Smart Dust

Ubiquitous Computing

Agents and Ubiquitous Computing

Smart Dust
Topic Area: - Agents & Ubiquitous Computing
Ravi Kant Sharma Bachelor of Engineering in Computing with specialization in Computing Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology (APIIT SD INDIA), Panipat, Haryana raviapiit.kumar@gmail.com

Abstract: This paper review how software agents influence the market behaviour of human agents. Moreover, this paper also enlighten the key elements of the emergent technology of Smart Dust and outlines the software agents, and also clarifies how we still achieving impressive performance in terms of sensor functionality and communications capability in the small size by this technology. The problem background section, briefly described how its better than Wireless Network. And last, our proposed prototype and its strategy for deployment and working based on Smart Dust.

1. Introduction
Smart dust are the tiny devices that combine sensing, computing, wireless communication capabilities, and autonomous power supply within a few cubic millimetres at low cost, used as microscopic sensors that can be used to monitor and transmit data such as temperature, humidity, light, location and acceleration. The distributed sensor network systems can consist of hundreds to thousands of dust motes and one or more interrogating transceivers. Each dust mote consists of a power supply (like solar cells, thick film batteries, or commercially available batteries), a sensor or sensors, analogue and digital circuitry, and a system for receiving and transmitting data. It is used in a wide variety of application domains, including environmental protection (identification and monitoring of pollutions), territory monitoring (observing the behaviour of animals in their natural habitats), and military systems (monitoring activities in inaccessible areas). Some of the characteristics of Smart Dust based Wireless Sensor Network: 1) Dynamic topologies 2) Large number of (mostly stationary) sensors

3) Low energy use 4) Collaborative signal processing 5) Querying ability

Fig1. Smart Dust data processing diagram Agents are software systems that take input from the environment and provide suitable output after processing the data. It can also be referred as a component of software or hardware which is capable of acting in order to accomplish tasks on behalf of its user. Agents of Smart Dust can be classified as: Smart Agents Interface Agents Collaborative Agents Collaborative Learning Agents

Fig2. Agent types diagram

Smart agents include cooperate, autonomous and learn, which means they will work collaboration with other agents, learn from them and perform task automatically.

2. Problem Background
The problem of minimizing the energy consumption of all-wireless networks has received significant attention over the last few years. The problem of finding a minimum energy broadcast tree in wireless networks is a hard problem to solve. A simple analysis shows that given an instance of the minimum-energy broadcast problem, the number of possible broadcast trees is exponential in the number of nodes in a network. Hence, gaining deeper perception of the complexity of the minimum-energy broadcast problem is of great importance. This is where importance of complexity theory comes into light. Sensor nodes mainly use broadcast communication paradigms whereas most traditional ad hoc networks are based on point-to-point communications. Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capabilities, and memory, and they may not have global identification because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors. Another factor that distinguishes wireless sensor networks from traditional mobile ad hoc network is that the end goal is the detection/estimation of some event(s) of interest, and not just communication.

3. Smart Dust Based Wireless Sensor Network

Working of wireless sensor networking is based on its construction. Sensor network consist of small nodes or smart dust, which also known as motes. These motes are varying in size and totally depend on the size because different sizes of sensor nodes work efficiently in different fields. It has such sensor nodes which are specially designed in such a typical way that they have a microcontroller which controls the monitoring, a radio transceiver for generating radio waves, and different type of wireless communicating devices. The entire network worked simultaneously by using different dimensions of sensors and worked on the phenomenon of multi routing algorithm which is also termed as wireless ad hoc networking. In the present era there are lot of technologies which are used for monitoring are completely based on the wireless sensor networking. Some of important applications of smart dust based wireless sensor network are environmental monitoring, traffic control application, weather checking, regularity checking of temperature etc.

4. Objectives
The basic goals of a wireless ad hoc sensor network generally depend upon the application, but the following tasks are common to many networks: 1. Determine the value of some parameter at a given location: In an environmental network, one might one to know the temperature, atmospheric pressure, amount of sunlight, and the relative humidity at a number of locations. This example shows that a given sensor node may be connected to different types of sensors, each with a different sampling rate and range of allowed values. 2. Detect the occurrence of events of interest and estimate parameters of the detected event or events: In the traffic sensor network, one would like to detect a vehicle moving through an intersection and estimate the speed and direction of the vehicle. 3. Classify a detected object: Is a vehicle in a traffic sensor networks a car, a mini-van, a light truck, a bus, etc. 4. Track an object: In a military sensor network, track an enemy tank as it moves through the geographic area covered by the network.

4.1 Rapport between Ubiquitous computing and agents Ubiquitous computing names the third wave in computing, where the widespread use of new mobile technology-implementing wireless communications. First were mainframes, now we are in the personal computing era, person and machine staring awkwardly at each other across the desktop. And, next comes ubiquitous computing, when technology recedes into the background of our lives. In the past years, the main focus of research in mobile services has aimed at the anytime, anywhere principle. However, there is more to it than that. The agents are the fear factor for the technologies, it helps while implementing that stuff with wireless sensor network localization system to track any objects.

4.2 Agents in Smart Dust based Wireless Sensor Network The global arena is in demand and ubiquitous computing says after research that agents will play a major role as a medium that can solve this major issue every easily and efficiently. Ubiquitous computing itself suggests that agents will play a major role in solving issues efficiently and effectively. These are several software agents can be used for Smart Dust based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for Localization system:

1. Human: Humans are the super natural agents, who can work very easily for any structure on earth, and have their own sense and ability to manage any problems with their own. 2. Re-active Agents: These agents provide information about the tracking objects after sensing the area/objects and send an alert message to the base system. E.g. Objects can be sensed by the nearest sensor (smart dust) and forward the information to next sensor. 3. Pro-active Agents: Smart Dust agent can work as pro-active agent which is provide an alert to driver prior to an accident where device installed within vehicle can intimate users about accidents in Traffic management system. 4. Autonomous Agents: It will be used to catch signals automatically to the nearest next smart dust motes synchronization of time would read and specify to users or vehicle or any objects. They continuously transmit the information with any interruption. 5. Adaptive Agents: These agents techniques could be work rigorously to manage resources of country. Eg- Use of solar energy as a power source and transmit information autonomously to next motes, which can be possible with the help of adaptive agents. 6. Collaborative Agents: They clustered together and make the Wireless Ad hoc Sensor Network to forward their information to the base station by just passing information to next motes. 7. Learning agent: A small chip will be provided with each sensor and detector which will store data about their environment to provide the relevant information for the users. Eg: If same amount of emission from a same gas or chemical from a same area is detected then it doesnt have to collect the new data; instead it will send the stored data in the chip with date of detection and present detection date.

5. Deployment and working of Smart Dust Based WSN

We first partition our region of interest into several smaller areas for better management of huge amount of data that will be collected from the system and for better coordination of the various components involved.

We, randomly deploy the smart dust, also known as motes in the different areas, which will sense the data i.e. temperature, humidity, light, location and acceleration; send the information to the collector head in their respective area.

We, then deploy one base station, which will collect the information from clustered wireless sensor network. In the clustered wireless network, each mote will forward their collected data of their respective environment to nearest mote.

Fig3. Smart dust working in real scenario

Conclusion
Use of Smart Dust for gathering data (like temperature, light, chemical etc.) with the help of ubiquitous computing seems the only solution. It will provide real-time information about the environment and their related objects of their regions, as well as provide alerts in cases of drastic change in quality of air. Smart Dust based Wireless Sensor Network approaches for target location estimation, node localization, time synchronization, and message ordering that match the requirements of Smart Dust. Since target location estimation is solely based on detecting the proximity of the target by individual Smart Dust nodes, the presented tracking system should be applicable to a wide range of possible target types. So, our ultimate goal is to re-implement the system using true Smart Dust.

Acknowledgement
I thank Mr. Ankur Shingla, Asst. Prof. APIIT SD INDIA for his valuable guidance throughout the research work, and whose valuable suggestion has helped me to initiate research work on Agent and Ubiquitous Computing of Smart Dust. My special thanks to my friends who have really helped me in the completion of this research paper. I owe special thanks to those person who are directly or indirectly helped me to complete this journal successfully.

Last but not the least, I would like to thanks to my room-mate for the valuable cooperation, encouragement, and their efforts in the successful completion of my research work.

References
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