BFC 4043

2.0 SHALLOW FOUNDATION :

2.1 General Concept
A shallow foundation must :
- be safe against overall shear failure in the soil
- not undergo excessive settlement
Nature of bearing capacity failure are : (as shown in
Figure 2.1)
- general shear failure (for stiff clay or dense sand)
- local shear failure (for medium dense sand or
clayey soil)
- punching shear failure(loose sand or soft clay)
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 1
BFC 4043
Figure 2.1 Nature of bearing capacity failure : (a) general
shear (b) local shear (c) punching shear
Vesic (1973) proposed a relationship for the bearing
capacity failure on sands in terms of relative density, D
r
depth of foundation, D
f
and B*, Figure 2.2
Where :
L B
BL
B
+

2
*
and B width, L length of
foundation
NOTE : L IS ALWAYS GREATER THAN B
For square; B=L and for circular; B=L=Diameter of
foundation and B* = B
Figure 2.2 Modes of foundation failure in sand, (Vesic, 1973)
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 2
BFC 4043
2.2 Terzaghis Bearing Capacity
Terzaghi suggested for a continuous or strip foundation
with failure surface as in Figure 2.3
Figure 2.3 Bearing capacity failure in soil under rough rigid
continuous foundation
Soil above the bottom of foundation is surcharge, q =

D
f
The failure zone under the foundation is separated into
three parts namely;
- triangular ACD under the foundation
- radial shear zones ADF and CDE with curves DE
and DF as arcs of logarithmic spiral
- Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG
CAD and ACD are assume to equal friction angle,

Thus ultimate bearing capacity, q

u
for general shear
failure can be expressed as :
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 3
BFC 4043
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
Where : c cohesion of soil

- unit weight of soil

q =

D
f
N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors
And
( )
( ) 1 cot 1
2 4
cos 2
cot
2
tan 2 / 4 / 3 2

1
1
1
1
]
1

,
_

q c
N
e
N

( )

,
_

2
45 cos 2
2
tan 2 / 4 / 3 2

e
N
q

tan 1
cos 2
1
2

,
_

p
K
N

where p
K
- passive pressure coefficient
Table 2.1 summarizes values for N
c
, N
q
, and N
Table 2.1 Terzaghis Bearing Capacitys Factors
N
c
N
q N
N
c
N
q N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.70
6.00
6.30
6.62
6.97
7.34
7.73
8.15
8.60
9.09
9.61
10.16
10.76
11.41
12.11
12.86
13.68
14.60
15.12
16.56
17.69
18.92
20.27
21.75
23.36
25.13
1.00
1.10
1.22
1.35
1.49
1.64
1.81
2.00
2.21
2.44
2.69
2.98
3.29
3.63
4.02
4.45
4.92
5.45
6.04
6.70
7.44
8.26
9.19
10.23
11.40
12.72
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.10
0.14
0.20
0.27
0.35
0.44
0.56
0.69
0.85
1.04
1.26
1.52
1.82
2.18
2.59
3.07
3.64
4.31
5.09
6.00
7.08
8.34
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
27.09
29.24
31.61
34.24
37.16
40.41
44.04
48.09
52.64
57.75
63.53
70.01
77.50
85.97
95.66
106.81
119.67
134.58
151.95
172.28
196.22
224.55
258.28
298.71
347.50
14.21
15.90
17.81
19.98
22.46
25.28
28.52
32.23
36.50
41.44
47.16
53.80
61.55
70.61
81.27
93.85
108.75
126.50
147.74
173.28
204.19
241.80
287.85
344.63
415.14
9.84
11.60
13.70
16.18
19.13
22.65
26.87
31.94
38.04
45.41
54.36
65.27
78.61
95.03
115.31
140.51
171.99
211.56
261.60
325.34
407.11
512.84
650.67
831.99
1072.80
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 4
BFC 4043
From Kumbhojkar (1993)
And ultimate bearing capacity, q
u
for local shear failure
can be expressed as :
) . .........( ' 3 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0
) . ........( ' 4 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0
) . .......( ' 5 . 0 ' '
3
2
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
Where : N
c
, N
q
, N (see Table 2.2) are reduced
bearing capacity factors can be calculated by
using N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors with

,
_

tan
3
2
tan '
1
Table 2.2 Terzaghis Modified Bearing Capacitys Factors
N
c
N
q N
N
c
N
q N
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.70
5.90
6.10
6.30
6.51
6.74
6.97
7.22
7.47
7.74
8.02
8.32
8.63
8.96
9.31
9.67
10.06
10.47
10.90
11.36
11.85
12.37
12.92
13.51
14.14
14.80
1.00
1.07
1.14
1.22
1.30
1.39
1.49
1.59
1.70
1.82
1.94
2.08
2.22
2.38
2.55
2.73
2.92
3.13
3.36
3.61
3.88
4.17
4.48
4.82
5.20
5.60
0.00
0.005
0.02
0.04
0.055
0.074
0.10
0.128
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.30
0.35
0.42
0.48
0.57
0.67
0.76
0.88
1.03
1.12
1.35
1.55
1.74
1.97
2.25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
15.53
16.30
17.13
18.03
18.99
20.03
21.16
22.39
23.72
25.18
26.77
28.51
30.43
32.53
34.87
37.45
40.33
43.54
47.13
51.17
55.73
60.91
66.80
73.55
81.31
6.05
6.54
7.07
7.66
8.31
9.03
9.82
10.69
11.67
12.75
13.97
15.32
16.85
18.56
20.50
22.70
25.21
28.06
31.34
35.11
39.48
44.45
50.46
57.41
65.60
2.59
2.88
3.29
3.76
4.39
4.83
5.51
6.32
7.22
8.35
9.41
10.90
12.75
14.71
17.22
19.75
22.50
26.25
30.40
36.00
41.70
49.30
59.25
71.45
85.75
Example 2.1
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 5
BFC 4043
Given : A square foundation, 1.5m x 1.5m in plan
view
Soil parameters :
= 20, c = 15.2 kN/m
2
,

=17.8 kN/m
3
Assume : FS = 4, general shear failure condition and
D
f
= 1 m
Find : Allowable gross load on the foundation
Solution :
) . ........( 4 . 0 ' 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN N c q
q c u
+ +
For = 20, (Table 2.1); N
c
= 17.69, N
q
= 7.44, N

=
3.64
Thus
( )( ) ( )( ) ) 64 . 3 )( 5 . 1 )( 8 . 17 )( 4 . 0 ( 44 . 7 8 . 17 1 69 . 17 2 . 15 3 . 1 4 . 0 3 . 1 + + + +

BN qN cN q
q c u

2
/ 521 87 . 38 43 . 132 55 . 349 m kN + +
Allowable bearing capacity :
2
/ 130
4
521
m kN
FS
q
q
u
all

Thus total allowable gross load, Q
kN B A q Q
all all
5 . 292 ) 5 . 1 5 . 1 ( 130 130
2

Example 2.2
Given : Repeat example 2.1
Assume : Local shear failure condition
Solution :
) . ........( ' 4 . 0 ' ' 867 . 0 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
For = 20, (Table 2.2); N
c
= 11.85, N
q
= 3.88, N

=
1.12
( )( ) ( )( ) ) 12 . 1 )( 5 . 1 )( 8 . 17 )( 4 . 0 ( 88 . 3 8 . 17 1 85 . 11 2 . 15 867 . 0 ' 4 . 0 ' ' ' 867 . 0 + + + +

BN qN N c q
q c u

2
/ 3 . 237 0 . 12 1 . 69 2 . 156 m kN + +
Allowable load :
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 6
BFC 4043
2
/ 3 . 59
4
3 . 237
m kN
FS
q
q
u
all

;
kN A q Q
all all
4 . 133 ) 5 . 1 5 . 1 ( 3 . 59
2.3 Effect of Water Table on Bearing Capacity
All equations mentioned before are based on the
location of water table well below the foundation; if
otherwise, some modification should be made
according to the location of the water table, see Figure
2.4
Figure 2.4 Modification of bearing capacity for water table
Case I : 0 D
1
D
f
- q(effective surcharge) =
'
2 1
D D +
- where :
-
'
- effective unit weight = w sat

- sat

- saturated unit weight of soil

- w

- unit weight of water = 9.81kN/m

3
or 62.4 lb/ft
3
-
'
in the last term of the equation
Case II : 0 d B
- the value f
D q
-
( ) ' ' +
B
d
Case III : d B
- water has no effect on the q
u
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 7
BFC 4043
Note : the values of bearing capacity factors used strictly depending
on whether the condition is general or local shear failure.
2.4 Factor of Safety, FS

FS
q
q
u
all
, where :
- q
all
- gross allowable load-bearing capacity,
- q
u
gross ultimate bearing capacity,
- FS factor of safety
Values of FS against bearing capacity failure is 2.5 to
3.0.
Net stress increase on soil = net ultimate bearing
capacity/FS

FS
q q
q
u
net all

) (
, and :
f
u net u
D q
q q q


) (
;
Where : q
all(net)
net allowable bearing capacity
q
u(net)
net ultimate bearing capacity
Procedure for FS
shear
a. Find developed cohesion,c
d
and angle of friction,
d
;

,
_

shear
d
shear
d
FS
and
FS
c
c

tan
tan ...... .......
1
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN cN q
foundation square BN qN cN q
foundation strip BN qN cN q
q c u
q c u
q c u

+ +
+ +
+ +
b. Terzaghis equations become (with c
d
and
d
):
) . .........( 3 . 0 3 . 1
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1
) . .......( 5 . 0
foundation circular BN qN N c q
foundation square BN qN N c q
foundation strip BN qN N c q
q c d u
q c d u
q c d u

+ +
+ +
+ +
With : N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors for
d
c. Thus, the net allowable bearing capacity :
( )

BN N q N c q q q
q c d all net all
2
1
1
) (
+ +
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 8
BFC 4043
Example 2.3
Using
FS
q q
q
u
net all

) (
; and FS = 5; find net allowable load for the
foundation in example 2.1 with q
u
= 521 kN/m
2
With q
u
= 521 kN/m
2
; q = 1(17.8) = 17.8 kN/m
2
2
) (
/ 64 . 100
5
8 . 17 521
m kN
FS
q q
q
u
net all

Hence Q
all(net)
= 100.64(1.5x1.5) = 226.4 kN
Example 2.4
Using Example 3.1, and Terzaghis equation
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
with FS
shear
= 1.5;
Find net allowable load for the foundation
For c=15.2 kN/m
2
, = 20 and

,
_

shear
d
shear
d
FS
and
FS
c
c

tan
tan ...... .......
1
c
d
=
2
/ 13 . 10
5 . 1
2 . 15
m kN
FS
c
shear

d
= tan
-1
[
shear
FS
tan
] = tan
-1
[
5 . 1
20 tan
] = 13.64
With :
( )

BN N q N c q
q c d net all
4 . 0 1 3 . 1
) (
+ +
From Table 2.1 : =13.6 ;
2 . 1

N
;
8 . 3
q
N
;
12
c
N

(estimation)
Hence :
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
2
) (
/ 220 2 . 12 8 . 49 0 . 158
2 . 1 5 . 1 8 . 17 4 . 0 1 8 . 3 8 . 17 12 13 . 10 3 . 1
m kN
q
net all
+ +
+ +
( )( ) kN Q
net all
495 5 . 1 5 . 1 220
) (

2.5 The General Bearing Capacity Equation
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 9
BFC 4043
The need to address for rectangular shape foundation
where :
(0<B/L<1)
Meyerhof (1963) suggest :
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F cN q

2
1
+ +
Where :
c cohesion
q effective stress at the level of the bottom of
foundation

- unit weight of soil

B width (or diameter) of foundation
N
c
, N
q
, N - bearing capacity factors
s qs cs
F F F

, ,
- shape factors
d qd cd
F F F

, ,
- depth factors
i qi ci
F F F

, ,
- load inclination factors
Values
- bearing capacity factors :
( ) cot 1
q c
N N ( )

tan 1 2 +
q
N N
- shape, depth and inclination factors :
- shape
c
q
cs
N
N
L
B
F + 1 tan 1
L
B
F
qs
+
L
B
F
s
4 . 0 1

Where : L length of the foundation and (L>B)

- depth
if D
f
/B 1
B
D
F
f
cd
4 . 0 1+ ( )
B
D
F
f
qd
2
sin 1 tan 2 1 +
1
d
F

if D
f
/B > 1
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 10

tan 2
2
45 tan e N
q

,
_

+
BFC 4043

( )

,
_

+

B
D
F
f
cd
1
tan 4 . 0 1

( )

,
_

+

B
D
F
f
qd
1 2
tan sin 1 tan 2 1

1
d
F

NOTE : tan
-1
(D
f
/B) is in radian
- inclination
2
90
1
,
_

qi ci
F F
2
1

,
_

i
F

Where : inclination of load from vertical
For undrained condition ( = 0)
q F F N c q
cd cs c u u
+
cd cs c u u u net
F F N c q q q
) (
Skemptons :

,
_

,
_

+
L
B
B
D
c q
f
u net
2 . 0 1 2 . 0 1 5
) (
Table 2.3
Vesics Bearing Capacity Factors for General Equation (1973)
N
c
N
q N
N
q
/ N
c
Tan N
c
N
q N
N
q
/ N
c
Tan

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
5.14
5.38
5.63
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
7.16
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9.28
9.81
10.37
10.98
11.63
12.34
13.10
13.93
14.83
15.82
16.88
18.05
19.32
20.72
1.00
1.09
1.20
1.31
1.43
1.57
1.72
1.88
2.06
2.25
2.47
2.71
2.97
3.26
3.59
3.94
4.34
4.77
5.26
5.80
6.40
7.07
7.82
8.66
9.60
10.66
0.00
0.07
0.15
0.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
0.71
0.86
1.03
1.22
1.44
1.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.07
4.68
5.39
6.20
7.13
8.20
9.44
10.88
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.39
0.40
0.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.51
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.23
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
22.25
23.94
25.80
27.86
30.14
32.67
35.49
38.64
42.16
46.12
50.59
55.63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
93.71
105.1
1
118.3
7
133.8
8
152.1
0
173.6
4
11.85
13.20
14.72
16.44
18.40
20.67
23.18
26.09
29.44
33.30
37.75
42.92
48.93
55.96
64.20
73.90
85.38
99.02
115.3
1
134.8
8
158.5
1
187.2
1
222.3
12.54
14.47
16.72
19.34
22.40
25.99
30.22
35.19
41.06
48.03
56.31
66.19
78.03
92.25
109.4
1
130.2
2
155.5
5
186.5
4
224.6
4
271.7
6
330.3
0.53
0.55
0.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
0.70
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.80
0.82
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.15
1.20
0.49
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.78
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.19
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 11
BFC 4043
199.2
6
229.9
3
266.8
9
1
265.5
1
319.0
7
5
403.6
7
496.0
1
613.1
6
762.8
9
Example 2.5
Figure 2.5
Given : A square foundation (B x B), Figure 2.5, Q=150
kN.
D
f
= 0.7m, load is inclined at 20 from vertical,
FS = 3.
Use general bearing capacity factors
Find : The width of foundation B
) '
2
1
(
i d s qi qd qs q u
F F F BN F F F qN q

+
;
( )( )
2
/ 6 . 12 18 7 . 0 m kN q
From Table 2.3 : For =30: N
q
= 18.4, N

= 22.4, N
q
/ N
c
=
0.61
,
Tan = 0.58
( ) 58 . 1 58 . 0 1 tan 1 + +
B
B
L
B
F
qs

;
6 . 0 4 . 0 1 4 . 0 1
,
_

B
B
L
B
F
s
( ) ( )( )
B B B
D
F
f
qd
202 . 0
1
7 . 0
30 sin 1 58 . 0 2 1 sin 1 tan 2 1
2 2
+ + + ;
1
d
F

605 . 0
90
20
1
90
1
2 2

,
_

,
_

qi ci
F F ; 11 . 0
30
20
1 1
2 2

,
_

,
_

i
F
So
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 12
BFC 4043
( )( )( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( )( )( ) B
B
B
B
F F F BN F F F qN q
i d s qi qd qs q u
3 . 13
68 . 44
2 . 221 11 . 0 1 6 . 0 4 . 22 18
2
1
605 . 0
202 . 0
1 58 . 1 4 . 18 6 . 12
) '
2
1
(
+ +
1
]
1

+
,
_

+
+

B
B B
set thus
q
q
u
all
43 . 4
89 . 14
73 . 73
150
:
3
2
+ +
By trial and error : B=1.3m
2.6 Eccentrically Loaded Foundations
Eccentrically loaded foundations give non-uniform
distribution of pressure, Figure 2.6
Figure 2.6 Eccentrically loaded foundations
Eccentricity,
Q
M
e
q
max
and q
min
is given by :

,
_

+
B
e
BL
Q
q
6
1
max and

,
_

B
e
BL
Q
q
6
1
min
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 13
BFC 4043
if e > B/6, and q
min
becomes negative then :
( ) e B L
Q
q
2 3
4
max

Factor of safety against bearing capacity failure;

effective area method, by Meyerhof (1953)
a. Find effective dimensions of the dimensions
- the smaller of B and L is the width
- effective width, B = B 2e
- effective length, L = L
- if e is in the direction of L than L = L 2e
b. Find the ultimate bearing capacity, q
u
:
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F N B F F F qN F F F cN q

'
2
1
' + +
- use L and B to find s qs cs
F and F F

. . ,
- use B to find d qd cd
F and F F

. . ,
c. Total ultimate load,
( ) ' ' '
' '
L B q A q Q
u u ult

; where A
effective area
d. Factor of safety,
Q
Q
FS
ult

e. Check FS against q
max
;
max
'
q
q
FS
u

Example 2.6
Given : A square foundation as shown in Figure 2.7. Using
general bearing capacity factors, (table 2.3)

AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 14
Sand :
0
30
/ 18
3

c
m kN

0.7 m
BFC 4043
Figure 2.7
Find : Ultimate load, Q
ult
,
assume one way load eccentricity, e = 0.15m
Solution : with c = 0;
i d s qi qd qs q u
F F F N B F F F qN q

'
2
1
' +
Where :
q = 0.7(18) = 12.6 kN/m
2
for = 30, from Table 2.3 : N
q
=18.4 and N

=22.4
B = 1.5 2(0.15) = 1.2m
L = 1.5m
Thus values for general bering capacity equations : (using B
and L)
462 . 1 30 tan
5 . 1
2 . 1
1 tan
'
'
1
,
_

+ +
L
B
F
qs
( )
( )( )
135 . 1
5 . 1
7 . 0 289 . 0
1 sin 1 tan 2 1
2
+ +
B
D
F
f
qd

68 . 0
5 . 1
2 . 1
4 . 0 1
'
'
4 . 0 1
,
_

,
_

L
B
F
s
1
d
F

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
/ 2 . 549 5 . 164 7 . 384
1 68 . 0 4 . 22 2 . 1 18 135 . 1 462 . 1 4 . 18 6 . 12 '
m kN
q
u
+
+
Q
ult
= q
u
X A = 549.2 X (1.5X1.2) = 988kN
Q
all
= 988/3 = 330kN with FS=3
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 15
1.5m x 1.5 m
BFC 4043
2.7 Load on strip footing
Example 2.7 :
Given : The strip footing shown below is to be constructed in
a uniform deposit of stiff clay and must support a wall that
imposes a loading of 152 kN/m of wall length. Use general
bearing capacity factors.
Find : The width of footing with FS of 3.
Figure 2.8
Solution :
2
2
/ 9 . 72
2
/ 8 . 145
2
;
. .......( 5 . 0
m kN
m kN q
c with
foundation strip BN qN cN q
u
q c u

+ +

And =0; from the Table 2.3 N

c
= 5.14, N
q
= 1.0 and N

=0
m
m kN
m kN
dthofwall requiredwi
m kN
m kN
q
m kN B m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
15 . 1
/ 4 . 132
/ 0 . 152
/ 4 . 132
3
/ 3 . 397
/ 3 . 397 ) 0 )( )( / 82 . 18 ( 5 . 0 ) 0 . 1 )( 2 . 1 )( / 82 . 18 ( ) 14 . 5 )( / 9 . 72 (
2
2
2
2 3 3 2


+ +
B required is 1.5 meter to be conservative
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 16
BFC 4043
2.8 Dimension of loaded square pad footing
Example 2.8 :
Soil deposit has the following ;

=20.44 kN/m
3
, =30,
c=38.3kN/m
2
Square footing located 1.52 m below surface, carries 2670
kN and groundwater is negligible. Use Terzaghis values,
(Table 2.1).
Find : The right dimension B. Use Terzaghis equation
) . ........( 4 . 0 3 . 1 foundation square BN qN cN q
q c u
+ +
With =30; N
c
=37.16, N
q
=22.46, N

=19.13
Assume B=3 m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
63 . 1 65 . 2
/ 7 . 1005
2670
/ 7 . 1005
3
/ 3017
/ 3017 / 469 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 3 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1 m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
65 . 1 72 . 2
/ 980
2670
/ 980
3
/ 2939
/ 2939 / 391 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 17
2670 kN
= 20.44 kN/m
3
1.52m =30
c = 38.3 kN/m
2
Figure
2.9
BFC 4043
Assume B=2m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
67 . 1 80 . 2
/ 954
2670
/ 954
3
/ 2861
/ 2861 / 313 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 2 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1.8m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
68 . 1 83 . 2
/ 943
2670
/ 943
3
/ 2830
/ 2830 / 282 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 8 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Assume B=1.7m;
m B B m
m kN
kN
wall of width required
m kN
m kN
q
m kN m kN
m m kN m m kN m kN q
all
ult
7 . 1 85 . 2
/ 938
2670
/ 938
3
/ 2814
/ 2814 / 266 698 1850
) 13 . 19 )( 7 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( 4 . 0 ) 46 . 22 )( 52 . 1 )( / 44 . 20 ( ) 16 . 37 )( / 3 . 38 ( 3 . 1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
3 3 2


+ +
+ +
Therefore use 1.7m x 1.7m
2.9 Contact Pressure and stability check.
Can be computed by using flexural formula of :
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Where :
q contact pressure
Q total axial vertical load
A area of footing
M
x
, M
y
total moment about respective x and y axes
I
x
, I
y
moment of inertia about respective x and y
axes
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 18
BFC 4043
x, y distance from centroid to the outer most point
at which the contact pressure is computed along
respective x and
y axes.
Example 2.9
A pad footing with dimension of 1.52 x 1.52m acted upon by
the load of 222.4kN. Estimate soil contact pressure and FS
against bearing capacity.
Given :
1.52m by 1.52m square footing; P=222.4kN; soil

=18.85kN/m
3
concrete

=24 kN/m
3
; q
u
= 143.64 kN/m
2
Find :
a. Soil contact pressure
b. FS against bearing capacity pressure
Solution :
a.
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
; M
x
=M
y
=0; since load on centroid
Total load calculation, Q :
Column load, P = 222.4kN
Weight of footing base
= (1.52m)(1.52m)0.31m(24kN/m
3
) = 17.19 kN
Weight of footing pedestal
= (0.14m)(0.14m)(0.91m)(24kN/m
3
) = 0.43 kN
Weight of backfill soil
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 19
222.4KN
0.14m
2 0.91m
1.22m
0.31m
1.52m
Figure 2.10
BFC 4043
= [(1.52m)(1.52m)-(0.14m)(0.14m)](0.91m) x
18.85kN/m
3
= 39.3kN
Q = 222.4 + 17.19 + 0.43 + 39.3 = 279.32kN
Area, A = 1.52mx1.52m = 2.31m
2
Soil contact pressure or Stress, q = Q/A = 120.9 kN/m
2


b.
2
2
/ 82 . 71
2
/ 64 . 143
2
4 . 0 2 . 1
m kN
m kN q
c
BN N D cN q
u
q f c ult

+ +


Assuming cohesive soil has : =0 and c>0; thus :
N
c
=5.14, N
q
=1.0, N

=0, D
f
=1.22m
85 . 3
9 . 120
98 . 465
/ 98 . 465
0 ) 0 . 1 )( 22 . 1 ( 85 . 18 ) 14 . 5 )( 82 . 71 ( 2 . 1 4 . 0 2 . 1
2

+ + + +
q
q
FS
m kN
BN N D cN q
ult
q f c ult

Since FS > 3.0; thus ok.
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 20
Example 2.10
Draw soil contact pressure
for footing in Figure 2.11
Conversion to SI unit
P=222.4 kN;
H=88.96 kN;
M=81.35kN.m;
W=88.96 kN
D
f
=1.22m;
B=2.29m (7.5ft);
L=1.52m (5ft)
Figure 2.11
BFC 4043
Given : 2.29m by 1.52m rectangular footing
Find : Contact pressure and soil pressure diagram
Solution :
Using flexural formula;
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Q = P + W = 222.4 kN + 88.96 kN = 311.36 kN.
A = 2.29m x 1.52m = 3.48 m
2
;
M
x
=0; M
y
=88.96(1.22)+81.35=189.88kN.m (Moment about
point C)
x = 2.29/2 = 1.145m;
4
3
52 . 1
12
) 29 . 2 ( 52 . 1
m
m m
I
y

2 2
2 2
4 2
/ 53 . 53 ..... / 47 . 232
/ 143 / 47 . 89
52 . 1
) 145 . 1 )( 88 . 189 (
48 . 3
36 . 311
m kN q and m kN q
m kN m kN
m
m m kN
m
kN
q
left right
+
t

t
Take V = 0 and M
c
= 0 will produce :
V = 0 :
) ........( 36 . 311 ) 52 . 1 (
2
... ... 0 ) )( (
2
A kN m
qd
and W P L d
q

,
_

,
_

M
c
= 0 : see Figure 2.12 (b) and (c)
0
3
) )( (
2
) )( (
,
_

,
_

+
d
x L d
q
S H M
( ) ( )
2
/ 46 . 254 ., 36 . 311 ) 52 . 1 )( 61 . 1 (
2
: ) ( int .
61 . 1 0 79 . 103 51 . 356 53 . 108 35 . 81
..... 0
3 2
29 . 2
36 . 311 22 . 1 96 . 88 . 35 . 81
m kN q kN m m
q
A o substitue
m d d
B
d m
m kN m kN

,
_

+ +

,
_

+
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 21
BFC 4043
Example 2.11 Checking stability on shallow foundation
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 22
Figure 2.12 (a) and (b)
1.61m
254.46kN/m
2
2.29m
2.29m
BFC 4043
Given : A 6 ft x 6 ft footing as shown; load P=60kips; weight
of concrete footing including pedestal + base pad,
W
1
=9.3kips; backfill, W
2
=11.2kips; horizontal load = 4kips;
q
all
for soil = 3.0 kips/ft
2
.
Find :
1. Contact pressure and soil pressure diagram.
2. Shear and moment at section A-A (in the Figure E3.14)
3. FS against sliding if coefficient of friction, = 0.40
4. FS against overturning.
Solution :
1.
y
y
x
x
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q t t
Q=P+W
1
+W
2
=60+9.3+11.2=80.5kips
A=6ftx6ft=36ft
2
M
y
=4kipsx4.5ft=18kip-ft (about point C)
x=6ft/2=3ft
I
y
=6ft(6ft)
3
/12=108ft
4
; M
x
=0; M
x
y/I
x
=0
2 2
4 2
/ 50 . 0 / 24 . 2
108
) 3 ( . 18
36
5 . 80
ft kip ft kips
ft
ft ft kip
ft
kips
I
x M
I
y M
A
Q
q
y
y
x
x
t t t t
So : q
right
= 2.74 kips/ft
2
< 3.0 kips/ft
2
; OK
q
left
= 1.74 kips/ft
2
< 3.0 kips/ft
2
; OK
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 23
Figure 2.13
BFC 4043
2. FDG and EDH are similar triangles; so
( ) ft kips ft kips
ft
kips A A at Moment
kips kips kips
ft ft kip ft ft ft kips ft A A at Shear
ft kip DE
ft
ft DE
ft FG
ft
ft ft
EH ft kips DF
FG
EH
DF
DE
. 7 . 39 25 . 2 53 . 2
2
25 . 2
93 . 31 : .. .
46 . 34 53 . 2 93 . 31
) 6 )( / 375 . 0 )( 25 . 2 ( ) 6 )( / 375 . 0 74 . 2 ( 25 . 2 : .. .
/ 375 . 0 ;..
6
25 . 2
0 . 1
;... 6
25 . 2
2
5 . 1
2
6
;... / 0 . 1 74 . 1 74 . 2 ;.....
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
+
,
_

+
+


3.
( )
05 . 8
4
) 40 . 0 ( 2 . 11 3 . 9 60
..
. . . . .
. .

+ +

kips
kips kips kips
forces Horizontal
eandsoil betweenbas friction of t coefficien load vertical Total
sliding against FS
4.
4 . 13
) 5 . 4 ( 4
) 2 / 6 ( 5 . 80
.
. Re
. .
ft kips
ft kips
moment Turning
moment sisting
g overturnin against FS
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 24
Pressure
diagram
BFC 4043
2.10Settlement of shallow foundation
Foundation settlement under load can be classified
according to two major types :
(a) immediate or elastic settlement, S
e
(b) consolidation settlement, S
c
Elastic settlement, S
e
takes place immediately during or after
construction of structure.
Consolidation settlement, S
c
is time dependent comprises of
two phases; namely, primary and secondary consolidation
settlement.
2.10.1 Elastic settlement of foundations on saturated
clay
Elastic settlement of foundations on saturated clay is given
by Janbu et al., (1956) using the equation :
s
e
E
B q
A A S
0
2 1

where :
A
1
is a function of H/B and L/B and A
2
is a function of
D
f
/B
All parameters of H, B and D
f
(with L into the paper) are
as
shown in Figure 2.14.
Figure 2.14 : Parameters
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 25
BFC 4043
Figure 2.15 : A
2
Versus D
f
/B
Figure 2.16 : A
1
Versus H/B and L/B
2.10.2 Elastic settlement of foundations on sandy soil:
use of strain influence factor
Schmertmann, (1978) proposed that the elastic settlement
in sandy soil as :
( )

2
0
2 1
z
s
z
e
z
E
I
q q C C S
where :
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 26
BFC 4043
I
z
strain influence factor
C
1
correction factor due to depth =
( )
1
]
1

q q
q
5 . 0 1
C
2
correction factor due to soil creep =

,
_

+
1 . 0
log 2 . 0 1
years in time

q
- stress at the level of foundation (due to loading +
self weight of footing + weight of soil above footing)
f
D q
Figure 2.17 : Calculation of elastic settlement using strain
influence factor
The variation of I
z
with depth below the footing for
square or circular are as below :
I
z
= 0.1 at z = 0
I
z
= 0.5 at z = z
1
= 0.5B
I
z
= 0 at z = z
2
= 2B
Footing with L/B 10 (rectangular footing) :
I
z
= 0.2 at z = 0
I
z
= 0.5 at z = z
1
= B
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 27
BFC 4043
I
z
= 0 at z = z
2
= 4B
2.10.3 Range of material parameters
Elastic parameters such as E
s
and
s
in Table 2.4 can be used
if the real laboratory test results not available.
Table 2.4 : Elastic parameters of various soils
Type of soil Modulus of
Elasticity, E
s
(MN/m
2
)
Poissons ratio,
s
Loose sand 10.5 24.0 0.20 0.40
Medium dense
sand
17.25 27.60 0.25 0.40
Dense sand 34.50 55.20 0.30 0.45
Silty sand 10.35 17.25 0.20 0.40
Sand and gravel 69.00 172.50 0.15 0.35
Soft clay 4.1 20.7
0.20 0.50 Medium clay 20.7 41.4
Stiff clay 41.4 96.6
2.10.4 Consolidation settlement
(a) Primary consolidation, S
c
Many methods were developed in estimating the value of
consolidation settlement, S
c
.
Due to simplicity only chart based on Newmarks (1942),
Figure 2.18 will be used in estimating the consolidation
settlement.
Primary consolidation, S
c
calculated as :
0 0
log
1 p
p
e
H
C S
c c

,
_

AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 28

BFC 4043
where : C
c
compression index (given)
H thickness of clay layer
e
0
initial void ratio (given)
p = p
0
+ p, final pressure
p
0
overburden pressure
p =4(I
p
)q
0
net consolidation pressure at mid-
height of clay layer
I
p
Influence factor (from Figure 2.18)
q
0
net stress increase
Figure 2.18 : Chart for determining stresses below corners
of rigid and isotropic.
Example 2.7
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 29
BFC 4043
Given :
Figure 2.19
A foundation to be constructed as in Figure 2.19. The base of
the foundation is 3m by 6m, and it exerts a total load of
5400 kN, which include all self weight. The initial void ratio,
e
0
is 1.38 and compression index, C
c
is 0.68.
Required :
Expected primary consolidation settlement of clay layer.
Solution :
p
0
= 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)(198 - 192) + (17.1
9.81)(192 185.6)/2 = 123.1 kN/m
2
Weight of excavation = 19.83(200 - 198) + (19.83 9.81)
(198 195.5) = 64.7kN/m
2
( )( ) ( )( ) [ ]
2
0
/ 3 . 235 5 . 195 198 81 . 9 83 . 19 198 200 83 . 19
6 3
5400
,
m kN
m m
kN
excavation of weight pressure load q increase stress Net
+

By dividing the base into 4 equal size of 1.5m by 3.0m :
mz = 1.5m nz = 3.0m
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 30
BFC 4043
m
m m
m z 7 . 6
2
6 . 185 0 . 192
5 . 195
+


224 . 0
7 . 6
5 . 1

m
m
m
;
448 . 0
7 . 6
0 . 3

m
m
n
From Figure 2.18, the influence coefficient is 0.04
Therefore ;
( )
2 2
/ 6 . 37 / 3 . 235 04 . 0 4 m kN m kN p
Final pressure, p = p
0
+ p = 123.1 + 37.6 = 160.7 kN/m
2
.
Therefore;
m
m kN
m kN m
p
p
e
H
C S
c c
212 . 0
/ 1 . 123
/ 7 . 160
log
38 . 1 1
4 . 6
68 . 0 log
1
2
2
0 0

,
_

,
_

,
_

(b) secondary consolidation

Secondary settlement, S
s
is computed from the following
calculation (U.S. Department of the Navy, 1971)

,
_

p
s
s
t
t
H C S log

where :
S
s
secondary compression settlement
C

coefficient of secondary compression, can be

determined from Figure
3.26
H thickness of clay layer that is considered
t
s
time for which settlement is required
t
p
time to completion of primary consolidation
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 31
BFC 4043
Figure 2.20 : Value of C

2.11Allowable bearing pressure in sand based on

settlement consideration.
Bowles (1977) proposed a correlation of the net
allowable bearing pressure for foundations with SPT (N-
values).
The following equations are used :
( )( ) m B for
S
F N m kN q
d all net
22 . 1
4 . 25
16 . 19 ) / (
2
) (

,
_

And
( ) ( ) m B for
S
F
B
B
N m kN q
d all net
22 . 1
4 . 25 28 . 3
1 28 . 3
98 . 11 ) / (
2
2
) (
>
,
_

,
_

Where :
F
d
depth factor =
33 . 1 33 . 0 1

,
_

+
B
D
f
S tolerable settlement, in mm.
Example 2.8
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 32
BFC 4043
Given:
A shallow square footing for a column is to be
constructed. Design load is 1000 kN. The foundation
soil is sand. The SPT numbers from field exploration as
shown in the table.
Assume that the footing must be 1.5m deep, the
tolerable settlement as 25.4mm and the size is >
1.22m.
Required :
(a) The exact size of the footing (b) safety factor for
foundation
Solution :
N
avg
= (7+8+11+11+13+10+9+10+12)/9=10
With S=25.4mm and N=10
( ) ( )
d d all net
F
B
B
F
B
B
m kN q
2 2
2
) (
28 . 3
1 28 . 3
8 . 119
4 . 25
4 . 25
28 . 3
1 28 . 3
10 98 . 11 ) / (
,
_

+

,
_

,
_

33 . 1 33 . 0 1

,
_

+
B
D
F
f
d
By trial and error (set the table for calculation)
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 33
BFC 4043
From the table it is seen that the appropriate B=2.4
Setting general equation and equation for net ultimate
with c=0 (for sandy soil) :
f
u net u
D q
q q q


) (
;
i d s qi qd qs q ci cd cs c u
F F F BN F F F qN F F F cN q

2
1
+ +
( )
q F F F BN F F F qN q q q
i d s qi qd qs q ult net u
+

2
1
For N=10; friction angle of =34 is considered (from
table on SI)
With no inclination so F
qi
=F
i
=1.0
From table 2.3 N
q
=29.44, N

=41.06
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 34
BFC 4043
So for a tolerable settlement of 25.4mm, the SF
required is calculated as : SF=Qnet(u)/Q=
10,322kN/1000kN = 10.3 which is OK, therefore most
design controlled by tolerable criterion.
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 35
BFC 4043
AKS & PM IR AZIZAN SEM 2 200910 36