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Section C: Working with Linear Equations and Matrices

7.4 Review Questions

1. Robert needs to buy some stationery for his children. The tables below show the items needed by his son and daughter and the costs of these items in three different stores. Items Needed Pens Son Daughter 2 4 Exercise Books 8 5 Writing Pads 1 4

Cost Per Item (dollars) Pens Store A Store B Store C 0.80 0.65 1.05 Exercise Books 1.20 1.25 1.10 Writing Pads 1.00 1.10 0.80

a. Which of the following matrix products would give the total cost of the stationery for each child at each of the three stores? What is the total cost for each child at each store? What is wrong with the other two matrix products? i.

0 .8 1 .2 1 2 8 1 0.65 1.25 1.1 4 5 4 1.05 1.1 0.8 2 4 0 .8 1 .2 1 .1 1 0 .8 8 5 0.65 1.25 1.1 1 4 1.05 0.8 0.65 1.05 2 8 1 1.2 1.25 1.1 4 5 4 1 1 .1 0 .8

ii.

iii.

b. At which store is the total cost the least? c. Suppose the daughter actually needed 8 pens. i. Re-evaluate the matrix product used in part b. ii. Write a matrix product that would give the total cost at each store for the sons and daughters stationery combined. Which store should Robert shop at if he wants to get all items at the one store at the least total cost?

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Topic 7: Matrices

2. 100 disgruntled locals in the town of Old Town (population 600) decide to start their own town 50 kms down the road, calling it New Town. In the subsequent years, 15% of the inhabitants of New Town relocate to Old Town and 20% move from Old Town to New Town. Presume that the two towns have no net growth i.e. the combined population is always 600. a. Show that the population of New Town after one year is 185. b. Determine the population of Old Town after one year. c. Let P0 = [100 500] be the population of New Town and Old Town respectively at the start of the change. Write a transition matrix T that would give you P1, a matrix containing the number of people in each town after one year, when P0 is post-multiplied by this matrix T. d. Show that P2, the population in the second year, can be calculated by P0 T 2. e. Hence, find the population of the two towns in the second year. f. Find the population of the two towns in i. 50 years and ii. 100 years later. g. The people of New Town argue that they will end up as the bigger town. Do you agree with this statement? Explain. 3. In an electorate of 10,000 people it has been shown that at the beginning of each month 9% of undecided voters decide to vote Labor, 3% of undecided voters decide to vote Liberal, 2% of Labor voters become undecided and 8% of Liberal voters become undecided. No one changes directly from Labor to Liberal or visa versa.
Labor 2% 8% Liberal 3% Undecided 9%

a. At the beginning of January of a particular year there are 4600 Labor voters and 4800 Liberal voters in the electorate. Write a 3 x 1 matrix A that gives the number of Labor, Liberal and undecided voters respectively. b. Write a matrix T such that TA would give the number of Labor, Liberal and undecided voters at the beginning of February of the same year. Label the rows and columns to indicate the meaning of the entries. c. Evaluate TA and hence give the number of Labor and Liberal voters at the beginning of February. d. Evaluate T 6 A and explain the meaning of the result. e. Approximately how many Labor and Liberal voters will there be at the beginning of January of the following year? f. Evaluate T 200 A and T 250A. What are the long term chances for Labor and Liberal in this electorate?

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Section C: Working with Linear Equations and Matrices

4. A three year university course is being phased out. There are currently 500 1st year students, 400 2nd year students and 350 3rd year students. In subsequent years, no more new students will be accepted into the course. The university predicts that the following will continue to occur: 60% of 1st year students will pass to become 2nd year students in the following year. 80% of 2nd year students will pass to become 3rd year students in the following year. 80% of 3rd year students will pass to become graduates. 50% of those who fail any particular year will repeat that year and the other 50% will drop out.

0 .2 0 .6
Let A = [500 400 350] and B =

0 0 .1

0 0

0 .1 0 .8 . 0

a. Find AB and explain what each element in this matrix represents. b. Approximately how many students will there be in each year level after 2 years? c. Approximately how many students will there be in each year level after 3 years? d. After 3 years the university offers a new course. The same pass rates are expected as in the other course; however, each year the university accepts the same number of students into the 1st year of the new course as those who graduate or drop out in any year. Modify matrix B to reflect this change. e. After 3 years all students in the old course are transferred to the new course. If the university accepts an additional 500 new students into the 1st year of the new course, write a matrix that will represent the number of students in each year level of this new course when it begins. f. Approximately how many students will there be in each year level after 5 years of the new course? 5. Consider the task of predicting the weather. Suppose there are three possible weather conditions sunny, cloudy (but dry) and raining. Also suppose that the following matrix represents the probability of the weather conditions tomorrow, given those of today,
weather tomorrow sunny cloudy rain sunny weather today cloudy rain

0.6

0.2

0.2

0.25 0.5 0.25 = P 0.15 0.3 0.55

This means that if it is sunny today, then the probability of it being sunny tomorrow is 0.6 and the probabilities for cloud and rain are 0.2. If it is cloudy today, then the probabilities for sun, cloud and rain tomorrow are 0.25, 0.5 and 0.25 respectively, etc.

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Topic 7: Matrices

a. Suppose it is sunny today. Let the matrix T = [1 0 0] and find TP. Interpret the meaning of TP. b. Find TP 2 and interpret its meaning. c. Interpret the meaning of TP n. d. What happens to TP n as n becomes large. What is the significance of this for long term weather forecasting? e. Alter the matrix T for the cases where todays weather is cloudy and where todays weather is raining. f. Find the probabilities of sun, cloud and rain in 4 days time if it is cloudy today. 6. Let A =

a b e ,B= c d g

f i ,C= h k

j . l

a. Prove that A(B+C) = AB + AC in general. b. Prove that (A B)C = AC BC in general. c. Prove that AB BA unless bg = cf af + bh = be + df ce + dg = ag + ch. d. Using parts a., b. and c., prove that (A + B) (A B) A2 - B2 and (A + B)2 A2 + 2AB + B 2 unless bg = cf af + bh = be + df ce + dg = ag + ch. 7. The following encoding matrix was used to code a message

B=

3 0 4

3 1 3

4 1 4

The resulting encoded message is

C=

122 23 138

123 19 139

176 47 181

182 41 197

96 22 101

91 10 111

183 32 203

The original message matrix A is a 3 7 matrix and was formed using the following key. A=1 B=2 C=3 D=4 E=5 F=6 G=7 H=8 I=9 J=10 K=11 L=12 M=13 N=14 O=15 P=16 Q=17 R=18 S=19 T=20 U=21 V=22 W=23 X=24 Y=25 Z=26 SPACE=27

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Section C: Working with Linear Equations and Matrices

a. Assuming that matrix multiplication was used to encode the message, write the matrix equation that shows how the message was coded.

b. Using the matrix equation given in part a., show algebraically how the message matrix A could be found. c. Use your graphics calculator to find the message matrix A. d. Use the code to determine the message. (Hint read down the columns.) e. If matrix A is post-multiplied by a coding matrix D to obtain the 3 x 3 encoded matrix E, what is the order (dimension) of matrix D? f. Show the calculation that would need to be performed in order to find matrix A using matrices D and E. 8. Given A =

2 m , 2m 1

a. find A1 by performing elementary row operations on the augmented matrix [A|I] in order to obtain [I|A1], b. write A-1 in the form

1 1 A 2m

and hence state |A|,

c. hence state the values of m for which A1 exists. 9. a. Prove that |A| |A1| = 1, for |A| 0. b. Hence prove that |A1| = |A|1, for |A| 0. c. Use a. to prove that if |A|2 = 1, then |A| = |A1|, for |A| 0.

2 3 p d. For what values of p does p 2


e. For what values of m does

not exist?

3k
f. Find det

k k

a have no unique solution for a and b? b 2 1 3k 2 1 1 3 and hence the value of k for which k 1 3 is singular. 1 2 k 1 2

m 2m x m 1 m 2 y

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