: Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-LoiIoe, Vendee, Oharente-Infer1.eure.
than 500 heotares.
!/Indluding fodder cabbage well as rutabagas, turn1ps,and Jerusalem
artiohokes. .
2/ Kidney, horse, and broad beans, ,peas, and lentils. .
y Herbages, i.e., pastures good enough to permit the fattening ot livestook.
11 For hame consumpt1onand for sale, 1937.
In orchards and destined for sa.le. 1937.
U For wine and table grapes.

-
Table 10. 33 (IIIj).
SPllCIFIED CROPS' nELD PER BECTAml. AVERAGE 1933-1937
Eastern Western :\fest Central: All
_____c_o_nn_O_d1_t_y !I. Section y. France n'ance
:. quintals quintals qUintals quintals
Wheat -. 14.7 14.5 15.4
aTe .. 11.1 10.3 iO.9 11.. 6
Barley. 13.5 13.8 13.7 14.3
Oats 11.6 13.6. 12.0 14.0
Potatoes 81.7 87.2 83.6 108.8
beets : . 244.2 245.5 244.3 279.5
Fodder be.ts 302.7' 358.4 324.5 351.3
Sainfoin 29.8 31.7 30.2 32.1
Olover 30.2 36.3, 32.5 37.0
Alfalfa 34.2 35.2 40.1
'Cut gru81and 26.2 32.1 ,29.0 31.g
Uilcut grassland: superior y 26.1 .: 31.6 30.4 35.2
other 17.0 :1.9.8. 18.0 14.1
Wine (111 hl.} , 35.7 35.0 35.4 39.6
ortic. of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statist1gueAgrico1e Annue1le
!I 9 departDlents:Loiret
l
Cher, Loir-et-ohEr, Indre-et-Loire, Indre, Vienne, .
'Haute-Vienna; Deux-Sllvres,Charente. '
y. 5 departments: Mayenne, Barthe, Maine-et-Loire, Vendie, Charente-Inf'rieure.
'!lHJriages, 1.e., grassland good enough to permit the fattening, of livestock.
Table 10.34 (III K). LIVISTOCI NuM:BDS. AVERAGE
Eastern Western West Central France
Section y.
Section !I...-;..__ .... ..0_0....-o:-h_a_.":"a....Jgl'-.-1-an-d-
1000 hd. 1000 hd. 1000 hd. head c.
Horses 322 276 598 8.8
MUles 11 2 13 .2
e ,38 11 .
49 .7
Cattle 1,694 : 1,582 3,276 48.4
Thereof': cows ' 919 689 1,608 23.8
Sheep 1 t 039 283 1,322

Goat. . 261 48
309 4.6
Pigs 833 405
1,238
18.3
hultry Y!I. 10,49' 5,162
15,659,
231.4
Rabbits y. . . . 5,228 2,297
7,525
111.2
531 254
785
Office of' .agricultural 'Relations. Compiled from S.tatistiqueAsrico1e Atllluelle
!t' See footnote 1 to III
!I see footnote 2 to Table III :r.
3/ November 1,. 1929.
1/ Includes ohickens. ducks. geese. turkeys, and guinea hens.
f_ _._
""!' 35...
!able 10. 35 (III L). PRODt1CTICm STA'1'ISTICS!OltPRI!lCIPALCEOPS. AVIBAGI 1933-1.937
Eastern Western illest Central France
Oommodity
section !/. section&!. Total :Share inFr. Total
1000 qUe 1000 qUe 1000 quo percent
Wheat 11,143 6.397 17,540 21.5
Rye
742 123 865 11.0
. Maslin 198 70 268 28.5
Barley.
1.635 1,301 2,936 26.1
Oats 6,712 -1,976 8,688 18.8
Oorn 104 30 134 2.6
Buokwheat and millet 222 130 352 11.5
Total cereals 20,756 10,027 30,783 19.8
Sugar beets 4,395 491 4,886 5.5
13.883 8,198 22,081 14.4
Other roots and tubers y 79,227 68,315 147,542 33.3
Hay 41,417 39, 179 80,593 18.0
Dry legumes !I 170 1"69 339 14.5
Wine (in I', 000 hI.)
. 4,857
3,536 8,393 13.8
Oider (in 1,000 hI.) 578 '3.457 16.9
Beef'and veal . 820 799 1,619 20.6
Pig meat j 553, 290 843 16.7
Mutton and goat meat 2/ 83 21 104 14.7
Chicken and rabbit meat !I 272 128 400 19.5
Total above meats 1,728 1,238 2.966 18.9
Butter 'V 280 295 575 24.3
Hog f8;t j 154
8+
235 16.8
Total above fats 434 376 810 2'1.2
Oheese JJ 160 135 295 10.5
Milk for direct
consumption (in 1.000 hi.) 1/ 2.463 1,684 4,147 11.4
Eggs Y 375 196 571 16.2
Flax 1 1 2 1.1
Hemp 2 31 33 91.7
WooJ. Y
18 7 25 14.2
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on official sources, partly
est.imated.
11 9 tlepartments: Loiret; Cher, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire. Indre, Vienne,
Haute-Vienne, Charent e. /
y 5 departments: Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Vende'e, Charente-Inferieure.
Includes fodder cabbage as well as beets. rutabagas, turnips and
Jerusalem artichokes.
Y Kidney. broad and horse beans, peas, lentils. ' ,
A rough approximation reached by applying the percent.age share of the sectiqns
in total of all French catt pigs . ep and goats (average numbers
in 1933-37 times unit liveweight in 1. . h production of beef and veal,
pig meat, mutton and goat meat J average
. / Estimated dressed carcass weight, 1937.
1/ Estimates exclude milk fed to calves, lambs and kU.s. and' include
for quantities produced from cow's milk and consumed on fartJlS. 1937.
/ A rough approximation, estimated in the same way as pig meat production. See
footnote 5.
y 1937 ..
-36
Table Ho .36 (III I) PER CAPITA PBDDtJC'l'ION OF SPECIFIED
, AVEBAGE 1933-1937 ' .
:Eastern :,iiestern : Total : Total
Commodity ,section y &ection gj :West Central:' France
France
kgs. kgs. kgs, kgso
.
:
t and rye 31
..
43
6
8
33
8
6
1 39
6
.1
21
3.4
:
Sugar beets 31
'161_5
255 : 15.
1 21
3-4
Potatoes 3J
5
10
2
425-7 475.
2
3
6
7.
1
'Dry 1egwnes 3J
6.2- :.
8.8
.-
7-3
5.
6
Wine (1.) 31
17
8
'-5
18
3.
6 180.6
145-
1
'
:
Cide'r (1.) 31
-. :
21.2
149-5
,
:
74t4 4
8
.7
.
.
Meats
.63-5
- 64'3
63.
8
37-4
.
Fats 51.!
16.0
19-5 17.4- 9.
1
Cheese y
5
4
9
7.
0
6.3
67
Milk for direct
consumption (1.)
95 87-4
89.2 86.7
Eggs 11
13.
8 10.2
123
.
. 8.4
.
.
Offioe of Foreign .A.gricu1tur81 Re1'e.tlons . Partly basad on official souroeS"',
partly estimated.
!I 9 departmentsl Cher, Lolr-et...cher. Indre-et..:.Lo1re, Indre, Vienne.
Haute-V:1enne. Deux-8evres, Charent Total 2,721,000
/' , . ,
!.t 5 departments: Mayenne. Sarthe, Vendee, Charenlle-Inferieure.
Total population. 1936: 1.925.700.
31 No allowance has been made for non-tood uses.
1/ A rough approrlmat1ononly. Inoluqes. beet and veal, mutton and lamb',
goatmeat. pigmea". and (1937) oh1oken and rabbit meat.
5/ A rough .approximation only_ Includes butter, _ hog rat, ',en,dOll,va 011.
I 19"5l. tor dairl products. Milk fed to calves. lambs and kids excluded.
An .al1owanoe has been made for que.nt1t1esproduced from eow's milk and
consumed on farms.
1/1'J31' '
... 37
FRANCE
PRODUCTION OF
PRINCIPAL CEREALS
Average-1933-37
OATS
Each dot represents 2 ~ 000 quintals
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS
- 39
IV. SOUTHWEST FRANCE 11
The southwestern 'corner of France, including the basin. of the
, Garonne, is a comparatively light food-producing regim. It neverthe
less 'appears as a surplus area for a number of important foodstuffs.
Density or population is less here than in any of the other regions (ex
cluding Corsica).. Agriculture is the main occupation, accounting for
51.6 per cent of the male gainfully-employed in 193.1.
A. NATURAL FEATURES
Southwest France includes most of the 'French Pyrenees ,and, some
of the fringe ot:. the Central Plateau. A large part of the regim, hOlvever,
lies less than 200 meters above sea level. Except at higher altitudes,
the, winters are mild and \the summers warm. Bordeaux and Toulousehaving
and average summer temperature of S.8C and 5.5c respectively, and an
average'summer temperature of 19.0
0
C and 20.2
o
Crespectively. In the valley
of the Garonne, precipitation ranges between fifty and seventy-five centi
meters. Elsewhere, however, rainfall is more, abundant, 'exceeding 100 cen
timeters in a strip along the'southern boundary and most of the coast. '
The ,region has a large stretch of fertile soil along the Garonne
River and the Imver course of the Lot between the Dordogne and Aveyron. It
also has a large unifonn stretch of very light soil extending back from
the marshy Coast between the Garonne and Adour Rivers, a stretch which is
mos tly covered with pines. Another substantial area of poor soils Iies
in the northeast where sheeP-ridsing prevails on the limestone plateaus.
To.the'south, on the slopes of the Pyrenees, much of the land is likewise
suited chiefly to for sheep and goats.
B. LAND UTILIZATION
In 1937 land in agricultural u'seaccounted for something over
one-half of the total 'area, '\'loods and forests fori aJ.nlost three-tenths, and
idle productive land for a little more than one-tenth (See Table No. 38).
The forests Vlere mainly in the coastal and mountain section where
nearly one-half of the relatively small area in agricultural use was under
grass. By far the greater part of the arable area lay in the remaining
section which, for convenience, is here called the valley section. Vine
yards occupied at least five per cent of the tOtal area in both sections.
11 Five departments in the section: Gironde, Landes,
Basses-Pyrenees, Hautes-Pyrenees, Ariege; seven departments in the valley
section: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Tarn-et-Garonne, Haute
Garonne, Tarn.
-
--- - 40
C. TEE :F'Anl'lS
'VanIe the average size ofagncultural holdings" somewhal.1
smaller in France as a whole in 1929, v'fas approximately the
same in the two sections, distribution of farmland -by size-groups
showed considerable difference (See Table No .. 39).. In the valley sec
t,ion, holdings t,en-fift:>T hectares in size covered sixty per cent and
larger holdings seventeen per cent or the laJ:ld in farrtl$" whereas the
coastal-mQuntain section had forty-eight per cent of its farmland in
holdings, and twenty-eight per cent in large holdings.
,Holdings under ten hectares in size accounted for around one-fourth
of thefarrnland in both sections, but for seventy-five per cent of 'the
total munber of holdings in the coastal-moUntain se'ction, as compared
with about sixty-eight per cent in the valley section.
This region has more land operated by share-tenants (metayers)
than any other region, mainly because of the predominance of share
tenancy in the large department of Landes.. Even in, the coastal-
mountain section, however, hardJ.::r more than thirty-five per cent of ,the
farmland was operated by share-tenants, while almost fifty-nine per cent
was o'Wller-operated (See Table Ho; 40) Il In the vallErlJ section, owner
operated land amounted to almost seventy-oneper cent all farmland, .
and .land operated by share-tenants to nearly nineteen per cent. Com
parativelylittle land"was rented on a fixed-rent basis (six and eleven
per cent of the farmland in the coastal-mountain and valJ..ey sections
respectively). '
Hired labor played a relatively unimportant role except in
the, department of'Gironde where vineyardS cover a greater area than
.,.ther arable land or grassland. According to the 1929 census, Gironde
accounted fqr two-thirds of the permanent and nine-tenths of the tern
porarypaid agricultural workers in the coastal-mountain section which
employed a. total of 0.6 per operator, as compared with 0.3 per operator
in the valley section. Foreign iVo:rkers,. five percent of the regional
total, were concentrat,ed mainly in the valley section (See Table No. 41).
D. MACHINERY AND FERTILIZERS
Compared to France as a whole, Southwest France was very well
, eqUipped with tractors. The 1929 census showed some 4,700 tractors for
the region lesf) than one-twentieth of them under five hOrSepH'1er (See
Tab1eNo. 42). About 200 more were recorded in 1937, the increase oc
curring in the valley section. (See Table No. 43). In the latter year,
tractors per 1',000 hectares of arable land numbered 1.4 'in the coastal
moUntain and. 2.2 in the valley section.

-.
... 41 ...
The val:].:ey section was also well equipped wit.hbinders, but the
coastal-mountain section had relatively few$ the numberin the two sections
combined per hectares of cereal area (exclucUllgcorn) amounting to 3.4
and 1.0 respectively. No combines were reported in either section in 1937.-
Only two-thirds of the threshers were in the valley. section in the same.
year. According to the 1929 census, however, when the valley had fewer
and thecoastal-mountain section more threshers than in 1937, threshers with
a. capacity of less than 40 quintals per day accoUl'1ted for fourteen per cent
of the valley total, but for forty....three per cent of the coastal-mountain
total.
Consumption of artificial fertilizers was rela:1:iively lOWe In 1928
1929, the valley section used, per hectare of land in agricultural. use,
somewhat more nitrogen and phosphoric acid from artificial ferti.lizers than
section which, however, accounted for nearly six-tenths
of the potash (See Table NOe 44).
Eo PRINOIPAL CROPS
Tables Nos. 45, 46, and. 48 show area" yield per hectare and output
of the principal crops in Southwest France in 1933-1937., In t.he coasta.l
mO\Ultain section, where corn was more important than wheat, nearly 'tt'fo-thirds
of the' arable land was devoted to cereals e In the valley section" where
corn ollmved wheat and oats in importance, cereals accounted for something
over half of the arable land.. The region grew eighty-four per_ cent of the
French corn crop. Yields per hectare o.fsmall grains, however,1I'lsre lower
than in aQY other region (excluding Corsica)., Thus, vmile havipg 128 5 per
cent of the national cereal area,Southv.rest France supplied only 9.7 per
cent. of the national cereal output ..
Roots and tubers., mainly potatoes, occupied around one-fifth as
much space as cereals ,in both sections The area under rotation legumes and c
grass for hay Vias larger, amounting to a little more than one-fourth of the
area in the coastal-valley section and to almost two-fifths of the
cereal- area in the valley s action.
other field crops of some importance included dry legumes, mainly
kirlneybeans, vegetables and tobaccoG . The region hadtwo,;""thirds of the French
tobacco area in 1937. It also had one-half of the French dr,ylegume area
which in 1937 included 67,000 hectares eighteen per cent of the total, of
kidney beans :i,.nterplanted "With corn in the coastal-mountain section" Fallow
constituted a soma'tvhat higher proportion of- the arable land than in France
as a 1711010 (nine percept in the coastal-mountain and nearly tvve1ve per cent
in the valley section in 1937, as compared -vdth eight per cent for_France.).
-42
While the. coastal-m.ountain section had the larger area in
grass, _over half of it was ordinary pasture, and fifty-six per cent of
that was classified as high mountain paSture in 1929. In the va1.1ey
section, ordinary pasture accounted for less than one-third of' -the grase
land, and only twenty per cent was classified as high mo'Q11tS1n pasture.
Neither 'section had much grassland good enough to permit the fattening
of livestock._ Something under one-f'itth of the gras/sland cut f'orhay was
irrigated in both sections in 1929. '
Southwest France, which includes most of .the Bordeaux wine
tricts, produced more wine and table grapes than any other region except
Mediterranean France. It also ranked second as a producer of chestnuts.
In 1937 it accounted for twelve per cent of' the French truck crop area, but
for fourteen per cent of the ,French area truck crops destined. for sale.
The Garonne basin is one of the centers . for the production of early fruits
and vegetables. .
F. LIVESTOCK AND -LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Tables Nos. 47 and 48 show numbers of livestock and output of
livestock products in Southwest France in 1933-1937. The region had more .
mUles, asses, sheep, pigs and poultry per unit of land in agricultural
use than France as a whole, due -to the relatively large mimbers in the
coastal-mountain section and, in the case' of asses and poultry, in the
valley section-also. Measured on the same basis, density of cattle pop
ulaticn /in the coastal-mountain section but not in the region exceeded
that for the country at large. Of the other ldnds of livestock, rela
tively few in number in both sections, the coastal-mountain section had
more horses per unit .of land in agricultural use than the valley section,
while. the valley section' had a denser population of goats. TWO-thirds of'
the rabbits recorded for the region on I November .1929, were in the valley
section, but- statistics for 1937 give the coastal-mountain section over
half the region's rabbit production. .
Most of the cattle of the region are good draft an:iJnals. The
Bazadais and Garonnais breeds, found chiefiy in -Oironde and north of the
Garonne River, are also good meat producers. Th,eBordelais, around
Bordeaux, is valued for dairy purposes. Among the sheep, the Bearnais
in the Pyrenees and the Caussenard' of Lot are milk-types.
to the 1929 census 9.7 per cent of' the French output
of meat (other than poultry and rabbit) was produced in the region, 5.0
percent in the coastal-mountain and 4.7 per cent in the valley section.
This pertains to slaughtered meat and not include meat that JJ1ovedinto
internal trade on the hoof. In an attempt to give some rough appro:ximation
of production based 'on local livestock, the of the sections in the
live-weight of French cattle, sheep, (numbers in 1933-J937
times unit in 1929 d to of the
/
-43
various kinds of meat in According to this co
I11
Putation, the
coastal-mountain section produced 5.1 per cent arid the valley section
7.8 per cent of the national01?-tput ofbeef',mutton"goatmsa.tand pig
meat, or a total of' 12.9 per cent for the region. Inelusion of chicken and
rabbit meat in 1937 slightly changes the regional p'ercentage to 12.3.
A great specialty of the region is the fattening of geese and
ducks for oie gras.' Southwest France fUrnished nearly of the
French of 2,550 tons of foie graa iIi 1937..
The region had considerably less importance as a producer of ,milk
than of meat. Cows kept as milk COWS' only constituted but thirty-three per
cent of all cows in the coastal-mountain section in 1937, and as little as
eleven per cent 'in the valley section., Milk yields per were low
(1,250 uters in the coastaJ.-mountain and 1,310 in thevalley'secticn in
1937). - 3i-'
Cow milk was sold chi efly as milk for fresh consumption. In the
vallei secticn,' nearly three-fourths of the total sold was so utilized in
1937, butter and cheese accounting for eleven and J.4per cent respectively.
The coastal-mountain section devoted a smaller proportion to milk for fresh
consumption (about three-fifths) and to cheese (less than one-tenth), and"
a proportion to butter (one-third). Sheep milk, especially in the
coastal-mountain section" and goat milk, especially in the vallej\" section,
contributed substantially to the commercial supplies of'milk for cheese.
Processing of coW' milk on the farm had about the same 'signifi....
cance as in France as' a. whole.. In 1937 producers sold directly to consumers
about half of the milk sold for fresh consumption. In the same year, one
third of recorded butter output and one-fourth of recorded cheese output
were farm-produced.
Table No. 48 shows per capita produc,tion of the main foods in
Southwest France in 1933-1937. Both sections exceed the national average_
per' capita in 'output of dry legwnes, meat, eggs and vdne. of
wheat and rye in the valley section was sufficient to raise the regional
average per capita above the national average per capita, While, if corn
Ylere included, production of these three cereals in the coastal-mountain
section would also exceed the national average per capita. Both sections
fell short in sugar "beets, fats, cheese, milk f'ordirect comsumptian and
also cider, though 'wine producticn per capita exceeded naticnal wine,
plus cidex:. production 'per capita. .
_liP 11111')

- 44
Table No. :n (IV A). LA.ND UTILIZATION, 19'J7
: coastal-Ut.: ' ,.' t
Category :.' .seotion !I: : Valley
------..,.;:;..---.......---tlIl"'!O... .....-.-peroent :1006 haeaperoent.16oo: ha. ,peroent
:
I I -. 1
:
630 16.9. 1.797 a 4,2.8 I 2.427: 30.6
Grassland : 721 t 19.4: 680: 16.2 I 1.4011
17.7
Vineyards. 002: 5.4 : 298: 7.1: 500a 6.3
Total land ill agrioul'b.lral : a I I I I
. U$e . 1.553 I 41.7 t 2,775: 66.1: 4.3281 54.6'
Woods and forests.2I .. . . I, 1.446: 38.8 I 7-"2. 17.4: 2.178: 27.5
Idle produotive land !!I 408: '11.0 q66 11.1. 874: 11.0
Other E/ . 318: 8.5 227 5.4 : 545: 6.9
:. :. t
Total area : 3,725: 100.0 I 4.. 200: 100.0 s 7.925= 100.0
Office 01 Foreign Agrioultur81 Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agrioole
. Annuel1e.. 1937.
5 Gironde, Landes, Basses-Pyre'ntfes,
7 departments: Dordogne. Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers,Tarn;'et-GarolU'le. Haute-Garonne.
Tarn.
Includes poplar and willow plantations.
See x1i1.
Table No. 38 (IV B). HUllBER OF FARMS AND DISTRIBU'l'ION m: SIZE, '1929
: : .
Size -group
see:tion :val1e
y
.aeoti, -on 2/.,'lota1. S.outh)'i'est.
number : area 2l: number : area'2L' . number I area 2(.
.. 1000 . 1000 IIQ(jO het:
.: :: ': I
Under 10 heotares I 203: 707: 252 ,: 919: 455 I 1,626
10 to 50 heotares : 61 I 1,367: 109 2,343 I 170 I 3.710
Over 50 hectares : 6 790 I 7 f:h7 : 13 t 1,457
Total : 270 2,864 368 3.929: 638: 6.793
: : : : : i
: percent t percent :percent: percent : percent.
: : : . :
Under 10 hectares : 75.2 24.7: 68.5: 23.4: 71.3: 23.9
10 to '50, hee-eares, 22.6 47.7 'I 29.6 26.6 I 54.6
Over 50 hectares 2.2 27.6 : ,1.9 17.0: 2.1 : .
Total I 100.0: 100.0-: 100.0: 100.0 I 100.0 I 100.0
Ofi'ioe of Foreign AgricuitUral Relations. CanpiI8cLlrom Statistique Igricole
de la France. Resultats gener&uxde 1 tEnqu$te 1929.
See footnote 1 to Table IV A. . .
See footnote 2 to Table IV A.
Exoludes publicly owned forests. heath and rooky land.

-
, .
.' ', . ,.,. . .' : .. R _ .'_
......
- 45
Table' No. 39 (IV C). NUMBER AND TYPES OF 'l'ENURES, 1929
: Coastal : : Total
Type ot Tenure :MountainSection Y : 'Section!l. .:SouthwestFrance
__________ r;.;s:.. Y:Area !I':Operators [/:Area!l:operatorsi!.:Area !I
: - 1,000 : 1000 .1,000 :.!Q.QQ has 1, 000 :.!2QQ'he
Owners
Fixed-rent tenants
Share-tenants (Metayers):
Total
:
165
14
43
222
1,680
168
1,016
2,864
262
13
37
312
2,777
421
731
3,929
427
27
80
534
:4,457
589
:1,747
:6,793
Percent :Percent:
p'ercent
:Percent: Percent :Percent
oWners
Fixed-rent
Share-tenants (Metaye
,Total
:
'rs):
74.3
6.3
19.4
;LOO.O
:
58'.7
5.9
35.4
100.0
84.0
4.2
11.. 8
100.0
,70.7
10.7
18.6
100.0
80.0
5.1
14.9
100.0
65.6
8.7
25.7
100.0
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from StatistigueAgricole
de !!. France. R"su1tats ae'n'raux 1
1:1 5 departments: GironCle, Landes, Easses-Pyr'n'es,
y 7d.epartmen'lis: Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne,
Haute-Garonne, Tarn.
y See 'prlf:e xi v ..
!I Excludes. publicly owned forest, heath and rocky land.
Table No. 40 (IV D). NUMBER OF PAID AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, 1929
T_empo;;.rary -: ......_y' Total
Section
':French:Foreien.:Total :French:Foreign:Total:French:Fore1gn :. Total
- Thousands - - Thousands -' - Thousands
68 2 70 62 1 63 130 3 133
Valleyy : 53 7 60 36 1 3789 e 97
Total S.W. France: 121 9 130 98 2 100 219 11 230
Office ot, For.elgnAgr1cultural Relations. Canpiled from Statistigue .Agricole
!! !.! Rd'sultats Gaile-raux de 1 t:EiJ.qu8te
y. :Employed bY-the month or year.
yDay and seasonal labor;
YSee footnotelto .Table IV C.
YSee footnote 2 to IV C.

TableN,o. 41 (IV NUMBER OF TRACTORS (BY HOBPOWER) 'AND mRESHERS
, (BY CAPACI'!'!). 1m
t,
Traotors Threshers
Section.- " J
'vd.th oapaci ty of! r
I under 5hp over 5 hp total 'I un,.der 40 qu lo:ver 40 qu.: total
t 1,000 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000 1,000
I :
,
t
,
Coasltal-Mt.,Y': 0.1
I
0.9
:
-0.9
I
1.2
I
2.1
Valley y' : 0.1 3.7
I
3.8
: 0.5
I
3.1
& 3.6
Total t I :
,
& :
S.w. France
I 0.2
I 4.5
:
4.7
':
1.4
:
4.3
t
5.7
Office of Foreign '.Agrioultural aelations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole de la
France. R$sultats de 1929.
1/ 5 departments I Gironde, Landes,
,7 departments I Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Tarn':et-Garonne,:;:1aute
Garonne, Tarn.
Table 10. 42 (IV' 1'). NUMBER OF SPECMED FAIUlMACijINIS, .1971;
Section
.
I
I
I
,
Tractors
1,000 t
I
..
Binders
1,000
I
&
&
I
Threshers
1,000
:
I
:
&
'Combines
' Number
Ooastal"!Mt.yI
Valley y' I
Total "
0.9
4.0
:
I
,
2.5
27.8
i
:
I
1.7
3.3
I
:
:
S..... France
I 4.9 I 30.3
I
5.0
t
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled i'romStatisttque A-griooleArinuelle,
. .'. 1937.
See footnote 1 to Table IV ,E.
See footnote 2 to Table rr E.
Table 10. 43 (IV G). CONSUKPTICfi OF ARm-ICIAL FIR'.rILIZER (I.E., POD
, I, IC20, AKDP20S), 1928-1929, .
...
,
Total a Perha. of' land .in ag. use
Section
I
N
I K20 I P205 I
N
e
a- K20'
I P206
I
1,000 metric tons I kilograms
: I :
I,
I' I
Co&stal-Mt.y I 2.5 3
7.6 I 15.5 I 1.6 ,I ; 5.0 a 10.2
Va.lley y I 5.1 5.5 28.7 t 1.9
.,
2.1 I 10.8
Total
a '
I a
.:
I I
I.W. France I 7.6 a 13.1 I 44.2 I 1.8 3.1 J 10.6

Office of' ForEJign Agricultural Relations. f'rom Statistique Agrioole de la
France. R6su1tats Gtneraux.del Enqu3te
'
. 11 See footnote 1 to Table IV'
Y See f'Qotnote 2 to Ta'ble IVE.
-
-_47
Table Ro. 44 (IV H). AREA OF PRIBCIPALCBOfS, AVDlGB 1933-1911 '
Southwest France
Ooast81-Mt. Valley Share in
Compwdity
section 11 section y 'l'otal Jreneh total
1000 hat 1000 hat 1000 ha. pe1'qent
Wheat 155 576 731 13.8
Bye
42 30 72 10.7
Maslin 3 9 12 16.2
Barley 5 19
24/
3.3
Oats 33 1'74 207 ' 6.3
Corn 159 126 285 83.3
3 5 8 2.7
Millet 6 y 6 49.1
Total cereals 406 939 1.34:5
12.5
Potatoes' 58 138 196 13.9
,Sugar beets "!"
Fodder Deets 10 30 40 4.5
Other roots tubers ,!I 13 44 57 9.6
Total toots and tubers 81
2;1.2 ' 293
9.1
lIry. legumes pj 78 55 133 51.6
Tobacco j 2' 10 12 66.5
Rotation legumes and
grass for hay 109 367 476 11.2
cut, grassland 332 443 775
13.9,
Uncut grassland:
Superior 11 12 7 19
Other 3'10 195 565 14.2
Total grassland 714 645 1,359 11.2
Truck crops y tl
31 52 12.2
'!Tee crops U I 4 5
3.8
2.7.0
Vines 1EI
182 253 435
Office 0'1' Foreign Agricultural Compiled from Agricole
Annuelle.
1/ 5 departments: Gironde,Landes, Basses-Pyrenees, Hautes-pyrene'es,
EJ 7 departments: Dordogne, Lot-et-aaronne', Lot, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne, Raute-
Geronne, Tarn.
Less than 500 hectares.
InclUding fodder' cabbage as well as rutabagas, turnips, and Jerusalem artichokes.
Kidney, horse broad beans, peas, and lentils.
1931. .
11 Herbages, i.e., pastures good enough to permit the fattening'ot,livestock.
Y For home consumption and for sale, 1931.
21 In orchards and destined for sale, 1937.
!QI For wine and table grapes.
-48
Table No. 45 (IV J). SFECIFIED CROPS' YIELD PER HECTARE, AVERAGE 1933-19,)1
Commodity

Section !J
-Valley
Section EJ
Southwest
France
All
Fra-ncp,
quintals quintals quintals
Wheat

. : 11.0 10.2 10.4 15.4.
Rye

0 8.5 9.5 8.9 11.6
Bf.trley
Oats .

0

0
11,8
9.5
10.1
9.8
10.4
9.7
14.3
14.0
Corn . .

0
, 18.5 10.9 15.1 15.0
Potatoes

100.7 71.7 80.3 108.8
Fodd.er beets 196.2 174.5 179.9 351.3
Safnfoin 32.2 25.1 25.7 32.1
Clover

. 33.6 27.7 29.3 37.0
Alfalfa

39.2 33.1 33.8 40.1
Cut grassland

Uncut grassland ?d
Wine (in hI.)

. .. 0

27.4
6.6
34.4
22.6
11.3
24.9
24.6
8.2
28.9
31.2
14.1
39.6
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled. from Ste.tistigue Annuelle
]j 5 departments;. Gironde, Land.es, Basse's-pyr'nees, Ffautes--Pyren((es,
7 'Dordogne, Lot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers, Tarn-et-Garonne,
Haute-Garonne,
I Excluding herbaees, i.e., grassland to the fattening of cattle.
Table No. 46 (IV X). LIVESTOCK NUMBERS, AVERAGE 1933-1937
Coastal-Mt. Southwest Frs,nce
Animal
Secti.::>n 1/ Section 21 Total Per 100 hal agr. land
1000 hd. 1000 hd. 1000 hd. head
Horses : 76 101 177 4.1

Mules 20 8 28 .6
20 20 40 .9
.
Cattle 749 1,098 1,847 42.7
Thereof: COWR 438 544 982 22.. 7
Sheep 811 766 1.577 36.4
.

a,oats

14 37 51 1.2
.0
Pigs

: 425 . 552 977. 22.6
Poultry Y!I .

: 4,845 8,083
12,928' 298.7
Raobi ts 'J 885 J.,91l 2,796 64.6

.

Pigeons y 296 1,411 1,707

0

Office of Foreign Agricultural Compiled from Stattstigue Annuelle
l/ See footnote 1 to Table IV J.
See footnote 2 to Table IV J.
November 1, 1929.
!I Includes chickens, ducks,
Table No. 47 (IV L). .l.A.I. .Lu.L.I.\.lS FOR PRINCIPAL CROPS, AVERAGE 1933-1917
Coastal-Mt.
Vall.'
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on official sO,urces, partly
estimated.
JJ.
y
5 departments:
7 departments:
Gironde," Landes, Basses-pyre'n'es,
Dorclogne; tot-et-Garonne, Lot, Gers,Tam-et-Garonne, Haute-
Garonne, Tarn. .' .
JI Includes fodder cabbage as well as fodder beets, rutabagas, turnips, and'
Jerusalem. artichokes. . .
!/Ki.dne;y, bro"d and horse beans peas" . len1iils.' -"
y A rough approximation reached by applying the percentage share' of the sections in
totalliveweight of all French cattle, pigs, sheep and goats'(average numbers in
1933-37 times unit 1ivrieight in 1929) to French production ot beet and veal,
pigmeat, mutton and goatmeat, average 1933-37. .
/ Estimated dressed carcass weight, 1937.
71 Estimates exclude milk ted to calves, lambs,&nd kids, and include an allowance
tor quantities produced from COW'I milk and consumed on farms. 1937.
/ A rough approximation, estimated I in the lame war al pipeat production. See
footnote 5. .' .
'if 1937.
Commodity
seIJ10n
Section

lOOOoqu.
Wheat .. 1,707
Rye
357
Maslin 29
Barley
59
Oats 315
Corn 2,935
Buckwheat and. millet 60
Total cereals 5,462
Potatoes 5,841
other roots and tubers '2/ 3,998
Hay 15,311
Dry 1egwnes !fI 321
Wine (in 1000 hl.) 5,885
Cider (in 1000 hl. )
14
Beef and veal Z! 358
Pigmeat 21 285
Mutton and goatmeat 21
48
Chicken and rabbit meat J
93
Total above meats 784
Butter 1/ 38
Hogfat y
79
Total above tats U7
Cheese JJ . 56
JW.k for direct consumption
(in 1000 hl.) JJ 1,411
Eggs 21 281
Wool Y 12
Mulberry leaves y
Silk cocoons (in 1000 kgs.) jJ
Tobacco V . 34
lOOO.qu.

284
91
191 .
1,'699'
1,375
47
9,568
9,893
8,636
22,189
504
5,986
46
'588
419
49
91
1,147
2Q
116
136
'39
1,096.
2ll
12
1
1
128
1000 quo
.7,588
641
120
250
2,014
4,310
107
15,030
15,734
, 12,634
37,500
825
11,e71
60
946
704
97
184
1,931
58
195
253
95
2,507
492
24
1
1
162
Percent
9.3
8.2
12.8
2.4
4.4
. 84;2
3.5
9.7

2.9
8.4
35.5
19.5
0.3
12.0
14.0
13.7
9.0
12.3
2.4
13.9
6.6
13.8
0.2
0.2
51.9
-50 -
TableBo. 4S (IV.). PER 'CA}:ilTA PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED COMMODITIES,
, AVERAGE 1933-19.37 '
.
" .. Total
Oommodity
" Coastal-Mt
e :
Valley : Southwest Total
'.

!I- : Seotiony" . ' France }'ranoe
kge. kgs
o
. kgs_
kgs.

wneat and rye ;J
m.o-
3
21
.
8 218'.0 21
3.4
Susar beets 3J
..
"

21
3.4

l'otatoes3J
5
16
.4
416.8
3
1
4-
2
3
6
7-
1
' .
Dry 1egumes 31
"
17-3
26.3
219 5.
6
Wine
(1.1.3/
.'
3
16
6
.
3
12
-4 3
1
4-5
145.
1
Cider (1.) 31
0.8
24
1.6
4
8
.7
J
Keats AI
. :
422. 599
5
1
2
374
'5/ fiJ
63
7.1 6.7 9.1
Oheese y
2.0
I 3.
0
25
6.7
Milk for direot
"
colistuiJ.l':t1o-n (1.) Y.

:
75-9
57.2 '
664 86.7 ,
Eggs 7J
:
15.1 . ll.O
13.
0

."

Office 0 t Foreign Agrioul tura1RelatlOnse Partly based on o1'f101al
estimated.
}j G1ronde,. Lendest'
TotalpoPll1ationj l 936: 1,859.100
!17 tot-et-Garonne.Lots, GerSt Tarn-et.Garonne,.
HauteMGaroIl1le ,Tarn. To-t8.l pop.1lation,1936s .
3/No allowance has been made for non-food uses.
AI A rough approximatlononlY-e " Includes beef and veal. mutton ,and lamb,
.lOatmeat. pigmea1J; and (1937) chicken and rabbit meat.
5/ A rcu.gh only. Inoludes ,but'ter,.ho
g
,fat, and olive .
19Y! tor dairy products. Milk ted to calve.s, lambs end klds
An allowance has been ma9,e for . quantities produced t.rom cow's milk end
consmed on farms. ' .' ," . , .

V. NORTHEAST FRANCE Y
That part of France which constituted the oldproyinces of
Lorraine, Alsace and Franche-Comte (including als(j Haute-Marne) 'is,
on thevihole, a relatively light food-producing regione Wi thitscon....
siderable urban }and industrial centers, i tdoes not appear as a surplus
area. Agriculture is a less important source of than in
most of the other French regions, accounting for only 24.1 per cent of
gainfully-employed males in 1931.
A. NATURAL FEATURES
Comparatively little of the region liesiess than .2POmeters
above sea level, and a considerable part is mountainous. ThEi climate
iSI continental. Strasbourg has an average winter temperature (1.3C)
considerably lower than that of .. Paris, and a somewhat higher average
summer temperature (18. 2C) Rainfall, which reaches a maximum in early
summer,exceeds seventy-five centimeters except around Metzand near the
Rhine. The Vosges and Jura receive more than 100 centimeters, and their
peaks more than 1,0 centimeters.
Northeast France has a few small areas of the more fertile
soilS, especially in lower Alsace. Through the center of the region from
north to south runs . a generally broad andaJ.most uninterrupted strip of
heavy soils. East of this strip the s oils are mostly light, becoming
stonier as the elevation increases. To the west, beyond the Moselle,
light soils also prevail. .
B. LAND UTILIZAnON
A little more than half the total area of the region was in
.use in 1937,. arable land .accounting for the greater part
of the agricultural land in Lorraine-Alsace, and gras'slands for the
greater part. in Franche--Comte (See Table No. 49). In both sections, on&
third of the area was covered wi. th woods and forests, while therema:i.ning
eleven per cent Vias almost equally divided between idle ve land
and all other categories.
C. THE FARMS
Agricultural holdings. are considerably smaller on the average
than in most parts of France, chiefly because of the great prevalence of
small and dwal:'f holdings, especially inll<;>rraine-Alsace. In Alsace' aloneJ
holdings up to ten hectares in size accounted for ninety-three'per cent .
of all holdings and for sixty-six per cent of all land in farms. ,In Al
sace and old Lorraine combined, they still accounted for eighty-four per
1:1 Eight departments. in Lorraine-Alsace (so-c;:alled to distinguish this
.section from the Alsace-Lorraine; i. e., the departments
Rhin and Haut...Rhin, which was returned to:France after the first world
War); Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, :Moselle, Vosges, Bas-Rmn,
Haut-Rhin, Territoirede Belfort e departments in Franche-Comte:
Haute-Satme, Doubs, Jura.
- 52
cent .of all holdings, but their share in the farmland dropped to as
little ast1l1fenty-nine per cent, 1"ihile t,he corresponding figures for'
\'vere and twenty';"six. Moderate-size hold
, ings (ten-fifty hectares) covered fifty-four per cent of the farm
land in Franche-Comte, and forty-four per' cent in
leavingt1"'enty and tvrenty-six per cent in larger holdings in the two
sections respectively (See 1ableNo. 50).
OJvner-occupancy lvas the predominant form of tenure in both
sections, especially in Franche-Comtewhere owners operated four-fifths
of the farmland (See Table No. 51). In Lorraine-Alsace, olmer-operated
holdings occupied over two-thirds of the farmland. Practically all of
the remaining' area in both sections .was operated by tenants paying a
fixed rent.
Hired labor played a relatively small part in agriculture.
According to the 1929 census; there were four times as many operators
as paid farm workers (permanent and temporary) in Lorraine-Alsace,- and
six times as many in Franche-Comte. Something over ten per cent of
the paid farm workers were foreigners (See Ta'Q1e No. 52).
D. FARM MACHINERY .A1IT) ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER
"
Northeast France was very poorly supplied ydth tractors. The
1929 census showed only some 800 tractors for the region, nearly two
fifths or them under five horsepower (See Table No. 53). About 100
fsvferwere recorded in 1937, the decrease occurring in Lorraine-Alsace
(See Table No. 54). In the latter year, tractors per 1,000 hectares of
arable :;Land ntUnbered 0.4 in Lorraine-Alsace and 0.5 in Franche-Comte.
The region also had relatively few binders, the total amounting
to 2.7-per 100 hectares of cereal area. in 1937. In the same yea:r, no
combines were reported for Lorraine-Alsace, and only one for Franche
Comte. ,Threshers, on the other hand, those of any other
region in 1937. The same was true in 1929 When, however, aroUnd nine
tenths of the larger number of threshers in each section had a capacity
of less than forty quintals per day.
Comsump'tion of fertilizer was relatively low,
especially :in Franche-Comte. In 1928-1929, Lorraine-Alsace used, per
hectare 'of land in agricultural use, t1'v'ice as much nitrogen and potash
from artificial fertilizer as Franche-Comte, and 'over twenty per cent more
phosphoric acid (See Table No. 55).
E.. PRINCIPAL CROPS
Tables Nos. 56, 57, and 59 show area, yield per hectare and
output of the principal crops in Northeast France'in 1933-1937. Cereals
. occupied over half the arable land in Lorraine-Alsace but their share
was considerably smaller in Franche-Comte. The region accounted for
eight per cent of the national cereal area and for almost eight per cent
of the national cereal output. Oats covered as large an area as wheat
in ,Lorraine-Alsace, and next to wheat in Franche-Comte'. Yields
- 53
of both wheat and oats were slightly below the national average, but
on the small area devoted to rye and barley yields were relatively high.
Franche-Comte had poorer "cereal yields thq.n Lorraine-Alsace except in
the case of corn.
Rbots arid tUbers, mostly potatoes' and fodder beets, amounted
to thirty...;.'two and twenty-seven per cent of the ce;roeal area in
and Franche-Comte' respectively. There was a sharp contrast be
tween the two sections, hO'\vever, in respect of the importance of rotation
legumes and grass for which occupied three-fourths as much space as
cereals in Franche-Comte, and not much more than as much space
as cereals in Lorraine-Alsace. Franqhe-Comteplanted mainly temporary
pastUres and Lorraine-Alsace mainly alfalfa and clover. Yields of roots
and tubers and of hay were higher in Lorraine-Alsace than in Franche-

other field crops of some importance, mostly grown in Lorraine
Alsace, included dry legumes, vegetables, tobacco and hops. In 1937,
Alsace alone accounted for nearly four-fifths of the national area under
hops, and for over one-sixth of 'the French tobacco area. Fallow had
little significance in Alsace or Franche-Comte, but in old Lorraine
eighteen per cent of the arable one and was left fallow in 1937.
The area in grassland was relatively large, especially in
In both sections, cut grassland constituted over haJ.f of
the total. According to the 1929 census, twentyo:-one per cent of the cut
grasslands in Lorraine-A1sace and seven per cent in Franche-Comte were
irrigated. Grassland good enough to permit,. the fattening of cattle
to sixteen per cent and ordinary pastures to twenty-two per cent
of the total in Lorraine-A1sace, whereas in Fr.anche-Comte the correspond
ing percentages were six andtbirty-four. In 1929, only one-twentieth of
Lorraine-Alsace's ordinary pastureland was classified as high mountain
pasture, as compal"ed 'wi th one-third in Franche-Comte'.
Tree crops consisted mainly of apples, pears, plums and cherries.
Northeast France produced more plums than any other region, and ranked
second as a producer of cherries and third as a producer of table apples
,and pears. Its vineyards, mainly in Alsace, contributed more to the
national wine than to the national grape output. Wbile the region had
eight per cent of the French truck crop area in 1937, it accounted for
o!J,J.y three percent of the area in truck crops destined for sale.
Ii' LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS ,
Tables No. 58 and 59 show livestook numbers and output of
livestock products in Northeast Franoe in 1933-1937. The region had
more horses, pigs, poultry and rabbits per unit per land in agrioul
tural use than France as a whole, due to the relatively large numbers
in Lorraine-Alsaoe,. Measured on the same basis, numbers of sheep,
goats, asses and mules were oomparatively small, espeoially in
Franche-Comte. Cattle numbers perheotare of land in agrioulture uae
were also somawhat lower than in France as a Whole, at least in Lor
raine-Alsaoe, but cow numbers were as high in Lorraine-Alsace and
higher in Franche-Comte
- .
- 54
,Multiple-purpose cattle p:..'evail in the region. The Mont
beliards, 'Wiq,espread in Franche-Comte' and adjoining areas of Lor
raine-Alsace, are rather good milk and meat animals. Amdng the other
breeds and sub-breeds, the Vosgien stands out as primarily a work-
type. In developing the Simmenthal of Alsace, where smail holdings' are /
so predominant, capacity for work has been the first consideration.
I
According to the 1929 census, 10.9 per cent of the French
output of meat (other than poultry and rabbit) was produced in the
region, 9.3 per cent in Lorraine-Alsace, and 1.6 per cent in Franche
Comte. This pertains to slaughtered meat and does not include meat
that moved into internal trade on the hoof. In an attempt to give some
rough approximation of production based an local livestock, the_share of
the sections in live-weight of French cattle, sheep, goats and pigs
French production of the various kinds of meat in 1933-1937. According
to Lorraine-Alsace produced 7 per cent and Franche
Gomte 2.2 per cent of the French output of beef, mutton, goat meat and
. pig meat, or a total of 8.9 per cent, for the region. Inclusion of
chicken and rabbit meat in 1937 slightly'changes the regional percentage
to 9.0.
The region had s ommvhat more weight as a milk than as a meat
producer. In Franche-Comte, cows kept as milk cows only constituted a
,larger proportion of all cows in 1937 (ninety-three per cent) than in
any other section. kept fifty-eight per cent of its cows
as rnilkcows only, a higher proportion than prevailed in France as a whole.
The milk yield per milk cmv (2,160 liters in Franche-Cornte and 2,030
1iter,s .in Lorraine-Alsace in 1937) was well above the national average.
Cheese \vas .the principal dairy produoe in Franche-Comte which
in 1937 devoted seventy-eight per cent of the com.mercial supply of cow
milk to cheese, twelve per cent to butter and ten per cent to milk fdr
fresh consumption. In Lorraine-Alsace, on the other hand, forty-three
per' cent of the commercial supply was utilized for fresh consumption,
thirty-three per cent for cheese, twent/y-one per cent for butter, and
over two per cent for cream. Lorraine-Alsace also sold about six per cent
as much goat milk .as 'cow milk for fresh consumption. No sheep milk lIms
reported for Lorraine-Alsace in 1937 and little sheep or goat milk was re
ported for Lorraine-Alsace in 1937 and little sheep or goat milk for
Franche-Comte. '
Processing of milk on the farm had less importance in both
sections than in France as a whole. About one-third of the cow milk sold
for fresh consumption was sold directly by the producer to the consumer',
while thirty per cent of recorded butter output and ten per cen.-t of re- '
corded cheese output were made on the farm.
- 55
.G. PER CAPITA FOOD. PRODUCTION
TableNQ. 60 shows per capita production of the main foods
in Northeast France in 1933-1931. Both sections e.."'{ceeded the national
average in output of potatoes, cheese and eggs ,while Lorraine-Alsace
produced enough. milk for direct consumption to raise the r e ~ o n a l
average per capita over the national average per capita. Franche
Comte, however, could not compensate for the comparatively small output
of meats and fats in Lorraine-Alsaca, and both sections fell short in
wheat and rye, sugar beets, dry legumes and wine. .
-
-56
Table No. 49 (V A.) 1937
. : .
Category ; Lorraine-Alsaoe 1(: gL;Total Northeast
:1006 ha. :percent . :1000 ha. :1900 ha. :percent
:
Arable land :a
1,667
. 30.6
Grassland :
;61 :
485 : 1,308 a 24.0
Vineyards, horticulture, eto. t
13 : 89 : 1.6
T0tal land in agrioultural :
: :
use 2,205 : 56.8
859 54.8 3,064 : 56.2
'WOods and forests 21
1,273 32.8 513 t 32.7 1,786 : 32.8
Idle productive 1andg!
197 5.1 : 111 7.1 : 308 :
5.7
Other W '
206
5.3 85
5.
J
"",t
291 5.3
: t
Total area : 3,881: 100.0: 1,568: 100.0: "W+9 100.0
Offioe of Foreign Ae;ricultural Relations.
1937.
8 departments: Meuse, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Mose11e, Moselle, Vosges, Bas-Rhin,
Haut-Rhin, Territoire de Belfort.
3 departments: Haute-SaSne, Doubs, Jura.
Includes poplar and willow plantations.
See 1jape xiii.
Ta.ble No. 50 (V::8). NUMBER OF ll'ARMS AUD DISTRIBUTION ::BY SIZE, 1929
Size - group Lorraine-Alsace Franche-Comta' 2/: Total Northeast
number : area 21. : number :area number area 21
1000 :1000 bra: 1000 1060 ha.
Under 10 hectares
275 767 91 298 366 1,065
10 to 50 hectares
45
1,162 27 608 : 72 : 1,770
Over 50 hectares 6 &)2 2 221 8
913
Total 326 2,621 120 1,127 L,46
3,748
: :
percent percent : percent :percent: percent peroent
:
Under 10 hectares 84.h 29.3 75.8 82.1
10 to 50 hectares 13.8 44.3 22.5 54.0 16.1
Over 50 hectares 1.8 26.4 1.7 19.6 1.8
Total : 100.0: 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 100.0
Office of Agricultural Relati-ol1s. .... ... ...s c-o1,....e----
de la France. Re'su1tats gd'ne'raux 1929.
!I See footnote 1 to Table V A.
g;. See footnote 2 to Table V A.
Excludes publicly owned forests, heath and rocky land.
"
...'

.. 57
Table No. 51 (V 0).. NUMBER AND TYPES OF TENURES, 1929
.

.
. Total
Tfpe of Tenure

: Lorrain.e-Alsace 11.: Jrranche-Comte" y.: Northeast France
:Qperator :Area !/:Operator !/.:Area !L:Operator
1,000 ha: 1,000 :1000 ha: 1,000 :!222. -:!.
owners 257 1,875 82 909 339 2,784
Fixed-rent tenets 49 '129 9 215 58 944


16
?J
3
E.I
19
Total 306 2,620 91 1,127 397 3,747
Percent :Percent: Percent :Percent: Percent :Percent
O'Imers 84.0 71.6 90.0 80.7 85.4 74.3
Fixed-rent tenants

16.0 27.8 10.0 19.1 14.6 25.2

Share-tenants (M'tayers) : ./ .6
Y
.2 } .5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Office ot Foreign Agricultural Relations. Oompiled from Statistigue A,rgicole
2 1& France. R4'sult&ts de 1 tEng,u@te 1929.
y 8 departments: Meuse. Haute-Marne. Meurthe-et-Jd:)selle, Moselle, Vosges,
Bas-Elms Haut-Bhin. Terr1t01re de Be1fort.
y 3 departments: Haute-Sa8ne, Doubs, Jure..
See page xiv.
!/. AXcludes publicly owned forest, heath and rocky land.
y Less than 500.
y Less than 0.05 percent.
Table No. 52 (V D). NUMBER OF PAID AGRI CULTURAL WOHlERS, 1929
: Permanent !I. : Temporary y.: Total
Section
:French:Foreign:Total:French:Fore1gn:Total:French:Foreign:Total
_ Thousands - Thousands - - Thousands -
Lorraine-Alsaee y
J'ranche-Oomt' !I
26
8.
8
1
34
9
41
.6
1
?I
42
6
67
14
9
1
76
15
TotalN.E. France 34 9 43 17 1 48 81 10 91
ot'fice of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistigue A,t-gicole
la France. R4aultats gtfntfraux de l'Enqu3'te .
y. D:ployed by the month or year.
Y Day and seasonal labor.
y See footnote 1 to Table VO.
!/. See footnote 2 to Table V C
"J Less than 500.
- 58 -
table No. 53 (V]1). BUM13E.B. OF TBACTORS (b7 Horsepower) AND THRISHERS (bY'
capaci t7). 1929
:
Trac"tors
: Thres'hers
Seotion : : :with daily oapacity of :
: under 5 hpJ over 5 hp total :under 40 qu.:ove.r 'O qu.: total
I
1,000
: 1,000 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000 1,000
Lorraine-
I : t : :
: 0.2 0.4 0.6
:
59.7 4.8 64.5
Fr.comt Y : 0.1 0.1 0.2
:
12.1
: 1.4 13.5
Total N.E.
I :
.:
Franoe
I 0.3 0.5 0.8
: 71.8 : 6.2 78.0
Offioe of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled fram Statistique de la
/ / r
France. Resu1tats de l'Enquete 1929.
y 8 departments: Meuse, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Mosel1e, Moselle, Vosges, Bas-Rhin,
y 3 departments: Haute-SaSne, Doubs, Jura.
Table. No. 54 (V 11). NUMBER OF TRACTORS (by Horsepower) AND THRESHERS
(by C8PRCtty). 1929
Section Tractors
:
Binders
:
:
Threshers Combines
: 1,000 I 1,000 : 1,000
.
., Number
Lorraine : : : :
Alsace ):I,.
Fr.Comte y
Total N. E.
:
:
I
0.5
0.2
:

4.8
:
:
:
34.8
8.9
I
:
:
1
France
I
0.7 .23.2 :
43.7 1
Offioe of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled fromStatistique Agricole Annuelle
1937.
11
]V
See footnote 1 to Table V E.
See footnote 2 to Table V E.
Table No. 55 (V G). CO
N,
NSUMP
and J>a05) ,
TION OF ART
1928-1929
IFIOIAL F.ERTILIZER (i.e pure
Section
I
I N :
Total
K2
0 :
P2
0
5
Per ha. of land in ago use
N :
K2
0 :
P205
: 1,000 metrio tons : kilograms
:
Lorraine-Alsaoe 2/ I
Fr.Comte' y
:
Total N. E. :

1.0
:
I
I
:
7.8
1.5
I
:
:
I
22.0
7.3
:
:
I
I
2.2
1.1
:
:
I
:
3.6
1.7
:
:
:
:
10.1
8.3
Franoe
I
5.9
: 9.3
:.
29.3
I
1.9 : 3.0 I
9.6
Offioe of Foreign Agrioultural Compiled from Statistique Agricola de la
France. Resultats gen$raux
]I See footnote 1 to Table V ..;:';:[.. ..;-CiF.',;..
]V See footnote 2 to Tabla V E.

- 59
Table No. 56 (V H). ARJ1A. OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, Average 1933-1937
Northeast France
Lorrai'le Fra.ncne- Share in
Commodity Alsa.ce y.
1000 ha.
Comte y
1000 ha.
Tota.l .
1000 ha.
French total
percent
Wheat 288 77 365 6.9
Rye 45 6 51 7.5
Maslin 11 1 12 16.2
BarleY' 55 9 64 8.8
Oats 288 72 360 10.9
Corn 3 3 6 1.8
Buckwheat
Millet
1 y
'Y
1
y
.3
.1
Total cereals 691 168 859 8.0
Potatoes 129 32 161 11.4
Sugar be.ets 2 2 4 1.3
Fodder beets 85 11 96 10.7
Y
2 .3
Total roots and tubers 218 45 263 8.2
Dry legumes
Tobacco !
7
3
2
'Y
9
3
3.5
18.1
grass for .hay
196 129 325 7.6
Out grassland 509 a86 795 14.2
Uncut grassland:
superior J.1 126 30 156 8.4
other 174 165 339 8.5
Total grassland 809 481 1,290 11.3
Truck crops !I
Tree crops 'lJ
29
20
5
1
34
21
8.0
15.8
Vines !Q/ 26 8 34 2.1
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistigue Agricola
Annue11e.
11 8 departments: Meuse, Haute-Marne, Vosges, Bas-Rhin,
?J 3 departments: Haute-Sa.8ne, Doubs, Jura.
Less than 500 hectares.
Including fodder cabbage as well as rutabagas, turnips, and Jerusalem
artichokes.
21 Kidney, horse, and broad beans, peas, lentils.
! 1937.
1/ Herbages, i.e., enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
For home consumption and for sale, 1937.
P.J In orchards and destined for
!Q/ For wine and table grapes.
- 60 ..
Table No. 51 (V J). SPECIFIED CROPS t YIELD PER BECTABE. Average

Oommodity
Lorraine
Franche : Northeast : All
Alsace y.
Oomte !I.
quintals quintals : quintals qUintals
Wheat
14.9 14.6 14.9 15.4
Bye
15.3 11.7 14.8 1"1.6
Barley
. . . 16.7 12.1 16.0 14.3
Oats.
13.4 12.4 13.2 14.0
Oorn ...
13.3 17.7 15.5 15.0
Potatoes ..
123.3 115.8 121.8 108.8
Fodder beets
394.4 380.4 392.8 351.3
Bainfoin . . . 39.6 28.9 33.1 32.1
Olover .. .. .. .. ..
45.3 37.8 43.7 37.0
Alfalfa ... .. .. .. 46 e 6 39.7 45.6 40.1
Cut grassland .. 36.. 9 29.9 34.4 31.2
Uncut grassland: superior y 29 .. 4 33.5 30.2 35.2
other .. " 19.8 15:01 17.5 14.1
Wine (in. hI. )
iJ 0 I!ll "
47 8 9
..
. 26.0 42.8 39.6
Office ot 70reign Agricultural Relations, Compiled fromStatistique Agricola Annue1le
1:1 8 departments: Meuse, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Mosel1e, Vosges, Bas-1d1in,
Haut-.ahin
t
Territoire de Beltort.
y 3 departments: Haute-Sa8ne, Daubs, J"ura.
y Herbages., i.e.. , grassland gOod enough to permit the fattening ot livestock.
Table No. 58 (V Ie). LIVESTOCK NtJMl3ERS. Average 1933-1937
Lorraine- Franehe- Northeast France
.Pimal
Alsace 11. Gomte' !I.
.
. Total : Per 100 haG age land
1000 hd. 1000 hd. 1000 hd. head
Horses . . 230 65 295 9.6

."Mules 2 1 3 .1
Asses
..
.. y 1 1
!I
Cattle

925 391 1,316 43.0
Thereof: cows 560 232 822
26.8.
Sheep . . 221 58 279 9.1
Goats

84 6 90 2.9
Pigs. .. 624 134 758 24.7
Poultry ElY

5,488 1,203 6,691 218.4
Rabbits EJ

2,805 711 3,517 114.8
Pigeons 402 69 471
Officeot Foreign Compiled from Statistique Agricole Annuelle.
y See footnote 1 to Table V J.
!I See footnote 2 to Table V J .
Less than 500
Less than 0.05.
5/ November 1, 1929.
Includes chickens, ducks, geese& turkeys. and guinea hens.
-61;;.
Table No. 59 (V L). PRODUCTION STATISTICS FOR PRINCIPAL CROPS, Average
1933-1937
:Lorraine- : Frenche- Northeast !rance
Commodity :Alsace JI. : comtey, Total : Share in Fr. Total
1000 quo -1000 qUe 1000 quo percent
Wheat
4,294 1,128 5,422 6.6
68'1 '10 '15'1 9.6
Bye
175 13 188 20.0
Maslin
Barley
918 109 1,027 9.8
3,870 896 4,766.' 10.3
Oats
40- 53 93 1.8
OOrl);
11 0.4
BuCkwheat' audmillet
8 3
Total cereals
9,992 2,272 12,264
7.9
Sugar beets
716 422 1,138 1.3
3,705 19,607 12.7
Potatoes
15,902
other root s and tubers y
33,977 4,311 38,288 8.6
Hay
34,462 16,223 50,685 11.3
Dry legumes y 97 14 111 4.8
Wine (in 1000 hI.) 1,102 182 1,284 2.1
Cider (in 1000 hI.) 47 14 61 0.3
Beet and veal 21 477 208 685 8.'1
:rig meat 'U 423 87 510 10.1
Mutton and goat meat EI 20 3 23 3.2
Ohicken and rabbit meat / 165 23 188 9.1
Total above meats 1,085 321 1,406 9.0
Butter 11 109 62 171 7.2
Hog fat ,y 117 24 141 10.1
Total above fats 226 86 312
Oheese Y' 312 288 600 21.3
Milk tor direct
consumpt ion (in 1000 hI.)" '!J 4,600 568 5,168 14.2
Eggs JJ
375 66 441 12.5
Wool J.I
5
!S2I
5 2.9
Tobacco J.I 88 88 28.2
W
Ofticeot Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on ot,ficial sources,
partly estimated.
y 8 departc.ents: Meuse, Haute-Marne, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Moselle, Vosges,
Bas-lilin, Haut-lIlin, Territoire de Beltort.
3 departments: Haute-Baane, Doubs, Jura. '.
!I Includes fodder cabbage as well as fodder beets, rutabagas, turnips and
Jersulem. artichokes.
!/. KidneY'. broad and horse beans, peas, lentils.
!I A rough approximation reaChed by applying the percentage share of the sections
in total liveweight of all French cattle, pigs, -sheep and goats (average
numbers in 1933-37 times unit liveweight in 1929) to Yrench production of beef
and veal, pig meat, mutton and 1933-3'1.
Estimated dressed carcass
mtimates exclude milk ted to calves, lambs and kidS, and include an allowance
tor quantities produced from cow's milk and consumed on farms, 1937.
A rough approximation, estimated in the same way as pig meat production. See
footnote 5.
1937.
Less than 500.
'.fable JO/60 (1' K.) ltD CAPID\PRO]X]C!101T OJ SPICIJ'ID
1933-193'1
: Total
OQmmOd1tYl'Lorra1ne- .: Franohe- :Northeast Total
___ ......... Qomt6 y_.*--:.F,;;;,r.o;;;an;:,;c=-:e __ f;,.ll __
: kgs. . : kgs. kgB. kgs
.
.
n.ea" and rye 3/
'
147 7
beets 3J
.
21.2
.'
21
3-4.
.-
57-
2
S
Potatoe.3I
3
6
7.
1
D17 legume_s 31
29 27
5.
6
.
Wtne (1.) 31
3
2
.7 3
1
1
45.
1
t
Cider (1.)3/
1,5
4
8
.7
!I
34.
2

Fats 51!
7.
6
91
CUee.. W
1
4.
6 6.7
Milk for direct
oonsumption (1.) y
Eggs V
11.1
II
Office of Foreign Parti
y
based on sources.
partly estimated.
!l
8
departments: ,Meuse. Haute-Marna. Meurthe-et-!,1osel1e, Moselle
J
Vosge-s,
Territoire de Be1fort. Tott4. population,193
b
: 3.373.4
0
,
y. 3 departments: Haute-Ba'&e.Doubs,Jura. Total population,193
6
: 73
8
,4
00
.'
3J. No allowance has been made fo-r non...food u.sea.
AI A ro\lg1lapproxilL.ationonlyt. Includes beef end veal,mutton and lamb,
goatmeat, plgmeat, and (1937) chicken and rabbit meat.
5/ A rough approximat10nonly. Includes butter. hog fat and olive 011.
:2i'1937 for dairy produots.' Milk fed to calves, lambs, -and kids excluded.
An allowjmce has been ma.de for quantities pro Quced fr:)Dl cow's milk and.
consumed ferms.
'JJ
1
937
...
..
- 63
VI.. EAST AND 'SOUTH CENtRAL J'IlNCE Y
That part of France stretching eastward from and including
the Central Plateau is a relatively light food-producing .region.
Though it is also rather sparsely populated, it does not appear as a
surplus area. Agriculture is' by far the leading source of employment
throughout most of East and South_Central France,,_ but it plays a. minor
role in the densely populated departments of Rhone (Lyon), Alpes
Maritimes (Hice) and Loire (st. Etienne). Thus, the region as a whole
had a smaller proportion of gainfully-employed males engaged in agri
culture (42.6 per cent in 1931) than the three western regions.
A. NATURAL FEll.TURES
East and South Central France is cut by the RhBne-Saone, rdth
the Central Plateau to the west and the French Alps to the east. El&
vation generally exceeds 600 meters except in the river valleys, and in
an area north of the Central Plateau and east of the Saane, which lies
200 to 600 meters above sea level. The valleyhelo'W Valence has
a Mediterranean climate. Above that point, vvinters are rather cold and
summers warm,T..yon having an averae 'winter temperature of JOC and an
average SUInP.1er temperature of 19.4 C. On the Central Plateau and in
the Alps, the vvinters are more rigorous, with 100 or more days of frost,
a"1d the sur:U:rlers are almost as warm or warmer. Rainfall over the region
varies greatly. The lower Rh8ne valley and part of the Central Plateau
receive less than seventy-five centimeters, while some of the higher
areas in the Central, Plateau and in the Alps receive over 150 centi
meters.
Heavy soils preVail on the lower levels in the northern part
of the region, though here and there are sizable stretches better suited
to field crop production. Over a large part of the Central Plateau and
especially of the Alps, the mountain soils are poorly adapted to use as
arable land.
B. LAND UTILIZATIOn
In 1937, land in agricultural use accounted for something
under three-fifths of tne total area- (See Table No. 61). A dispro
portionately small part of the agricultural land lay in the alpine
section, \mch had a higher percentage of its total area in ,forest and
woodland, idle productive land and land in other categories than either
the plateau section or the remaining section, here the river
section. In the latter secti()ns, the share of land in agricultural use
was approximately the same (a little over three-fifths of the total
but the river seqtion had more forest and ....roodland, and the- plat
eausection more idle productive land. The three sections are further
distinguished by the ratio of arable to grassland. In the alpine sec
tion, the. area under grass was over twice as great as the area ploughed.
In the plateau section, a.1mostas much land was ploughed as YfaS left in
grass. In the .river section, the ploughed area exceeded 'the area under
grass, by one-third.
Seven departments in the, river section: Nievre, Allier,Saone-et
Loire, RhSne, Ain, DrSme,'; nine departments in the plateau
. section: Creuse, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire,
ijaute-Loire, ; five departments in the alpine ,
tion: Haute-savoie, Savoie, Hautes-idpes, Basses-Alpes, Alpes
Maritimes.
- 64
D. FARM MACHINERY AIID ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER
Measured by French standards,' the alpine and river sections'
were well equipped with tractors, but the plateau section had 'compara
tively few. The'1929 census showed some 4,500 tractors for the region,
over one-seventh of them under five horsepower (See Table 65).
Some 700 more were recorded in 1937, increases occurring in the river
and., (See 'Ta1:ile No. 66). in the latter year, tractors per
1,000 hectares of arable land numbered 2.6 in: the alpine section, 2.2 in
the river secti.onand little more than 0.6 in the plateau secticm.
- 65
The river section was also well- equipped with binders, but
the relatively small number in the plateau and especially the alpine
section in 1937 reduced the regional total to less 2.9 per 100
hectares of ceteal area. In the same year, thirty of the region's
forty combines'\Vere in the alpine sectim (mostly in the Basses-Alpes)
The alpine section also had a relatively large number of the region's
threshers (See Table No. 66). In 1929, however, vlhen there were almost
as many threshers in the alpine as in the river section, and more than
in the plateau section, threshers with a capacity of less than forty
quintals per day accounted for eighty-eight per cent of the alpine total,
as compared with f'orty-tive per cent in the plateau and forty per cent
in the river section.
Consumptipn of artificial fertilizers was low. In 1928-1929,
the region USed, per hectare of land in agricultural use, as much nit
rogen from artificial fertilizers as Southwest France but less phos
phoric acid and potash than any other region (excluding Corsica) .With
'in the region, consumption was highest in the river section and lOTrest
in the plateau sectien (See Table UQ. 67). Even the river section, how
ever, consumed smaller quantities of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid
from artificial fertilizers per 100 hectares of land :in agricultural use
than France as a, whole.
E. -PRINCIPAL CROPS '
Tables Nos. 68,70, and 71 show area, yield per hectare and
production of the principal crops in East and South Central France in
1933-1937. A little more than half of the arable land was devoted to
cereals in the river and plateau section, but the alpine section planted
only two-fifths of the arable land in cereals. The region had sixteen
per cent of the nation's cereal area, and supplied fourteen per of
the national cereal In the river and alpine sections, wheat Y{as
much more important than a:rry other cereal, and oats took second place. In
the plateau section" the rye area of which accounted for nearly hill the
French total, 'rye covered eighty-five per cent as much land as Wheat, with
o.ats taldng third place. Cereal yields per hectare were lowest .in the
. plateau section and highest in the alpine section where rye, barley and
oats yields iffer.e at or aoov-e the national a.verage
. The area under roots and tUbers, mainly potatoes" amounted to
nearly one-third of the cereal area in all three sectfcns. The area under
rotation legumes and grass for hay Vias about as large in the plateau
section" but in the river section it was half the size-of the cereal area,
and in the alpine sectim it was almost as large as the cereal area. The
plateau section grew ohiefly clover" the river section mainly clover,
alfalfa and grass on temporary pastures, and the alpine sectim mostly
sainfoin, alfalfa and grass on temporary pastures. '
- ........
- 66
other field crops of some significance included vegetables,
dry legumes, tobacco and colza. The river and plateau. sections had
half of the national colza area, and the river and alpine sections
over one-tenth of the national tobacco area in 1937. Fallow consti
tuted almost thirteen per cent of the arable area in the plateau sec
tion in 'J.937, but the proportion in_the ri.ver and aJ.pine sectims
(nine arid eight per cent respectively) was about the same as in the
country at large.
Grasslands covered a relati'Vely large ar'ea. This -was especi
ally the case in the alpine section where, hm'iever, ordinary pastures
accounted for seventy per cent, of all grassland, and where eighty-four
per cent of the ordinary pasture was classified as high mountain pas
ture in 1929.. In the plateau section, area under ordinary pasture,
forty-five-_ per cent of which was classified as highmopntain pasture in
19'29, almost equalled area under cut grassland. The river section had
considerably more cut grassland than ordinary pastures, only twenty per
cent of 'Which was classified as high mountain pasture in 1929. It al
so had over two-thirds of the region's grassland good enough to. permit the
fattening of livestock. According to the 1929 cens'Q.S, the irrigated
portion of the cut grassland amounted to forty-siX per cent in the plateau
section, sixteen per cent, in the river section, and fifteen per cent ip.
the alpine section,.'
Vines were grown in' the- Rhone and river valleys in 811
three sections. The southern portion of the region ,was an important
source of early fruits and f'egetables. Both the alpine and river sec
tions devoted a relatively part of the truck crop area to com
mercial crops, but such was not the case in the plateau section, the
region accounting for sixteen per cent or the nati'onal truck crop area
in 1937, and for fourteen per, cent of the area under truck crops de
stined for sale'. Tree crops had considerable significance. East and
South Central France ranked first among the regions as a producer of
nuts, its recorded output of ohestnuts coming- chiefiy from Aveyron and
Ardeche, from Correze,Drome and lsere, and almonds from the Alpes
Maritimes and Drame.It took second place as a producer of table apples
and pears, of pea.ches (river secticn and Ardeche), of olives (Drome and
Alpes Matitimes) and of trus f)"uit (Alpes Maritimes.).
The region was also a leading producer of ornamental, nursery,
perfume and medicinal plants. Two-thirds of the region's area under such
plants lay in the alpine section where Hautes-Alpes had most of the
medicina.+ plants, Basses-Alpes most of the perfume and nursery plants,' and
Alpes-M:aritimes most of the flowers and_other ornamental plants.
F. LIV.FSTOOK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
, Tables Nos. 70 and 71 show number of livestock and output of'
livestock products in East and South Central France in 1933-1937. The
region had more mules, asses, _cattl ats and pigs per unit of
land cinagricultural use than France s ole. The same held true for
- 67-
each of t.he three sections except 'with respect to sheep in the riYel'
section, asses in the plateau section and cattle and pigs in the alpine
section. None of the sections had as many horses per .unit of land i,n
agricul'turaluse as had the country -at large.
Outstanding among the varioU:3 breeds of c::attle in the region
is the Char_o1aiS-Nivernais'- Francels meat animal, which prevctil in
Nievre, Allier and Sa3ne--et-Loire.Other good types include the
Limousin, found :in parts of Corraze and Creuse, and the Salers, found
chiefly- i,n Cantal. Most of w:ellsu:Lted for -Ylork. Mi.lk
yields' gElnerally range fr<:>m fair to p00r. Among the sheep, the Cau:::
senard.s of Aveyron and milk breeds. Roquefort, the, centElr of
of the sheep-milk cheese of that naille, :Ls in Aveyron.
According to the 1929 census., 18.1 per clent of the Fren<:h out
put of meat (other than poultry and rabbit) was prQduced in the
-7.7 per cent in the river section, 8.2 _per cent in the plateau sec:ti,on
and 2.2 percent in the alpine section. This pertains to
meat and does not include meat that moyed into internal trade on i;he hoof.
- In an attempt to gi.ve some rough. appro:dmation of production based on
-local livestock, the share of the sections in live-weight o.f French
cattle, sheep, goats and pigs (numbers in 1933-193'7 times unit live-weight
in 1929.) was applied to French product:ion o.f the various ldnds o.f meat in
1933-1937. According to this computat:Lon, the riv,er section produced 9.7
per cent, the plateau section 13.6 per cent, and a:lpine-section 2.,0 per
cent of t.he national putput of beef', mutton, goat meat and pig me,tt, or a
total of 25.3 per cent for t.he region. Inclusion of chicken and rabbit
meat in 1937 slightly reduces the regional percentage to 24.5.
East and South Central -FranCIS. had less weight as a producer of:
,milk than of meat. COV1'S kept .for milk alone formed a relatively small
proportion.of all cows, especially in 'the plateau section where the:)r ac
counted for only fifteen- per c'ent of the total in 1937, as compared vr.i.th
thirty-e:j.ght percent in the river section and for'ty-nine per cent. in the
alpine The mille yield per milk cow was r
,
e1atively high in the
alpine- section (2,080 liters in 1931) and about average in the river sec
tion (1,700 liters in 1937), while in 'the plateau section it was lower
(1,160 liters in 1937) than in any other section, excluding- Corsica..
Cheese Vias the principal dai:ry produce in the Alpine sec::tion
which in 1937 devoted three-fourths of th.e cow milk sold to
seventeen per cent to-milk .for-.fresh consumption, seven per cent to
preserved milk and one per cent to butter. In the SaIIleyear, cheeSE:! and
butter accounted for forty-six and thirty-four per cent respectively of
the cow milk sold" in the plateau sectim, and for thirty and forty.;..one
per cent respectively in 1iheriver section, most of the remaining sales
in both sections being milk for .fresh consumption. Goat milk in all
three and sheep milk in the plateau- section made substantial cm
tributiol1s to t!le connnercial milk supply. ,Most of the sheep milk over
- 68
)1alf of the goat milk went into cheese in 1937. Goat milk for fresh
consumption amounted to, about nine per cent of recorded output fer fresh
consumption in the plateau and alpine section,. and to eighteen per cent
in therJ.ver section where practically all of it came from the depart
ment of Isere.
Processing of cow milk on the farm had more importance than in
France ~ s a whole, due to the relatively large quantities of home-made
cheese in the plateau and river sections, and of butter in the plateau
section. In 1937 farm butter constituted fifty-six per cent and farm
cheese forty-five per cent of the recorded regional output. However, ,
only thirty-eight per cent of all 'sales o f , J : : o ~ milk for fresh consumption
were sold directly by the producer to the consumer, as compar'ed '\Vi th
forty-eight per cent in the country at large. .
Table No. 72 shows per capita productiori of the main -foods in
East and South Central France in 1933-1937. The region exceeded the
national average per capita in output of potatoes, meats, fats, cheese
and eggs, though -the alpine section fell decidedly short in all these
products other than chees e. Wheat a:nd rye productioo per capita were
relatively large only in the plateau section, and 1Ililk for direct C9nsUtnp
tion' only in the river sectim, while all three sections had a smaller per
capita production of sugar beets, dr.Y legumes, wine and cider than France
as a lvhole.

- 69
Table No. 61 (VI A). LABD U'!ILIZlTIO', 1937
Ri ver Plateau Al-pine :Total F.ast and
____Ca_t_e_g_o_ry -.:_.-S::;..e;;..;:ction 11.: Section y. secti9..!!.. Y :South Central
:1000 ha:percennl000 ha:percen'1000 ha:percent
Arable land. I
t
575 33.9 1,592 29.1 293 10.8 3,460 : 27;0
Grassland 1,183 25.5 1,681 30.8 716 26.4 : 27.9
Vineyards, horti., etc. 147 3.2 108 2.. 0 54 2.0 309 2.4
Total land in agricultural:
use
and. forest 11
Idle productive land /
Other Pi
2,905
1,002
448
284
62.6
21.6
.9.7
6.1
3,381
812
954
312
61.9
14.9
17.5
5.7
1,063
747
607
299
39.2
27.5
22.3
11.0
7,349
2,561
2,009
895
57.3
20.0
15.7
7.0
Total area 4,639 :100.0 5,459 :100.0 2,716 :100.0 :12,814 100.0
Office of Forei.gn Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistigue Agricole Annuelle,
1937.
,1 \ A ...;,,, '"
It 7 d.epartments: Nievre, Allier, Saone-et-Loire,R.'1one, Al.n, !sare, Drome.
9 departments: Crense, Puy-de-Dome, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire, Haute-Loire,

J 5 departments: Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-fvfari times.
if Including poplar and willo,,, plantations.
BJ Seepagexlil.
Table No. 62 (VI:8) NUM:BER OF FARMS AND :BY SIa, 1929
31 River Plateau Alpine :Total East and
____,_z_e_-_p'_r_ou_
p
--.:.._...::S:.;;e;,.:::c;.;;.t..::,i._on:;.. V.: Section y. : Section 2/. :South Central
:number :areall:number
1000 : 1000 na.: 1000 : 1000 ha 1000 : 1000 ha: 1000 : 1000 ha
..
Under 10 hectares 237 : 1,01'9 278 : 1, 209 132 478 647 706
10 to 77 :1,683 119 :2,618 26 512 222 4,813
Over 50 hectares 11 :1,226 10 :1,064 3 466 24 2,756
Total .. 325 :3,928 407 :4.891 163. 1,456: 893 : 10,275
:percent:percen:percent:percen:percent:percentpercent:percent
.
..
Under 10 hectares 72.9 25.9 68.3 24.7 82.0 32.8 72.4 26.3
10 to 50 hectares 23.7 42.9 29..2 53.5 16.1 : 35.2 : 24.9 46.. 9
Over 50 hectare$ 3.4 31.2 2.5 21.8 1.9 : 32.0 2.7 26.. 8
Tote.l 100.0 ::1.00.0 100.0 :100.0 100.0 :100.0 :100.0 100.0
office of Fore1.gn AgriC:1.l1tural Relations. Compile.d from StatistiQue .Agricole de
Rt.<sultats generaux d.e l
l
Enguete 1929.
]J See footnote 1 to VI A.
gj See 2 to T&ble VI A.
See footnote 3 to Table VI A.
if Exc)uding pUblicly owned forests, heath and rocky land.
(I - 70
Table No .. 63 (VI C)., NUMBER AND TYPES OF TENURES. 1929
River Plateau: Alpine : Total
Type of : Seotion 1J. : Section y. : Section y. . : E & S.C. France
__T_e_n_ur_e YArea 21 :Operator 21 :Operator 2I.:Operator i!.:A.rea
:1000 ha. : 1,000 :1000 he.: 1,000 :1000 ha: 1,000 :1000 he.: 1,000
, .
Owners
Fixed....rent
236 2,306 342' 3,654 127 1,267 705 7,227
tenants
Share-tenants
51 1,060 54 827 8 152 113 '2,039
19 562 10 411 3 37 32 1,010
Totals 306 3,928 406 4,892 138 1,456 850 :10,276
Percent :Percent: Percent :Percent: Percent :Percent: . Percent :Percent
OWners 77.1
,"
58.7 84.2 74.7 92.0 87.0 82.9 70.3
Fixed-rent
tenants 16.7 " 27.0 13
0
3 16.9 5.8 10.4 13.3 19.9
Share-tenants:
lMe'tayers)

14.3 2.'5 8.4 2.2 2.6
.
. 3.8 9,2
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
..
100.0 .. 100.0 100.0
Offioe of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Oompiled from Statistique Areico1e
Ie. France. R6'su1te.ts generaux de 1tEnqu3te 1929.
Y. 7 departments: Allier,' ... et-Loire, Rb:8'ne, Ain, Ieere, Dr&ne.
y 9 departments: Creuse, Puy-de-DSme, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire,
, Haute-loire,
y 5 departments: Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-Marit.1mes.
y See page 1".1v. .
YExcludes publicly owned forest, lieath and rocky land.
Table No .. 64 (VI D).. NUMBER OF PAID AGRICULTlj'BAL vIORICERS, 1929
: Permanent y. : Temporary y :
Total .
Section
:Frencb:Fore1gn:Total :French:Foreign:Tota1:Fnmch:Foreign:Total
... Thousands - Thousands - - Thousands
River y 64 4 68 35 1 36 99 5 104
Plateau y
66 :.3 69 44 j 44 110 3 113
Alpine /
11 5 16 21 7 28 32 12 44
Total East and South
Central France 141 12 153 100 8 108 241 20 261
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Stat1st1gue Agricole
de !! hance.. R'sultats ge"'ne'raux de 1 tElqutte 1929.
!I Enployed by the month or year.
Y Day and seasona11abor.
See footnote 1 to Table VIJ.
See footnote 2 to VIOe
'j Less than 500. . .;
&I See footnote :3 to Table VIC ii\';;."ii-"
- 71
!fable No. 65 (VI 11). I'C1MDR OJ' (by Horsepower) _.AID. 'l!HDSBlRS
(b7 eapact 1929 .
: Tractors , Threshers
Section " swith daily oapaci ty of
I under 5 hp & over 5hp & total .under 40 qu JoveI' 40 qu. I total
1,000-
Office-of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Agricole de 1a
France. Re'sultats de 1929.
]I' 7 departments I NiAvre, AlITer, SaSne-et:'EOil"e, Rhone, Ain, Isere
J
Drame.
-' y 9 departmentsl creuse, Puy-de-Dome, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire, Haute
Loire, . Loz"ere, Ardeche.
y 5 departments I Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes.
fable No. 66 (VI F). NUMBER OF SPECIFIBD FARM MACHINES, 193'
: : : :
Section Tractors Binders Threshers Combines
I : : I
: 1,000 : 1,000 : 1,000 : Number
t : :
River y
:
3.4 29.2 : 5.2 I 5
Plateau y
: 1.0
:
18.5 4.4 : 5
Alpine y I
0.8 1.9 3.4 : 30
Total E. and
I I I
S.C. Franoe :
5.2
I 49.6
I 13.0 - : 40
Offioe of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole Annuelle,
1f See footnote 1 to Table VI E. 1937.
!( See footnote 2 to Table VI E.
]I See footnote 3 to Table VI E.
Table No. 67 (VI G). CONSUMPTION OF ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER (1.e pure
N. Xa
O
PaOs) f 1928-1929
Total Per ha. of landinag. use
Seotion
N
I It20 : N s K20 : P205
1,000 metric tons "kilograms
: J I
River 3/ 9.8 : : 3.4 : 9.9 I 2.3
Plateau ?:I 1.7 I I
0.5 I 6.7 : 0.4
Alpine 1.2 : : 1.2 6.6 I 2.1
Total E. and : s : I
S. C.France 12.7 9.9 56.3 : 1.8: 8.0 I 1.4
Office of Foreign Agrioultural Relations. Compiled from StatistiqueAgricole de la
, / 1 II ""
Franoe. tats Generaux l' Enquete
1/ See footnote 1 to Table VI E.
Y See footnote 2 to Table VI E.
Y See, footnote 3 to Table VI E.
-
Table No. 68 (VI H). .AREA OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, Average 1933-1937
E. and S. C. France
River '. Plateau Alpine
Share in
Commodity ,section 11 section 21 Total
French total
1000 ha. 1000 ha. 1000 ha. ha. Percent
Wheat
464 311 76 851 16.0
RTe 52 264
9 325 48.1
Maslin
4 17 2 23 31.1
Barley
56 42 5
103 14.1
Oats
. Corn
189
22
145
4
20
2
354
28
10.7
8.2
17 36 1
54
'18;4
llillet
lJ! !zI
'W
1.2
Total cereals 804 819 li5 1,738 16.2
Potatoes 153 201 27 381 26.9
Sugar beets
Fodder beets
. Other roots and tuber.s 21
?
" 57
31
2
30
37
7
1
9
94
69
2.8
10.5
li.?
roots and tubers
248 'Zl0 35 553 17.2
Dry J;egwnea Y
Tobacco'1J
Colza
8
1
2
10
It!
3
2
1
it!
20
2
5
7.8
li.O
50.0
'Rotation legumes and
grass for hay 41.0 267 109 786
Cut grassland
Uncut gr.ssland:
Superior /
Other
665
131
378
850
55
748
1
484
201 1,716
187
1,610
10.0
40.4
Total grassland . 1,174 1,653 686 3,513 30.7
Truck crops jJ
Tree. crops
Vines W
28
12
104
29
15
63
10
10
22
67
37
189
15.7
27.8
li.?
Flowers, m8d1cinal plants,
.. etc. '11 4 1 10 15 34.1
Office' of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistigue Agricole Annuelle.
}/ 7 departments: Nievre, Rh$ne, Drome. .
y 9 dep8.rtments: Creuse, Correze, Puy-de-Dame, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire, Haute-Loire,
, "
. Lozere,Ardeche.
21 5 departments: Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Hautes-Alpes, Basses-Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes.
w:'Les8 than 500 hectares.
sl Includes fodder cabbage as well as rutabagas, turnips, and Je:rusalem artichokes.
Y Kidney, horse,and broad beans, peas, and lentils .
1.1. 1937.
Herbages, i.e., grassland good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
9/ For home consumption and for sale, 1937. .
Itr/ In orchards and destined for sale, 1937.
It! For wine and table grapes.
- 73
Table No. '69 (VI J). CROPS t YIELD PER ,HECTARE, Average
1933-193'7
Commodity River: P1atesu : Alpine ..
11: Sect ion y.: Sect ion ____:-
quint a1s quintals quintals
Wheat
Rye
Barley
Oats
. . .
. . .
13.4
11.7
12.9
12.2
11.6
11.3
12.3
11.2
13.9
1'3.0
14.4
14.0
uorn
15.0 14.2 12.5
Potatoes
99.0 119.1 124.3
Fodder beets
312.8 290.7 342.9
Sainfoln
39.3 36.2 34.4
Clovar
" . . .. . 39.3 3?6 43.3
Alfalfa
45.3 48.B 46.9
uut grassland :
Uncut grassland: superior 1/:
33.0
34.1
31.7
32.1
30.9
30.0
other. " : 18.9 11.8 8.7
Wine ( in hI.) : 36.7 35.9 32.B
:,]t;8,c.:sCen: .' . All
i :FrenceFi'ance

12.8
11.4
12.6
11.9
14.7
111.1
308.0
37.0
39.7
46.3
32.1
33.5
12.5
35.9
15.-4_
11.6
14.3
14.0
15.0
10'e.8
351.3

37.0
40.1
31.2
35.2
14.1
39.6
Office of Foreign Agric'l.lJ.tura1 Relations. tiomp1led from 1atigue
]J 7 departments: Allier, Sa'8ne-et-Loirs, Rh&e, Ain, lJrome.
y 9 departments: Puy-de-oo.me, canta1, Aveyron, Loire',
, Eaute-Loire,
y. 5 departments: Haute-oavoie
J
:::>avoie, Hautes-JU.:pes, Basses-AlpeR, Alpes-MaritL"1les.
JI Herbages, that is, grassland good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
LIVESTOCK NUMBERS, Average 1933-1937
TBble No. 70 (VI K).
: River : I'lateau ; .Alpine : East &South
__ :;.;:s::..;;e;..;;c...;.t..;;;1.;;;.o.;;;...n l:!.: Sect ion gj: ::-;ect ion y: Total _ Per 10C hal 8g. l.t:1nd
1000 hd. : 1000 hd. 1000 hd. lOCO hd.: head
Horses 199 91 41 331 4.5
Mules ,. 15. 7 20 42 .6
.8 ..
ASses .: 27 6 56
Gettle. 1,490 1,843 289 3,622 49.3
J.hereof': .oows 778 1,146 - 204 2,128 29.0
Sheep 529 1,751 562 2,842 38.7
GOats 279 261 73 613 8.3
. P1 :s . 724 1,060 145 1,929 26.2
Poultry !/j. .. 8,173 6,967 1,296 16,436 223.6
Rabbits ]I . . . : 2,464 2,122 512 5,098 69.4
Pigeons !I . . .: 671 814 152 1,637
Oftice of roreign Agricultural He1ations. Oompl1ed from
y Seetootnote 1 to Ta1JleVI J.
!I See. footnote 2 to Table VI J.
3 to Table VIJ.
]I November 1, 1929.
Y Includes chickens, ducks. geese, turkeys, and guinea hens.
c
--w'
- 74
(VI L).
orION
!able' No. '11
Average
: Riter :Plateau :Alpine : E. arid S. Central ]'rance
oommodity : section 11: section ghsection 'Total :l:Share in Fr.total
1000 qUe lOOO qUe 1000 qUe 1000 qu percent
Wheat 6,198 3,614 1,058 10,870 1;3.3
Bye 608 2.979 117 3,704 47.1
Maslin 45 201 23 269 28.6
Barley _ 725 517 72 1,314 12.6
Oats 2,306 1,624 281 4,211 9.1
Corn 329 57 25 411 8.0
, Buckwheat and millet 155 351 4 510
'16.6
'rotal cereals 10.366 9,343 1,580 21,289 13.7
Sugar beets 1,488 544 2',032 2.3
Potatoes 15,154 23,942 3,355' 42,451 27.6
Other roots and tubers!! 21,761 14,349 2,599 38,709 8.7
Hay 48,866 48,225 14,814 111,905 25.0
Dry' legumes-y 60 108 28 196 8.4
Wine (in 1,000 hI.) 3,635 2,156 677 6,468 io.s
Oider (in 1,000 hI.) 41 i55 ),47 343 1.7
Beet and veal / ,772, 858 133 1,763 22.4
Pig.meat j 497 867 109 1,469 29.2
Mutton and goat meat ,/ 53 119 39 211 29.8
Chicken and rabb1.t meat 11 242 116 35 393 19.1
Total above meats
1.564 1,960 312 3,836 24.5
BUtter.y 155 -124
42 321 13.5
Hog tat "2/' 138 241 29 408 29.2
Olive oil !9J ' 2 9 11 20.0
W
Total above.tats 295 365 80 740 19.4
Oheese.!! 275 441 207 923 -32.8
Milk tor direct consumption
'. (in 1,000 hI.) Y 2,903
1,857 980 5,'740 15.8'
_sW 217 693 19.6
Woo1W .' 7 26 8 41 23.5
Mulberry leaves W. ' 110
154 8 . 272 64.9 ,
Silk CQCoons (in 1000 kg ) 51
292 10 353 54.8
ott ice of :roreign .agriculturalRelat ions.
Partly based on ottic,ial sources" partly
estimated.
!17 departments: Nime, Allier, '8aO'ne-et-Loire" Bh'One, Ain, Is'ere, Drome.
y 9 departments: Creuse, Pu;y-de-DOme, , Oanta1, 'Aveyron, Loire,
Haute-Loire, LozE!re,Ardeehe. . _ '
!l 5 departments,: Haute-Baroie, SavoiEl, Rautes-Alpes, Basses-:-Alpes, iLlpes-Maritimes.
l!Includes todder cabbage as well as todderbeets, rutabagas, turnips, lerU$alem, '
artichokes. ,
Y Kidney. broad ,and horse bea.ri.s, peas, lentils. . ",
,II A ro\18h appro:a:imatl(>n reached by applingthe percentage share ot the sections .U1
total llvaweisht of all J'rench cattle, pigs, sheep and goats (average numbers in
1933-37 times unit liTeweight in 1929) to J'rench production ot'beetandTeal, pig
meat, mutton goat meat, average '1933-37.
11 dressed carcass weight, 1937.
!I .t1mates exclude milk ted to- calves,lamb,s' and 'tida, and include an allowance
. 'for qwmtities produced trom cow's milk end consumed on falmS, 1937.
jj A roup approximation, est1matedin the same ft7, as pigmeat production. see- footnote 6.
l/15 peroent ot recorded olive production.
m Less than- 500. - , , ,
J!j1937. .
-75
Table No. (VI M). PER CAPITA PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED COMMODITIES,
Average 1933-1937
:. .River (: PIB,teau Alpine : Total E & 5: Total
Commodity : Sect ion
__________... :'--_.JJ
: Se ct ion :

Seoct ion :
.I_.......
Cent ral France
J:,Fr:"j",ga....
n
,a"c:
ce
lllt--lI.... _
kilograms : kilograms : kilograms : kilograms : kilograms
Wheat and rye !l
Sugar beets
Potatoes if
Dr7 legumesil
..
.'
I
t
204.4
44Cl1 7
455.2
1.8
:
:
:

20.0
879.3
4.0

99.1
.
28.1
586.5
o
213.4
367.1
5.6
Wine (1.) if 57.1 145.1
Cider (1.) aJ
Meats
:

47.0 72.0 26.3 -: 53.0 37.4
Fats 1 :zJ
..
8.9
o
,0
:
Cheese 11
:
for direct
consumptlon(l.) :
'11 :
0'
Egga aI

o
8.0 :
:
6.0
;
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Partly based on Sources,
.,
partly estimated.
11 7 departments: Allier, RhSne. Ain, Ise're,
2/ 9 departments: Creuse, Cantal, Aveyron, Loire,
Haute-Loire, Ardeche. Total population, 1936: 2,723,000.
;Y 5depa,rtments: Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Hautes-.Alpes, BasseS-Alpes, Alpes
Maritimes. Total population, 1936: 1,186,000.
jJ No al1owanoehasbeen made for uses.
rUA rough approximation only.. Includes beef and veal, mutton and lamb,
'goa,t meat, pig mee.t. 8lld (1937) chicken 'and rabbit meat.
A rough approximation only. Includes hog fat. a.nd olive oil.
1937 for dairy products. M11kfed to calves. lambs andkids8xcluded.
An allowance has been made for quantities produced frOm cow's milk and
consumed on farms.
aI 1937.
~ : ':
' ~ - - - - - - - ..
-.76
FRANCE
LIVESTOCK NUMBERS
Average 1933-37
Each dot represents 2 ~ 5 0 0 animals
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL RELATIONS
... 17 .,..
The departments bordering the Medi (other :than, the
Alpes-Maritimes) constitute a region which, from an agricultural point
of view, is characterized by the importance of vineyards. Production
of the main staples other than 'wine is small. Moreover, the.. region has
a relatively large number of inhabitants. It thus appears as a heavily
deficit area. ' Agriculture is a, leading source of employment for the
population. Though the proportion of gainfully-employed males engaged in'
agricultural pursuits dropped as low as 12.3 per cent in Bouches-du
Bhane (Marseille), it amounted to 34.7 per cent in' the seven departments
combined, in 1931
.. A. NATURAL FEATURES
A considerable part o'f Mediterraneml France is hilly or moun
tainous, the mountains -closely approaching the sea in the eas.tern sec
tion. The climate is Rainfall, which exceeds fifty
timeters a year in -most of' the region, reaches a sharp peak in autumn ;
and a 101'( point in sunnner. _ Summers are hot, as well' as dry, and winters
are mild except "Ii/hen cold winds (the riristral} blow down from the moun
l'At Marseille and Perpignan, temperatures 'in summer average 21.
8 0 and 22.1
0
0, respectively," and in winter 6.5C and 8.4c, respectively.
In the western section there is a narrow' "coastal plain 'with
light soils, which. broad.ens around the lower Rh8ne into the marshy plains
of Camargue, the stony plain of Crau, and the more fertile plains farther
north. The Mediterranean red soils l'Thich cover most of the remaining less
mountainous area are heavy to medium soils better adapted to trees and
vines than 'tio field .crops.
Be LAND UTILIZATION
Little more than t'W'o-fifths of the total area was in agricul
tural use in 1.931 (See Table No. 13). Forests accoimted for one-quarter
of the total area, idle productive land for almost another quarter, and
other categories for nearly one-tenth. In the section west of the Rhone,
vineyards occupied forty-five per cent of the land in agricultural use,
as compared vvi th tlTenty-eight per cent for arable land and twenty-three
, per cent for grassland. In the section east of the Rh6ne, ,vineyards,
covered 'twenty-six per 'cent of the land in agricultural use, as compared
with twenty.:.eight per cent for grassland and thirty-seven per cent' for _
arable land. .
yThree departments in the eastern section: Vaucluse, Bouches,:","du
Rh8ne,Var; four departments in the western section: Gard, Herault,
Aude, Pyrenees-Orientales.

- 78
c. THE FARMS
A distinguishing feature of this is thecomparative
unimportance of moderate-size holdings. In 1929, they covered an area >
approximately equal to the area in holdings of under ten hectares, while
forty-fj.ve per cent of the farmland was' in holdings .of over fifty hec
tares (See 'Table No. 74). Furthermore, small and dwarf holdings are
unusually nmnerous. In 1929, they accounted for eighty-seven per cent of
all holdings, a higher percentage than prevailed in any other region here
considered. >
Differences in the tenure pattern prevailing east and west of
the Rh6ne in Mediterranean France are more strongly marked than dif
ferences in distribution of holdings by size-groups. rn--the western sec
tion in 1929, owner-operators had over four-fifths of the land in farms,
and and fixed-rent tenants each had not quite one-tenth
(See No. 15). Intlie eastern section, on the other hand, owner":'
operated holdings occupied about two-thirds of the fannland, and holdings
on which a fixed rent was paid about one-fourth, leaving, as in the west
ern section, something #less than one-tenth for share-tenants.
)
Dependence on paid labor was relatively heavy. According to the
1929 census, the number of agricultural 'Workers (permanent and tem
porary) exceeded the number of operators. ... The vlestern section employed
most of the hired worke:r:-s, over one-fourth of whom in both sections were
foreigners (See'Table No. 76). '
D. FARM MACHINERY AND -ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZER
Mediterranean France has progressed artherthan other regions
in :the use of mechanical draft power, much of it for cable ploughing.
The showed a total of some 3,200 tractors, only 200 of which
were 'under five horsepower (See Table No. 77) e. About 2,500 more Vfere
redorded in 1937, the increase being especially large in the eastern
section (See Table No. 78). In the latter year, tractors per 1,000 hec
tares of arable land numbered 16.0 in the eastern section ,and 7.9 in the
western section. If vineyards be included Ydtharable land, the corres
ponding figures drop to .9.9 in the eastern and to 3.2 in the west-ern
section.
Both sections were fairly well equipped vnth binders, the
regional total amounting to 3.4 per 100 hectares of cereal area (eXclud
ing corn). The comparatively large number of combines was mostly in the
western section (See Table No. 78). This s,ection also had more than its
share .pf the threshers. In 1929, however, threshers 'with a capacity of
less than forty quintals per day ,accounted for. sixty per cent of the total
in the western section and for only thirty-five per cent in the eastern
section.
Consumption fertilizers was relatively large. In
1928-1929, this region used, per hectare of land in agricultural use, more
nitX:6gen and potash from than any ot1:?-er region ex

... 79
. cept North Central France, and more phosphoric' acid from artificial
fertilizers than France as a whole. The eastern secticm accounted
for a large share of the'regimal totals, most strik
ingly in the case of potash and phosphoric acid (See Table No. 79).
Nevertheless, consumpti,on of potash as well. m of nitrogen from artific
ial fertilizers per hectare of land in agricultural use in the western
section \Vas far above the national average
. E. PRINCIPAL CROPS
Tables Nos. 80" 81, and 83 show area, yield per hectare and
output of the principal crops in Mediterranean France in 1933-1937.
Little more than two-fifths of the arable land in the western section
was devoted to cereals,and this was not muoh larger than in the
eastern section. The region had 2.1 per c.ent of the national cereal area
and 1.7 per cent of the national- cereal output. In the eastern section,
wheat was by far the most important cereal, whereas the 'western sec-
tion oats covered a larger area than wheat. Cereal yields per hectare
were 'under the national average in both seotions.
Roots and tubers other than. potatoes 'Were negligible. 'While
the region's total potato output amounted to only 2.6 per cent of the
French output in 1937, its output of early potatoes amounted to 8.5 per
cent of the French early potato output. Area under rotationlegwnes
and grass for,hay was three-fourths as large asthe.cereal area in the
western section and almost half as large in the eastern section. Alfalfa
predominated in both- sections. .
other field crops of' some importanoe included dry legumes and,
especially in the eastern seotion, vegetables. The proportion of arable
land left 1'allO'\, exceeded the proportion prevailing in France as a whole
(o,ver thirteen percent in the eastern and almost seventeen per cent in
the western section in 1937). .,
The area under grassland was relatively large. In both sections
ordinary pasture accounted for over two-thirds of" the total. In the 1929
census, forty-seven per cent of the ordinary pasture in eastern and
twenty-eight per cent in the western section was classified as high moun
tain pasture. Neither section had milch grassland good enough to permit
the fattening of livestook. Of the cut grassland, eighty per cent in the
eastern and forty-seven per cent in the western section was irrigated in
.
While Mediterranean France had little significance as a pro
ducer of the' great staple foods , it suppli,ed one-hill of the French wine
output, forty-two per cent coming from the western and eight per cent
from the eastern section. It ,vas also by far the largest producer of'
table grapes, and led all other regions in output of peaches, apricots,
oherries, olives, and figs. It maq,e a substantial contribution ..
to'the national chestnutoutpu"f;" and a small one to the national output
of plums and table apples and pears . It had, a heavy production of early
small fruits and vegetables. Area under truck crops destined for sale,
- 80 ...
two....thirds of l,vbich was in the eastern section, exceeded that of any
other region, accounting for twenty-four per cent of the French total
in 1937..The eastern had most of the relatively large.
area under ornamental, nursery, perfume and medicinaJ.. plants, nearly
one-half of which in 1937 was devoted to perume plants (Va.ucluse) ..
F G LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Tables Nos 8 82 83 show numbers' of livestock and output
of livestock products in Medi. terranean France in 1933...1937. The eastern
section had twice as many sheep per unit of land in agricultural use as
the western section Which, in its tum, ha.d more than any of the remai.n
ing sections other than Corsica.. Mediterranean France does not entirely
support this sheep population, the year.;.end census catching migratory
sheep at their winter pastures in the lowlands where they rema.iri from
September-November to April-May. The eastern section also had a compara
tively dense population of goats, asses, rnuJ.es, poultry and rabbits, while
numbers of asses, mules and rabbits "l{(ere likewise relatively large in the
western section.. Both sect,i'ons, especially the western section, had fewer
horses and pigs per unit of land in agricultural us,e than France as a
1/I11101e, and both had fS\ver-catt1e than any other section. Almost three
fourths of the region I s cattle but only three-fifths of the region1 scows
were in the western section$ Little information regarding breeds of
cattle is available
. According to the 1929 census, 6.3 per cent of the national out
put of meat (other than :goultry and rabbit) was produced in the region"
4&0 per cent in the eastern and 283 per cent in the western sec
tion.. TIns pertains to slaughtered meat and does not include meat that
moved into' internal trade on the hoof. In an attempt to give some rough
indication of production based on local livestock numbers, the share of
the sections in live-weight of French cattle, sheep, pigs and goats
(numbers in 1933-1937 times unit live-Weight in 1929) was applied to
French putput of the various kinds of meat in 1933-1937.. According to
this computation, the eastern section produced 0.8 per cent and the west
ern section 0.9 per cetrl:i of the national output of beef, mutton" goat
meat and pig meat, or a total of 1 .. 7 per cent-for the region. Inclusion
of chicken and rabbit meat in 19.37 raises .the ;'regional percentage to 2.0.
The region had less "'(eight as produeerof milk than of meat.
All mi]]\: cows in the eastern section in 1937 (ninety-three percent of
all CQ11S) were reported as kept for milk only, whereas in the western
section cows kept for milk orily accounted for fifty-five per cent of the
milk cows and fifty....two per cent of all cows.. According to data for 1937,
the :rn:i.lk yield per milk cow appears higher in the eastern section than in
any other section, am01.mting to 3,620 liters-. The yield in the western
section, at 1,,910 Iiters, slightly exceeded the national average.
Practically all of the cow milk sold in both sections was
destined for fresh consumption, and the bulk of the sales were made by
the producer directly to the Sheep and goat milk, as reported
~ i
~
UNCLAS Sff ID
in 1937, added little to'the commercial milk supply in the' eastern
section, but accounted for one-fourth of the total in ,the western
section. Most of the sheep milk and about one-fourth-of the goat milk
went into cheese. '
Table No. 84 shows per capita production of the main foods in
Mediterranean France in 1933-1937. Both sections, and in most cases
especially the eastern section, fell far short of the national average
per capita in output of wheat and rye, sugar beets, dry legumes, meats,
fats, cheese, eggs, milk for direct consumption, and cider. Only wine
production was relatively large, notably in the western section where
output per c a p ~ t a WaS over twelve times as great as the national average
per capita.
tJ-

.... ' 82} ...
Table No.. 73 (VII A). LAND UTILI ZATION 1937
Categ017 t Eastern : Western a '1'otal
_________....... ... I_..... Section 2L I Vtdit.erruMn
11000 hapercent :1000' hapercent :1000 M. a percent
Arable land I 215 14.5 296 13.1 : 511 1,3.7
Grassland : 165 I 11.1 a 251. 's li.l 416 11.1
Vineyards a 152 I 10.2 I 482 I 21.3 : 634 16.9
Horticulture" tree crops, etc: 47 :,3.2 I 38 ,'1.7 a 85: 2.3
Total land in agric use : 579 8 39.0. 1,067 I 47.2 a 1,646 I 44.0
Woods and torestsy 8 483 I 32.6 I 450 s 19.9 933 a 24.9
Idle productive 'land1} a 253 a 17.0. 600 I 26.6: 853 s, 22.8
Other 1/ : .169 I 11.4 I :1.42 6.3 \1 311 la.3
I I II
Total area 1.1,484 s 100.0 ,a 2,259 I 100.0, ,'3,743 I 100.0
Office of Foreign Agricu1tIlral Relations. Compiled from statistig,ue Agricol.
'
'JJ. 3 departments: Vaucluse. Bouches-du-Rhane, Var.
y 4 departments: Gard, H'rault, Aude, Pyrene'es-orientales.
JI Including poplar and willow plantations.
!I See page xiii.
Table No. 74 (VII :B). NUMBER OF FARMS AND DISTRIBUTION :BY
SIZE. 1929
a
Eastern
I Western Total Med.iterran
Size - group : Section lL : Section y.. : France
:number a area Jj I number : area 2/..: number : area.21_
s 1000 :1000 ha.a 1000 :1000 ha.: 1000 alOOO ha.
Under 10 hectares
I III I 306 : 21.4 514 325 : 820
10 to 50 hectares : 17 : ,317 : 23 495 40
.
. 812
Over 50 hectares : 3 : 584 - 6
: 751 : 9 :1,,335
Total : 131 :1,207
243 : 1,760
.
. 374 :2,967
: : I a :
.Percent : Percent: Percent: Percent: Percent: Percent
: I t : I I
Under 10 hectares
s 84.7 I 25.4 : SS.l : 29.2 : 86.9 : ,27.6
10 to 50 hectares
: 3.0 26.3 : 9.S 3 28.1 10.7 : 27.4
Over 50 hectares
: 2.3 : 48.3 2.4 : 42.7 2.4 : 45.0
Total
: 100.0 : 100.0
.
.. 100.0 :
100.1) : 100.0 : 100.0
Oftice of Foreign Agricultural Relations. CompUed trom Statistique Agricole
, de 1& !'rance. Re'sul ts de 1t 1929.
Y. See footnote 1 to Table VII A.
Y. See footnote 2. to Table VII A.
JI Excludes publicly-owned forests, heath and rock land.
__________
....
- 83
table 110. 75 (nI C). JTJDD AND mlS OJ':!l'Dt1BIS. 1929
.Type of tenure
Owners
Fixed-rent tenants :
Total
Owners
Fixed-rent tenants :
Share-tenants (M'tayers):
Total
:' Eastern : : Total
Section. -.:' Section gj :Mediterranean Fra.nce
i/:operator Y:Onerator /:Area 11_
1,000
78
20
16
114
: 1000 ha:
.
.
813
300
95
: 1, 208
1,000
203
8
11
222
: 1000 ha:
1,445
150
164
.1,759
1,000
281
28
27
336
: 1000 ha
2,258
450
259
2,967
Percent :Pereent: Percent :Percent
68.4
17.5
14.1
100.0
67.3
24.8
7.9
:100.0
91.4
3.6
5.0
100.0
82.2
8.5
9.3
:100.0
83.6
8.3
8.1
100.0
76.1
15.2
8.7
100.0
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Oomyiled from Statistique Agricole d.e
la France. R{su1tats de 1929.
1/ 3 departments: Vaucluse, Bouches-du-Rhtme, Var.
y 4 departments: Gard, Hirault, !.ude',
y Seepage xiv.
#1/ Excludes publicly owned forest, heath, and'rocky land.
!l'able 10.76 (VII D). BtJMbR OJ' PAID AGRICULTURAL WOBDRS. i929
Permanent 11. Tempora;r Total .
Section
:French:Foreign:Total:French:Foreign:Total.:French:Foreign: Total
Thouss,nds Thousand.s Thousands
Eastern y
western!!
Total Mediterranean
25
80
.105
11
35
46
36
115
151
37
140
177
13
59
72
50
199
249
62
220

24
94
118
86
314
400
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistioue Agricole de la
France. Resultats Gine-raux de l'Enaute 1929.
!I Employed by the month or year.
Y Day and see.sonal la,bor.
See footnote 1 to Table VII C.
1/ See footnote 2 to Table VII C.
it

- 84 ....
!I!able No. 77 (VII :I)
NOMl3EROF TRAC!ORS(by AND
TltBESBDS (by capacity). 1929
t Tractors I Threshers
Se3tion I I zwith daily oapacity of z
.1 under 6hp over 5hp z t4:>tal lunder 4Q qUlover 40 qu total
... I 1,000 : 1,000 I I ::L,OOO !
"1,000
I 1,000
I I I I I I
Eastern y
I

I 1.6 I 1.7 I 0.14 I 0.26 I 0.40
Western I 0.1 I 1.4 I I 0.61 I 0.41 I 1.02
To:ta1 Me i- I I I I I I
terran-ean I I I I I
Franoe
I
0.2
I 3.0 . : 3.2 I
0.75
I 0.67
I 1.42
Offioe of Compiled from Statistique Agricola de IS:
Franoe. Resultats. generaux
3 departments: Vauoluse, Bouohes-du-RhSne, Var. .
deparimants I Gard, H$rau1t, Aude, Pyren6es-Orientales.
Table No. 78 (VII J). BOM1tIDR OF SPEOIFIE JABM MAOHINES. 1937
I I I I
Seotion Traotors Binders Threshers Combines
: a I I
I 1,000 1,000 I 1,000 I:
Number

a I I- I
Eastern I
3.6 I I
0.5
I
2
Western y
I 2.1 :
4.0
I 1.1
I
14
Total Medi- a I I I
terranean I I t I
Franoe
I
5.7 I '7.1 I 1.6 I 16
orrioe of Foreign Agrioultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agrioola !!.
France. R6sultats gene'raux de
JI See footnote 1 to Table VIr E.
y See footnote 2 to Table VII E.
No. 79 (VII. G). CONSUMPTION OF -FE:BTILlZiR (i.e. pure
N. end P-;fJ5). 1928-1929
Total I Per ha. of land in ago us e
Section N
K20 PZ
U
5
I 1'J :
KZO PZ06
I 1,000 metric tons kilograms
a I : :
Eastern :
4.4 : 11.8 10.1 8.8 : 23.4 20.0
Western y a 7.2
:
-11.5
: 10.4 : 7.4
: 11.7 10.7
Total Mediterranean: a I : :
Franoe
: 11.6 I
23.3
I 20.5 :
7.9
1
15.7 : 13.8
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole de la
,1ul /6:'1'"
, France. Res tats gen raux 'Enquete 1929. I
. 1./ See footnote 1 "tio Table VII E
.Y .See footnote 2 toTable VII E:"._

UNClASSlrlfD

Table 50.
80 (VII H).
.A.UA OJ PHINOIPAL OBOPS,
Average 1933-1937
Mediterranean France
Oommodity
mstern
section 1J.
1000 halO
Western
section y.
100O'ha.
Total
1000 lia.
::ihare in
!'rench total

Wheat
R;ye
Maslin
Barley
oats
Corn
Buckwheat
Millet
54
1
V
13
28
y
'j
4
44
,8
'EJ
' 12
52
8,
y
y
96
9
Y
25
80
,8
!I
4
1.8
1.3
0.1
3.4
2.4
2.3
0.3
30.6
Tot,al cereals
100
124
224 2.).
Potatoes
tsugar beet s
Fodder beets
Other roots 'and tubers
19
2
2
y
17
1
3
1
36
3
5
'1
2.5
.9
.6

Total roots and tUbers
23 22 45 1.4
Dry legumes E! 3
4 7 2.7
Bbtation legumes and
grass for hay
48 92 140 3.3
Cut grassland
Uncut grassland:
superior }
49 56
1
105
1
1.9,
.1
other 116 188 304 7.6
Total grassland .165 245 410 5.6
Truck crops 11 25 16 41 9.6
.Tree crops j 14 20 34 25.6
Vines y
,Flowers, medicinal
:plants, etc. 1:2/
146
8'
487
I
633
9
39.3
20.4
Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statistique Agricole
tl\pD.ue11e
A \
1/ 3 departments: Vaucluse, Bouches-du-R!:tone, Var.
y 4 depa.rtments: Gard, Aude, Pyre'n6'es-Orientales. ,
y Less than 500 hectares. . '
InclUding ,fodder cabbage as well as rutabagas, turnips, and
artichokes. .
Kidney, horse. and broad beans, peas, and lentils.
]( Herbages, i.e pastures good enough to permit the fattening of livestock.
1/ For home Gonsumption and for sale, 1937. .
In orchards and destined for sale, 1937.
Y For wine and table grapes.
J:2J 1937. .
- 86
Table lio. 81 (VIi J). SPECIFIED OROPS 'YIJ.LD P:B1R HIOTAJiI, Average
1933-1937
Eastern
.
. Western :Med'lterran- All
CommoditY'
Section gJ :$an France France
quintals' quintals quintals quintals
Wheat
12.3 12.. 1 15.4
Rye .. 6.0 10.5
" 10.0 11.6

Barley
"
11.1 10.4 10.8 14.3
.

Oats
.' .

12.0 11.5 11.6 14.0
Corn

'.
12.6 17.2 17.1 15.0

,Potatoes 92.5 82.5 87.8 108.8

Sainfoin 41.6 30.7 35.3 32:1

Clover 42.5 43.0 4a..-9 37.0 .

.

61.4 43.7 40.1 .

.

C1.1.t gral;sla:nd. 53.6 30.1 41.0 31.2

1ncut ,grassland 14.5 6.2 9.4 14.1
fine (inhl. )

37.1 53.5 49.9 39.6
Office ofloreign ,Agricultural Relations. Compiled from Statisttgue Agricole Annuelle.
!I 3 departments: Vaucluse, Bouohes-du-RhSne, Var.
y 4 departments,: Gard, H'rault, Audet Pyr'nees-orientalee.
y Excluding herbat;e's, i. e., grassland good enough to permit .the fattening of livestock.
Table No. 82 (VII E).. LIVES!OCl: NtK.BDS. Average 1933-1937
Animal
Eastern
Section 11.
Western
sectiony
Mediterranean France
Total, per 100 hat Mr. land
1000 hd. 1000 hd. 1000 hd. head
Horses 47 81 128 7.8
Mules 9
I :
13 22 1.3
Asses '7 8 15 . .9
Cattle 23 64 87 5.3
Thereof: cows 21 33 54 3.3
Sheep 608 577 1,185
Goats 78 22 100. 6.. 1
Pigs
pou1try 'Y11
100
2,289
71
1,842
171
4,131
10.4
251.0
Rabbits y
Pigeons 2J
1,229
438
1,272
211
2.,501
649
151.. 9
office of Foreign Relations. from Statistigue Agricola Annuelle
11 See footnote 1 to Table VII J.
See footnote 2 to Table VII J.
Y November 1,,1929.
"!/ Includes chi-ckens, duoks, geese, turkeys, and guinea- hens
..-.
---
UtCCiASSlflD
Table No. 83 (VII L). PRODUCTION STATISTICS FOR PRINCIPAL CROPS.
Average 1933-1937
ComnoditT
: -Eastern : Western
Section !I.
.
Seotion y..
'.
1000 quo 1000 quo
liediterranean France
Total :8hare in Fr.Total
1000 quo percent
Wheat
Bye
Maslin
Barley
Oats
Corn
650
6
y
144
335
4
46
540
84
1
'125
597
146
1
1,190
90
1
269
932
150
47
1.5
1.1
0.1
2.6
2.0
2.9
1.5
Total oereals 1,185 1,494 2,679 1.7
Sugar beets
Potatoes
Other roots and y
339
1,757
745
154
1,403
533
493
3,160
1,278
0.6
2.1
0.3
Hay 6,625 6,2aB 12,913 2.9
Dry legumes EI
Wines (in 1000 hI. )
60
4,932
43
25,466
93
30,398
4.0
50.0
Beef and veal /
Pig meat /
Mutton and goat /
Chicken and rabbit meat J./
13
62
35
40
31
61
35
30
44
123
70
70
0.6
2.4
9.9
3.4
Total above meat 150 157 307 2.0
, Butter y
Hog fat 2J
Olive oil MY
'./
17
21
4,
17
18
4
34
39
0.2
2.4
70.9
Total above fat ' 38 39 77 2.0
,Cheese /
Milk for direct
consumpt ion (in '1000 hI.) j

2
731
72
15
537
56
17
1,268
128
0.6
3.5
3.6
WoOl!'Y
Mulberry leaves W
SUk oocoons (in-l000kg.) W
9
31
39
8
107
246
17
138
285
9.7
32.9
44.2
of Foreign Agrioultural ReI at ions. Partly based on offioial sources,
partly estimated. .
y 3 departments: 'Vauolu,se, Bouches-du-RhOnb, Yare
II. 4 departments: Gard, H"rault, Aude, pyre'nles-Orientales.
y Less than 500.
!I Includes fodder cabbage as well as fodder beets, rutabagas, turnips and
Jerusalem artichokes.
5/ Kidney, bread and horae beans, peas, lentils.
!I A rough approximation reached by applying the percentage share of the sections
in total liveweight of all French cattle pigs,' sheep and goats (average numbers
in 1933-37 times unit liveweight in 1929" to French produotion ot beet and veal,
pig meat, mutton and goat meat, average 1933-37p
JJ l!:Stimated dressed oaroass weight, 1937. , '
Y Estimates exclude milk fed to calves, lambs and kidS, and inolude an allowanoe
for quantities produced frCll1 milk and consumed on farms. 1937.
A rough approximation, estimated in the same way- as pig meat produotion. See
footnote 6.
of olive
-
- 88
Table No. 84 (VII M). PER CAPI!A PRODUOTION OF SPECI FlED OOO.{ODITIES,
1933-1937
Eastern \1estern Total Total
Commodity Section Section :Mediterran$an: France
1.1 zJ.
FrenO!
:
kilograms. kilogram. kilograms : kilograms
Wheat and 35.1 44.1 39.0 213.4
:
Sugar beet s 18.1 10.9 15.0 213.4
Potatoes i3l '94.0 99.1
.'
96.2
I 367.1

I I
Dry legumes ;Y
1
2.7 3.0 2.8 J 5.6

J
.J
I
Wine {]J aJ 263.9 1,798.8 925.4 : .145.1
Cider (l.) V
iJ 41
48.7

:

Meats : 8.0 11.1 9.3 37.4
=
I
Fats R1 7l 2.0 2.8 :

2,3 9.1
Cheese :J1 0.1 1.1 0.5 6.7
:
Milk for direct
1 :
consumption ( )1/: 39.1 37.9 : 38.6 86.7
: :
Eggs aJ 3.9
t '
4.0 : 3.9
: 8.4
.
"
J
;
.

Offlce of Foreign .ArieulturBl Relations. Part1r 'based on 'official sources,

11 3 departments: Va.uc1use, Var. Total popule,t10n,
1936: 1,869,000.
I?J 4 departmentsl Gard, He'rault, Aude, PyTe'ne'es-Orlentales. Total
. , population, 1936;" 1,415,700. ..
No allowance has been made for, nOJl""!tood uses.
1/. Less than 0.05 kl1ogrsma., ., '
fJ1 A rough approximation only. Includes beef snd veal, mutton and lamb, goat
meat, pig meat, and (1937), ,chicken and rabbit meat.
} A rough approximation only. Includes butter, hog fat, end olive
21 1937 for' dairy products. Milk to calves, 'lambs, and kids excluded.
An allowance has been made for quantities produced from cow's milk: and
. consumed on farma. .
aJ 1937.
-
- 89
VIII. CORSICA
The island of Corsica is a relatively' small producer of food.
It imports a considerable part of the food requirements of-its fairly
sparse population. Agriculture is the chief industry, with 54.4 per
cent of the gainfully-employed males being engaGed in this pursuit in
1931. \
A. NATURAL FEATURES
Most .0fCorsica has mountain soils. The main chain of
mountains, whose highest peak rises 2,710 meters, above sea level,
curves from northwest to southeast. On'the western side there is
little low-lying land. On the eastern side, however, a narrow, partly
marshy plain stretches along the coast. Up to about 400 meters, products
characteristic of the Mediterranean climate are grown. Beyond that alti
tude, the winters become rigorous in the higher mountalns.
B. IAND UTILIZATION
Less than one-third of the island's area was in
use in 1937, and nine-tenths of this was grassland (See Table No. 8Q).
Another fourth was classified as forest and woodland, and two-fifths
as idle productive land. The latter consists mostly of brushwood
covered heath (maquis).
c. THE FARJ
Large holdings (of over fifty hectares) covered one-half of
the lan<i in farms in 1929 (See Table No. 86) Both moderate-sized
and small holdings had a relatively small share of the farmland (thirty
one and nineteen per cent respectively). Their share in the total
number of holdings (twenty-three and seventy-four percent respectively)
Ilpproached yeJ7 nearly that ,Prevailing in France as a whole.
Bot In&ny fami worker were hired. The 1929 census 7,000
wage-earners (permanent and temporary) in Corsica, or
about one for every four Of the total number of hired
farm workers, 5,000 were foreigners.
D. FARM MACIImERY ARTIFIC rAL FERTILIZER
by French standaTds, Corsica was well-equipped with
tractors. All of the thirty-nine tractors recorded in 1929 were over
fiVe horsepower. The same number was reported in 1937. In that year,
tractors per 1,000 hectares of arable land ,numbered 2.4.
Uowever, the island had only forty binders in 1937, or
hardly more than 0.5 per 100 hecta'res of cereal area (exclUding corn).
No combines were reported. Threshers numbered fifteen,'as compared
nineteen in 1929, when nine-tenths of the threshers could handle
over forty quintals per day.
Ver-J little artificial fer,tilizer was used. In the 1928
1929 season, artificial fertilizers supplied thirty-four tons of
phosphoric acid, seven tons of potash, and no nitrogen.
- 90
E. PRIUCIPAL CROPS
Table no. 87 shows the areq, yield hectare and output of
the principal crops in Corsica in 1933-1937. About half 'of the arable
land YffiS devoted to cereals ,and about half of the cereal area '\"las
planted in wheat. Cereal yields were poor.
field vegetables, rotation legumes and grass for hay
(mostly alfalfa) and fallow took up nearly all the remaining arable land.
Fallow accounted for almost nineteen per cent of the arable land in 1937
and potatoes for another fourteen per cent. Early potatoes were produced
on about one-tenth of the potato area.
Of the relatively very large area in grassland, some four
fifths consisted of ordinary pasture, and over. one-third of that was
classified as high mountain pasture in 1929. According to the census of
the same year, forty-three per cent of the small area in cut grasslands
was irrigated.
Corsica had greatest weight as a producer of certain tree crops.
It ranked ahead of. all other regions in recorded output of chestnuts and
pitrus fruits, while' its production of olives, almonds and figs accounted
for nine, eight, and seven per cent respectively of the national' totals.
Of almost equal value in 1937 was the wine output lmch constituted less
than one per cent of French production. In the same year,' truck cropw
were given a value nearly three-fourths as great as wine. Most of the
truck crops were raised for family consumption.
F LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Table No. 88 shows livestock numbers in Corsica in 1933-1937.
The island had more mules and especially asses and goats per unit of land
in agricultural use than any of the mainland sections, and ranked second
only to easternMediterranean France in density, of sheep population,
measured on the same basis. Numbers of pigs, poultry and especially cat
tle were relatively small, 'while very rabbi ts were recorded,in 1929.
Corsican cattle, which belong to Iberian breed, are good
vvork ano. middling meat animals. Only 7.5 per cent of the cows were re
ported as kept for milk alone in 1937. Data for the same year indicate
a milk yield per milk cow of 643 liters. Most of the cow milk sold was
destined for fresh consumption, and over three-fourths was sold directly
by the producer to the consumer.
Sheep and. goats were both more important sources of mi]Jc than
cows. In 1937, goat milk accounted for forty-five per cent of the com
mercial milk supply, sheep milk for thirty-five per cent and dow milk
for tWenty per cent. Over two-thirds of the goat and sheep milk went
into chees e. .
UNCb\SSrrrD

- 91
G. PER CAPITA FOO]) .
Table No .. '89 shows. total production and, production per capita
.of'somsof the maiD foods in Cors'ica in 1933-1937." The island fell far
short of the national'i'.a:yerage per capita in the output of. wheat and
sugar beet:&.potaSo88:.,d.ry legumes. meats', fats , eggs J milk for dire.ct
consumption. Only in the c,ase of cheese was production
, relati.,ly large.
'!s,ble No. 85 (VII I .A.) LA1m mILl WIOI'. 1937
...
.
.
Category
Area ... Category Area
f
.
:1000 ha. :Percent:: :1000 ha.IPereent
.
f.
.
f

Arable land_
16.0 1.8 : : Woods & forests)J= 216.4

24.8
Grassland
252.2 28.9 : : Idle prodl1ctive
Vineyards, horti-
.
.

349.3 40.1
, culture, etc. 11.,5
1.3 ':
.
.
.
.
Other y
.
. 26.8 3.1
Total land in
.
'
agricultural use: 279.7 32.0
f
Total area

100.0
.
.
'
.
.
Office of Foreign Agriculturai Relations. Compiled from
cole Annue11e, 1937.
1/ Includes poplar willow plantations.
See page xiii.
Table No. 8S (VIII 13). NT.lMm:B. OF FilMS AND DISTlUJUTIOB EY ,SIZE, , 1929
:
Size-group Number Area !/:
Number Area ]J
"
1000 ha. 1000 ha. Percent. Percent
Under 10 hectares 23 108 74.2 18.9
10 to 50 hectares 7 178 22.6 31.1
Over 50 hectares 1 286 3.2 50.0
Total ,31
572 100.0 100.0
. .
.. .. .
Office of Foreign Agriculturat Relations. Compiled from Statistigue M!i
de 1& France. ' Rt!su.ltats g'n/r&ux de 1 I Engufte 1929.
.1/ :;lxeludes pUbliely owned fore.........roeky land.
t.:
"j.;"":,:,:,,
H J . '...
,
- 93
Table No. Pn (VIII C). AREA, YIELD PER HECTARE, AND PRODUCTION
STATISTICS OF PRINCIPAL CROPS, 1929.
a _- I
Commodity Area I Yield per Ra. I Production
t I
: 1,000 ha. : qUe 1,000 qUe
I : I
Wheat : 4.0 t : 33
: I :
Rye : : 10.2 1
I I :
Barley : 1.5 I 10.0 I 15
I I :
Oats : i I 17
I I I
Corn I 1.0 I I 11
I : I
Total Cereals I 8.4 I I 76
I 1 I
Potatoes : 2.6 I 80.0 : 208
I : :
other roots aDd "tubers Y -I I I 2
: I :
D:1:"Y' legumesy 1 0.4 : : 5
I I :
. I
: 1
grass for hay I I 94

I I I
Grassland. I I I
Cut
18.0-_ I 26.8 : 482
'unout: : : I
.S9PJr:
i
or y
I 70.0 : 280
Other I 12.6 : 2,898

': -: :
Total Grassland I I : 3,660
0:
:
Tnlok oropay

I ,
.
.
a
'!/' I 1.5
,I I I
<Vines .. . I .6.6'. 1 33.2 ,'I 1'99
Office Agricultural Relations. Compiled fran Statistique Agrioole
Annuelle.
Y Less than SO. y Less than 600. Y IncludeS:f'odderoabbageaswellas sugar
fodder beets, rutabagas, turnips and Jerusalem. artiohokes. YInoludes
)ciclnley,:..broadtyld peas, lentils...IHerbagea. i.e. grassland good
:enough to permit the fattening of livestook. Y FQr home oonsumption and fo'r
sale, 1931. Y Inorohards and destined for sale, 1937. Y For wine and table
grapes. y 1JIine in heotoliters. ]E/ 'Wine in heotoliters.
f: ;;
.. U\ .; :"", ,.
....
- 94
.
Table No. 88 (fIll D) . LIVlSTOOI WIBERS, Average 193:3-37

Horses.
Mules

Thereof. CowS
Sheep
Goats
Pigs .
Poultry y
Rabbits
I
J
I 5
1 5
: 18

I 17
1 21&
I' 140
: 44
1 -402
I 8
Office 0 Foreign Agrioultural Relations.
Annuelle.
]I 1, 1929. Y Includes chickens,
1.8
1.8
6.4
15.4
6.1
77.8
50.0
15.7
143.6
2.8
from Statistl<a,ue Agrioole
4\1cks, geese; 'turkeys and guinea hens.
Table No. S9 (VIII El. TOTAL AND PER CAPITA PRODUCTIOI C1I
SPECIlIC CROPS, Average 1933-1937.
1 , Total t Per Capita
_____c_omm_O_d_i_t_y y 1 Franoe
1 1,000 qUe :" kilograms I kilograms
I I "
liieat and rye y' I 33: 10.2 : 213.4
Sugar beets :Y I a I 213.4
Potatoes'y' a 208 : 64.4 I 367.1
Dry "Ul!lllS Y 5. 1.5
5.6
1:1 : y' 199 I J! 61.6 , !I 145.1
,53 : 16.4 f
Fats Y' I 13 a 4.0 I 9.1
Cheesey , I 30: 9.3 I
6,.7
Milk for direct consum.ption !I, y' 111 I !II 34.4 1 JI 86.7
, I.13 I 4.0 1
8.4
Office of Foreign Agrioultura1 Relations. Partly based on offioial sources,
partly estimated.
11 Total ,population, 1936, 322,800. ;I No allowanoe has been made for non-food
uses. y 1,000 hl. 4/ Liters. Y A rough approximation only. Includes beef'
and veal, and lamb, pig meat and (1937) ob.icken and rabbit meat. y A
rough approximation only. , Includes butter, hog :tat and olive oil. '!J 1937 for
dairy produots. Milk fed to oalves, lambs and kids excluded. An allowanoe has
been made for qUantities produced from cow's milk and QOD.sumed on farms. !/119S7.
GERMANY
FRANCE
REGIONS AND SECTIONS

.r NORTH CENTRAL

a. WEST
b.
II BRITTANY-NORMAN/JY
a. BRITTANY
b. NORMANDY
UOZ'F"";
11:>".%.=
ill WEsrCENTRAL
a. EAST
b, WEST
nz:SOUTHWST
a. COASTAL-MOUNTAIN
b. VALLEY
Y NORTHEAST
a. LORRAINE-ALSACE
b.
JlI E4ST 8 SOUTH CENTRAL
a. RIVER
b. PLATEAU
c. ALP(NE
YJIME/JITERRANEAN
a. EAST
b WEST
SPA N
OFFICE OF FOREIGN AGRiCULTURAL RELATIONS
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
UMCLASSlflfD
-97
II. REFERENCES
Stlltistique.Agrico1e de 1a Result.t,s Generauxde .
Ministere de
l
l'Agricu1tttree Paris, 1929.
Stlltistigue Agrico1e Annue1le. Ministere dell 'Agriculture.
1933-37. '.
. .' '. . . A
Prl)duction Annue1le de 1a Basse-Cour
Efectu&e .!!l Octobre 1937. Bull;tIii de l'Of'f'icede Renseig-'
nelllents Agrico1es. Number 2, ppl. 56-58. Mi.nistere de
1 'Agriculture. 1938.
. . .'. ., ..
AnJ1uaire Statistigue. Direction de 1a Stat1.stique Generale .
at de la Documentation. Vol. 54. Paris, lS138.
/ . ,. ,
Michel. .. L'Evolutio!l .!!!. 1& Fru\2l Agrico1e.
A.Co1in. Paris, 1912. '
1>8, Michel. ,La Paysan Franpis d t A.pree l! Guerre.
LibrairieGarnier Freres. Paris, 1923.
Auge-Laribe, Michel. Labour Q2!}ditions in Agricultureo
Labour Revi_. Vol. 25, pp. 1932.
/'
AUlte-Wibe, Michel. Structure Agrico1e. 1a Revue d'Economie
Po:Litique. January, 19.39.
Auge-Laribe, Michel and Plnot, J;"ierr. Agri,culture l22.4
.!!Jm!z !!l France During Carnegie S.er1.es. Yale Un1-"
vel-s1ty Press. New Haven, 1927.
Bae)on, Loisi and Schloemer, F. C. !2!:!9..!!:!!i! i! Agrlcultural
Prc)ducts. Its Growth; ll! Crisi,!; .!!E 1M In.!!:!!!!. Policies.
International Institute of Agriculture. -Chapter XVIII, "Franee
and Her Overseas ,Possessions." Rome, 1940.
Bacon, Lois. French Ration!.ng. Foreig:n Agriculture.
June, 1943. Orrice or Foreign Agricultural Relations, United
States Department of Agriculture.
ChtUlCrin, E., and Dumont, R. Larousse Librairle
1922.
- 98
,/
Garrigou-Lagrange, A1!dz:.e. Production Agricole et nomie
Rurale. Librairie de Droit .t de Jurisprudence.
Paris, 1939. . .
Hazen, N. William. FrenchWartim8 Control of Agriculture.
Ofrice of Foreign Agricultural Relations, United States De
Partment or Agriculture. Foreign/Agriculture, JanuaI7, 1940.
Michael, Louis G. Agricultural Survey of Europe: France.
Technical Bulletin 37. United States Department or
Agriculture. 1928.
. /
Picard, Roger. Questions Actuelles d'Economie Rurale.
Recuail Sirey. Paris, 1929.
A., and Couturier, G. (co-directors) Eneiclopedie
Agricole guillet. Librairle Aristide Qu11let. Paris, 1930.
I ....
Yates, P Lamartine. l.2.29. Production !!lWestern Europe. .Aa
Economic Survey 9l J.griculture in Six Countries. Longmans,
Green and Company. Nell" York. Part F1va: France. 1940.

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL

Western :Eastern ;Central Franoe

, Thereof: cows : 1,142

Pigs 812 342 1,154 232

5,397 : 239 : 3,030 '610

Fixed-rent tenants : 19.7 I 33.6 I 33.9

Other I 12.6 : 2,898

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