Need Integrate: A need integrate is a thematic disposition-a need for a certain kind of interaction with a certain kind of person

or object. thematic disposition- environmental object + instrumental acts Under circumstances where a need integrate exist the arousal of the will lead the person to in an appropriate way the corresponding environmental object that was part of the need integrate. Unity-Thema: Unity-thema is the single pattern of related needs and press derived from infantile experience. It operates largely as an unconscious force. Murray referred to a persons unity-thema as the key to his unique nature and suggested: A unity-thema is a compound of interrelated dominant needs that are linked to press to which the individual was exposed on one or more particular occasions, gratifying or traumaticit repeats itself in many forms during later life. (1938, pp. 604-605) Regnant Processes A regnant process is the physiological accompaniment of a dominant psychological process. This specific concept of regnancy was designed to keep the brain-personality identity of the theorists attention. All conscious processes are regnant but not all regnant processes are conscious. Vector-Valur Scheme: Needs always operates in the service of some value (end state) and this value should be made part in the analysis of motives. In terms of some valued entity, the naming of the valued entity in conjunction of the named activity should contribute to a great deal of understanding the dynamics of behavior. Vectors represent broad physical or psychological directions of activity. A vector is the direction that physical or psychological activity follows to achieve a valued entity or a satisfying end state

Need

VECTOR

Valued entity or end state

(Tentative) List of Vectors and Values: Vectors: rejection, reception, acquisition, construction, conservation, expression, transmission, expulsion, destruction and avoidance Values: body (physical well-being), property (useful objects, wealth), authority (decision making power), affiliation (interpersonal affection), knowledge (facts and theories, science, history), aesthetic form (beauty, art), and ideology (system of values, philosophy, religion) For example: . Need for knowledge acquisition knowledge (facts and theories)

*the vector-value scheme was not completely worked out.

DEVELOPMENT Individual (at any point in time)-a complex integrate of needs and press or vectors or values, as well as personality structures, abilities, achievements and sentiments. History of the organism is the organism indicates that representing the individual at a single point in time is not sufficient. (Longitudinal study of the individual is important.) Complex- represents a particularly important set of early childhood experiences Infantile Complexes: Murray noted that our recall of events depends on the possession of language; we can only recall that which has been verbalized. Although preverbal experiences are not recallable, in many cases they are as determining as to later events. Preverbal experiences = empirical dilemma the investigator must depend upon external observation of the child and vague reconstructions of the individual after language has developed. 5 Highly Enjoyable Conditions or Activities (terminated, frustrated, or limited by external forces) 1. The secure, passive, and dependent existence within the womb rudely interrupted by the painful experience of birth 2. The sensuous enjoyment of sucking good nourishment from the mothers breast while lying safely and dependently in her arms. brought to a halt by weaning 3. The free enjoyment of the pleasurable sensations accompanying defecation restricted by toilet training

4. The pleasant sense impressions accompanying urination 5. The thrilling excitations that arise from genital friction prohibited by threats of punishment Psychoanalyst: All of these areas create problems for the growing child. Murray: It is only in extreme cases that these areas imply abnormalities. A complex is an enduring integrate derived from enjoyed conditions that determines (unconsciously) the course of later development. CLAUSTRAL (1)The secure, passive, and dependent existence within the womb rudely interrupted by the painful experience of birth ORAL (2) The sensuous enjoyment of sucking good nourishment from the mothers breast while lying safely and dependently in her arms. brought to a halt by weaning ANAL (3) The free enjoyment of the pleasurable sensations accompanying defecation restricted by toilet training URETHRAL (4) The pleasant sense impressions accompanying urination CASTRATION (5) The thrilling excitations that arise from genital friction prohibited by threats of punishment

1. Claustral Complexes represent residuals of the uterine or prenatal experience of the individual. 1.1. Simple Claustral Complex (reinstatement of uterine conditions) - A complex constellated about the wish to reinstate the conditions similar to those prevailing before birth - Cathexis for claustra (womblike enclosures) , nurturant or motherly object s, death, the past, and resistance to change, need for passitivity, harmavoidance, and succorance. - The overall picture is of a passive, dependent person who is oriented toward the past and generally resistant to novelty or change. - Fixated in the existential need of rootedness; character orientation of being receptive and hoarding (Fromm) 1.2. Fear of Insupport Complex a complex that centers about the anxiety of insupport and helplessness - Manifests itself in fear of open spaces, falling, drowning, earthquake, fire, and family insupport. - Horneys neurotic trend of moving towards people

1.3 Egression Complex a complex that is anxiously directed against suffocation and confinement concerned with escaping or departing cathexis for change, claustrophobia, and a strong need for autonomy. Fromms marketing orientation and Horneys neurotic trend of moving against people 2. Oral Complexes- represent derivatives of early feeding experiences 2.1 Oral Succorance Complex involves oral activity in combination with passive and dependent tendencies oral automatisms such as sucking; cathexis for oral objects; compulsive eating and drinking; need for passitivity and succorance, cathexis for words, and inhibited aggressive needs Fixated to Freuds oral receptive stage 2.2 Oral Aggressive Complex combines oral activity with aggression manifested in oral automatisms such as biting spitting, and shouting; verbal aggression such as sarcasm.; cathexis for solid oral objects (repressed) need for harmavoidance, phobia for biting objects, and stuttering

2.3 Oral Rejection Complex involves spitting out and disgust over oral activities and objects more specifically, it is revealed in a negative cathexis for certain foods; Vomiting; fear of oral contamination (such as kissing); need to reject, need for seclusion and autonomy and dislike for nurturing objects Possible reasons: a. Klein: - Lack of gratifying feeding sensations from the mother which resulted to the infants more experience of the bad breast rather than the good breast b. Erikson: - Again, because of the lack of gratifying feeding sensations, the child didnt develop basic trust c. Horney: - the persons feelings of basic hostility and basic anxiety which led them to adapt the neurotic trend of moving away from people

3. Anal Complexes- derived from events associated with the act of defecating and bowel training 3.1. Anal Rejection Complex - includes cathexis for feces; need for aggression ; disorder , dirtying or smearing - associated with the anal theory of birth, the need for autonomy and anal sexuality - Freuds anal expulsive stage of development 3.2 Anal Retention Complex involves underlying cathexis for feces but it is concealed by apparent disgust and negative reaction to defecation. also associated with anal theory, anal sexuality and the need for autonomy; this need for autonomy is displayed through resistance to suggestion rather than seeking for independence or freedom - express a strong need for order and cleanliness and also a need to retain possessions : Freudian trilogy of parsimony, cleanliness and obstinacy - Freuds anal retentive stage of development 4. Urethral Complexes- involve bedwetting, urethral soiling, and urethral erotism - not given importance at first -

associated with excessive ambition, a distorted sense of self-esteem, exhibitionism, sexual cravings, and self-love (or strong naricissm)

an Icarian also displays cathexis for fire, a history of enuresis, a craving for immortality, and a lofty ambition that dissolves in the face of failure - He suggested that this syndrome be called Icarius Complex, named after the mythological figure who flew too near the sun against his fathers advice which resulted to the melting of his artificial wings and eventually to his death 5. Castration Complex - not given much attention at all - Murray suggested that it is better to confine the term to its literal meaning: - the anxiety evoked by the fantasy that the penis might be cut off - comes as a result of the fantasies of infantile masturbation - it is not the root of all neurotic anxiety - Freuds phallic stage of development

Critique: His theory shows: His theory focused: on individuals in all their complexity thus PERSONOLOGY his sophistication in biological science and clinical practice his brilliant style in writing

1. falsifiable moderate - attempted to bridge the gap between clinical practice and empirical research - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) : assessing needs and motives - no formal scoring - modified researches on TAT developed objective scoring techniques = falsifiable 2. generates research above average 2.1 need for achievement- David McClelland 2.2 need for power- studies about sex differences, correlation of health status and need for power , and also a research about war, peace, and power 2.3 need for intimacy 2.4 many researchers modified the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 3. guides actions- (psychologist and other professionals in the same field) above average - TAT - Proceedings and Serials (basic data: subject-subject or object-object interactions) - Press (what the investigators use to classify the significant portions of the world the individual lives) 4. organizes data- average - the WHAT, HOW, and WHY of personality should be answered (the HOW and WHY were the only ones to be answered) - ideas/concepts from other theorists were applied 5. internally consistent- moderate - terms are clearly defined - terms seem operationally defined but are not because they are abstract and hypothetical (operational definitions should be valid and reliable) 6. parsimonious very low - very complicated terms for very simple ideas - very specific dynamics and processes to be applied in everyday life -detailed classifications and the number of different categories (eg: types of needs) that observers felt were unnecessary in the study of behavior. - theory intended for professionals only

Dimensions of Humanity: 1. determinism vs. free choice: - both -because Murrays personology is colored by Freuds psychoanalytic view, determinism cant be taken away from his theory ( need, press, need integrate, complex..) - but his concepts of serial programs, schedules, and ordination puts the human person in control 2. optimism vs. free choice -optimism - Murray has been sharply critical of psychology for projecting a negative image of humanity - Thats the reason he put a lot of effort in modifying the orthodox view of psychoanalysis as seen in the concepts of id, ego and [superego] -He also went the other way with the concept of the complexes; only in extreme cases that they create problems 3. causality vs. teleology - both - causal: History of the organism is the organism :infantile complexes affects later behavior - teleological: serial programs, schedules, ego-ideal (goals & subgoals) 4. unconsciousness vs. consciousness - unconsciousness - a similarity between personology and psychoanalysis - this is showed in his deep interest in the verbal report of an individual and also in the persons imagination production through TAT (similar to Jungs method of investigation, the active imagination)