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Limit States, Soil and Rock Properties Deep Foundations Shallow Foundations Earth Retaining Structures
Jerry DiMaggio, P. E., Principal Bridge Engineer (Geotechnical) Federal Highway Administration Office of Bridge Technology Washington D.C.
History of AASHTO: Design & Construction Specifications for Bridges and Structures
* First structural Guideline Specification early 1930s (A code yet NOT A code!). * First significant Geotechnical content 1989. * First LRFD specification 1994 (Current 2004, 3rd edition). * First REAL Geotechnical involvement in Bridge SubCommittee activities @ 1996. (Focus on mse walls). * Technical advances to Standard Specifications STOPPED in 1998 to encourage LRFD use (secret). * Major rewrites needed to walls and foundations sections (NOW COMPLETE).
Geotechnical Scope: AASHTO Design & Construction Specifications for Bridges and Structures
* Topics Included: Subsurface Investigations, soil and rock properties, shallow foundations, driven piles, drilled shafts, rigid and flexible culverts, abutments, WALLS (cantilever, mse, crib, bin, anchor). v * Topics NOT addressed: integral abutments, micropiles, augercast piles, soil nails, reinforced slopes, and ALL SOIL and ROCK EARTHWORK FEATURES.
AASHTO and FHWA have agreed that all state DOTs will use LRFD for NEW structure design by 10/07.
Fundamentals of LRFD
* Define the term Limit State * Define the term Resistance * Identify the applicability of each of the four primary limit states. * Understand the components of the fundamental LRFD equation.
A Limit State is a defined condition beyond which a structural component, ceases to satisfy the provisions for which it is designed. Resistance is a quantifiable value that defines the point beyond which the particular limit state under investigation for a particular component will be exceeded.
Limit States
L I S T
* Strength Limit State * Extreme Event Limit State * Service Limit State * Fatigue Limit State
Rn / FS Q i iQi Rr = Rn
i Load modifier (eta) = i Load factor (gamma) = Qi Force effect = Rr Factored resistance = Resistance factor (phi) = Nominal resistance R =
n
i iQi Rr = Rn
Qn
f( , )
Rn
Probability of Occurrence
Qn Rn
Q or R
Subsurface Materials
* * * * Soil Rock Water Organics
10.4SOIL AND ROCK PROPERTIES 10.4.1Informational Needs 10.4.2Subsurface Exploration 10.4.3Laboratory Tests 10.4.3.1Soil Tests 10.4.3.2Rock Tests 10.4.4In-situ Tests 10.4.5Geophysical Tests 10.4.6Selection of Design Properties 10.4.6.1Soil Strength 10.4.6.1.1Undrained strength of Cohesive Soils 10.4.6.1.2Drained Strength of Cohesive Soils 10.4.6.1.3Drained strength of Granular Soils 10.4.6.2Soil Deformation 10.4.6.3Rock Mass Strength 10.4.6.4Rock Mass Deformation 10.4.6.5erodibility of rock
Soil Characteristics
* Composed of individual grains of rock * Relatively low strength * Coarse grained (+ #200)
* High permeability
Rock Characteristics
* Strength
* Intermediate geomaterials, qu = 50-1500 psi * Hard rock, qu > 1500 psi
Gravel
321 3/4 3/8 4 6 10 100
Sand
20 40 60 100200
Silt
Clay
US Standard Sieves
80
60
40
20
100
0.01
0.001
Atterberg Limits
The water content at which a soil changes state PI = LL - PL
Solid SemiSolid Plastic Liquid
Effective Stress
Spring Analogy
= u
= effective stress = total stress * u = pore pressure
= c + n tan f
su
Unconfined Compression su = qu/2
=0 qu
Typical Values su = 250 - 4000 psf
Soil Deformation
Settlement (in)
0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 1
10
100
1000
10000
Time (days)
Primary consolidation
Secondary consolidatio
Consolidation Properties
eo 1 p = Preconsolidation Stress Cc Cs 0.5 0.1 1 Log10 10 v 100
Cr
tp
100 1000 10000
Poissons Ratio,
n n
Typical values, 20 2000 tsf Typical values, 0.2 0.5 Typical values, Es / [2 (1 + )]
Shear Modulus, G
Rock Properties
Laboratory testing is for small intact rock specimens Rock mass is too large to be tested in lab or field Rock mass properties are obtained by correlating intact rock to large-scale rock mass behavior failures in tunnels and mine slopes Requires geologic expertise
Rock Quality
0.8 ft Sound Not sound, highly weathered Not sound, centerline pieces < 4 inches, highly weathered Sound Not sound Sound
Length, L
0.7 ft 0.8 ft
Shear stress,
C1 tm
Effective Normal Stress, i = tan-1 (4 h cos2[30+0.33sin-1 (h-3/2 )]-1)-1/2 = (cot i cos i)mqu/8 h = 1 + 16(m n+squ)/(3m2qu)
Poissons Ratio,
Typical values range from 0.1 to 0.3
EM = 145,000 10
( RMR10)
40
(psi x 106) 12 10 8 6
E = 2 RMR - 100
4 2
GEC 5 FHWA-IF-02-034
Jerry A. DiMaggio P. E. Principal Bridge Engineer TEL: (202) 366-1569 FAX: (202) 366-3077
The best Geotechnical web site in town! www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge
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