Learned English Words

S.No.
OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary,8thedition
gim mick
BrE / mk / NAmE / mk / noun word origin example bank ( often disapproving ) an unusual trick or unnecessary device that is intended to attract attention or to persuade people a promotional/publicity/sales gimmick We don't use gimmicks to sell our products. gim micky / BrE mki ; NAmE mki / adjective
a gimmicky idea
swoon
BrE / swun / NAmE / swun / verb verb forms word origin
1 [ intransitive ] ~ (over sb) to feel very excited, emotional, etc. about sb that you think is se
He's used to having women swooning over him. 2 [ intransitive ] ( old-fashioned ) to become unconscious faint swoon noun [ singular ] : ( old-fashioned ) to go into a swoon
OxfordUniversityPress,2010
res on ate

BrE / reznet /
NAmE / reznet / verb verb forms word origin example bank ( formal ) 1 [ intransitive ] ( of a voice, an instrument, etc. ) to make a deep, clear sound that continues Her voice resonated through the theatre. 2 [ intransitive ] ( of a place ) to be filled with sound; to make a sound continue longer resound a resonating chamber ~ with sth The room resonated with the chatter of 100 people. 3 [ intransitive ] ~ (with sb/sth) to remind sb of sth; to be similar to what sb thinks or belie These issues resonated with the voters. His speech resonated with the fears and suspicions of his audience. resonate with sth ( literary ) to be full of a particular quality or feeling She makes a simple story resonate with complex themes and emotions.
hu mil ity

BrE / hjumlti / NAmE / hjumlti / noun word origin [ uncountable ] the quality of not thinking that you are better than other people; the quality of being humble Her first defeat was an early lesson in humility. an act of genuine humility
con trived
BrE / kntravd / NAmE / kntravd / adjective example bank ( disapproving ) planned in advance and not natural or genuine; written or arranged in a way that is not natural o a contrived situation
The book's happy ending seemed contrived.

OxfordUniversityPress,2010 OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary,8thedition
con trive
BrE / kntrav / NAmE / kntrav / verb verb forms word origin ( formal ) 1 ~ to do sth to manage to do sth despite difficulties She contrived to spend a couple of hours with him every Sunday evening. Somehow they contrived to live on her tiny income. 2 ~ sth to succeed in making sth happen despite difficulties I decided to contrive a meeting between the two of them. 3 ~ sth to think of or make sth, for example a plan or a machine, in a clever way They contrived a plan to defraud the company.
con triv ance

BrE / kntravns / NAmE / kntravns / noun ( formal ) 1 [ countable , uncountable ] ( usually disapproving ) something that sb has done or w The film is spoilt by unrealistic contrivances of plot. The story is told with a complete absence of contrivance. Examinations are a contrivance to see how a student tackles new problems. 2 [ countable ] a clever or complicated device or tool made for a particular purpose His workshop was full of mechanical contrivances. 3 [ countable , uncountable ] a clever plan or trick; the act of using a clever plan or trick an ingenious contrivance to get her to sign the document without reading it
smirk
BrE / smk /
NAmE / smrk / verb verb forms word origin example bank example bank [ intransitive ] to smile in a silly or unpleasant way that shows that you are pleased with yourself, know sth that It was hard not to smirk. He smirked unpleasantly when we told him the bad news. smirk noun She had a self-satisfied smirk on her face.
af flu ent

BrE / flunt / NAmE / flunt / adjective word origin synonyms example bank ( formal ) having a lot of money and a good standard of living prosperous , wealthy affluent Western countries a very affluent neighbourhood af flu ence / BrE fluns ; NAmE fluns / noun [ uncountable ]

The 1950s were an age of affluence in America. prosperity

en am oured

( especially US en amored ) BrE / nmd / NAmE / nmrd / adjective 1 ( formal ) ( often in negative sentences ) liking sth a lot ~ of sth He was less than enamoured of the music. ~ with sth ( humorous ) I'm not exactly enamoured with the idea of spending a whole day wi
2 ~ of/with sb ( literary ) in love with sb

com mu nal ism

BrE / kmjunlzm / BrE / kmjnlzm / NAmE / kmjnlzm / noun [ uncountable ] 1 the fact of living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities 2 ( IndE ) a strong sense of belonging to a particular, especially religious, community, which can
per se cute

BrE / pskjut / NAmE / prskjut / verb verb forms word origin collocations example bank [ often passive ] 1 ~ sb (for sth) to treat sb in a cruel and unfair way, especially because of their race, religion o Throughout history, people have been persecuted for their religious beliefs. persecuted minorities 2 ~ sb to deliberately annoy sb all the time and make their life unpleasant harass Why are the media persecuting him like this? per se cu tion / BrE pskjun ; NAmE prskjun / noun [ uncountable , coun

the victims of religious persecution They fled to Europe to escape persecution.

am biva lent

BrE / mbvlnt /
NAmE / mbvlnt / adjective word origin example bank example bank ~ (about/towards sb/sth) having or showing both good and bad feelings about sb/sth She seems to feel ambivalent about her new job. He has an ambivalent attitude towards her. am biva lence / BrE mbvlns ; NAmE mbvlns / noun [ uncountable , sing ~ (about/towards sb/sth) There was ambivalence among church members about women be Many people feel some ambivalence towards television and its effect on our lives. am biva lent ly / BrE mbvlntli ; NAmE mbvlntli / adverb

demo graph ics

BrE / demrfks / NAmE / demrfks / noun [ plural ] ( statistics ) data relating to the population and different groups within it the demographics of radio listeners
dem og raphy

BrE / dmrfi / NAmE / dmrfi / noun word origin [ uncountable ] the changing number of births, deaths, diseases, etc. in a community over a period of time; the sc the social demography of Africa dem og raph er / BrE dmrf(r) ; NAmE dmrfr / noun

im plode
BrE / mpld / NAmE / mplod / verb verb forms word origin example bank 1 [ intransitive ] to burst or explode and collapse into the centre 2 [ intransitive ] ( of an organization, a system, etc. ) to fail suddenly and completely im plo sion / BrE mpln ; NAmE mplon / noun [ countable , uncountable

fall out
BrE / flat / NAmE / flat / noun [ uncountable ] 1 dangerous radioactive dust that is in the air after a nuclear explosion 2 the bad results of a situation or an action the political fallout of the current crisis
for mid able

BrE / fmdbl / NAmE / frmdbl / BrE / fmdbl / NAmE / frmdbl / adjective word origin example bank if people, things or situations are formidable , you feel fear and/or respect for them, because th In debate he was a formidable opponent. Somehow the small but formidable woman fought her way through the crowd to reach her son. She has a formidable list of qualifications. The two players together make a formidable combination. The task was a formidable one. They had to overcome formidable obstacles. for mid ably / BrE fmdbli ; NAmE frmdbli / / BrE fmdbli ; NAmE frmdbli

He now has the chance to prove himself in a formidably difficult role. She's formidably intelligent.
OxfordUniversityPress,2010 OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary,8thedition
sane
BrE / sen / NAmE / sen / adjective word origin thesaurus example bank ( saner , san est ) 1 having a normal healthy mind; not mentally ill of sound mind No sane person would do that. Being able to get out of the city at the weekend keeps me sane . 2 sensible and reasonable the sane way to solve the problem insane see also sanity sane ly / BrE senli ; NAmE senli / adverb

cour tesy
noun, adjective
BrE / ktsi / NAmE / krtsi / noun word origin example bank ( pl. cour tesies ) 1 [ uncountable ] polite behaviour that shows respect for other people politeness I was treated with the utmost courtesy by the staff. We asked them, as a matter of courtesy, if we could photograph their house. It's only common courtesy to tell the neighbours that we'll be having a party (= the sort of b 2 [ countable , usually plural ] ( formal ) a polite thing that you say or do when you me an exchange of courtesies before the meeting courtesy of sb/sth 1 ( also by courtesy of sb/sth ) with the official permission of sb/sth and as a favour The pictures have been reproduced by courtesy of the British Museum.
2 given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization

Win a weekend in Rome, courtesy of Fiat. 3 as the result of a particular thing or situation Viewers can see the stadium from the air, courtesy of a camera fastened to the plane. do sb the courtesy of doing sth to be polite by doing the thing that is mentioned Please do me the courtesy of listening to what I'm saying. have the courtesy to do sth to know when you should do sth in order to be polite You think he'd at least have the courtesy to call to say he'd be late. adjective word origin [ only before noun ] ( of a bus, car, etc. ) provided free, at no cost to the person using it A courtesy bus operates between the hotel and the town centre. The dealer will provide you with a courtesy car while your vehicle is being repaired.
BrE / lvd / NAmE / lvd / adjective word origin example bank 1 extremely angry furious Dad will be livid when he finds out. 2 dark bluish-grey in colour a livid bruise
livid
dip lo mat ic

BrE / dplmtk / NAmE / dplmtk / adjective word origin 1 connected with managing relations between countries (= diplomacy ) a diplomatic crisis Attempts are being made to settle the dispute by diplomatic means.
to break off/establish/restore diplomatic relations with a country 2 having or showing skill in dealing with people in difficult situations tactful a diplomatic answer You could try being a little more diplomatic this time. dip lo mat ic al ly / BrE dplmtkli ; NAmE dplmtkli / adverb

The country remained diplomatically isolated. Why don't we take a break for coffee? she suggested diplomatically.
thun der
noun, verb
BrE / nd(r) / NAmE / ndr / noun word origin collocations example bank [ uncountable ] 1 the loud noise that you hear after a flash of lightning , during a storm the rumble of distant thunder a clap/crash/roll of thunder Thunder crashed in the sky. 2 a loud noise like thunder the thunder of hooves see sb has a face like thunder sb's face is like thunder at face n. , steal sb's verb verb forms word origin example bank 1 [ intransitive ] when it thunders , there is a loud noise in the sky during a storm 2 [ intransitive ] to make a very loud deep noise roar A voice thundered in my ear. thundering traffic 3 [ intransitive ] + adv./prep. to move very fast and with a loud deep noise roar Heavy trucks kept thundering past. 4 [ transitive ] ~ sth + adv./prep. ( informal ) to make sth move somewhere very fast Essien thundered the ball past the goalie. 5 [ intransitive , transitive ] ( literary ) to shout, complain, etc. very loudly and angrily ~ (sth) He thundered against the evils of television.
+ speech Sit still! she thundered.

asy lum
BrE / salm / NAmE / salm / noun word origin example bank 1 ( also formal political asylum ) [ uncountable ] protection that a government gives to p to seek/apply for/be granted asylum There was a nationwide debate on whether the asylum laws should be changed. 2 [ countable ] ( old use ) a hospital where people who were mentally ill could be cared for, o
asylum seeker
BrE NAmE noun collocations a person who has been forced to leave their own country because they are in danger and who arri
adjective, noun BrE / wkd / NAmE / wkd / adjective word origin example bank ( wick ed er , wick ed est )

wicked
You can also use more wicked and most wicked .
1 morally bad
evil a wicked deed stories about a wicked witch 2 ( informal ) slightly bad but in a way that is amusing and/or attractive
mischievous a wicked grin Jane has a wicked sense of humour. 3 dangerous, harmful or powerful He has a wicked punch. a wicked-looking knife 4 ( slang ) very good This song's wicked. wick ed ly / BrE wkdli ; NAmE wkdli / adverb

Martin grinned wickedly. a wickedly funny comedy a wickedly sharp blade wickedly tempting cakes wick ed ness / BrE wkdns ; NAmE wkdns / noun [ uncountable ]

noun word origin the wicked [ plural ] people who are wicked (there's) no peace/rest for the wicked ( usually humorous ) used when sb is compla
con spire
BrE / knspa(r) / NAmE / knspar / verb verb forms word origin ( formal ) 1 [ intransitive ] to secretly plan with other people to do sth illegal or harmful ~ (with sb) (against sb) They were accused of conspiring against the king. ~ (together) (to do sth) They deny conspiring together to smuggle drugs. ~ (with sb) (to do sth) She admitted conspiring with her lover to murder her husband. 2 [ intransitive ] ( of events ) to seem to work together to make sth bad happen ~ against sb/sth Circumstances had conspired against them. ~ to do sth Everything conspired to make her life a misery.
can ard
BrE / knd / NAmE / knrd / BrE / knd / NAmE / knrd / noun word origin ( formal ) a false report or piece of news
noun, verb BrE / fl / NAmE / fl / noun word origin example bank 1 ( BrE also silver foil ) [ uncountable ] metal made into very thin sheets that is used for c ( NAmE ) aluminum foil Cover the fish loosely with foil and bake for 30 minutes. see also tinfoil 2 [ uncountable ] paper that is covered in very thin sheets of metal The chocolates are individually wrapped in gold foil. 3 [ countable ] ~ (for sb/sth) a person or thing that contrasts with, and therefore emphasiz The pale walls provide a perfect foil for the furniture. His mellow guitar technique is the ideal foil for her soaring voice. 4 [ countable ] a long thin light sword used in the sport of fencing verb verb forms word origin example bank [ often passive ] to stop sth from happening, especially sth illegal; to prevent sb from doing sth thwart ~ sth to foil a plan/crime/plot Customs officials foiled an attempt to smuggle the paintings out of the country. ~ sb (in sth) They were foiled in their attempt to smuggle the paintings.
foil
thwart
BrE / wt / NAmE / wrt / verb verb forms word origin example bank [ often passive ] to prevent sb from doing what they want to do frustrate ~ sth to thwart sb's plans ~ sb (in sth) She was thwarted in her attempt to take control of the party.
noun, verb BrE / les / NAmE / les / noun word origin example bank 1 [ uncountable ] a delicate material made from threads of cotton, silk, etc. that are twisted i a lace handkerchief a tablecloth edged with lace lace curtains see also lacy 2 [ countable ] = shoelace Your laces are undone. verb verb forms word origin example bank 1 [ intransitive , transitive ] to be fastened with laces ; to fasten sth with laces ~ (up) She was wearing a dress that laced up at the side. ~ sth (up) He was sitting on the bed lacing up his shoes. see also lace-up 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth to put a lace through the holes in a shoe, a boot, etc. related noun lace-up 3 [ transitive ] ~ sth (with sth) to add a small amount of alcohol, a drug, poison, etc. to a dr spike He had laced her milk with rum. 4 [ transitive ] ~ sth (with sth) to add a particular quality to a book, speech, etc Her conversation was laced with witty asides.
lace
5 [ transitive ] ~ sth to twist sth together with another thing

They sat with their fingers laced.
mealy-mouthed
BrE NAmE adjective ( disapproving ) not willing or honest enough to speak in a direct or open way about what you really think mealy-mouthed politicians
re past
BrE / rpst / NAmE / rpst / noun word origin ( old-fashioned or formal ) a meal
broth
BrE / br / NAmE / br / NAmE / br / noun word origin example bank [ uncountable , countable ] thick soup made by boiling meat or fish and vegetables in water chicken broth see also Scotch broth , see too many cooks spoil the broth at cook
n.
pol it ico

BrE / pltk / NAmE / pltko / noun word origin ( pl. pol it icos ) ( informal , disapproving ) a politician; a person who is active in politics

adjective, noun, verb BrE / slk / NAmE / slk / adjective word origin example bank ( slack er , slack est ) 1 not stretched tight loose She was staring into space, her mouth slack. The rope suddenly went slack. slack muscles 2 ( of business ) not having many customers or sales; not busy a slack period Wednesdays are always slack. slack demand for beef 3 ( disapproving ) not putting enough care, attention or energy into sth and so not doing it wel He's been very slack in his work lately. Discipline in the classroom is very slack. We lost because of some slack defending on our part. slack ly / BrE slkli ; NAmE slkli / adverb Her arms hung slackly by her sides. slack ness / BrE slkns ; NAmE slkns / noun [ uncountable ] noun word origin [ uncountable ] see also slacks 1 the part of a rope, etc. that is hanging loosely There's too much slack in the tow rope. 2 people, money or space that should be used more fully in an organization There's very little slack in the budget. 3 very small pieces of coal

slack
cut sb some slack ( informal ) to be less critical of sb or less strict with them Hey, cut him some slack! He's doing his best! take up the slack
1 to improve the way money or people are used in an organization 2 to pull on a rope, etc. until it is tight
We took up the slack and then pulled as hard as we could. verb verb forms word origin [ intransitive ] to work less hard than you usually do or should do slack off (on sth) to do sth more slowly or with less energy than before He's gone from success to success in his movie career, and there's no sign of him slacking off.
flip-flop
noun, verb
BrE NAmE noun word origin ( NAmE also thong ) a type of sandal (= open shoe) that has a piece of leather, etc. that goes between the big toe and t a pair of flip-flops verb verb forms word origin ( -pp- ) [ intransitive ] ~ (on sth) ( informal , especially NAmE ) to change your opinion about sth, especially when you then hold the opposite opinion The vice-president was accused of flip-flopping on several major issues.
flip-flopper
BrE / flpflp(r) / NAmE / flpflpr / noun ( informal , especially NAmE ) a person, especially a politician, who suddenly changes his or her opinion or policy He described his opponent as a flip-flopper.
Voters may not worry about consistency and may actually prefer a flip-flopper. see also U-turn
flip pant
BrE / flpnt / NAmE / flpnt / ( also informal flip ) adjective word origin showing that you do not take sth as seriously as other people think you should a flippant answer/attitude Sorry, I didn't mean to sound flippant. You can't afford to be flippant about such matters. flip pancy / BrE flpnsi ; NAmE flpnsi / noun [ uncountable ]
His flippancy conceals a deep insecurity. flip pant ly / BrE flpntli ; NAmE flpntli / adverb

Oh dear, he said flippantly.

flip per
BrE / flp(r) / NAmE / flpr / noun [ usually plural ] 1 a flat part of the body of some sea animals such as seals and turtles , used for swimming 2 a long flat piece of rubber or plastic that you wear on your foot to help you swim more quickly
flip side
BrE NAmE noun [ usually singular ] ~ (of/to sth) 1 different and less welcome aspects of an idea, argument or action It was only after they were married that she began to see the flip side of the fairy tale.
2 ( old-fashioned ) the side of a record that does not have the main song or piece of music on it
clod hop per

BrE / kldhp(r) / NAmE / kldhpr / noun ( informal ) 1 [ usually plural ] a large heavy shoe 2 ( disapproving ) an awkward or clumsy person
clod
BrE / kld / NAmE / kld / noun word origin 1 [ usually plural ] a lump of earth or clay clods of earth 2 ( informal ) a stupid person
BrE / fi / NAmE / fi / adjective ( informal ) 1 ( especially BrE ) not in perfect condition; bad in some way That meat smells a bit iffy to me. 2 not certain The weather looks slightly iffy.
iffy
dither
verb, noun
BrE / d(r) / NAmE / dr / verb verb forms word origin [ intransitive ] to hesitate about what to do because you are unable to decide Stop dithering and get on with it. ~ over sth She was dithering over what to wear. noun word origin [ singular ] ( informal ) 1 a state of not being able to decide what you should do I'm in a dither about who to invite. 2 a state of excitement or worry Don't get yourself in a dither over everything.
adjective, verb BrE / bskj(r) /
ob scure
NAmE / bskjr / adjective word origin example bank 1 not well known unknown an obscure German poet We went to see one of Shakespeare's more obscure plays. He was born around 1650 but his origins remain obscure. 2 difficult to understand I found her lecture very obscure. For some obscure reason , he failed to turn up. The meaning of his comment was obscure to everyone but himself. ob scure ly / BrE ; NAmE / adverb They were making her feel obscurely worried (= for reasons that were difficult to understand) . verb verb forms word origin example bank ~ sth to make it difficult to see, hear or understand sth

The view was obscured by fog. We mustn't let these minor details obscure the main issue. A shadow fell across her face, obscuring her expression.
ob scur ity

BrE / bskjrti / NAmE / bskjrti / noun word origin example bank ( pl. ob scur ities ) 1 [ uncountable ] the state in which sb/sth is not well known or has been forgotten The actress was only 17 when she was plucked from obscurity and made a star. He spent most of his life working in obscurity. 2 [ uncountable , countable , usually plural ] the quality of being difficult to unde The course teaches students to avoid ambiguity and obscurity of expression. a speech full of obscurities 3 [ uncountable ] ( literary ) the state of being dark darkness

noun, verb BrE / prp / NAmE / prp / noun word origin example bank 1 a piece of wood, metal, etc. used to support sth or keep it in position Rescuers used props to stop the roof of the tunnel collapsing. a pit prop (= one used in a coal mine) 2 a person or thing that gives help or support to sb/sth that is weak After being the emotional prop he needed for so long, she dared not leave him. 3 [ usually plural ] a small object used by actors during the performance of a play or in a film He is responsible for all the stage props and lighting. 4 ( also prop forward ) ( in rugby ) a player on either side of the front row of a scrum give props to sb ( informal ) used to say that people should appreciate what sb has done be I gotta give props to the bass player.
prop
Please give props to the researchers for all their work. Props here means proper respect or recognition. verb verb forms word origin example bank ( -pp- ) to support an object by leaning it against sth, or putting sth under it etc; to support a person in th ~ sth/sb/yourself (up) (against sth) He propped his bike against the wall. She propped herself up on one elbow. He lay propped against the pillows. ~ sth + adj. The door was propped open. prop sth up
1 to prevent sth from falling by putting sth under it to support it

shore up They had to prop up the tree with long poles under the branches. 2 ( often disapproving ) to help sth that is having difficulties The government was accused of propping up declining industries.
char iot eer

BrE / trit(r) / NAmE / tritr / noun word origin the driver of a chariot
ex em plar

BrE / zempl(r) / NAmE / zemplr / noun word origin ( formal ) a person or thing that is a good or typical example of sth model Her career was an exemplar of individual success at a time of great economic hardship.
verb, noun BrE / slk / NAmE / slk / verb verb forms word origin example bank [ intransitive ] ( disapproving ) to look angry and refuse to speak or smile because you want people to know that you are upset ab He went off to sulk in his room. noun word origin example bank ( BrE also the sulks [ plural ] ) a period of not speaking and being bad-tempered because you are angry about sth Jo was in a sulk upstairs. to have the sulks
sulk
BrE / slki / NAmE / slki / adjective word origin ( disapproving ) bad-tempered or not speaking because you are angry about sth Sarah had looked sulky all morning. a sulky child He lapsed into a sulky silence. sulk ily / BrE slkli ; NAmE slkli / adverb
sulky
Tommy went sulkily off to bed. sulki ness / BrE slkins ; NAmE slkins / noun [ uncountable ]
cor nu co pia

BrE / knjukpi / NAmE / krnjukopi /
noun word origin 1 ( also horn of plenty ) a decorative object shaped like an animal's horn, shown in art as full
2 ( formal ) something that is or contains a large supply of good things

The book is a cornucopia of good ideas. Harvard has produced a cornucopia of leaders for the United States in many fields.
noun, verb BrE / rft / NAmE / rft / noun word origin example bank 1 [ countable ] a piece cut from a living plant and fixed in a cut made in another plant, so that A healthy shoot should form a strong graft. 2 [ countable ] a piece of skin, bone, etc. removed from a living body and placed in another pa a skin graft 3 [ uncountable ] ( BrE , informal ) hard work Their success was the result of years of hard graft . 4 [ uncountable ] ( especially NAmE ) the use of illegal or unfair methods, especially briber He promised an end to graft and corruption in public life. verb verb forms word origin 1 [ transitive ] ~ sth (onto/to/into sth) | ~ sth (on) (from sth) to take a piece of skin, b newly grafted tissue New skin had to be grafted on from his back. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth (onto sth) to cut a piece from a living plant and attach it to another pla 3 [ transitive ] ~ sth (onto sth) to make one idea, system, etc. become part of another one Old values are being grafted onto a new social class. 4 [ intransitive ] ( BrE , informal ) to work hard She's been grafting all day.
graft
folly
BrE / fli / NAmE / fli / noun word origin example bank ( pl. follies ) 1 [ uncountable , countable ] a lack of good judgement; the fact of doing sth stupid; an a stupidity an act of sheer folly Giving up a secure job seems to be the height of folly. ~ (to do sth) It would be folly to turn the offer down. the follies of youth His idealism had been soured by the varied spectacle of human folly. 2 [ countable ] a building that has no practical purpose but was built in the past for decoratio
shoo-in
BrE NAmE noun word origin ~ (for sth) | ~ (to do sth) ( NAmE , informal ) a person or team that will win easily He's a shoo-in for the nomination.
graf fiti
BrE / rfiti / NAmE / rfiti / noun word origin example bank [ uncountable , plural ] drawings or writing on a wall, etc. in a public place The subway was covered in graffiti. Someone had scrawled graffiti all over the school walls.
amid
BrE / md / NAmE / md / ( also mid , amidst / BrE mdst ; NAmE mdst / ) preposition word origin ( formal ) 1 in the middle of or during sth, especially sth that causes excitement or fear He finished his speech amid tremendous applause. The firm collapsed amid allegations of fraud. 2 surrounded by sth The hotel was in a beautiful position amid lemon groves.
amid ships
BrE / mdps / NAmE / mdps / adverb word origin ( technical ) in or near the middle part of a ship
splen did
adjective, exclamation
BrE / splendd / NAmE / splendd / adjective word origin example bank ( especially BrE ) 1 ( old-fashioned ) excellent; very good great What a splendid idea! We've all had a splendid time. It will be a splendid opportunity to practise your Spanish. The meal was simply splendid. 2 very impressive; very beautiful
splendid scenery The hotel stands in splendid isolation , surrounded by moorland. splen did ly / BrE splenddli ; NAmE splenddli / adverb

You all played splendidly. The guests were splendidly dressed. exclamation word origin ( old-fashioned , especially BrE ) used to show that you approve of sth, or are pleased You're both coming? Splendid!
quoth
BrE / kw / NAmE / kwo / verb word origin + speech ( old use or humorous ) used meaning said before I, he or she
( BrE ) ( NAmE skep tical ) BrE / skeptkl /
scep tical
NAmE / skeptkl / adjective example bank ~ (about/of sth) having doubts that a claim or statement is true or that sth will happen I am sceptical about his chances of winning. The public remain sceptical of these claims. She looked highly sceptical. scep tic al ly ( BrE ) ( NAmE skep tic al ly ) / BrE skeptkli ; NAmE skeptkli / adve

The announcement was greeted sceptically by the press.

scep ti cism

( BrE )
( NAmE skep ti cism ) BrE / skeptszm /

NAmE / skeptszm / noun thesaurus example bank [ uncountable , singular ] an attitude of doubting that claims or statements are true or that sth will happen Such claims should be regarded with a certain amount of scepticism. Other scientists have expressed scepticism about these results.
( BrE ) ( NAmE skep tic ) BrE / skeptk /
scep tic
NAmE / skeptk / noun word origin example bank a person who usually doubts that claims or statements are true, especially those that other people I am a born sceptic. He was unable to convince the sceptics in the audience. see also Euro-sceptic
en tou rage

BrE / ntur / NAmE / ntur / noun word origin [ countable + singular or plural verb ] a group of people who travel with an important person the President and members of his immediate entourage an entourage of adoring fans
alas
BrE / ls / NAmE / ls / exclamation word origin ( old use or literary ) used to show you are sad or sorry For many people, alas, hunger is part of everyday life.
ig noble
BrE / nbl / NAmE / nobl / adjective word origin example bank ( formal ) not good or honest; that should make you feel shame base ignoble thoughts an ignoble person noble
ig no mini ous

BrE / nmnis / NAmE / nmnis / adjective word origin ( formal ) that makes, or should make, you feel ashamed disgraceful , humiliating an ignominious defeat He made one mistake and his career came to an ignominious end. ig no mini ous ly / BrE nmnisli ; NAmE nmnisli / adverb

ig no mini ous

BrE / nmnis / NAmE / nmnis / adjective word origin ( formal ) that makes, or should make, you feel ashamed disgraceful , humiliating an ignominious defeat He made one mistake and his career came to an ignominious end. ig no mini ous ly / BrE nmnisli ; NAmE nmnisli / adverb

wretch ed
BrE / retd / NAmE / retd / adjective word origin example bank 1 ( of a person ) feeling ill/sick or unhappy You look wretchedwhat's wrong? I felt wretched about the way things had turned out. 2 ( formal ) extremely bad or unpleasant awful She had a wretched time of it at school. The animals are kept in the most wretched conditions. 3 ( formal ) making you feel sympathy or pity pitiful She finally agreed to have the wretched animal put down. 4 [ only before noun ] ( informal ) used to show that you think that sb/sth is extremely an Is it that wretched woman again? wretch ed ly / BrE retdli ; NAmE retdli / adverb

I'm so sorry, she said wretchedly. wretch ed ness / BrE retdns ; NAmE retdns / noun [ uncountable ]

lum ber ing

BrE / lmbr / NAmE / lmbr / adjective moving in a slow, heavy and awkward way a lumbering dinosaur
noun, verb BrE / lmb(r) /
lum ber
NAmE / lmbr / noun word origin [ uncountable ] 1 ( especially NAmE ) = timber a lumber mill 2 ( BrE ) pieces of furniture, and other large objects that you do not use any more a lumber room (= for storing lumber in) verb verb forms word origin example bank 1 [ intransitive ] + adv./prep. to move in a slow, heavy and awkward way A family of elephants lumbered by. The huge convoy of trucks lumbered out of the city. 2 [ transitive , usually passive ] ~ sb (with sb/sth) ( informal ) to give sb a respons When our parents went out, my sister got lumbered with me for the evening. She might say Yes. Then you'd be lumbered.
adjective, noun BrE / lbrl /
lib eral
NAmE / lbrl / adjective word origin example bank

respecting other opinions
1 willing to understand and respect other people's behaviour, opinions, etc, especially when they
liberal attitudes/views/opinions
politics
2 wanting or allowing a lot of political and economic freedom and supporting gradual social, pol Some politicians want more liberal trade relations with Europe. liberal democracy liberal theories a liberal politician 3 Liberal connected with the British Liberal Party in the past, or of a Liberal Party in another co
generous
4 ~ (with sth) generous; given in large amounts lavish She is very liberal with her money. I think Sam is too liberal with his criticism (= he criticizes people too much) . Divorced fathers should have liberal access to their children. We ate cake with liberal amounts of whipped cream.
education
5 concerned with increasing sb's general knowledge and experience rather than particular skills
a liberal education
not exact
6 not completely accurate or exact

free a liberal translation of the text a liberal interpretation of the law lib er al ly / BrE lbrli ; NAmE lbrli / adverb

Apply the cream liberally. The word original is liberally interpreted in copyright law. noun word origin
sb who respects others
1 a person who understands and respects other people's opinions and behaviour, especially whe
He liked to think of himself as a liberal.
politics
2 a person who supports political, social and religious change Reform is popular with middle-class liberals. 3 Liberal ( politics ) a member of the British Liberal Party in the past, or of a Liberal Party in a
liberal arts
BrE NAmE noun word origin [ plural ] ( especially NAmE ) subjects of study that develop students' general knowledge and ability to think, rather than their a liberal arts college
Liberal Democrat
BrE NAmE noun ( abbr. Lib Dem ) a member or supporter of the Liberal Democrats
the Liberal Democrats
BrE NAmE noun culture [ plural ] ( abbr. Lib Dems ) one of the main British political parties, in favour of some political and social change, but not ext compare the Conservative Party , the Labour Party
lib er al ism

BrE / lbrlzm / NAmE / lbrlzm / noun [ uncountable ] liberal opinions and beliefs, especially in politics
lib er al ity

BrE / lbrlti / NAmE / lbrlti / noun word origin [ uncountable ] ( formal ) 1 respect for political, religious or moral views, even if you do not agree with them She is known for the liberality of her views. 2 the quality of being generous
lib er al ize

( BrE also
-ise
BrE / lbrlaz / NAmE / lbrlaz / verb verb forms ~ sth to make sth such as a law or a political or religious system less strict lib er al ization , -isa tion / BrE lbrlazen ; NAmE lbrlzen / noun [ uncou

the Liberal Party
BrE NAmE ( also the Liberals ) a former British political party. It developed in the mid 19th century from the Whigs , and under Liberal noun a member or supporter of the Liberal Party.
lib er ate

BrE / lbret / NAmE / lbret /
verb verb forms word origin example bank 1 ~ sb/sth (from sb/sth) to free a country or a person from the control of sb else The city was liberated by the advancing army. 2 ~ sb (from sth) to free sb from sth that restricts their enjoyment of life Writing poetry liberated her from the routine of everyday life. lib er ation / BrE lbren ; NAmE lbren / noun [ uncountable , singular ]

a war of liberation liberation from poverty women's liberation lib er ator / BrE lbret(r) ; NAmE lbretr / noun

lib er ated

BrE / lbretd / NAmE / lbretd / adjective free from the restrictions of traditional ideas about social and sexual behaviour a liberated woman
verb, noun BrE / rt / NAmE / rt / verb verb forms word origin example bank ( -tt- ) [ intransitive , transitive ] to decay, or make sth decay, naturally and gradually decompose rotting leaves ~ (away) The window frame had rotted away completely. ( figurative ) prisoners thrown in jail and left to rot ~ sth Too much sugar will rot your teeth. see also rotten noun
rot
word origin [ uncountable ] 1 the process or state of decaying and falling apart The wood must not get damp as rot can quickly result. see also dry rot , wet rot 2 the rot used to describe the fact that a situation is getting worse The rot set in last year when they reorganized the department. The team should manage to stop the rot if they play well this week. 3 ( old-fashioned , BrE ) nonsense; silly things that sb says rubbish Don't talk such rot!
food/flour/coffee
verb, noun BrE / rand / NAmE / rand / verb verb forms word origin example bank ( ground , ground / BrE rand ; NAmE rand / )
grind
1 [ transitive ] ~ sth (down/up) | ~ sth (to/into sth) to break or crush sth into very smal
to grind coffee/corn The animal has teeth that grind its food into a pulp. see also ground adj. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth to produce sth such as flour by crushing The flour is ground using traditional methods. 3 [ transitive ] ~ sth ( NAmE ) = mince
make sharp/smooth
4 [ transitive ] ~ sth to make sth sharp or smooth by rubbing it against a hard surface
a special stone for grinding knives
press into surface
5 [ transitive ] to press or rub sth into a surface ~ sth into sth He ground his cigarette into the ashtray. ~ sth in The dirt on her hands was ground in.
rub together
6 [ intransitive , transitive ] to rub together, or to make hard objects rub together, often ~ (together) Parts of the machine were grinding together noisily.
~ sth (together) She grinds her teeth when she is asleep. He ground the gears on the car.
machine
7 [ transitive ] ~ sth to turn the handle of a machine that grinds sth

to grind a pepper mill bring sth to a grinding halt to make sth gradually go slower until it stops completely Roadworks brought traffic to a grinding halt. grind to a halt | come to a grinding halt to go slower gradually and then stop completely Production ground to a halt during the strike. Her career ground to a halt when the twins were born. more at have an axe to grind at axe n. grind sb down to treat sb in a cruel unpleasant way over a long period of time, so that they b Don't let them grind you down. Years of oppression had ground the people down. grind on to continue for a long time, when this is unpleasant The argument ground on for almost two years. grind sth out to produce sth in large quantities, often sth that is not good or interesting churn out She grinds out romantic novels at the rate of five a year. noun word origin
boring activity
1 [ singular ] ( informal ) an activity that is tiring or boring and takes a lot of time
the daily grind of family life It's a long grind to the top of that particular profession.
of machines
2 [ singular ] the unpleasant noise made by machines

swot
3 ( US ) ( BrE swot ) [ countable ] ( informal ) a person who spends too much time studying
co hort
BrE / kht / NAmE / kohrt / noun word origin example bank [ countable + singular or plural verb ] 1 ( technical ) a group of people who share a common feature or aspect of behaviour the 1999 birth cohort (= all those born in 1999) 2 ( disapproving ) a member of a group of people who support another person Robinson and his cohorts were soon ejected from the hall.
an arch ist

BrE / nkst / NAmE / nrkst / noun word origin a person who believes that laws and governments are not necessary an arch is tic / BrE nkstk ; NAmE nrkstk / adjective

an archy
BrE / nki / NAmE / nrki / noun word origin example bank [ uncountable ] a situation in a country, an organization, etc. in which there is no government, order or control The overthrow of the military regime was followed by a period of anarchy. There was complete anarchy in the classroom when their usual teacher was away. an arch ic / BrE nkk ; NAmE nrkk / ( also less frequent an arch ic al / BrE

It had become a lawless, anarchic city in which corruption thrived.

fount
BrE / fant / NAmE / fant / noun word origin ~ (of sth) ( literary or humorous ) the place where sth important comes from source She treats him as if he were the fount of all knowledge .
un abashed
BrE / nbt / NAmE / nbt / adjective example bank not ashamed, embarrassed or affected by people's disapproval, when other people would be He was unabashed by the reaction he had caused. She watched them kissing with unabashed interest. He appeared unabashed by all the media attention. abashed un abashed ly / BrE nbdli ; NAmE nbdli / adverb

be stir
BrE / bst(r) / NAmE / bstr / verb verb forms ( -rr- ) ~ yourself ( formal or humorous ) to start doing things after a period during which you have been doing nothing rouse He needs to bestir himself and start looking for a job.
dredge
BrE / dred / NAmE / dred /
verb verb forms word origin 1 [ transitive , intransitive ] ~ (sth) (for sth) to remove mud, stones, etc. from the bott They're dredging the harbour so that larger ships can use it. They dredge the bay for gravel. 2 [ transitive ] ~ sth (up) (from sth) to bring sth up from the bottom of a river, etc. using a waste dredged (up) from the seabed 3 [ transitive ] ~ sth in/with sth to cover food lightly with sugar, flour, etc Dredge the top of the cake with icing sugar. dredge sth up
1 ( usually disapproving ) to mention sth that has been forgotten, especially sth unpleasant or The papers keep trying to dredge up details of his past love life. 2 to manage to remember sth, especially sth that happened a long time ago Now she was dredging up memories from the depths of her mind.
BrE / dred(r) / NAmE / dredr / noun a boat or machine that is used to clear mud, etc. from the bottom of a river, or to make the river w
dredger
noun, verb BrE / wd / NAmE / wd / noun word origin example bank 1 a thick pile of pieces of paper, paper money, etc. folded or rolled together He pulled a thick wad of 10 notes out of his pocket. ( BrE , slang ) They had a wad/wads of money (= a large amount) . She came in with tears streaming down her face, clutching a wad of tissues. 2 a mass of soft material, used for blocking sth or keeping sth in place The nurse used a wad of cotton wool to stop the bleeding. verb verb forms
wad
word origin ( -dd- ) 1 ~ sth (up) ( especially NAmE ) to fold or press sth into a tight wad 2 ~ sth to fill sth with soft material for warmth or protection
con tra dic tion

BrE / kntrdkn / NAmE / kntrdkn / noun word origin example bank 1 [ countable , uncountable ] ~ (between A and B) a lack of agreement between facts There is a contradiction between the two sets of figures. His public speeches are in direct contradiction to his personal lifestyle. How can we resolve this apparent contradiction? 2 [ uncountable , countable ] the act of saying that sth that sb else has said is wrong or n I think I can say, without fear of contradiction , that Now you say you both left at tenthat's a contradiction of your last statement. a contradiction in terms a statement containing two words that contradict each other's meaning A nomad settlement is a contradiction in terms.
con tra dict

BrE / kntrdkt / NAmE / kntrdkt / verb verb forms word origin language bank example bank 1 to say that sth that sb else has said is wrong, and that the opposite is true ~ sth All evening her husband contradicted everything she said. ~ sb/yourself You've just contradicted yourself (= said the opposite of what you said befo ~ (sb) + speech No, it's not, she contradicted (him). 2 ~ sth | ~ each other ( of statements or pieces of evidence ) to be so different from each othe The two stories contradict each other.
This version of events was contradicted by eye-witness reports.

con tra dict ory

BrE / kntrdktri / NAmE / kntrdktri / adjective word origin example bank containing or showing a contradiction conflicting We are faced with two apparently contradictory statements. The advice I received was often contradictory.
con tra dis tinc tion

BrE / kntrdstkn / NAmE / kntrdstkn / noun in contradistinction to sth/sb ( formal ) in contrast with sth/sb Lionesses, in contradistinction to the females of other animals, are the hunters.
con tra fac tive

BrE / kntrfktv / NAmE / kntrfktv / adjective ( grammar ) ( of verbs ) talking about sth that is not true. Pretend and wish are contrafactive verbs. compare factive , non-factive
con tra flow

BrE / kntrfl / NAmE / kntrflo / noun ( BrE ) a system that is used when one half of a large road is closed for repairs, and the traffic going in bo A contraflow system is in operation on this section of the motorway.
con tra indi cate

BrE / kntrndket / NAmE / kntrndket / verb verb forms ~ sth ( medical ) if a drug or treatment is contraindicated , there is a medical reason why it should not be used i This drug is contraindicated in patients with asthma.
token ism
BrE / tknzm / NAmE / toknzm / noun [ uncountable ] ( disapproving ) the fact of doing sth only in order to do what the law requires or to satisfy a particular group of pe Appointing one woman to the otherwise all-male staff could look like tokenism.
BrE / stdi / NAmE / strdi / adjective word origin ( stur dier , stur di est ) 1 ( of an object ) strong and not easily damaged robust a sturdy pair of boots

sturdy
a sturdy table The vehicle is sturdy enough to withstand rough terrain. 2 ( of people and animals, or their bodies ) physically strong and healthy a man of sturdy build sturdy legs a sturdy breed of cattle 3 not easily influenced or changed by other people firm , determined The village has always maintained a sturdy independence. a sturdy defence of the government's position stur dily / BrE stdli ; NAmE strdli / adverb
The boat was sturdily made. a sturdily built young man a sturdily independent community stur di ness / BrE stdins ; NAmE strdins / noun [ uncountable ]

mon stros ity

BrE / mnstrsti / NAmE / mnstrsti / noun word origin ( pl. mon stros ities ) something that is very large and very ugly, especially a building eyesore a concrete monstrosity

pro voke
BrE / prvk / NAmE / prvok / verb verb forms word origin thesaurus example bank 1 ~ sth to cause a particular reaction or have a particular effect The announcement provoked a storm of protest.
The article was intended to provoke discussion. Dairy products may provoke allergic reactions in some people. 2 ~ sb (into sth/into doing sth) | ~ sb to do sth to say or do sth that you know will annoy goad The lawyer claimed his client was provoked into acts of violence by the defendant. Be careful what you sayhe's easily provoked.
con ten tion

BrE / kntenn / NAmE / kntenn / noun word origin example bank ( formal ) 1 [ uncountable ] angry disagreement between people dispute One area of contention is the availability of nursery care. a point of contention 2 [ countable ] ~ (that) a belief or an opinion that you express, especially in an argument It is our client's contention that the fire was an accident. I would reject that contention. in contention (for sth) with a chance of winning sth Only three teams are now in contention for the title. out of contention (for sth) without a chance of winning sth more at bone of contention at bone
n.
cer tain ly

BrE / stnli / NAmE / srtnli / adverb language bank which word? example bank 1 without doubt
definitely Without treatment, she will almost certainly die. Certainly, the early years are crucial to a child's development. I'm certainly never going there again. She was certainly attractive but you couldn't call her beautiful. 2 ( used in answer to questions ) of course May I see your passport, Mr Scott? Certainly. Do you think all this money will change your life? Certainly not.
ex chequer
BrE / kstek(r) / NAmE / kstekr / noun word origin [ singular ] 1 ( often the Exchequer ) (in Britain) the government department that controls public mone treasury see also Chancellor of the Exchequer 2 the public or national supply of money This resulted in a considerable loss to the exchequer.
de vise
BrE / dvaz / NAmE / dvaz / verb verb forms word origin example bank ~ sth to invent sth new or a new way of doing sth think up A new system has been devised to control traffic in the city.
spurt
verb, noun
BrE / spt / NAmE / sprt / verb verb forms word origin 1 [ intransitive , transitive ] ( of liquid or flames ) to burst or pour out suddenly; to prod ~ (from sth) Blood was spurting from her nose. ~ out (of/from sth) Red and yellow flames spurted out of the fire. ~ sth Her nose was spurting blood. ~ sth + adv./prep. The volcano spurted clouds of steam and ash high into the air. 2 [ intransitive ] + adv./prep. to increase your speed for a short time to get somewhere fast She spurted past me to get to the line first. noun word origin example bank 1 an amount of liquid or flames that comes out of somewhere with great force a great spurt of blood 2 a sudden increase in speed, effort, activity or emotion for a short period of time You'd better put on a spurt (= hurry up) if you want to finish that work today. Babies get very hungry during growth spurts. a sudden spurt of anger in spurts in short periods of great activity, powerful movement, etc, rather than in a steady, continuous wa The water came out of the tap in spurts.
lam ented
BrE / lmentd / NAmE / lmentd / adjective ( formal or humorous ) ( of sb/sth that has died or disappeared ) missed very much her late lamented husband the last edition of the much lamented newspaper
bur geon
BrE / bdn /
NAmE / brdn / verb verb forms word origin example bank [ intransitive ] ( formal ) to begin to grow or develop rapidly bur geon ing / BrE bdn ; NAmE brdn / adjective

a burgeoning population burgeoning demand

Letter Word
PartofSpeech
e to buy sth
exually attractive, so that you almost become unconsciou
s for a long time
eves
or realistic
written that does not seem natural; the fact of seeming ar
other people do not know, etc
ith them.
n lead to extreme behaviour or violence towards others
or political beliefs
ntable ]
gular ] ecoming priests.
cientific study of these changes
hey are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very .
/ adverb
behaviour that people would expect) . eet people in formal situations
thunder at steal
v.
people who have left their own country, usually because
often for a long time
ives in another country asking to be allowed to stay there
aining that they have a lot of work to do
covering or wrapping things, especially food : ( BrE ) alu
zes, the qualities of another person or thing
into a pattern of holes
rink
ll enough
the toe next to it
, especially below the surface of the water
rstand; something that is difficult to understand
m/movie
ecause it is good
he same way
bout sth
l of fruit and flowers
t it grows there; the process or result of doing this art of the body which has been damaged; the process or r
ry , to gain advantage in business, politics, etc; money ob
one, etc. from one part of the body and attach it to a dam
ant
activity or idea that shows a lack of judgement
on, often in the garden of a large country house
erb
e believe in
noying
sibility, etc, that they do not want and that they cannot ge
y are different from your own; believing people should b
litical or religious change
ountry
en they are different from their own
another country
technical skills
treme
ntable ]
r William Gladstone and David Lloyd George became
ll pieces between two hard surfaces or using a special ma
n producing an unpleasant noise
become very unhappy
nkkl ; NAmE nrkkl / ) adjective
tom of a river, canal , etc. using a boat or special machin
a boat or special machine
embarrassing
wider
s, opinions, actions, etc
not true; an example of this
ore) . er that one of them must be wrong
oth directions has to use the other half
in a particular situation
eople, but not in a way that is really sincere
y sb so that they react in an angry way
ey
duce sudden, powerful streams of liquid or flames
ter
ay
Meaning
us
rtificial
y difficult
they were in danger for political reasons
minium foil
result of doing this
btained in this way
maged part
et rid of
e able to choose how they behave
e the party of social and political reform . It lost support after the rise of the Labour Party in the
achine
ne, to make it deeper or to search for sth
Synonyms
e early 20th century
Examples
Date
12Sep11
12Sep11
y. In the elections of 1983 and 1987 the Liberals achieved some success by joining with the Soc
cial Democratic Party to form the Alliance, and the two parties were officially united in 1988 .
arty to form the Alliance, and the two parties were official

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S.No.

The book's happy ending seemed contrived.

con triv ance

The 1950s were an age of affluence in America. prosperity

2 ~ of/with sb ( literary ) in love with sb

com mu nal ism

the victims of religious persecution They fled to Europe to escape persecution.

demo graph ics

for mid able

2 given as a prize or provided free by a person or an organization

+ speech Sit still! she thundered.

You can also use more wicked and most wicked .

5 [ transitive ] ~ sth to twist sth together with another thing

Oh dear, he said flippantly.

clod hop per

adjective, verb BrE / bskj(r) /

1 to prevent sth from falling by putting sth under it to support it

char iot eer

BrE / knjukpi / NAmE / krnjukopi /

2 ( formal ) something that is or contains a large supply of good things

( BrE ) ( NAmE skep tical ) BrE / skeptkl /

The announcement was greeted sceptically by the press.

( NAmE skep ti cism ) BrE / skeptszm /

( BrE ) ( NAmE skep tic ) BrE / skeptk /

lum ber ing

noun, verb BrE / lmb(r) /

adjective, noun BrE / lbrl /

NAmE / lbrl / adjective word origin example bank

6 not completely accurate or exact

the Liberal Democrats

the Liberal Party

BrE / lbret / NAmE / lbret /

7 [ transitive ] ~ sth to turn the handle of a machine that grinds sth

2 [ singular ] the unpleasant noise made by machines

It had become a lawless, anarchic city in which corruption thrived.

con tra dic tion

con tra dict

This version of events was contradicted by eye-witness reports.

con tra dict ory

con tra dis tinc tion

con tra fac tive

con tra flow

con tra indi cate

mon stros ity

con ten tion

a burgeoning population burgeoning demand

exually attractive, so that you almost become unconsciou

s for a long time

written that does not seem natural; the fact of seeming ar

other people do not know, etc

n lead to extreme behaviour or violence towards others

gular ] ecoming priests.

cientific study of these changes

hey are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very .

behaviour that people would expect) . eet people in formal situations

people who have left their own country, usually because

often for a long time

ives in another country asking to be allowed to stay there

aining that they have a lot of work to do

covering or wrapping things, especially food : ( BrE ) alu

zes, the qualities of another person or thing

into a pattern of holes

the toe next to it

, especially below the surface of the water