Heat of Combustion

Barba-Biadomang-Narciso Experiment 1

Thermochemistry

Branch of thermodynamics that deals with the transfer of energy as heat in a chemical process

Heat of Combustion
Heat liberated from 1 mole of substance when it undergoes combustion with oxygen at constant pressure to form carbon dioxide ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!"! ! ! !!! ! ! !

Calorimetry
Measure of heat of chemical reactions Calorimeter Bomb: Constant volume, measure heat of combustion Isoperibolic: near isothermal

Thermistor
Thermal Resistor Semiconductors with a resistivity sensitive to changes in temperature Inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protector, self-regulating heating elements Ceramic or polymer

!! ! !!!

Chips, discs, rods, washers

!

+: cheap, available, sensitive -: prone to permanent decalibration

Thermistor
Change in resistance due to change in thermistors body temperature Due to conduction or radiation Self-heating due to power dissipation Electronic thermometer Thermistor parallel to multimeter

Thermistor
!! ! !!!
!

Positive Temperature Coefcient (PTC) Increase temperature, increase resistance Electric current control Negative Temperature Coefcient (NTC) Increase temperature, decrease resistance Precision temperature measurements

Steinhart-Hart Equation
Model of resistance of a semiconductor at different temperatures

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T: Temperature in K R: Resistance in Ohms A, B, C : Steinhart-hart equation

B Parameter Equation
Steinhart-Hart Equation

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!

Steinhart-Hart Coefcients

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Substitution

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B Parameter Equation
B Parameter Equation

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Resistance

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Linear Relationship !! between Resistance ! ! ! !" ! !! and Temperature

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Methodology
Calibration of the Electronic Thermometer Electronic Thermometer: - One thermistor Thermistor + multimeter (//) - Do not submerge in water Clean mercury thermometer in - Thermometer: most common non-electrical sensor beaker with tap water

30, 40, 50, 60, 70

- 5 temperatures, line

Calibration of Electronic Thermometer

Temperature (K)
313.15 323.15 333.15 343.15 353.15

Resistance Reading (M)

2.391
ln(R)

Calibration Curve for the Electronic Thermometer (ln(R) vs 1/T)

2 1 0 0.0028 -1 -2 -3 -4 y = 10385x - 32.322 R! = 0.98752 0.0029 0.003 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033

0.682 0.3802 0.1459 0.047 10385.3762 -32.321723 0.99374279

1/T (1/K)

Slope y-intercept r

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Methodology
Calibration of Calorimeter
Improvised Calorimeter PVC pipe Cover (Shampoo container) Tin can Thermistor Multimeter Isoperibolic

Methodology
Calibration of Calorimeter
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Adiabatic system Heat (Q)

Qsubstance = -Qcalorimeter Qtotal = Qsubstance + Qcalorimeter = 0

Calibration: measure at two different temperature (tap & hot) Heat transfer

Qsusbtance = mcT Qcalorimeter = CcalT

Methodology
Heat of Combustion of Isopropanol
Step1 Step2 Step3

200 ml distilled water

+ 2 mL isopropyl alcohol

ignite sample

heating can

read & record potential

evap. dish

wait until consumed

place wick

place to heating can

read and record potential

Results
Table 1. Tabulated values for measured R initial and R eq of isopropanol

R initial (M)

0.869

R eq (M)

0.435

Computations
Table 1. Tabulated values for measured R initial and R eq of isopropanol

R initial (M) R eq (M)

0.869 0.435

1 ln R = B + C T
Table 2. Tabulated values for calculated B (slope) and C (y-intercept)

B C

10385.3762 -32.3217

Computations
Table 3. Tabulated values for measured R initial and R eq of isopropanol, and calculated T initial and T eq

R initial (M) R eq (M)

0.869 0.435

T initial (K) T eq (K)

322.7145 329.8064

mIPA H c + mH 2 O C H 2 O T + Ccal T = 0

Computations
mIPA H c + mH 2 O C H 2 O T + Ccal T = 0

Table 4. Tabulated values for calculated T (Teq-Tinitial), density of IPA, calculated Hc, theoretical Hc, and % error (abs(theo-exp)/theo)

T (K) density of isopropanol (g/mL) Hc (J) Theoretical Hc (J) % error

7.6318 0.786 -10675.9292 -7201 48.2562

Discussion
Thermistor Isoperibolic calorimeter Resistance and Temperature heat of combustion

Error analysis

percentage error: 48% density based on temperature uctuating resistance reading

What is a thermistor?
Thermal resistor Sensitive temperature thermistor composed of semiconductor materials NTC vs PTC

Electronic vs Ordinary
More sensitive Detect minute uctuations of temperature Mercury & alcohol thermometers: provide reading by ten

Relationship between V/R and T

Take as R: non-linear Take as ln R: linear PTC: Directly proportional NTC: Inversely proportional Used in the experiment