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PRH 034 - Formao de Engenheiros nas reas de Automao, Controle, e Instrumentao do Petrleo e Gs aciPG, participante do Programa de Recursos Humanos da ANP - Agncia Nacional do Petrleo - para o setor Petrleo e Gs - PRH - ANP/MME/MCT October 21 2004; Florianopolis
Agenda
Motivation: The reservoir management challenge
What is the Problem?, What have been done? What are the challenges?
Problem Formulation The specific objectives and scope of this research Reservoir modeling and identification Model Predictive Control Self Learning Reservoir Management Conclusions The Way Forward
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Objective of this presentation To review current petroleum production issues regarding real time decision making and, To present the results of a continuous selflearning optimization strategy to optimize field-wide productivity while satisfying reservoir physics, production and business constraints.
Monitor Monitor
Establish or revise Establish or revise Optimum Plan Optimum Plan Control Control
Drainage Area
Motivation
Traditional Problems
Complex & risky operations (Drilling, Workover, Prod.) Poor reservoir prediction & production forecasting Limited resources: injection volumes, facilities, people. Unpredictability of events: gas or water, well damage. Poor decision making ability to tune systems, thus, not optimized operations
Current Approach
More front-end engineering and knowledge sharing Integrated Characterization & Modern visualization tools Multivariable optimization, reengineering. Monitoring & control devices, Beyond well measurements Isolated optimization trials with limited success.
Challenges
More data for analysis and integration limitations. Long-term studies, Ill-posed tools, simple or incomplete. Models are not linked among different layers Poor Justification, real time analysis in early stage. Decisions made only on few pieces. Lack of Integration between subsurface-surface
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Research Framework
Data Data Handling Handling Model Model Building Building System System Identification Identification Reservoir Reservoir Performance Performance Bi-layer Bi-layer Optimization Optimization Close-loop Close-loop Control Control
Data handling
Data acquisition, filtering, de-trending, outliers detection
Problem Definition
Injector - Producer Profile Mngt. Injector - Producer Profile Mngt.
Control undesired fluid production Exploit efficiently multilayer horizons Characterize inter-well relationship Maximize reserves and production Control from surface measurement
Gas Crudo
h1
k1
Agua
hn
kn
Business Constraints
vp =
krp K g p p p Z p gc
This realization is not used in this research, since it requires the knowledge of parameters that cannot be directly measured
Continuity Equation
c + ( cv ) = 0 t
krp K
S p g c p p p Z = gc t p
yi zi+1 yi+1 zi yi-1 zi-1
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c=
M W Ax S p p S p = = p VM Ax
Oil, water and gas flow as linear functions of the drawdown pressure
2 p 1 p p K 2 + = (c f + c) r r r t
General Solution given by Exponential Integral
re rs rw k pe pwf
Proposed IPR for continuous monitoring
k k k qo = a0 + a1 pek + a2 pwf + a3 ( pwf ) k k k qw = b0 + b1 pek + b2 pwf + b3 ( pwf ) 2 2
ct r 2 q p (r , t ) = pi Ei 4kt 4kh
pwf = pi
q 4kt ln 2 4kh ct rw
qo ,b =
kkro h ( pe pwf )
141.2 Bo o ln (re rw ) + s
*
q = c0 + c1 p + c2 p + c3 ( p
k g k e k wf
k wf
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Expansion of Oil and Original dissolved gas, Eo + Expansion of Gas Caps, Eg + Reduction of Hydrocarbon Pore Volume, E fw + Natural Water Influx, We
f p ( t ) = g ( N p , G p , W p , We )
p = a0 + a1 qo + a2 qw + a3 qg + a4 qwi
dp = b1qo + b2 qw + b3 qg + b4 qwi dt
1 t
p p
k 1
( p) = ( p)
k
k 1
+ c1 + c2 p
k wf 1
+ c3 ( p
2 k wf 1
+ c4 p
k wf 2
+ c5 ( p
2 k wf 2
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dp
2 f f u dL udu g + + dz + + dWs = 0 gc gc gc D
Single-Phase Solution, Incompressible
Depth (ft)
1000
4000
5000
1,000 STB/D @ 500 SCF/STB; WOR=1 1,000 STB/D @ 1000 SCF/STB; WOR=1 1,000 STB/D @ 500 SCF/STB; WOR=0 1,000 STB/D @ 1000 SCF/STB; WOR=0
2 f f u 2 dL g 2 p = p1 p2 = u + z + 2 gc gc gc D
12000 14000
(p
k wf
pth
= b q + b q + b q + b4 ( q
k 1 o k 2 w k 3 g
k 2 o
+ b5 ( q
k 2 w
+ b6 ( q
k 2 g
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Well operating point given by the intersection of reservoir and tubing performance
q, [BPD]
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Measured Disturbances
Unmeasured Disturbances
Manipulated Inputs
Flow Choke Zone Control ESP Speed Gas Lift
Gas Crudo
Unmeasured Outputs
Well flowing Pressure: pwf Reservoir Pressure: pres Reservoir Saturations: So, Sw Flow Impairment: S, Krs Zone Multiphase Flow: qo, qw, gq Drainage Area: A Tubing Head Pressure: pTHP
Controller
Agua
Tubing Head Temperature: TTHT Multiphase Flow: qo, qw, gq Solid Production, Water Analysis
Measured Outputs
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pk +1 , qk +1
sp wf
sp qG
Control
Interpret
qo ,opt
Set point
Optimize
Model
i = n +1
hu
i k + n + j i
+ d k |k
k k k qo = a0 + a1 pek + a2 pwf + a3 ( p wf )
+ b3 ( p
q q q
k o k w k g
a0 = b 0 c 0
a1 a2 b1 b2 c1 c2
1 k a3 pe b3 p k wf c3 k 2 ( pwf )
LS Optimization Loop Y = X + e
-1 N min ei2 ( X T X ) XT Y a ,b i =1 k k qo, g , w = f1 p k , p k 1 ... qT , qT 1 ,... k k 1 pres = f n p k , p k 1 ... qT , qT ,...
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d
+
qo qw qg
pwf
Outputs (Y) Inputs (U) Producer Flowing Pressure, pwf1 u1 Injector Flowing Pressure, pwf2 u2 qwinj qo y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 Reservoir Pressure: P Oil Rate: qo Water Rate: qw Water Fraction: fw Gas Rate: qg Water Injection Rate: qwi
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Windows and Eclipse Environment Generate Data File Matlab Environment Level Subspace Identification Plot Rsc Calculated & Measured x,y Read Excel File Run Eclipse Reservoir Numerical Model Run Summary File Convert Eclipse To Excel Run Matlab
Neural Network
x=0 =1
Auto Scale
U, Y
Ac , Ad
A
cumsum(A) diff(A)
FIR PLS
Rescale Parameters
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yk + n + j |k =
n+ N
i = n +1
hi uk + n + j i + d k |k
where
d k |k = yk
n+ N
i = n +1
hu
i k i
m + R u k2 + j 1| k j =1 j = 1, L , p j = 1, L , m i = m ,L , p 1
Controls operation while optimizing performance Done over a receding or moving horizon Requires a setpoint from an upper level
Set Point Tracking Example All Variables normalized so that They have zero mean and Std. Dev = 1 22
qo , sp qw, sp qg , sp
+ -
d
+
qo
pwf
qo qw qg
Outputs (Y) Inputs (U) Producer Flowing Pressure, pwf1 u1 Producer Flowing Pressure, pwf2 u2 Injection Flowing Rate, qwinj u3
Layer 1, kh1 Layer 2, kh2
qwinj
qoT
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
Reservoir Pressure: P Oil Rate Layer 1: qo1 Oil Rate Layer 2: qo2 Water Rate Layer 1: qw1 Water Rate Layer 2: qw2 Water Injection Rate: qwi
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pk +1 , qk +1
sp wf
sp qG
Control
Interpret
qo ,opt
Set point
Optimize
Model
i = n +1
hu
i k + n + j i
+ d k |k
LP Optimization Loop
N max NPV = f ( qo , qw , qg ,$, T ) qo ,qw ,qg 1 pmin pk + p , k pmax s.t. qmin qk + p qmax
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Upper optimization layer passes the best operating point to lower layer
Optimization Layer Regulatory Layer PLS Impulse PLS Impulse Identification Identification Empirical Empirical Model Model Information
qo , sp qw, sp qg , sp
+ -
d
+
qo
pwf
qo qw qg
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NPV =
k =1
(1 + i )
Performan c e
4 3
k Tk 365
Reservoir
pwf,max
pthp
fw 2
pwf,min
2
ql,min
ql,max
The self-learning cased permitted less water and more oil produced
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Clear benefits from extra little oil but with a lot less effort.
Oil Cumulative
5%
Non-Controlled
Water rate
Wp, Produced Water Cumulative Non-Controlled
Winj Non co ntrolled
-55%
d olle ontr on c N Wp Winj Controlled
-78%
Self-Learning
Wp Controlled
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pk +1 , qk +1
sp wf
sp qG
Control
Interpret
qo ,opt
Set point
Optimize
Model
i = n +1
hu
i k + n + j i
+ d k |k
QP Optimization Loop
m p 2 min ( yk + j y SP ) + R uk2+ j u j =1 j =1 s.t.
LP Optimization Loop
N max NPV = f ( qo , qw , qg ,$, T ) 1 qo ,qw ,qg pmin pk + p , k pmax s.t. qmin qk + p qmax
LS Optimization Loop Y = X + e
-1 2 min ei ( XT X ) XY a ,b i =1 k k qo , g , w = f1 p k , p k 1 ... qT , qT 1 ,... k k 1 pres = f n p k , p k 1 ... qT , qT ,...
ymin yk + j|k ymax ; j = [1, p ] umin uk + j|k umax ; j = [1, m] uk +i|k = uk + m 1|k ; i = [ m, p ]
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Acknowledgement
Research work was done under the guidance of Dr. Michael J. Economides and Dr. Michael Nikolaou at the University of Houston Research partially funded by PDVSA and Cullen College of Engineering Research Foundation at the University of Houston Academic access to software technology: EPS, Stonebond Technologies, KBRs Advanced Process Control framework.
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