EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS

EVALUATION OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS 1 ST GENERATION

First generation relays : These are electro magnetic relays. In this no of electromagnetic relays provided for arriving a specific function. i.e each function of the scheme having a separate relay. combining all is called one protection function. no of relays are more and space occupation is more and inter connection wiring diagram is more. Disadvantages: electromechanical relays have a lot of mechanical parts, which may become clogged with dirt orcorroded due to environmental conditions, affecting both operation, calibration and movement of the disks requires periodical maintainence and adjustment.

MODIFICATION OF1 ST GENERATION : ELECTRO MAGNETIC RELAYS WITH STATIC COMPONENTS

In this some of the functions are derived from static components provided on the PCB. In this quantity of electromagnetic relays are reduced. Combining all is called one protection function. Quantity of relays are reduced and space ocupation is reduced some what.

Disadvantages:
The PCBs are made with transistors and are brought out items with different make. After some time these are to be replaced for correct operation without drift. The PCBs & components performance may be affected due to dist & dirt. Requires periodical maintanence and Adjustment.

2 ND GENERATION STATIC RELAYS WITH TRANSISTORS

In this all of the functions are derived from static components provided on thePCB. In this initially each function is derived with separate static relay .Quantity of static relays are more but space occupation is less. Combining all is called one protection function. Inter connection wiring diagram is still notreduced. DISADVANTAGES: Static relays generally employ a lot of electronic components made by other manufacturers. If these electronic components are not tested with rigorous quality control, the chances of failure of components during the relay life time may exist. A reliable DC power source within the relay, to electronically measure circuits has to be generated from available external power sources. Most of the static relays employ series, shunt, or switched mode power supply designs. For a variety of reasons, if these power supplies fail, the measuring circuits are inoperative and the relay is dead for any measurements. No protection is available to the network. Most of the static

relays in use do not have the means to detect the failure of power supply and initiate an alarm. It requires periodical Maintenance.

MODIFICATION TO 2 ND GENERATION: STATIC RELAYS ON SINGLE PCB

In this all of the functions are derived from static components provided on the PCB. In this all static relays are taken to one master PCB and each function PCB will beadd on card type. So total relay is one but for every function is PCB is available and connected to main PCB.space occupation is less. Combining all is called one protection function. No inter connection wiring. This is part of main PCB. Disadvantages: Disadvantages are same as abov

3 ND GENERATION STATIC RELAYS WITH ICs:

In this no of components are reduced and brought or built in one integrated chip. Due to this the relay size is reduced and some of the functions also taken in to one integrated chip. This also built in one PCB. All of the functions are derived from static components provided on the PCB. In this only master PCB is available, no separate PCB for each function , all are integrated in one PCB. Problems are somewhat reduced. Space occupation is less. One protection function only one relay and all functions are integrated.no inter connection wiring diagram.

MODIFICATION TO 3 ND GENERATION SEMI NUMERIC RELAYS

In this some functions are can be programmable and interface through PC. Some ICs are having the facility to interact through communication port. It is somewhat modification to IC based relays. In this some function can be enabled and disabled, based on the requirement.

4 ND GENERATION MICROPROCESSOR BASED NUMERICALRELAYS

In this all of the functions are brought on one IC. The fourth generation processor-based

relays, do have the watchdog feature,which facilitates the checking of power supply fails, clock frequencies, and other patterns. Most of these relays have auto test features which test the electronic circuit functions at regular intervals & Automatically

MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS - BACKGROUND WORK 1960s BENEFITS OF MICROPROCESSORS FOR RELAYS WERE NOT CLEAR IEEE ARTICLE FAULT PROTECTION WITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER OUTLINED THE FEASIBILITY & PROBLEMS ASSOCIATEDIN S/S PROTECTION WHEN A DIGITAL COMPUTER IS USED. MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS - BACKGROUND WORK 1970s TWO PAPERS WERE PUBLISHED DIGITAL CALCULATION OF IMPEDANCE FORTRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION 3 PH TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTIONWITH A DIGITAL COMPUTER PROMINENT MANUFACTURERS LIKE WESTINGHOUSE, IBM STARTED INVESTIGATING S/S COMPUTER SYSTEMS PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC & GE INITIATED PROJECTS ON DIGITAL TECHNIQUES FOR PROTECTION VARIOUS ALGORITHMS WERE DERIVED FOR DIGITAL CALCULATION OF PROTECTION PARAMETRS EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS WERE BUILT BY GE & WESTINGHOUSE TO CHECK ALGORITHMS FIRST GENERATION OF MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS BUILT MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS - BACKGROUND WORK 1980s MAJOR MANUFACTURERS LIKE ABB, GE, GEC , TOSHIBA, SIEMENS START DESIGN & SALESOF BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION MICROPROCESSOR IMPROVES PERFORMANCE SPECS FOR OPERATION IN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

 MANY PLC BASED SYSTEMS ARE COMMISSIONED IN INDIA BY L&T, SIEMENS, ECIL ETC. MANY ELECTRICITY BOARDS& PROCESS PLANTSIN INDIA STARTUSING MICROPROCESSOR BASED INSTRUMENTS THE WORD SCADA GETS POPULAR IN INDIA PGCIL GOES IN FOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED DISTANCE RELAY 1990s ABB&GEC ALSTOM INTRODUCED RANGE OF MICROPROCESSOR BASED RELAYS FOR ALL UNIT PROTECTIONS MAJOR MANUFACTURERS LIKE ABB, GE, GEC , TOSHIBA STARTS DESIGN & SALESOF BROAD RANGE OF PRODUCTS FOR POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION MANY ELECTRICITY BOARDS& PROCESS PLANTSIN INDIA STARTUSING MICROPROCESSOR BASED INSTRUMENTS PGCIL GOES IN FOR MICROPROCESSOR BASED DISTANCE RELAYS IN INDIA MICROCONTROLLERS/ DSPs ARE INTRODUCED IN LATE 90s BY HARDWARE MANUFACTURERS WHICH HAVE IMPROVED THE SPEED OF OPERATION

4 ND GENERATION 1ST DEVELOPMENT:

software development is application basedrelays i.e each protection function havingseparatesoftware & hardware. example: 1. line protection, 2. transformer protection, 3. busbar protection, 4. generator protection 5. motor protection 6. reactor protection 7. capacitor protection

4 ND GENERATION 2ND DEVELOPMENT:

software development is some group based relays i.e some protection functions are taken in to one flatform and provided common software. from this inbuilt facility of event recorder and disturbance recorder is developed example: abb: 1. rex 5xx series flatform2. rex 316 series flatform3. rex 670 series flatform4. red 500 series flatform5. red 600 series flatform

4 ND GENERATION
3RD DEVELOPMENT: universal software for all types of relays for particular manufacturer. i.e. one software one manufacturer. example: 1. siemens: siprotec series digsi 2. ge multilin: enervista 3. areva : micom s1

4 ND GENERATION 4th development

universal hardware for all types of relays for particular manufacturer. one hardwarefor one manufacturer. but it is modular design. Relay is common hardware based on protection function, particular card is added example: 1. ge multilin: ur series & sr series

4 ND GENERATION
5TH DEVELOPMENT Each Manufacturer Adopting their Properitiery Based Protocol For communication, interfacing, networking and automation. Some utilties are requested manufacturers to suit their adopted protocol.

Example:
1. UCA Utility communication architecture 2. LON 3. SPA 4. PROFIBUS 5. MODBUS 6. DNP 7. FIELDBUS 8. MVB

9. IEC 60870

4 ND GENERATION
6TH DEVELOPMENT Based on the experience with different Protocols, need for uniformity and know how for global consideration one world one technology one standard A universal protocol for communication, Interfacing and networking is developed. All manufacturers are form a group and protocols are standardized. Any relay can be communicated for common communication protocol, i.e interoperatabulity. This is special for automation of sub-stations. Example: 1.IEC 61850

ADVANTAGES OF NUMERICRELAYS PARAMETER NUMERICAL CONVENTIONAL

ACCURACY 1% 5% / 7.5% BURDEN < 0.5 VA > 5 VA SETTING RANGES WIDE LIMITED MULTI FUNCTIONALITY YES NO SIZE SMALL LARGE FIELD PROGRAMMABILITY YES NO PARAMETER DISPLAY YES NO SYSTEM FLEXILBILITY YES NO CO-ORDINATION TOOLS MANY TWO COMMUNICATION YES NO REMOTE CONTROL YES NO SPECIAL ALGORIT HM MANY LIMITED SPECIAL PRTECTIONS YES NO SELF DIAGNOSTICS YES NO