a go 1 Conducted by Word Forward Limited For South-East CDC Trainers: Chris Mooney-Singh, Jeremy Tarrier, S.K.

Dhillon, Gurdip Singh aFi,: Power Debating Content Good content manifests itself in 4 main ways: 1) A clean and clear set-up 2) Rob ust and relevant arguments 3) Well-chosen and well-explained examples 4) Pertine nt rebuttal Style Pace: Speaking slowly helps the clarity of ones speech because one is taking tim e to articulate words properly. Besides, it also gives the judges time to take d own notes as one speaks so they do not miss any essential part of the argument. Speaking slowly and clearly allows one time to think on ones feet. Speech Fillers: Using excessive speech fillers indicate that one is very nervous . Pitch & Tone: Modulate ones voice by varying pitch and tone to suit the points r aised. Volume: Projection of voice appropriately. Emphasis: Important points and headings of each argument need to be emphasized. Emphasis can be achieved through variation in pitch, volume and pace. Gestures: Using gestures to emphasise a point. Avoid being too dramatic. Eye Contact: Eye contact throughout the debate is very important. Posture & Poise: Speakers should not hunch or slouch. Confident speakers will ha ve a steady, smooth flow to their speeches. Strategy Good strategy encompasses several areas, including: 1) Identification of the cor rect issues 2) Prioritisation of issues 3)Timing 4) Structure 5) Fulfilling the roles of the different speaker positions 6) Using the POIs optimally. eword FORWARD Leading The Literary Arts POWER DEBATING A formalised r presentation of arguments backed by facts and relevant examples assessed by adjudicators. 619' INFLUENCE: I. Attitudes and beliefs 2. Persuade and convince But you can't exaggerate arguments' Be baIanced Listen to OPPOSING VIEWS to make counter arguments. WWS Style of Debating

The World School Style of Debating (WSS) combination of British parliamentary and Australian formats, designed to meet th e needs of the WS Debating Championship tournament -- '" .-The Two Team Debate Like 2 trains with carriages running head on ca Reply 3 2 1 1 2 3 Reply COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 1 POWER DEBATING Power Debating: To Win You need 1. Power Content 2. Power Strategy 0 , 3. Power Style 1.4! '10 it!1 ,.?Power Debating 1: On Preparing the Content ANCIENT GREECE It usually takes me more than three weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech. Mark Twain The best way to sound like you know what you're talking about is to know what yo u're talking about. Author Unknown SOURCING CONTENT INTERNET HINK SOURCES CAN BE LIBRARIES BIASED MAGAZINES Always get more than one NEWSPAPERS expert source of information BOOKS EXAMPLES MUST BE ALL MEDIA RELEVANT, CURRENT, EL, 3---.1--)L.7 An argument Content: supporting ONE SIDE x----of an issue: , ta ,....te Letters Reviews . , , GP Essays ''''s. 41 ! ' A k , ,f.4.:,. t ' -il r, , .--..,,.' -- .11)1, ...Public Speaking, Debates. ' , Spoken Word versions of expository essays Battle Plans: Research 1. Brainstorm for Battle Don't edit your thoughts. Think in Categories ie. Personal, historical, social, technical, political, philosophical angles etc . 2. Push yourself further dig for that last good argument add one more argument t o each category. Battle Plans 2 Ei4e 1. Multiple Answers Think of at least 3 reasons supporting to all your points. 2. Now think of 3 counter arguments to each your points to see the points of wea kness Think as the 'enemy' would think. LAS r Put on 'his armour.' ,......, COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 2 POWER DEBATING

Recognize the Clash Point Identify underlying key values that are in conflict in every controversy. For example: in a motion on whether to lower the legal limit for drinking alcoho l, the fundamental clash of values would be to do with the health issues relatin g to abuse. These arguments are powerful weapons in debates.Writing your Team's Speech First Speaker = 2/3 of the team case 2d Speaker = 1/3 of the team case 3rd Speak er = recaps and rebuts Reply speech = summarizes and rebuts. THREE speeches form ONE TEAM'S EXPOSITION Headings for Content Each speaker should give headings for each argument and announce them clearly. At the end of their speech, they should conclude with a quick summary of their m ain points. The Structure: 1. Introduction You need a HOOK, a strong opening statement 7 Ways to Open a Speech 1. Tell a brief story. 2. Use a quotation 3. Make a startling statement 4. Refer to the audience, the occasion, or a current event 5. Use appropriate humor 6. Relate a personal experience 7. Ask a thought provoking question - One that will not evoke a verbal response From the audience. pie Quotes for Openings For a debate on world peace diplomacy: "Always forgive your enemies; nothing annoys them so much" - Oscar Wilde ON a motion expressing the need for government budget restgrictions: "He who will not economize will have to agonize." - Confucius COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 3 POWER DEBATING ^ re: The Structu 2. The Body .. The 'body' is r, * L the supporting pillar of the speech t 1 r:', :: -, Note: Pt Speaker and 2"d Speaker share the body S's for Organizing Your Speech 1. State State your case clearly. 2. Signposting - Use such as "first" or "one" or words like "initially" and "fin ally." 3. Support Explain the idea. This will take up the most time. 4. Summarize - Done with a positive forceful note and a review of the main of id eas. s' Content Structure: The Close Argument Versus Assertion Back up your CASE with facts not fiction avoid eg. "Specialists agree that...." , Which specialists? ^ it Be specific

A It must end with a t.. iii 4! Punch! , .. I..';''''; V..- ?", 3rd Speaker and cir ,. The Reply speaker I/ Note: repetition means reinforcement of ' ' "- con tent Team Content Structure 1st speaker 2nd speaker 3rd speaker Hook Hook Hook Body Body Body Close Close Close ar,z1; Ways to Close your Speech 1. Present a short, memorable quotation 2. Use an anecdote or a brief story that illustrates your point and leaves a las ting impression on your audience 3. Make a direct appeal or "call to action" 4. Return to your opening. This is one of the best ways to end a speech because it brings the listeners full circle. COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 4 POWER DEBATING

Intro Debate Spiel

1St Speaker: Defining a Motion

COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 5 POWER DEBATING The 3-Pronged Attack 1st Speaker INTRODUCTION DEFINE motion, present eg. historical, 2/3 argutnents technical case 2nd Speaker THE BODY REBUTS and presents 2" Ironic FINAL THRUST REPLY 3rd Speaker CONCLUSION SPEAKER REBUTS, gives 30 (1st or 2nd) perspective: e5. rebuttal philosophical case CONCLUSION I REBUTTING REBUTAL means: ,

1/3 arvmcnr:N.> cg economic case

Demolish an I. argument with logic and facts HINT: Scribble rebuttal notes while listening can use 'POST IT' Notes DEBATE TRACKING MOTION: that Mt, liouse behoves that.. Spealta I It. Proposttion Rebuttal Notes: iMir1111011,.

)EBATE TRACKING Page 2 Case Divide: Notes: Argument to Argument. Argument ailLo Points of Information POIs are interjections by -DELIVERY: speakers at the tables during a debate speech. A test of quick wits. -Stand and say: -"Point of Information, PURPOSE: point out Sir/Madam!" immediate flaws in opponent's case. -"On that point Sir/Madam..." HINT: You cannot interject during I and last minute of opponent's COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 6 POWER DEBATING L POTs 2 Speaker can ACCEPT or REJECT. Speaker should accept 2-3 during a speech You can hear the P01 and speak later ACCEPT: REJECT: Yes, Sir/Madam No. thank you Go Ahead Sir/Madam Accepted Declined NB: Excessive interruption amounts to 'barracking' and doesn't earn style points Power Debating: STYLE I've never known a real leader who did not have a compelling speaking voice. It is your voice that commands attention and inspires confidence. Rocco Landesman

-(in 15 seconds)

You in 'VOICE NIRVANA? POWER CHECKLIST F. How are you standing straight and balanced? Is your voice loud and clear? Do you look more at the audience or your notes? Do you mumble or fumble your wor ds? Do your hands get in the way? Is there variety of tone in your delivery Is there change of pace in your delive ry DO YOU SPEAK WITH PASSION? To Make an Impact We need adequate breath to be loud enough We need solid stance to look confident We need appropriate body language to back up our ideas We need good Pace, pitch, volume, inflexion, articulation, We need clear, well pronounced words Silence is Golden The Power Pause: Darkest point of WW2 Churchill's speech inspired his countrymen: "This is not the end. I/It is not even the beginning of the end! / But it is, // the end// of the beginning." COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts POWER DEBATING 7

Other Power Style Hints Crank up the Volume Vary the Volume The Rise and Fall Play 'multiple personalities' The rhythm method Beware the Monotone Accentuate the Positive Power Style Blue-Print for a Speech Write your speech Make decisions about phrasing Construct a phrasing schematic Study the equipment Work on physical presence Neutralise stage-fright Rehearse and review Keep Your Options Open "work is the meat // in the hamburger of life" "work is the MEAT // in the hamburger of life" "WORK // is the meat // in the hamburger of life" inal Power Post-Check list Did I emphasize my most important points? Did anything important get lost in my delivery? Am I clear about what I want? Am I convincing? What conclusions would somebody draw from the way I speak? Would I get what I want? "f4 May the best Team WWWWiN! . ..0 "lab" ' ,r, ..,.... . . . 46 .: ...,... ...

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COPYRIGHT WORD FORWARD Leading the Literary Arts 8 Power Debating Debate: Definition/Objective A debate is a foimalized presentation of arguments backed by facts and relevant examples assessed by adjudicators. The objectives of a debate is to influence at titudes and beliefs as well as persuade and convince others. World Schools Style(WSS) WSS is a debating style which is fairly easy to learn. This is a combination of the British Parliamentary and Australian formats, designed to meet the needs of the World Scholls Debating Championship tournament. Each debate comprises eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition ). Each speaker delivers an eight-minute substantive speech; then both teams del iver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved fo r the Proposition Roles of the Speakers Accept/challenge definitions of Proposition team Specify Opposition's clarifications Rebut First Preposition Outline team's overall case Outline case division Develop 2/3 of the arguments in detail Rebut First and Second Proposition Defend First Opposition Reiterate team's overall argument Develop 1/3 of the arguments in detail

Comprehensively rebut Proposition Defend Opposition case Thematic Vs Point-by-point rebuttal Second Rebut First Opposition (8 mm) Defend First Proposition Reiterate team's overall argument Develop 1/3 of the arguments in detail hird Comprehensively rebut Opposition (8mm) Defend Proposition case Thematic Vs Point-by-point structure Reply Speaker (6mm) (1st or 2nd speakers) (Opposition Reply comes Has the last word in the debate Analyses the debate Summarizes what the Proposition's case has been, and how the opposition have att acked it Concentrates on the important areas of 'clash' between the teams, showing how th e Proposition won in each case Analyses the debate Summarizes the case of the Proposition from an Opposition point of view, and the Opposition's counter-case Concentrates on the important areas of 'clash' between the teams, showing ho the opposition won in each case 45word FORWARD Leading The Literaiyj4rts Power Debating Points of Information During the debate, members of the opposing team may offer Points of Information (POI) to make a short point or ask a short question of the speaker. Between the first and seventh minutes of a speaker's speech, members of the othe r team may offer POIs. One must stand up at the table when offering a POI. Ways of offering POIs: "Poin t of Information Sir/Madam" "On that point Sir/Madam".... One can proceed to mak e a point if the speaker accepts the POI. The speaker on the floor can choose whether to accept or reject the POI. In most debates each speaker should accept 2-3 POIs. Ways to accept POIs: "Yes Sir/Mada m?", "Go ahead", "Accepted".... Ways to reject POIs: "No thank you Sir/Madam", " Declined". POIs should be dealt with as far as possible response like "I'll deal with that later in my speech" is closely observed by the judges and the speaker may run th e risk of being penalized by judges if he/she forgets to do so. However, a speaker who accepts a significantly greater number of POIs risks losi ng control of his or her speech. A POI should be brief, and no longer than 15 seconds. POIs bring an element of spontaneity and flexibility. Good use of POIs in terms of offering and accepting them can improve a speaker's Strategy mark. POIs are a good test of quick wits. Each speaker should offer between 2 to 3 POIs per opposing speaker. POIs should be germane to the debate and should not be personal attacks. Teams should not use POIs as an opportunity to barrack the other team. POIs should never be taken while in the middle of a sentence, and definitely not while setting up the case and providing definitions. The response by the speaker to a point of information is included in the mark fo r that speaker's speech. The offering of points of infounation should be included in the mark for the spe aker offering points. Rebuttal/Clash

In a debate, rebuttal means presenting arguments to prove that the underlying lo gic of the opponents is flawed. Rebuttals are just as important as expressing and defending one's own arguments. A debater must accurately understand what the other side is saying before procee ding to demolish their arguments. Debater has to concentrate on tracking speeches and will only have time to scribble a phrase or two of rebuttal as prompters for the actual speech. eword FORWARD Leading 'The Literag Arts Power Debating Adjudicators (Judges) Debates are judged by an odd-numbered panel of at least three judges/adjudicator s At the end of the debate the judges fill in their mark-sheets independently and hand to the person chairing the debate before leaving the debate room briefly to confer. The purpose of the conference is to brief one of the judges to give a short adju dication on behalf of the judges. The adjudication is short explanation of the results to the audience. In particu lar, it should set out the key reasons why the winning team won, and comment on significant matters of debate style or technique that were displayed in the deba te. The adjudication should be constructive, not negative. Scoring Each speaker's substantive speech is marked out of 100, with 40 for content, 40 for style and 20 for strategy. The reply speech is marked out of 50, with 20 for content, 20 for style and 10 f or strategy. Marks are also given for offering and responding to POIs. .word FORWARD Leading The Literary l4rt.s