PURE SUBSTANCE - is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties.

It may consist of only one type of atoms (examples: Fe(s), N2(g), S8(s)), or of only one compound where the atoms are connected in a defined way, (examples: FeS(s), CH4(g), NaNO3(s), H2O(l)). - is a substance that cannot be separated by physical means. eg. filtration, evaporation, distillation or chromatography. Examples of pure substances include water, gold, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen and hydrogen. - is made up of one type of particle. The particle that makes up water is H 2O. The particle that makes up carbon dioxide is CO2. - Each pure substance has its own set of unique set chemical and physical properties which helps identifies it. -Water has a melting point of 0C and a boling point of 100C. It is also colorless and odorless. Gold however, is yellow in color, solid at room temperature and pressure and is is good conductor of electricity. - Pure substances can be divided into two groups, elements and compounds. - Elements are made up the same types of atoms. The known elements are listed in the Periodic table. Examples of elements include hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, iron and gold. - Compounds are composed of one or more different types of atoms that joined togther by chemical bonds. Examples of compounds include water, glucose, methanol, DNA and carbon dioxide. SATURATION TEMPERATURE - boiling point. The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase. The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition. - If the pressure in a system remains constant (isobaric), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy (heat) is removed. Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied. MOLECULAR MASS (m) - differs from more common measurements of the mass of chemicals, such as molar mass, by taking into account the isotopic composition of a molecule rather than the average isotopic distribution of many molecules. As a result, molecular mass is a more precise number than molar mass; however it is more accurate to use molar mass on bulk samples. This means that molar mass is appropriate most of the time except when dealing with single molecules. - is the mass of one molecule of that substance, in unified atomic mass unit(s) u[1] (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of the isotope carbon-12[2]). COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR (Z) - also known as the compression factor, is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the ideal gas law to account for thereal gas behaviour.[1] In general, deviation from ideal behavior becomes more significant the closer a gas is to a phase change, the lower the temperature or the larger the pressure. Compressibility factor values are usually obtained by calculation from equations of state (EOS), such as the virial equation which take compound specific empirical constants as input. For a gas that is a mixture of two or more pure gases (air or natural gas, for example), a gas composition is required before compressibility can be calculated. Alternatively, the compressibility factor for specific gases can be read from generalized compressibility charts [1] that plot Z as a function of pressure at constant temperature. The compressibility factor is defined as:

where, p is the pressure, is the molar volume of the gas, T is the temperature, and R is the gas constant. In engineering applications, it may be expressed as:

where, p is the pressure, is the density of the gas, T is the temperature, and R is the gas constant.[2 CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF A LIQUID - is that temperature beyond which the liquid cannot exist, no matter how much pressure is placed on it. The pressure that is needed to cause the gas to condense at the critical temperature is the critical pressure. CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTANCE - is the temperature at and above which vapor of the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied. Every substance has a critical temperature. - is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature. SPECIFIC VOLUME - is volume divided by mass and has metric units of m^3/kg - Since specific volume and density are inverses of each other, a substance with a high density will have a low specific volume.