Practical No. 2 Date: Ante-mortem and postmortem inspection of food animals A) MAMMALS Objectives 1.

To segregate the diseased animals from healthy stock. 2. To detect the outbreak of an infectious disease like F.M.D., R.P., Hog c holera, Pseudo rabies. 3. To prevent the pain suffering to animal. 4. To diagnose some of the exotic disease like African horse sickness. 5. To help in prevention of food borne infection. 6. To diagnose some of zoonotic disease like Anthrex. 7. To detect certain condition, disorders and diseases which are extremely difficult to detect the organ, carcass after slaughter, e.g. Mastitis. Facilities 1. To restrain the animal. 2. Identification of the live animal, make identification either by paint, ear band, tattooing or leg band. 3. Lairage (space), which should be well ventilated and properly lighted to keep the animal for 24 hours. 4. We should have an isolation pan to separate the diseased animal from hea lthy animal. 5. To need and assistant staff who is confident in handling of livestock. Steps required for ante-mortem examination 1. We must inspect live animal at rest as well as while moving. 2. Animal showing elevated temperature, systemic disturbance should be reta ined for treatment out-side the meat plant. 3. Animal showing localize condition like benign tumor examination. If the condition is minor than slaughter the animal separately and do the P.M. examinat ion. If you know systemic disturbance are detected at P.M. examination than meat of the animal can be approved for human consumption. 4. Special attention must be paid to the emergency accident and casualty sl aughter. 5. Animal, which has been minced as suspect so, that has to be accompanied which a full very report. 6. Great care must be taken in handling those animals, which are representi ng a source of infection to the staff working in S.H. 7. Special attention must be given to the recumbent animal. 8. If a dead animal, is encountered during inspection then Anthrax should b e in mind and blood smear should be prepared from ear vein. 9. The animal, must undergo A.M. inspection on the day of arrival at slaugh ter house, the inspection should be repeated immediately before slaughter if ani mal has been in the largo for more than 24 hours. 10. An experienced and well trained vet should carry it out. 11. AME should be conducted in the day light adequate natural/artificial lig ht. 12. In animal temperature should be taken in morning as well as evening. 13. ELISA may be useful to detect certain parasites and other infection in p re-slaughter condition. 14. In Sweden, the animals are inspected at the farm before they are sending for the slaughtered. In Australia, isolation of those animals showing diarrhoea , shivering which help in control of salmonella infection. 15. Animal suffering from metabolic infection/ disorder, they should be firs t treated. 16. Animals, which have recently suffered accident / injuries, should be sub jected to emergency slaughter. 17. Animals, which are very doggy / dirty, must be clean prior to slaughter, in such case, the animal, should be re-inspected after washing. Vet should take decision during AME-

Sr.no. Condition disposition 1 Animal is clean, healthy and dry Pass for slaughter 2 Dirty and doggy animal Cleaning and re-inspection 3 Recent injury (fracture, extensive brushing, severe laceration) Emergenc y slaughter 4 Milk fever/ hypo magnesium tetany treatment 5 Brucella, T.B., Reactors, chronic mastitis, actinobacillosis, arthritis, eczema, salmonellosis, neoplasm, benign tumor Veterinary clinical examination 6 Anthrax, gangrenous dermatitis, generalized T.B., Malignant tumor condemnation

B) POULTRY AME is through veterinary examination of food animals before slaughter by well e xperienced and qualified veterinarian. Objective: To detect any diseases which may render a carcass unfit for human consum ption. After arriving to poultry processing plant, the birds are inspected in lo ts before slaughter and they are grouped as. 1. Fit for slaughter Birds, which are found absolutely normal and passed as, fit for slaughter. 2. Unfit for slaughter (a) Birds with morbid condition responding to the treatment are removed for further treatment. (b) Birds with morbid condition which have reach to a state where treatment is impracticable such birds are rejected. 3. Suspect (a) Injured birds with local condition otherwise strong and are in health, t hey will be handled as suspect. (b) Birds affected with condition that has not advanced enough to make them unfit for slaughter. Suspected birds are generally slaughter separately and detailed PME is carried o ut for judging their suitability for human food. Birds with following condition are considered as suspect. 1. Dirty roughed feathers. 2. Swelling of head and eyes or discharge from eyes/ nostrils. 3. Edema of wattles 4. Lack of alertness or brightness of eyes. 5. Gasping and sneezing. 6. Off-coloured diarrhoea may be with collection amount of faeces material with feather around head 7. Skin lesion on head and neck. 8. Suppuration around and visible swelling on any regions 9. Emaciation. 10. Birds that shows lack of thriftiness and well being by their posture and reluctances to move in response to normal stimuli. 11. Birds, which show C.N.S. disorder, lack of muscular co-ordination and la meness. 12. Birds producing abnormal sounds when disturbed/ handled Condition rendering rejection of live birds of slaughter: a. Birds which are unable to stand. b. Duffy feeding of skin and flesh. c. Greatly distended abdomen-containing fluid. d. Complete emaciation, extreme thinness and weakness. e. Difficult respiration with giggling noise, expulsion of bird s discharge fro m mouth, nostrils, eyes, inflamed, swollen eyes. f. Multiple tumerous growth.

g. Marked enlargement of bones of wings and legs. Diseases of poultry i. Fowl pox ii. Fowl typhoid iii. Fowl cholera iv. Limber neck v. Bumble foot vi. Necrotic dermatitis vii. Infectious coryza viii. White comb ix. Black head infection/ enteropathy x. Ornithosis xi. Neural lymphomatosis xii. Respiratory disease xiii. Infectious bronchitis xiv. Coccidiosis xv. New castle disease xvi. Pullorum disease xvii. Gout xviii. Rickets, other disease xix. Vitamin deficiency xx. Botulism xxi. Ectoparasitic disease (mange, mite infection)

POST MORTEM INSPECTION OF FOOD ANIMALS A) Mammals: Definition: it is the veterinary medical examination of the dead body of animal after the slaughter is completed. Objectives: 1. To detect and eliminate some of the abnoramalities and contamination which re nder the meat unwholesome. 2. To ensure that the meat which is passed for human consumption is safe &clean. 3. To diagnose the disease for the control purpose. 4. To supervise hygienic dressing of the carcass. Principle of P.M examination: 1. Exclusion of endogenous agent such as T.Spiralis, B.abortus, Cysticerus bovis . 2. Exclusion of endogenous agent such as salmonella, clostridium 3. Exclusion of non-zoonotic disease such as rinderpest, paratuberculosis. 4. Exclusion of toxic substances such as DDT, lindane, copper, mercury, antibiot ics. 5. Exclusion of spoilage organisms such as pseudomonas, bacillus. 6. Exclusion of some defect such as abscess, cyst. Facilities required: 1. The premises should be clean, hygienic &well ventilated. 2. The equipment should be enough and in good working condition. 3. The staff should have proper clothing. 4. There should be sterilized for complete immersion of knife & other instrument s. 5. There should be at least one laboratory for staff. 6. This should be wash basin, liquid detergent antiseptic soap, towel & free supply of hot and cold water. 7. There should be metal stamp or rubber stamp with marking ink for identificati on of carcass. 8. There should be well-experienced and trained meat inspector. Types of examination: It can be of following type 1. Visual examination:

It is very important & helpful to detect hemorrhages, infraction, fatty liver, abscesses, cysts, jaundice, penetration of foreign body, melenosis etc. 2. Palpation of tissue: By this we can detect condition like haematoma, calculi, pneumonia, pleuris y etc. 3. Incision of organ/tissue: Lymph node, certain glands, liver and kidney are usually examined after inci sion for the presence. 4. Use of inspector, sense of smell: Ketosis, uremia, decomposition etc. can be diagnosed by peculiar or typical s mell. 5. Laboratory test : In some of the disease where there is no characteristic or pathognomic, path ologicsl lesion in the specimens must be submitted to the laboratory for confirm ation of condition such as leptospirosis, listeriosis, Q-fever, salmonellosis & many protozoan diseases. Procedure of Post Mortem examination: 1. Head: inspection of gums, lips, and tongue is done for detecting food an d mouth disease, actinobacillosis, actinomycosis, stomatitis etc. incision of in ternal and external muscle for cystericercous bovis, incision of retropharynge al, sub maxillary and paratoid lymph node for actinobacillosis, tuberculosis and abscess. 2. Lungs: lungs are usually examined for evidence of pleurisy, pneumonia an d tuberculosis, bronchial and mediastinal lymph node are incised to detect the t uberculosis lesions. 3. Heart: pericardium is looked for pericarditis, haemorrhages, hydatid cys t and cystitis. 4. Liver: examined for fatty liver, fascioliasis, actinobacillosis, cysteri cercous bovis and certain parasitic condition. 5. Esophagous, stomach (rumen) and intestine : the serous surface of the or gan are examined for T.B., actinobacillosis. reticulum for foreign body and myse ntric lymph node for lesion of lymphangitis 6. Kidney: examined for nephritis, calculi and nodules etc. the renal lymph node is examined for tuberculosis. 7. Spleen: The surface and substance should be examine for anthrax, haemato ma, infraction and tuberculosis. 8. Uterus: uterus should be examined for the evidence of pregnancy or recen t parturition. In brucella reactors, the uterus should not be handled or incised since the disease is highly infectious to human. 9. Udder: it is examined for examination of abscess, mastitis , cow pox, ps eudocowpox, actinomycosis. Supramammary lymph node should be examined for tuberc ulosis. 10. Testes: testes should be examined for orchitis, abscess, haematoma, haem orrhages or injury. In the addition above, cut surface of bone muscles, pleura, perito neum and diaphragm should also be examined for various conditions. B. POULTRY Objective: Post mortem examination of carcass and each organs is performed to judge the suitability of carcass or organ for human consumption. Post mortem examination should be performed immediately after slaughter in suitable manner which include. Visual inspection of slaughter birds Palpation and incision whenever required Investigation of anomalies in consistency, colour and smell Laboratory test whenever necessary

Disease diagnosed at post-mortem examination Avian tuberculosis Chlamydiosis Infectious Bronchitis Marek s disease Fowl typhoid Yersiniosis Listeriosis New castle disease Gape worm Coccidiosis Air sacculitis Candidiosis Fowl cholera Avian lucosis Aspergillosis Zygomycosis Pullorum disease Infectious laryngotrachitis Disease and condition rendering total condemnation of poultry carcass Ranikhet disease Fowl cholera Erysipelas Avian lucosis Jaundice Clostria disease Fowl typhoid Ascitis Pullet disease Aspergillosis Salmonellosis Menamitiasis Chlamydiosis Marek s disease Coliform infection Avian tuberculosis Septicemia Putrifection