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vvtu,
sh naE? Éun´…,
sh vIy¡? krvavhE,
tejiSv navxI?tmStu ma iv?iÖ;avhEš?,
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(s> = he; h = indeed; naE = us two; Avtu = may protect; s> = he; h =verily; naE = us two; Éun´… = may nourish;
sh = (we two) together; vIyRm! krvavhE = may acquire the capacity (to understand & study the scriptures); AxItm!
= what is studied; tejiSv = (be) brilliant; naE = for us; AStu = let it be; ma iviÖ;avhE = may we not cavil at each
other)
May He protect us both (the teacher & the taught) together (by revealing knowledge).
May He nourish us both (by vouchsafing the results of knowledge).
May we (both) acquire the capacity (to understand the scriptures). May our study be brilliant (and invigorating)
May we not cavil at each other.
Oh Lord, may I have peace of the three types of obstacles – those centered on me, those arising from other living beings
and those from natural forces.
yena]rsmaçaymixgMy mheñrat!, k«Tõm! Vyakr[< àae´< tSmE pai[nye nm>.
vaKykar< vréic< Éa:ykar< ptÃilm!, pai[in< sUÇkar< c à[tae=iSm muinÇym!.
` zaiNt/> zaiNt/> zaiNt?>.
(yen = by whom or by which, because, since; A]r = alphabet; smaçaym! = handing down by tradition or from
memory, collection or compilation of sacred texts, the sacred texts in general; AixgMy = to study, to be desirous of
studying or reading; mheñrat! = by Lord Maheshavara; k«Tõm! = absolutely complete; Vyakr[m! = grammar ; àae
´m! = spoken of, addressed; tSmE = that; pai[nye = that Panini; nm> = salutations; vaKykarm! = the author of
vaKysvRdœ ; vréicm! = a grammarian [also a poet, lexicographer, and writer on medicine], sometimes identified
with kaTyayn, [the reputed author of the vaitRka or supplementary rules of pai[nI] - He is placed, by some, among
the nine gems of the court of Vikramaditya, and by others, among the ornaments of the court of Bhoja - He was the
author of the àak«t! grammar called àak«t!-àkaz, and is said to be the first grammarian who reduced the various
dialects of àak«t! to a system pÂt!-kwa> ; Éa:ym! = commentary; ptÃilm! = a celebrated grammarian, author of
the mhaÉa:ym! , also a philosopher (the propounder of the Yoga philosophy); pai[inm! = that Panini; sUÇkarm! =
the composer of the sūtra (a short sentence or aphoristic rule, and any work or manual consisting of strings of such rules
hanging together like threads) - these sūtras form manuals of teaching in ritual, philosophy, grammar etc.); à[m! = to
bend or bow down before, make obeisance to, to cause a person to bow before; AiSm = I; muin> = a saint, sage, seer,
ascetic, monk, devotee, hermit; Çym! = a triad).
siNxsUÇai[
28.02.2005
s
pr> siÚk;R> s<ihta 1.4.109 / S28
U
p pr>,1,1, siÚk;R>,1,1, s<ihta,1,1,
v
przBd> AitzyvacI, v[aRna< pr> = Aitziyt> siÚk;R> = s<ihtas<}k> Évit
&
The word pr> has the meaning of 'extremely' = 'surpassing everything else'. The extreme proximity of the v[R
(sounds = alphabets) is called by the name s<ihta, That is, coming together of the v[R without a perceptible gap in
T
their enunciation is called s<ihta or siNx, When these are uttered without a gap (as s<ihta) the changes that take
place are represented by rules called siNx rules
The closest proximity of letters, there being the intervention of half a mātrā or prosodial length between them, is
V
called contact or s<ihta
È When words are in sanhitā, they are glued together by the rules of siNx, As – dix + AÇ → dXyÇ
k przBd> Aitzye vtRte, siÚk;R> àTyasiÄ>, pr> y> siÚk;R> v[aRnam! AxRmaÇakalVyvxan< s
a s<ihta-s<}> Évit, dXyÇ, mXvÇ, s<ihta-àdeza> - s<ihtayam! 6.1.72 #Tyevmady>.
f - no c/f -- no samaasa -- no anvaya --
s
s<ihtayam! 6.1.72 / S145
U
p s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
Aixkar> Aym! - AnudaÄ< pdmekvjRm! 6.1.158 #it yavt!
&
This sūtra is an Aixkar (topic) sūtra. It extends from 6.1.72 to 6.1.157, both inclusive. So Panini says – it extends up
T
to 6.1.158, excluding 158
v
àag! @kSmat! sUÇadœ ydœ vúyit tt! s<ihtayam #it @v< veidtVym!, iv;ysÝmIym!
&
Starting from 6.1.72, before this sūtra (6.1.158) whatever is said, is to be understood as pertaining to s<ihta, That is,
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from 6.1.72 to 6.1.57, are all siNx rules
In the following sūtras up to 6.1.157 inclusive, the words s<ihtayam! 'in an unbroken flow of speech' should be
V
supplied
This is an Aixkar or governing sūtra, exerting its influence up to 6.1.158. Whatever we shall say in the sūtras
preceding that, must be understood to apply to words which are in s<ihta, that is, which is pronounced together with
È
an uninterrupted voice. Thus, dXyÇ, mXvÇ the # & % are changed to y & v when the two words are pronounced
without any hiatus1. Otherwise we shall have dix AÇ, mxu AÇ,
Aixkar> Aym! - AnudaÄ< pdmekvjRm! 6.1.158 #it yavt!, àag! @tSmat! sUÇidt> %Är< ydœ
k
vúyam> s<ihtaya< #Tyev< tdœ veidtVym!, vúyit - #kaey[ic 6.1.77 - dXyÇ, mXvÇ, s<ihtayam!
a
#it ikm! ? dix AÇ, mxu AÇ.
f s<ihtayam! 6.1.158 -- no samaasa -- no anvaya --
01.03.2005
s
#kae y[ic 6.1.77 / S47
U
1
An interruption in the intensity or amount of something. A missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)
File : 8643454.doc Page # 3 of 38 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:03 Hrs.
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1,
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, #k>,6,1, y[!,1,1, Aic,7,1,
v
#k> Swane y[! Aadez> Évit Aic prt> s<ihtayam! iv;ye
&
In the subject matter of s<ihta, y[! (y v r l) is the Aadez (replacement) in the place of #kœ (# % \ ¤) when a
T
vowel follows. Here the choosing of the Aadez is done using the sūtra Swane=Ntrtm> 1.1.50
% ¤ + Aak«it → lak«it, dXyÇ, mXvÇ, kÇRwRm!, hÇRwRm!,
The semi-vowels - y! v! rœ lœ are the substitutes of the corresponding vowels - # % \ ¤ (long & short), when
V
followed by a vowel
This sūtra is rather too wide. It must be restricted by Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101, viz. the following vowel must not
be of the same class as the preceding for the application of this rule. Thus –
dix + AÇ → dXyÇ
mxu + AÇ → mXvÇ
ktuR + AwRm! → kÇRwRm!
htuR + AwRm! → hÇRwRm!
¤ + Aak«it → lak«it
È Vārtika: This semi-vowel substitution of vowels takes place, when preceded by a prolated vowel, even to the
supersession of Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 requiring lengthening. Thus -
A¶a3 + #NÔ A¶a3 iyNÔym!
pqa3 + %dkm! pqa3 vÊkm!
A¶a3 + Aaza A¶a3 yaza
pqa3 + Aaza pqa3 vaza
Éae + #NÔm! Éae3 ivNÔm!
The phrase 'when a vowel follows' exerts its influence up to sMàsar[a½ 6.1.108
Aic prt> #k> y[!-Aadez> Évit, dXyÇ, mXvÇ, kÇRwRm!, hÇRwRm!, lak«it>,. #k> Plut-pUvRSy
k
sv[R-dI"R-baxnaw¡ y[!-Aadez> v´Vy>. Éae3 # #NÔm!, Éae3 iyNÔm!, Aic #it c Aym! Aixkar> -
a
sMàsar[a½ 6.1.108 #it yavt!.
f Aic 6.1.125 - no samaasa - no anvaya -
s
@cae=yvayav> 6.1.78 / S61
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72 Aic,1,1, 6.1.77
p @c>,6,1, Ayvayav>,1,3,
A @c>,6,1, Ayvayav>,1,3, Aic,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
s Ay! c Aay! c Aav! c Ayvayav> #tretrÖNÖ>
v
@c> Swane Ay! Av! Aay! Aav! #Tyete Aadeza> ywas'œOym! Aic prt> ÉviNt s<ihtayam! iv;ye
&
In the situation of siNx, Ay! Av! Aay! Aav! are the Aadez (replacements) in place of @c! (@ Aae @e AaE),
T
respectively, when a vowel follows
ic + An + savRxatukaxRxatukyae> 7.3.84
%
→ ce + An + @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78
1
→ cy! + An → cynm! = collecting
s
laep> zaklSy 8.3.19 / S67
U
A Vyae>,6,2, 8.3.18 ApUvRSy,6,1, Aiz,7,1, 8.3.17 pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p laep>,1,1, zaklSy,6,1,
A pdNtSy,6,1, = ApUvRSy,6,1, = Vyae>,6,2, (v! or y!) Aix,7,1, laep>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1, zaklSy,6,1, (mten)
v
pdaNtyae> vkar-ykaryae>-Av[R-pUvRyae>-laep> Évit, zaklSy-AacayRSy mten Aiz prt>
&
The y! or v! at the end of a pd will be dropped optionally when they are preceded by Av[R and followed by an Az!
(A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d ) letter. In the sūtra the option is indicated
T
by the mention of another AacayR, In addition to bringing about the options, the mention (of the name of the
AacayR) serves as a homage to the said AacayR
ke + AaSte + kyaSte (further siNx does not take place because of pUvRÇaisœm! 8.2.1-
% k
@cae=yvayav> or "whatever will be taught hereafter, up to the end of the work, is to be considered
1 AaSte
6.1.78 → as not taken effect, in relation to the application of a preceding rule")
ASmE + %œr +
% ASma
@cae=yvayav> or ASmayuœr
2 %œr
6.1.78 →
AsaE + AaidTy +
% Asav!
@cae=yvayav> or AsavidTy
3 AaidTy
6.1.78 →
v! and y! when preceded by A or Aa and at the end of a pd, are elided before an Az! letter, according to the opinion
V
of zakLy
È As - k AaSte or kyaSte, kak AaSte or kakyaSte, ASma %œr or ASmayuœr, Öa AÇ or ÖaÇ, Asa
14.03.2005
s
@k> pUvRpryae> 6.1.84 / S68
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2,
s pUvR c pr> c #it pUvRpryae>, #tretrÖNÖ>
A s<ihtayam! ,7,1,
pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2,
v Aixkar> Aym! , \t %t! 6.1.111 #it yavt!, tÇ pyRNt< yÖúyit tt! pUvRSy prSy Öyaerip Swan
& @kadezae Évit #it veidtVym!
This is an Aixkar sūtra that extends up to 6.1.111 and says that, in this section, wherever anything is ordained, that
T
will take place in the place of both the pUvR (preceding) and the pr> (following), in a siNx situation
v vúyit Aadœ gu[> 6.1.87 #it, tÇaic pUvRSyav[aR½ prSy Öyaerip Swane gu[ @kadezae Évit
& t*wa - oqœveNÔ>, maleNÔ>
From here to 6.1.111 inclusive, is always to be supplied the phrase "for the preceding and the following one is
V
substituted"
This is an Aixkar sūtra. In every sūtra up to 6.1.112 (excluding the last), whatever we shall teach, there in the room
of the two, namely, the preceding and the succeeding, it should be understood, that the substitution is one. These form
the well-known rules of @kadez (one letter or form) replacing two consecutive letters etc. Thus Aadœ gu[>
6.1.87 teaches "there is gu[ substitution, when A or Aa is followed by a vowel". We must supply into that sūtra the
phrase @k> pUvRpryae> i.e. one gu[ is the substitute for the final A or Aa and the initial vowel. Thus oqœva
+ #NÔ> → oqœveNÔ>, Here @ is the single substitute of the both preceding letter Aa and the succeeding letter
#, The words pUvR pr show that the substitute operates simultaneously on both. Otherwise the substitute would
have come in the place of one only or of each one separately. Thus in Aadœ gu[> (Aic) "after A or Aa, there is
gu[ in a vowel". Here Aat! is in the ablative (fifth case), and by tSmadœ #it %ÄrSy 1.1.67 the gu[ operation
È
would have taken place on the letter following it: so also Aic is in the locative (seventh case) and by tiSmiÚit
inidRòe pUvRSy 1.1.66, the gu[ operation would have taken place on the preceding; so it is not clear of what letter
there should be gu[ substitution, of the preceding or the succeeding. But the present rule shows it must operate on
both simultaneously. The word @k> (single), shows that a separate or a different substitute does not operate: i.e. the
substitute must be one, there should not be two separate substitutes one for each SwanI, such as we find in the sūtra
r-da_ya< inóatae n> pUvRSy c d> 8.2.42, "n is the substitute of the t of inóa, after rœ and dœ, and of the
preceding dœ". Here n! is taught as substitute of both t! & dœ and as @k is not used in the sūtra, we get two n, as
→ iÉdœ + t iÉn! + n iÉÚ>, But this is not the case here.
According to mhaÉa:y the word @k is redundant
s
Aadœ gu[> 6.1.87 / S69
U
A @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p Aat!,5,1, gu[>,1,1,
A Aat!,5,1, Aic,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, gu[>,1,1,s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v Aic pUvaeR yae=v[R>, Av[aR½ prae yae=c! , tyae> Öyae> pUvRpryae> Swan @k> gu[>
& Aadez> Évit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye
The Av[R that is followed by an Ac! (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE) and the Ac! the follows an Av[R, in the place
T
of both these, a single replacement of a gu[ letter takes place, in a siNx situation
The gu[ is the single substitute of the final A or Aa of a preceding word and the simple vowel of the succeeding. (A
V
or Aa + a vowel → gu[)
The word Aic is understood here. For the vowel which follows an A or Aa, and for the A or Aa which precedes a
vowel, in the room of both these preceding and succeeding vowels, there is a single substitute gu[. Thus -
tv + #dm! → tvedm!, oqœva + #NÔ> → oqœveNÔ>, mala + #NÔ → maleNÔ
tv + $hte → tvehte, oqœva + $hte → oqœvehte
È tv + %dkm! → tvaedkm!, oqœva + %dkm! → oqœvaedkm!
tv + \Zy> → tvZyR>, oqœ + \Zy> → oqœvZyR>
tv + ¤kar> → tvLkar>, oqœva + ¤kar → oqœvLkar>
By analogy of %r[! r~pr> 1.1.51, the gu[ substitute of ¤ being A is always follows by lœ , as that of \ followed by
rœ, This universal rule is limited by the sūtra v&iœreic 6.1.88
tv + #dm! → tvedm!
oqœva + #NÔ> → oqœveNÔ>
mala + #NÔ> → maleNÔ>
tv + $hte → tvehte
oqœva + $hte → oqœvehte
% tv + %dkm → tvaeÖkm!
tv + \Zy> → tvZyR>
oqœva + \Zy> → oqœvZyR>
tv + ¤kar → tvLkar>
oqœva + ¤kar> → oqœvLkar>
Aic #it AnuvtRte, Av[aR½ prae yae=c! , Aic pUvaeR yae=v[R>, tyae> pUvRpryae> Av[R-
v Acae> Swane @k> gu[> Aadez> Évit, tvedm!, oqœveNÔ>, maleNÔ>, tvehte, oqœvehte,
& tvaeÖkm!, oqœvaedkm!, tvZyR>, oqœvZyR>, tvLkar>, oqœvLkar>, ¤karSy Swane y> A[! tSy
lprTvm! #:yte.
f Aat! 6.1.96 -- no samaasa --
23.03.2005
s
Ak> sv[eR dI"R> 6.1.101 // S85
U
A @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p Ak>,5,1, sv[eR,7,1, dI"R>,1,1,
A Ak>,5,1, sv[eR,7,1, = Aic,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, dI"R>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
Ak> sv[eR=ic prt> pUvRpryae> Swane dI"R @kadez> Évit s<ihtayam! iv;ye
&
When an Akœ (A # % \ ¤) is followed by a sv[R-Ac! (i.e. a homogenous vowel) (Ac! = A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e
T
AaE), the preceding and the following are replaced by sv[R-dI"R
N This sūtra is an Apvad to - Aadœ gu[> 6.1.87 & #kaey[ic 6.1.77
When a simple vowel is followed by a homogenous vowel, the corresponding long vowel is the single substitute for
V
both the precedent and the subsequent vowels
È Thus - d{f + A¢m! d{fa¢m!, dix + #NÔ dxINÔ>, mxu + %dke mxUdke, haet& + \Zy>
haet¨Zy>
Why do we say 'an Akœ or simple vowel' ? Observe - A¶e + @ A¶ye
Why do we say 'by a homogenous vowel' ? Observe - dix + AÇ dXyÇ
The word Aic is understood here also. The word sv[eR, therefore, qualifies the word Aic understood. The rule will
not apply if a homogeneous consonant follows. As k…mair zete, The $ & z are homogeneous, in spite of 1.1.10:
s
@'> pdaNtadit 6.1.109 // S86
U
A pUvR>,1,1, 6.1.107 @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p @'>,5,1, pdaNtat!,5,1, Ait,7,1,
A pdaNtat!,5,1, = @'>,5,1, Ait,7,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, @k>,1,1, pUvR>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
s pdSy ANt> pdaNt>, tSmat! -- ;óItTpué;>
v
pdaNtde'> Ait prt> pUvRpryae> Swane pUvRêpm!-@kadez> Évit, s<ihtayam! iv;ye
&
When @'œ (@ Aae) at the end of a pd is followed by Akar, the preceding and the following are together replaced
T
by the preceding
N This is an Apvad to @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78
% A¶e + AÇ → A¶eÇ, vayae + AÇ → vayae=Ç
In the room of @ or Aae final in a pd, and the short A, which follows it, is substituted by the single vowel of the
V
form of the first (@ or Aae)
È Thus - Ai¶ + Ac A¶e=c, vayae + Ac vayae=c
This supercedes the substitutes Ay! & Av!
Why do we say 'of @ or Aae' ? Observe - dXyÇ, mXvÇ
s
$Ëdedœ iÖvcn< àg&ým! 1.1.11 / S100
U
p $Ëdedœ,1,1, iÖvcn<,1,1, àg&ým!,1,1,
s $½ ^½ @½ = $Ëdœ smaharÖNÖ>
v
$da*Nt< iÖvcn< àg&ýs<}< Évit
&
T The words that end in an $kar, ^kar & @kar that are in the dual number are called àg&ým!
R The tdNtivix i.e the sūtra - yen ivixStdNtSy 1.1.72 can be applied here, for a better understanding
% A¶e #it, vayU #it, male #it, #NÔa¶I #maE, #NÔvayU #me suta>
The dual case affix ending in $ or ^ or @ is called àg&ý, or excepted vowels which do not admit of siNx or
V
conjunction
As a general rule, Sanskrit allows of no hiatus1 in a sentence. If a word ends in a vowel and the next word begins with
a vowel, the two vowels coalesce2, according to certain rules. This is called siNx, But àg&ý are exceptions to this
siNx, "they are certain terminations, the final vowels of which are not liable to any siNx rules Plut-àg&ýa Aic
inTym! 6.1.125". This sūtra gives three of these terminations viz. the duals of nouns or verbs ending in $ ($t!), ^
(^t!) or @ (@t!). Thus - kiv #maE (these two poets), so also - vayU #it (two winds), male #it (these two
garlands), pcte #it (they two cook), pcewe #it (you two cook). Here according to the general rule of siNx, the
È
final # of kiv and the initial # of #maE ought to have coalesced into an $, but it is not so, because kiv is the
nominative (first case) dual of kiv,
Why do we say "ending in $ or ^ or @" ? Because when the dual ends in any other vowel this rule will not apply. As
v&]aE + AÇ v&]avÇ (these two trees) @cae=yvayav> 6.1.78. Of course, it follows from the definition, that
$, ^ or @ of the dual number only are àg&ý but will follow the general rule of siNx, as -
k…marI + AÇ k…maYyRÇ (the girl is here) - #kaey[ic 6.1.77
The prohibition of mnIv etc. should be stated in treating of the two àg&ý nature of $, ^ etc. Thus -
È mnI (two gems) + #v mnIv (like two gems). So also -
v dMptIv (like a couple), jMptIv (like man and wife), raedsIv (like heaven and earth)
a Some say that this vaitRk is unnecessary. Because the final member of the above words is not #v, but the particle v
only; which has the same meaning as #v
f $Ëdet! → 1.1.12 àg&ý → 1.1.19
s
ËraœUte c 8.2.84 // S95
U
A vaKySy,6,1, qe>,6,1, Plut,1,1, %daÄ>,1,1, 8.1.82 pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16
p Ëtrat!,5,1, øte,7,1, c,0,0,
A Ëtrat!,5,1, øte,7,1, vaKySy,6,1, , qe>,6,1, Plut>,1,1, = %daÄ>,1,1,
v Ëtradœ øte = Aaþane (while calling) ydœ vaKy< vÄRte, tSy qe> Plut> Évit, s c %daÄ>
1
An interruption in the intensity or amount of something. A missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)
2
Mix together different elements. Fuse or cause to grow together
File : 8643454.doc Page # 10 of 38 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:04 Hrs.
&
When someone is being called from a distance, the iq of that vaKy (sentence) will be replaced by Plut and that Plut
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will be called %daÄ
% AagCD Éae ma[vk devdÄ3, AagCD Éae ma[vk y}dÄ3
C ANTy< vjRiyTva ANyÇEkïuit> Évit AnudaÄtr< ivhay
V The final vowel of a sentence becomes Plut and acute, when used in calling a person from a distance
The word Ërat! is in the ablative (fifth case) by ËraiNtkaweR_yae iÖtIya c 2.3.35; the word øt means calling,
addressing. Thus - AagCD Éae ma[vk devdÄ3, AagCD Éae ma[vk y}dÄ3,
The word 'distance' is a relative term, and is not fixed at what distance there should be prolation. The prolation
however takes place, when a voice is to be raised, in order that the sound may reach the person. That distance up to
which the voice can be heard without raising its pitch and without any special effort, need not be considered as
È 'distance' for the purposes of this sūtra
The word øt here includes 'addressing in general', and not only 'calling'. Thus there is prolation here also s´Un! ipb
devdÄ3 , palySv devdÄ3, This Plut sentence becomes @k-ïuit by @kïuit ËraTs<buœaE 1.2.33
Why do we say 'from a distance' ? Observe - AagCD Éae ma[vk devdÄ3,
Ishti: This prolation, takes place only then, when the noun is the vocative case stands at the end of the sentence.
Therefore, there is no prolation here : devdÄ AagCD
f ËraœUte → 8.2.86
24.03.2005
s
Plut-àg&ýa Aic inTym! 6.1.125 /S90
U
A àk«Tya,3,1, 6.1.115 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p Plut-àg&ýa,1,3, Aic,7,1, inTym!,1,1,
A Plutaí àg&ýaí àk«Tya,3,1, Aic,7,1, inTym!,1,1,
s Plutaí àg&ýaí Plutàg&ýa>, #tretrÖNÖ>
v
Plutaí àg&ýaí àk«Tya ÉviNt Aic inTym!
&
The Plut vowel and what are known as àg&ý (refer $Ëdedœ iÖvcn< àg&ým! 1.1.11) will not undergo any
T
siNx change and remain as they are when a vowel follows
Plut → devdÄ3 AÇ nu Ais, y}dÄ3 #dmany
%
àg&ýa> → A¶I #it, vayU #it, oqœve #it, male #it
The Plut (vaKySy qe> Plut %daÄ> 8.2.82 etc.) and àg&ý ($Ëdedœ iÖvcn< àg&ým! 1.1.11 etc.) vowels
V
remain unaltered when followed by a vowel (so far as the operation of that vowel is concerned)
È Thus - devdÄ3 AÇ nu Ais, y}dÄ3 #dmany
These are examples of prolated vowels. The prolation of vowels is taught in the iÇpaid or the last three chapters of
the AòaXyayI; and the iÇpaid are considered Aisœ for the purposes of the previous sūtras (pUvRÇaisœm!
8.2.1). This is not the case here, otherwise the mention of Plut would be redundant
Of the Expected or àg&ý vowels the following are the examples - A¶I #it, vayU #it, oqœve #it, male #it
Though the Anuv&iÄ of Aic was current in this sūtra from #kaey[ic 6.1.77; its repetition here is for the sake of
ordaining àk«itÉav, That is, the Plut and the àg&ýa retain their original forms when such a vowel follows which
would have caused substitution. Thus - janu % ASy, éjit here in combining janu + % into janU , the A is no cause
of lengthening, therefore, the lengthening will take place. Now, since % is àg&ý, it follows that janU which ends in
% is also a àg&ý, and therefore it should not be changed before A of ASy, Hence we have the form janu + ASy
s
Stae> íuna íu> 8.4.40 / S111
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Stae>,6,1, íuna,3,1, íu>,1,1,
A Stae>,6,1, íuna,3,1, íu>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
s sí tuí Stu>, tSy smaharÖNÖ>, sí tuí íu>, ten smaharÖNÖ>, @v< 'íu>' #TyÇaip }eym!
v
skar-tvgRyae> zkar-cvgaR_ya< yaege zkar-cvgaER AadezaE Évt>
&
Whenever zkar or cvgR gets connected to skar or tvgR from either side, the skar is replaced by zkar and the
T tvgR will be replaced by the cvgR,
<incomplete - examples to be done>
% skarSy zkare[ → v&]s! + zete + Stae> íuna íu> 8.4.40 → v&]Zzete, Pl]Zzete
skarSy c-vgeR[ → v&]s! + icnaeit + Stae> íuna íu> 8.4.40 → v&]iínaeit, Pl]iínaeite
tkarSy zkare[ →
zZDaeiq 8.4.63
(when a Hy! is followed by a zkar which
Ai¶icc! + zete + → v&]Zzete, Pl]Zzete,
is followed by an Aqœ or Am! letter, the
zkar is replaced by a ckar)
The letters skar and the dentals when coming in contact with z and the palatals, are changed to z and palatals,
V
respectively
È The rule of ywas<Oym! Anudez> smanam! 1.3.10 does not apply here with regard to first part Stae íuna,
The s in contact with z is changed to z but it is also changed when in contact with letters of the c class. Similarly,
letters of t class coming in contact with z or a letter of c class, are changed to c class. The rule of ywas<Oy,
however, applies to the substitutes, viz. s is changed to z and tu to cu,
3. s in contact with z> as - v&]s! + zete v&]Zzete so also - Pl]Zzete
4. s in contact with cu> as - v&]s! + icnaeit v&]iínaeit, Pl]iínaeit, v&]ZDadyit, Pl]ZDadyit
5. tu with z> - Ai¶ict! + zete Ai¶icCDete, saemsuCDete
6. tu with cu> - Ai¶ict! + icnaeit Ai¶i½naeit, Ai¶icCDadyit, Ai¶ic¾yit, Ai¶icJHkarm!,
saemsuCDadyit, saemsuÃyit, saemsuJHkarm!, Ai¶ic¾kar>, saemsu¾kar>, Similarly, mSj!
04.04.2005
s
òuna òu> 8.4.41 / S113
U
A Stae>,1,1, 8.4.40 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p òuna,3,1, òu>,1,1,
A Stae>,6,1, íuna,3,1, íu>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
s ;í quí òu>, ten --- smaharÖNÖ>
v
skar-tvgRyae> ;kar-qvgaR_yam! yaege ;kar-qvgaER AadezaE Évt>
&
Whenever ;kar or qvgR gets connected to skar or tvgR from either side, the skar is replaced by ;kar and the
T
tvgR will be replaced by the qvgR, <incomplete - examples to be done>
% ic + An +
→ ce + An +
→ cy! + An →
The letters s! and the palatals when coming in contact with ;! and the cerebrals, are changed into ;kar and cerebrals,
V
respectively
The word Stae> is to be read into the sūtra. Here also there is absence of mutual correspondence according to the
order of enumeration
9. s with ; as v&]s! + ;{fe v&]:;[fe, Pl]:;{fe
10. s with qu as v&]s! + qIktee v&]òIkte, v&]ókar>, Pl]òIkte, Pl]ókar>
11. tu with ; as pe;! + ta peòa, peòum!, peóVym!, k«;Iò, k«;Ióa> (AaTmne, Aorist second per dual)
È
12. tu with qu as Ai¶ict! + qIkte Ai¶ic”Ikte, saemsu”Ikte, ………
The root At!q Ait³m[ih<syae>, and Adœf AiÉyaege, are read in the xatupaQ with t! & dœ penultimate, in
order that when the affix iKvp! is added to them, the final q & f being elided by s<yaegaNt rule, the derivatives
will be At! & Adœ ending in t! & dœ, Another reason is that the sūtra n NÔa> s<yaegady> 6.1.3, should
apply to their reduplicate. In these roots the t & d are changed, as - A”it & Afœfit.
f òu> 8.4.44
s
zat! 8.4.44 /S112
U
A tae> 8.4.43 n,0,0, 8.4.42 òu>,1,1, 8.4.41 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p zat!,5,1,
A tae>,6,1, zat!,5,1, i;,7,1, òu>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
zkaraÊÄrSy tvgRSy yÊ´< tÚ Évit
&
T The t-vgR that is preceded by a zkar is not replaced by c-vgR, in a siNx situation
N Note: This is an exception to Stae> íuna íu> 8.4.40
% àz! + n + zat! 8.4.44 àî
V In the room of tu there is not a palatal substitute when zkar precedes
The words n & tae> are understood here. This is an exception to Stae> íuna íu> 8.4.40 Thus - àz! + n (3.3.90)
È
→ àz! + n (CD!vae> zUfnunaiske c 6.4.19) 8.4.44 àî>, ivî> etc.
f - no c/f - -- no samaasa --
s
yrae=nunaiskenunaiskae va 8.4.45 /S116
U
A n,0,0, pdaNtat!,5,1, 8.4.42 (m{fUkPlutgTya - by frog-leap) òu>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p yra>,6,1, Anunaiske,7,1, Anunaisk>,1,1, va,0,0,
A pdaNtat!,5,1,→ pdaNtSy,6,1, va,0,0, yra>,6,1, Anunaiske,7,1, Anunaisk>,1,1, n,0,0, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
pdaNtSy yrae=nunaiske prt> va naisk> Aadez> Évit
&
When a nasal consonant follows the yrœ (all consonants other than hkar), it is replaced by a nasal consonant by its
T
own class, optionally
vag! + nyit → va'œnyit or va¶yit,
%
Ai¶icdœ + nyit → Ai¶icÚyit or Ai¶icdœ nyit
v VSārtika yrae=nunaiske àTyye Éa;aya< inTyvcn< kÄRVym!
T This change is not optional in the language [(non-Vedic) as the Vedic word can be optionally stated as DNdis]. When
a àTyy beginning with an Anunaisk follows a yrœ (y v r l~ | m ' [ n H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k
03.05.2005
s
Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39 /S84
U
A pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16
p Hlam!,6,3, jz>,1,3, ANte,7,1,
A pdSy,6,1, ANte,7,1, Hlam!,6,3, jz>,1,3,
v
pdSyaNte vÄRmanana< Hla< jz Aadeza ÉviNt
&
The Hlœ letters are replaced by jz! (j b g f d) letters. In other words - the I, II, III, & IV of the class consonants and
T
sibilants will be replaced by the third of the class. Hence -
k o g " → g!
c D j H → j!
q Q f F → fœ
t w d x → dœ
p ) b É → b!
z - - - → j!
- ; - - → fœ
- - s - → >
- - - h → g!
A corresponding j, b, g, f, d is substituted for all the consonants (with the exception of semi-vowels and nasals) at
V
the end of a word
As vag! AÇ, ñil'œ AÇ, Ai¶icdœ AÇ, iÇòub! AÇ. The word ñilqœ is formed by changing the hœ of ilhœ to F
first, and then changing this to F to f, a jz!-letter.
The word ANt (at the end) is used in the sūtra to indicate that the Anuv&iÄ of Hil ceases. Thus vaSta, vStum!,
È vStVym!,
The exceptions to this have been given in cae> k…> 8.2.30 etc. and ssju;ae é> 8.2.66. At an Avsan (Pause), a
crœ consonant may be substituted for a Hlœ (H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h) by vavsane
8.4.56
f - no c/f -
s
oir c 8.4.55 / S121
U
A crœ,0,0, 8.4.54 Hlam!,6,3, 8.4.53 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
09.05.2005
s
vavsane 8.4.56 /S206
U
A crœ,0,0, 8.4.54 Hlam!,6,3, 8.4.53 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p v,0,0, Avsane,7,1,
A Hla<,6,3, crœ,0,0, va,0,0, s<ihtayam!,7,1, Avsane,7,1,
v
Avsane vÄRmana< Hla< va crœ Aadezae Évit
&
The Hlœ (H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h) letter that is followed by an Aavsan (full stop), it is
T
replaced by jz! (j b g f d) or crœ (c q t k p z ; s), optionally
% #it %pin;dœ or #it %pin;t!
V The crœ is optionally the substitute of a Hlœ that occurs in a Pause
The words Hla< crœ are understood in the sūtra. The sonant or a surd non-aspirate may stand as final in a Pause:
but not an aspirate consonant. By Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39, a non-aspirate sonant can only stand in a final position.
È
This ordains that a non-aspirate surd may also stand as the final, when there is a Pause. Thus -
vakœ or vag!, Tvkœ or Tvg!, ñilqœ or ñilfœ, iÇòup! or iÇòub!,
f vavsane → 8.4.57
s
Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 /S52
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Hla<,6,3, jz!,1,1, Hiz,7,1,
A Hla<,6,3, jz!,1,1, Hiz,7,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
Avsane vÄRmana< Hla< va crœ Aadezae Évit
&
The Hlœ (H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p z ; s h) letter that is followed by an Aavsan (full stop), it is
T
replaced by jz! (j b g f d) or crœ (c q t k p z ; s), optionally
lÉ! + t&c! + H;St-waexaeR=x> 8.2.40 → lÉ! + x& + Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 → lBx&,
%
lBx& + su~ → lBxa,1,1,
Summary -
Hla< jzae=Nte 8.2.39 - pdaNt situation
Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53 - only ApdaNt situation
oir c 8.4.55 - both pdaNt & ApdaNt situation
vavsane 8.4.56 - only when full stop follows - obviously - pdaNt situation
SwanI Aadez
Avsane
Hlœ
jz! crœ jiz> crœ jz!
k o g " → g k g k g
c D j H → j c j c j
q Q f F → f q f q f
t w d x → d t d t d
p ) b É → b p b p b
z - - - → j* z - - -
- ; - - → f ; f q f
- - s - → > s d > >
- - - h → g* - - - -
* These are rarely seen
Note: All the consonants in the above table have to be read without the vowel 'A', that has been added for ease of
enunciation
10.05.2005
s
mae=nuSvar> 8.3.23 /S122
U
A hil,7,1, 8.3.22 pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p m>,6,1, AnuSvar>,1,1,
A pdSy pdaNtSy,6,1, = m>,6,1, hil,7,1, AnuSvar>,1,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
v
pdaNtSy mkarSy AnuSvar-Aadez> Évit hil prt>
&
T The mkar at the end of a pd is replaced by an AnuSvar when followed by a consonant, in a siNx situation
% k…{f< hsit, vn< hsit, k…{f< yait, vn< yait
V The AnuSvr is substituted for m! , at the end of a word, before a consonant
Thus - k…{f< hsit, vn< hsit, k…{f< yait, vn< yait, The word hil is understood in this sūtra. Therefore, not
È
here, TvmÇ, ikmÇ, The m! must be at the end of a pd, therefore, not here; gMyte, rMyte,
f mae=nuSvar> → 8.3.24
s
níapdaNtSy Hil 8.3.24 /S123
U
A mae=nuSvar> 8.3.23 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
s
AnuSvarSy yiy prsv[R> 8.4.58 /S124
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p AnuSvarSy,6,1, yiy,7,1, prsv[R>,1,1,
A AnuSvarSy yiy prsv[R> s<ihtayam!
s prSy sv[R> prsv[R ;óItTpué;>
v
AnuSvarSy yiy prt> prsv[R> Aadez> Évit
&
The AnuSvar is replaced with a sv[R letter (a nasal) belonging to a class of the following letter when yy! (y v r
T l~ | m ' [ n H É g F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p) letter i.e. is any consonant, follows. The sv[R with
AnuSvar can only be the nasal
zi»ta, zi»tum!, zi»tVym!
%iÁDta, %iÁDtum!, %iÁDtVym!
% k…i{fta, k…i{ftum!, k…i{ftVym!
niNdta, niNdtum!, niNdtVym!
kiMpta, kiMptum!, kiMptVym!
V In the room of AnuSvr, when yy! follows, a letter homogeneous with the latter is substituted
Thus - zi»ta, zi»tum!, zi»tVym!, %iÁDta, k…i{fta, niNdta, kiMpta etc. These are from the roots - zik -
z'œKyam!, %iÁD - %iÁDe, k…id - dahe, qunaid - sm&œaE, kip - clne, Here num! is added because
they are %idt!, and this nkar becomes AnuSvar by níapdaNtSy Hil 8.3.24, and this AnuSvar is changed to
'kar when followed by a guttural kkar etc., to mkar when followed by a palatal c etc., and so on to [kar, nkar,
mkar,
È Why do we say "when yy! follows" ? Observe - Aa³<Syte, Aaic³<Syte
In k…vRiNt, v&;iNt the nkar is not changed to [kar, though required by Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye=ip
8.4.2. Because the [Tvm! is Aisœ and therefore by the rule n> c ApdaNtSy Hil 8.3.24, the nkar is first changed
into AnuSvar (pUvRÇaisœm! 8.2.1). That AnuSvar is again changed into nkar by the present rule, nkar being
homogenous with tkar. This change again being Aisœ as if it had never taken place (pUvRÇaisœm! 8.2.1), the
[kar is never substituted for nkar
f AnuSvarSy yiy → 8.4.59 pr→ 8.4.60 sv[R> → 8.4.65
11.05.2005
s
r-;a_ya< nae [> smanpde 8.4.1 /S235
U
A s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p r-;a_ya<,5,2, nae,6,1, [>,1,1, smanpde,7,1,
A r-;a_ya< nae [> smanpde s<ihtayam!
s rí ;í r;aE, taZ_ya< #tretrÖNÖ>, sman tt! pd smanpd<, tiSmn! kmRxarypué;>
v
re)-;kara_yam! %ÄrSy nkarSy [kar Aadez> Évit @kiSmn! pde, c #it inimÄinimÄnaE Évt>
&
When re) or ;kar precede the nkar that immediately follows in the same word, is replaced by [kar
T inimÄ - imimiÄnaE cet! smanpde - the cause that brings rœ ; i.e. \v[R
inimiÄ - inimt> ASy AiSt #it - the one on which the inimÄ works - nkar becomes [kar
v
\v[aR c #it v´Vym!
a
T When \v[aR precedes, then too the nkar that immediately follows, in the same word, is replaced by [kar
re)at! - AaStI[Rm!, ivzI[Rm!
\karaNtvRitRre)ïuitmaiïTyaip Évit-1 mat¨[am!, ipt¨[am!
%
;karat! - k…:[ait, ;u:[ait, mu:[ait
1 - ye \kare re)ïuif< naiÔyNte te;a< mte \kar¢h[mÇ %ps<Oyate,
V After re) & ;kar, the [kar is the substitute of nkar, when they occur as component letters of the same word
È These letters must be part of the same pd or word, one bneing the occasion for the application of the rule as regards
the other. As - AaStI[Rm!, ivStI[Rm!, AvgU[Rm!, So also after ;kar; as - k…:[ait, ;u:[ait, mu:[ait
The letter ;kar is included in this aphorism for the sake of subsequent sūtras: for nkar will be changed to [kar when
preceded by ;kar by òuna òu> 8.4.41
Why do we say "when occuring in the same word" ? Observe - Ai¶nRyit, vayunRyit
Vārtika: So also after the letter \, As icts&[am!, cts&[am!, mat¨[am!, ipt¨[am!
s
Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye=ip 8.4.2 /S197
U
A r-;a_ya<,5,2, nae,6,1, [>,1,1, smanpde,7,1, 8.4.1 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye,7,1, Aip,0,0,
A
Aqœ c k…í puí Aa'œ c num c Aqœ c < < < num>, @TyetEVyRvayae=qœ < < < Vyvay>,
s
tiSmn! ÖNÖgÉRt&tIyatTpué;>
v
Aqœ, k…, pu, Aa'œ, num! #TyEVyRvaye=id re)-;kara_yam! %ÄrSy nkarSy [kar Aadez> Évit
&
Even if the inimÄ does not immediately precede i.e. there are some letter intervening, then too the change of this
T nkar to [kar will take place provided the intervening letters are Aqœ (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r),
kvgR, pvgR, Aa'œ, num! augment
One or moer of these allowable letters can intervene, yet the change will take place. But if any other letter intervenes,
N
the change will not take place. This change will NOT occur if nkar is at the end of a pd
AfVyvaye -
kv[RVyvaye - AkeR[, mUoeR[, ggeR[, A"eR[
% pvgRVyvaye - dpeR[, re)e[, gÉeR[, cMmR[a, vMmR[a
Aa'œVyvaye - pyaR[œm!, inra[œm!
nuMVyvaye - b&h<[m!, b&h<[Iym!
The substitute [kar takes the place of nkar, even when a vowel or y v h or a guttural or a labial, or the preposition
V
Aa, or the augment num! intervenes, causing separation
È The àTyahar - Aqœ stands for the vowels & the letters h y v r. Thus - kr[m!, hr[m!, ikir[a, igir[a, ké[a,
gué[a etc.
The k… means all the gutturals, e.g. AkeR[, mUoeR[, ggeR[, A"eR[
The pu means all the labials, e.g. dpeR[, re)e[, gÉeR[, cMmR[a, vMmR[a
The Aa'œ means the particle Aa, e.g. pyaR[œm! from nhœ (AahSw> 8.2.34), inra[œm!
(%psgaRdsmase=ip [aepdezSy 8.4.14). The particle Aa is a vowel and so is included in Aqœ àTyahar. Its
12.05.2005
s
pdaNtSy 8.4.37 /S198
U
n,0,0, 8.4.34 Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye,7,1, Aip,0,0, 8.4.2 r-;a_ya<,5,2, n>,6,1, [>,1,1, smanpde,7,1, 8.4.1
A
s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p pdaNtSy,6,1,
A r;a_ya< Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye Aip pdaNtSy n> [> n
s pdSy ANt> pdaNt>, tSy ;óI-tTpué;>
v
pdaNtSy nkarSy [karadez> n Évit
&
A pdaNt nkar is not replaced by [kar when -
T 1. preceded by the inimÄ (rœ ;! \) OR
2. there is an intervention of the allowed letters
% v&]an!, Pl]an!, ArIn!, igrIn!
V Of a nkar in a pd, [kar is not the substitute
È Thus - v&]an!, Pl]an!, ArIn!, igrIn!
k
pdaNt yae nkarSy [kar Aadez> n Évit, v&]an!, Pl]an!, ArIn!, igrIn!
a
f Aqœ-k…-Pva'œ-num!-Vyvaye=ip → 8.4.48
s
AadezàTyyae> 8.3.59 /S212
U
num!-ivsjRnIy-zVyRvaye,7,1, Aip,0,0, 8.3.58 #{kae>,5,1, 8.3.57 ApdaNtSy,6,1, s>,6,1, 8.3.56 mUxRNy>,1,1,
A
8.3.55 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p AadezàTyyae>,6,2,
A AadezàTyyae> ApdaNtSy s> mUxRNy> #{kae> s<ihtayam!
s Aadez> c àTyy> c Aadez-àTyyaE, tyae> < < < #tretrÖNÖ>
v #[!-kvgaR_yam! %ÄrSy Aadez> y> skar> àTyySy c y> skar> tSy mUxRNy Aadez> Évit
& s<ihtayam!
17.05.2005 - 1530
s Acae rha_ya< Öe 8.4.46 /S59
File : 8643454.doc Page # 23 of 38 Updated On 14.Oct.2008 @ 06:04 Hrs.
U
A yr>,6,1, va,0,0, 8.4.45 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Ac>,5,1, rha_ya<,5,2, Öe,1,2,
A Ac> rha_ya< yr> Öe va s<ihtayam!
s rí hí rhaE, ta_yam! #tretrÖNÖ>
v
Ac %ÄraE yaE re)-hkaraE ta_yam! %ÄrSy yrae Öe va Évt>
&
The yrœ that is preceded by a re) or hkar which are themselves preceded by vowel, is doubled, optionally, in a
T
sandhi situation
% AkR>, AŠR>, mkR>, mŠR>, äüa, ähœMma, Aphœnute, AphœÚute
V There is reduplication of yrœ i.e. all the consonants except hkar, after the letters re) & hkar following a vowel
The word yrœ of yrae=nunaiskenunaiskae va 8.4.45 is understood here. According to others, the va is also
È understood, and this is an optional rule. Thus - AkR>, AŠR>, mkR>, mŠR>, äüa, ähœMma, Aphœnute,
AphœÚute
f Ac> → 8.4.47 Öe → 8.4.52
s
Anic c 8.4.47 /S48
U
A Ac>,5,1, Öe,1,2, 8.4.46 yr>,6,1, va,0,0, 8.4.45 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p Anic,7,1, c,0,0,
A Ac> yr> Anic c Öe va s<ihtayam!
s n Ac! Anc! , tiSmn! n|!-tTpué;>
v
Ac> %ÄrSy yrae va Öe Évt> Aic prt>
&
The yrœ (all consonants except hakr) letter that is preceded by a vowel, but not followed by a vowel, is doubled,
T optionally, in a sandhi situation
Note: This option is only for writing, compulsory when enunciating
% dœ(Ç, dXyÇ, mdœXvÇ, mXvÇ
V When a vowel does not follow, there is reduplication of yrœ (all consonants except hkar), after a vowel
The words Ac> & yr> are understood here
Thus - dix + AÇ dx!y! + Ac (#kaey[ic 6.1.77) = dx!x!y! + Ac dœ! + Ac (Hla< jz! Hiz 8.4.53) =
ddœXyÇ, so also mdœXvÇ
Why do we say Ac> 'after a vowel' ? Observe - iSmtm!, Smatm!
Vārtika - y[ae myae Öe Évt>, This vārtika may be interpreted in two ways. First taking y[> as ablative & my>
as genitive. 'The letters of the àTyahar - my! are reduplicated after y[! letters'. %lœŠa, vaLmIk>, Secondly
taking y[> as genitive and my> as ablative. ' The letters y[! are reduplicated after my! letters'. As dXYyÇ,
È
mXVvÇ,
Vārtika - zr> oyae Öe Évt>, This is also similarly, explained in two ways. First, 'there is reduplication of oy!
letters after a sibliant for zrœ letters' as SWwal, SWwat, Secondly, 'there is reduplication of sibiliant (zrœ letters),
after oy! letters, as vTSsr>, APSsra>
Vārtika - Avsane c yrae Öe Évt>, There is reduplication of yrœ when a pause ensues. As vaŠ!, laŠ, ;”, tÄ!
etc.
These reduplications curiosities, rather than practicalities
k Ac> #it vtRte, yr> #it c, AncprSy-1 Ac> %ÄrSy yrae Öe-2 Évt>, dœ(Ç, mdœXvÇ, Ac> #Tyev -
18.05.2005 - 1530
s
dI"aRdacayaR[am! 8.4.52 /S58
U
A n,0,0, 8.4.48 Öe,1,2, 8.4.46 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p dI"aRt!,5,1, AacayaR[am!,6,3,
A --
s --
v
dI"aRt! %ÄrSy AacayaR[am! mten Öe n Évit
&
This doubling will not take place, if the preceding vowel is a dI"R, according to some
T
teachers
% daÇm!, paÇm!, sUÇm!, mUÇm!
V According to the opinion of all teachers, there is no doubling after a long vowel
È As - daÇm!, paÇm!, sUÇm!, mUÇm!
k dI"aRdœ %ÄrSy AacayaR[a< mten n iÖTv< Évit, daÇm!, paÇm!, mUÇm!,
a sUÇm!.
f --
s
taeilR 8.4.60 /S117
U
A prsv[R>,6,1, 8.4.58 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p tae> ,6,1, il,7,1,
A tae> ,6,1, il,7,1, prsv[R>,6,1, s<ihtayam!,7,1,
s --
v
tvgRSy lkare prt> prsv[R-Aadez> Évit
&
When a letter of the tvgR is followed by a lkar, then it is replaced by a sv[R letter of the lkar (i.e. terplaced by the
T
lkar, when the first four consonants are replaced, the replacement will be a nasalised lkar), in a sandhi situtation
% Ai¶icÔ‚nait, saemsuÔ‚nait, Éva~Ô‚nait, mhaÔ‚~nait
V In the room of tu (a dental) when the letter l follows, one homogeneous with the latter is substituted
Thus - Ai¶ict! + lunait Ai¶icÔunait, saemsuÔunait. Évan! + lunait Éva~Ôunait, mha~Ôunait
È
Here t has been changed to pure l, while the dento-nasal n! is changed to the nasal lœ
k
tvgRSy lkare prt> prsv[R-Aadez> Évit, Ai¶icÔ‚nait, saemsuÔ‚nait, Éva~Ô‚nait, mha~Ô‚nait.
a
f --
s
zzDae=iq 8.4.63 /S120
U
A Hy> ANytrSyam!,7,1 8.4.62 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 8.2.108
p z>,6,1, D>,6,1, Aiq,7,1,
A Hy> z> D> Aiq ANytrSyam! s<ihtayam!
s --
v
Hy %ÄrSy zkarSy Aiq prt> Dkar Aadez> Évit ivkLpen
&
A Dkar that is preceded by a Hy! (H É " F x j b g f d o ) D Q w c q t k p) letter and is followed by an Aqœ (A
T
# % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r) letter, is optionally replaced by Dkar, in a sandhi situation
v
DTvm! Aim #it vaCym!
a
This change of zkar to Dkar will take place not just when Aqœ (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r) follows,
T
but when Am! (A # % \ ¤ @ Aae @e AaE h y v r l~ | m ' [ n) follows
vaKDete, vaKzete. Ai¶icCDete, Ai¶iCdCzete. saemsuCDete, saemsuCzete. ñilqœDete, ñilqzete.
%
iÇquPDete, iÇquPzete
In the room of zkar preceded by a mute, thre is optionally the letter Dkar when a vowel or a ykar, vkar or re)
V
follows such z
Though Hy! means all mutes, the rule, however applies to surd mutes. The words Hy! & ANytrSyam< are to be
read into the sūtra. Thus - vakœ + zete vakœDete, Ai¶icCDete or Ai¶ict! zete, ñilqœ zete or Dete,
È iÇòuPDete or zete
Vārtika: It should rather be stated when a letter of Am! àTyahar follows. The sūtra only gives Aqœ letters, the
vārtika adds the letters l, and the nasals. Thus - tt! ðaeken tc! Dlaeken, tCD!mïu[a
-1
k Hy> #it vtRte ANytrSyam! #it c , Hy> %ÄrSy zkarSy Aiq prt> Dkar-Aadez> Évit ANytrSyam!,
f --
19.05.2005 - 1530
s
'(aPàaitpidkat! 4.1.1 /S182
U
A àTyy,1,1, 3.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2
p 'I-Aap!-àaitpidkat!,5,1,
A '(aPàaitpidkat! àTyy pr> c
'I c Aap! c àaitpidk> c '(aPàaitpidkat! , tSmat!, smaharae ÖNÖ>, 'I #Tynen 'Ip! , 'I;! , 'In!
s
#Tyete àTyya> sanaNyen g&ýNte
By mentioning 'I all the three pratyayās - 'Ip! , 'I;! , 'In! are meant, taking the maximum common factor into
T
consideration
s @vm! Aap!-zBden Aip qap! , fap! , cap! #Tyete àTyya>
Similarly, by Aap! , the three pratyayās qap! , fap! , cap! are meant.
T All the 'I & Aap! are feminine pratyayās that are added to the non-feminine àaitpidkm! to make it feminie
àaitpidkm! called StrIàTyy
v
Aixkar> Aym! Aa,0,0, pÂm-Axyay pirsmaÝe>,5,1,
&
T This is an Aixkar sūtra whose effect is up to the end of the fifth chapter (i.e. 5.4.160)
v
#t> A¢e Nyntat! , AabNtat! , àaitpidkat! c vúyma[a> àTyya> ÉviNt
&
Starting from here (up to 5.4.160) all the pratyayās are added immediately after a word beginning with 'I or word
T
ending in Aap! or a àaitpidkm!
v
%dahr[ain Ai¢m! sUÇe ÔòVyain
&
T The examples will be seen in 4.1.2
% --
From this point forward as far as the end of the Chapter 5 i.e. 5.4.160, whatever we shall treat of, should be undestood
V
to come, after what ends with the feminine affixes 'I or Aap! or after a Nominal stem.
È <t checked frm the > This is an Aixkar sūtra – pure and simple. It simply consists of terms which other sūtras, in
order to complete their sense, are under the necessity of borrowing. In other words, this sūtra points out the base
àk«it which the affixes beginning with su treated of in the next sūtra, and ending with kp! ( 5.4.151), are to be
applied
The sūtra consists of three words. The term 'I is common name for the three affixes 'Ip! , 'I;! and cap!, These are
feminine affixes and are taught from sūtra 4.1.4 to 4.1.65 of this chapter. The word àaitpidk means a Nominal Stem
and has been defined in sūtra 1.2.45 & 1.2.46 , i.e. that which is possessed of a meaning, not being a root or an affix;
or what ends with a k«t! or a tiœt affix. The word '(ap! àaitpidk is a smahara-ÖNÖ or collective aggregate of
these three words.
Q. All affixes are placed after the base (prí 3.1.2); the affixes treated of in the last chapter were to be placed after the
xatu ; the remaining affixes mentioned in chapters 4 & 5, will therefore, be placed after all such bases àk«it
23.05.2005 - 1530
s su-AaE-js!-Am!-AaEqœ-zs!-qa-_yam!-iÉs!-'e-_yam!-_ys!-'is-_yam!-_ys!-'s!-Aaes!-Aam!-i'-Aaes!-
U sup! 4.1.2 /S183
A '(aPàaitpidkat!,5,1, 4.1.1 pr>,1,1, c,0,0, 3.1.2 àTyy,1,1, 3.1.1
su-AaE-js!-Am!-AaEqœ-zs!-qa-_yam!-iÉs!-'e-_yam!-_ys!-'is-_yam!-_ys!-'s!-Aaes!-Aam!-i'-Aaes!-
p
sup! ,1,1,
s
hL'(aB_yae dI"aRt! suitSyp&´< hlœ 6.1.68 /S252
U
A laep>,1,1, 6.1.68
p hL'(aB_y>,5,3, dI"aRt!,5,1, suitis,1,1, Ap&´m!,1,1, hlœ,1,1,
A hL'(aB_yae dI"aRt! suitSyp&´< hlœ laep>
s hlœ c 'I c Aap! c hL'(ap! , te_y> < < < #tretrÖNÖ>, suí ití suitis, smaharaE ÖNÖ>
v
hlNtadœ '(Ntadœ AabNtat! c dI"aRt! pr< su it is #Tyetdœ Ap&´< hlœ luPyte
&
su = àwma @kvcn àTyy of sup! → always Ap&´
it = àwma pué; @kvcn of it'œ→ sometimes Ap&´ (l'œ)
is = mXma pué; @kvcn of it'œ → sometimes Ap&´ (l'œ)
When the àTyy su~ (s!) and the àTyy - it & is (when reduced to - @k Akt àTyy = Ap&´) (consonants) follow an
T
A¼ that ends in a consonant or a 'I àTyy or Aap! àTyy, which are dI"R, are dropped
Q → 'I & Aap! are by themselves dI"R, then why is it said - dI"aRt! ?
R → Sometimes a 'I-Ant or an Aap!-Ant word will undergo shortening of the final $ or Aa. In such situations, this
sūtra does not apply, hence it specifically says dI"aRt!
%
After a consonant there is elision of the nominative affix s! and the tense affix it and is (when reduced to the form of
V t! & s!) being consonants; and so also after the long vowels $ & Aa of the feminine (affix 'I & Aap!), there is the
elision of the nominative affix s!
È
laep> #it vtRte, tidh laEikkenaweRnawRvt! kmRsaxn< †òVym!, luPyte #it laep>, hlNtadœ
'(Ntadœ AabNtat! c dI"aRt! pr< su it is #Tyetdœ Ap&´< hlœ luPyte, hkNtaNt! sulaep> - raja,
t]a, %oaÇt!, p[RXvt!, '(Ntat! - k…marI, gaErI, za¼RrvI, AabNtat! - oqœva, b÷raja, kair:ygNXya,
hlNtadœ @v it-laep> is-laep> c, tÇ it-laep> tavt! - AivÉÉRvan!, ÉU|> li' itip ðaE É&|aimt! 7.4.76
#it A_yasSyeÅvm!, AjagÉRvan!, is-laep> - AiÉn> AÇ, AiCDn> AÇ, dSy re)>, hL'(aB_y> #it
ikm! ? ¢am[I>, senanI>, dI"aRdœ #it ikm! ? i:kaEzaiMb>, Aitoqœv>, suitis #it ikm! ? AÉETsIt!,
k
ipa shcirtSy is-zBdSy ¢h[at! isc> ¢h[< naiSt, Ap&´m! #it ikm! ? iÉniÄ, iDniÄ, hlœ #it ikm! ?
a
ibÉed, icCDed, Aw ikmw¡ hlNtat! suitsIna< laep> ivxIyte, s<yaegaNt-laepen @v isœm! ? n
isXyit, raja t]eTyÇ s<yaegaNt-laepSy AisœTvat! nlaep> n Syat!, %oaöt! , p[RXvidTyÇ-
ApdaNtTvadœ dTv< c n Syat!, AiÉn> AÇ #TyÇ - Atae raerPlutadPlute 6.1.113 #it %Åv< n Syat!,
AivÉÉRvan! #TyÇ - rat! sSy 8.2.24 #it inymat! laep> @v n Syat!,
s<yaegaNtSy laepe ih nlaepaidnR isXyit,
rat! tu te nEv laep> Syadœ xlStamdœ ivxIyte.
f --
24.05.2005 - 1530
s
ssju;ae é> 8.2.66 /S162
U
A pdSy,6,1, 8.1.16
p ssju;ae,6,2, é>,1,1,
A s> = pdSy sju;> c (ANTySy) é>
s sí sju;! c ssju;aE tyae> < < < #tretrÖNÖ>
v
skaraNtSy pdSy sju;! #TyetSy c é> Évit
&
T The final skar of a pd ending in the skar and the final ;kar of the word sju;! are replaced by é> (rœ i.e. re))
skaraNtSy - Ai¶rÇ, vayurÇ
%
sju; - sjU\Ro'oÉ>, sjUdeRveiÉ>
V For the final skar and for the ;kar of sju;! (root - ju;!) is substituted é>, at the end of the word
Thus - Ai¶rÇ, vayurÇ, So also, sjU\Ri;iÉ>, sjUdeRveiÉ>, sju;! is derived from ju;! with the affix iKvp! and
the preposition sh which is changed into s in b÷ìIih>. The lengthening takes place by vaeRépxaya dI"R #k>
È
8.2.76 and the word means sàIit>, The é is rœ but it should be distinguished from it. The secondary rœ~ (or é)
undergoes a distinct and separate sandhi change from that of the primary rœ
skaraNtSy pdSy sju;! #TyetSy c é> Évit, skaraNtSy - Ai¶rÇ, vayurÇ, sju;> - sjU?\Rtu?iÉ>
k
(mEÇay[Is<ihta 2.8.1), sjUdeRveiÉ?> (\Gved> zakls<ihta 7.34.15), ju;e> iKvp! #it spUvRSy êpm!
a
@tt!.
f é> → 8.2.71
25.05.2005 - 1530
s
àwmyae> pUvRsv[R> 6.1.102 /S164
U
A Ak>,1,1, dI"R>,1,1, 6.1.101 @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 Aic,7,1, 6.1.77 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p àwmyae>,7,2, pUvRsv[R>,1,1,
àwmyae> Ak> Aic pUvRpryae> @k> pUvRsv[R> dI"R> s<ihtayam!
[àwmyae> = in the subject matter of àwm & iÖtIy ivÉi´; Ak> = when Akœ precedes; Aic=Ac! follows;
A
pUvRpryae> = in the place of the preceding and the following; {(@k> = one; pUvRsv[R> = preceding similar;
dI"R> = long) = the long of the preceding is the single replacement)}; s<ihtayam! = in a sandhi situation]
s pUvRSy sv[R> pUvRsv[R>, ;óI-tTpué;>
v
àwmaya< iÖtIyaya< c ivÉ´aE Aic Ak> pUvRpryae> Swane pUvR-sv[R-dI"R> @kadez> Évit
&
In the subject matter of àwm & iÖtIy ivÉi´, when Akœ precedes and Ac! follows, in the place of the preceding
T
and the following, the dI"R of the preceding is a single replacement, in a sandhi situation
% A¶I, vayU, v&]a>, Pl]a>, v&]an!, Pl]an!
V For the simple vowel of a nominal stem and for the vowel of the case affixes of the nominative & accusative, in all
s
tSmaCDsae n> pu<is 6.1.103 /S196
U
A pUvRsv[R>,1,1, 6.1.102 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p tSmat!,5,1, zs>,6,1, n>,1,1, pu<is,7,1,
A tSmat! (=pUvRsv[R-dI"Rat!,5,1,) zs> n> pu<is s<ihtayam!
s --
v
tSmat! pUvRsv[R-dI"Rat! %ÄrSy zz> AvyvSy skarSy nkar Aadez> Évit pu<is
&
In the case of masculine, after pUvR-sv[R-dI"aRt! has been done, the zkar which is part of the zs! (accusative
T
plural), that immediately follows the pUvR-sv[R-dI"aR is replaced by nkar
% v&]an!, AgnIn!, kt¨Rn!, ;{fkan!, SwUrkan!, Arrkan!
After such a long vowel homogenous with the first, nkar is substituted for the long skar of the accusative case affix
V
- zs! in the masculine
Thus v&] + zs! v&] + An! v&]an!, So also - AgnIn!, vayUn!, kt¨Rn!, haet¨Rn!, p{fkan!, SwUran!,
Arkan! pzy etc. As these are masculine nouns. Now the word, cÂa formed by the elision of kn! meaning a figure
like cÂa (luMmnu:ye 5.3.98) may refer to both the males & females. It will however retain its feminine form
though referring to a male being. (luip yu´vdœ Vyi´vcne 1.2.51). In forming the accusative plural of cÂa the
È skar will not be changed into nkar. Thus cÂa> pZy, viØka> pZy, Why do we say 'after such a long vowel
homogeneous with the first' ? The rule will not apply if the long vowel has resulted by being a single substitute for the
antecedent and the subsequent. Thus Aa is substituted for Aae + A by Atae=m! zsae> 6.1.93. Here skar will not
be repaced by nkar as ga> pZy, Why do we say 'of the accusative plural' ? Observe - v&]a>, Pl]a> endings in
js! - nominative plural. Why do we say 'in the masculine' ? Observe - xenU>, bþI>, k…marI>
26.05.2005 - 1530
s
naidic 6.1.104 /S196
U
A pUvRsv[R>,1,1, 6.1.102 dI"R>,1,1, 6.1.101 @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p n,0,0, Aat!,5,1, #ic,7,1,
A Aat! #ic pUvRpryae> @k> pUvRsv[R> dI"R> n s<ihtayam!
s --
v
Av[aRdœ #ic prt> pUvRpryae> Swane pUvRsv[RdI"R n Évit
&
In a sandhi situation (in the sense of àwm & iÖtIy ivÉi´) when Av[R preceds and Ac! follows, the preceding and
T the following are Not together replaced by a single pUvRsv[RdI"R
Note: This is an Apvad (exception) to àwmyae> pUvRsv[R> 6.1.102
% v&]aE, Pl]aE, oqœve, k…{fe
The substitution of a long vowel homogenous with the first, does not take place when A or Aa is followed by a vowel
V
(other than A) of the case affixes of the nominative & the accusative
È
k
a
f n → 6.1.105 #ic → 6.1.106
27.05.2005 - 1530
s
Aim pUvR> 6.1.107 /S194
U
A Ak>,1,1, 6.1.101 @k>,1,1, pUvRpryae>,6,2, 6.1.84 s<ihtayam!,7,1, 6.1.72
p Aim,7,1, pUvR>,1,1,
A Ak> Aim pUvRpryae> @k> pUvR> s<ihtayam!
s --
v
Ak> Aim prt> pUvRpryae> Swane @k> Aadez> Évit
&
In a sandhi situation, when Akœ is followed by Am! , the preceding and the following are together replaced by the
T
preceding
% v]m!, Ai¶m!, vayum!
V There is a single substitution of the first vowel, when a simple vowel is followed by Akar in the case of Am!
È
k
a
f pUvR> → 6.1.110
s
suip c 7.3.102 /S202
U
A At>,6,1, dI"R,1,1, yi|,7,1, 7.3.101 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p suip,7,1, c,0,0,
A At> A¼Sy suip c dI"R>
s --
v
AkraNtSy A¼Sy dI"R> Évit suip c prt>
&
T The final Akar of the AdNt A¼ is replaced by dI"R> when a y|aid-sup!-àTyy follows
% rama_yam!
Before a case ending in ykar or É (literally a consonant of y|! àTyahar), the final Akar of a nominal stem is also
V
lengthened
È
k
a
f suip → 7.3.103
s
b÷vcne HLyet! 7.3.103 /S205
U
A suip,7,1, 7.3.102 At>,6,1, 7.3.101 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p b÷vcne,7,1, Hil,7,1, @t!,1,1,
A b÷vcne At> A¼Sy Hil suip @t!
s --
v
AkraNtSy A¼Sy @k> Aadez> Évit, b÷vcne HladaE suip prt>
&
s
Atae iÉs! @es! 7.1.9 /S203
U
A A¼Sy,6,1,→ ,5,1, 6.4.1
p At>,5,1, iÉs!,6,1, @es!,1,1,
A Atae A¼at! iÉs! @es!
s --
v
AdNtat! A¼at! %ÄrSy iÉs> Swane @es! #Tyym! Aadez> Évit
&
The affix iÉs! that comes after an AdNt A¼ is replaced by @es! (total replacement caused by - Anekalœ-izt!-
T
svRSy 1.1.55)
% ramE>
V After a nominal stem ending in Akar, @es! is substituted for the case ending iÉs!
È
k
a
f At> → 7.1.17 iÉs! @es!! → 7.1.11
s
'eyR> 7.1.13 /S204
U
A At>,5,1, 7.1.9 A¼Sy,6,1, 6.4.1
p 'e>,6,1, y>,1,1,
A At> ↔ A¼at! 'e> y> (y! + A → Anekalœ)
s --
v AdNtat! A¼at! %ÄrSy 'e> #TyetSy Swane y> #Tyym! Aadez>
& Évit
T The affix 'e that comes immediately after an AdNt A¼ is replaced by y
% ramay
After a stem ending in Akar, there is substituted ykar for the dative ending
V
@kar
È
k
a
f 'e> → 7.1.14
31.05.2005 - 1530
s
ÿSv-n*apae nuqœ 7.1.54 /S208
U
A Aaim,7,1, 7.1.52 A¼Sy,6,1,→ ,5,1, 6.4.1
p ÿSv-n*ap>,5,1, nuqœ,1,1,
A ÿSvn*ap> ↔ A¼at! Aaim nuqœ
s ÿSv c ndI c ÿSvn*ap! tSmat! < < < smaharae ÖNÖ>
v
ÿSv-ANtat! n*-ANtat! AabNtat! c A¼at! %ÄrSy Aam> nuqœ Aagm> Évit
&
When an A¼ ending in a -
1 ÿSv
T 2 n* zBd
3 Aam! ANt zBd
is followed by Aam! pratyayā, the Aam! pratyayā gets a nuqœ augment
N Here the word ÿSvn*ap> has pÂmI indeRz & Aaim has sÝmI indeRz, due to the p|cmI indeRz, Aam!
o should become the Swain and due to the sÝmI indeRz - ÿSvn*ap> should become the SwanI, thus there is a
t conflict, but due to the pirÉa;a - b÷;u b÷vcnm! 1.4.21, ivàit;ede pr< kawRm! - pÂmI will take precedence
e and Aam! will become the SwanI and take the augment. This augment being a iqt! will be placed in the beginning
%
The augment n, is added before the genitive plural ending Aam! , after stems ending in a short vowel, after stems
V
called ndI (1.4.3 etc.), and after the stems ending in feminine affix Aa
È
k
a
f nuqœ → 7.1.57