Mahate Vidosh et al.

/ International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

Impacts of Bio-fuel use: A Review

Mahate Vidosha , Verma Prakshb , Chaube Alokc ,
a

Mech. Engg. Deptt. Bhopal Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India b I.P. Department, Jabalpur Engineering college, Jabalpur, India c Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, India

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a broad overview of the technical, social, economic and environmental impacts of bio-fuel use. The major factors that are considered in evaluating the impact are: (1) different blending ratio of bio-diesel with diesel in C I engine of vehicles and their performance in terms of power, torque and specific fuel consumption, (2) Social factors such as population, employment generation, profitability to farmers, regional growth, and changes in land use pattern (3) economic impacts of bio-fuels production are effects on food and agricultural prices including impacts on food security and (4) environmental impacts & greenhouse gas emissions and issues of technology. For purpose of blending, biodiesel can be blended in any proportion with mineral diesel. In comparison with fossil diesel, bio-diesel shows better emission characteristics. The environmental performance of road transport improves by use of it, including decreased greenhouse emissions: substantial reduction in emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. Factors related to social and economic aspects like employment generation, utilisation of wasteland, diversity of agriculture land, food prices, reduction in imports fossil due to use of bio-fuel and energy prices can have significant impacts on bio-fuel development. Food security will be affected by the conversion of agricultural land for bio fuel plantation and cause indirect change in land-use pattern. Key words: technical viability, social impact, economic aspects, environment viability. Introduction World-wide production of bio-fuel has been increasing rapidly in the last decade, but the viability of first-generation bio-fuels, which are produced primarily from food crops such as grains, sugar cane and vegetable oils, has been increasingly questioned over concerns such as displacement of food-crops, effects on the environment and climate change. Second-generation bio-fuel have potential to provide benefits such as promote rural development and improve economic conditions in emerging and developing regions by making use of wasteland. At the same time second-generation bio fuel production could become unsustainable if they compete with food crops for available land. Second-generation bio-fuel are not yet produced commercially, but a considerable number of pilot and demonstration plants have been announced or set up in recent years, with research activities taking place mainly in developing countries like India, Brazil, Indonesia (Anselm, 2010; Fargione et al, 2008; Searchinger et al., 2008). Major drivers for increase production and demand of bio-fuel are the increase in oil price, the heightened worldwide concern over global climate change, improvement of energy security and a decreased dependency on unstable oil suppliers, and benefits to agriculture and rural areas and an opportunity for increasing economic development in many developing countries, due largely to the abundant availability of wasteland and cheaper costs of labour (Francis et al., 2008; Banse et al., 2007). Bio fuel viability is typically measured in terms of GHG Mitigation Potential & Net Energy Balance, Impact on Food/Energy Security, Economic Viability, Employment Generation & Poverty Reduction Potential, and Rural Development (Sethi, 2009). Approaches to impact assessment of the bio fuel use can be broadly categorized in bottom-up and topdown (Bole, 2008). Bottom-up approaches; describe in detail current and future energy technologies on the demand and supply side. It focuses on different technologies and their contribution to energy efficiency and emission reduction (Roques et al., 2008). In techno-economic models where the demand side is given more importance, total energy consumption can be computed as the sum of energy demands of all sectors of economy. These models allows for the representation of energy savings and energy substitutions within econometric relations, and hence for the identification of structural and behavioural changes (Bole, 2008). This approach also takes into consideration the cyclical nature of markets, where high feedstock prices restrict production and thus relax the impact on prices. In contrast, a top-down approach focuses on the economy as a whole and studies the interactions among energy, environment and economy (Bohringer, 1998). In top down approaches, parameters are estimated 1.

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3776

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

econometrically within equations that generally simulate potential global production as a function of factor inputs such as capital and labour. In the field of economic analysis, it has the advantage of being able to take into account structural unemployment, stemming from insufficient labour demand in the long run. Economic policy analysis comprised the building of top-down models and applied econometrics to historical data on consumption, prices and revenues so as to estimate elasticity of demand (Sugandha, 2010). The top-down approach starts with the goal of a given share of bio-fuel in total transport fuels, selects a path to achieve this target, calculates the amount of feedstock required to produce this amount of bio-fuel and finds possible sources such as marginal land, export diversion, import etc. and finally predicts the impact on prices (Bole, 2008). Policy makers mainly adopt the measures to reduce dependency on imported oil, improve the energy security of the nation and reduction in emission of pollutants by fossil fuel by reducing the use of it and use of alternative fuel i.e. bio fuel blending with conventional fuels. This decreases the dependency of import and also emits less pollutant as compared to use of pure fossil fuel. Such fuels can be used directly or with some modification before they are used as substitute of conventional fuels. Wide variety of measures can be implemented to reduce dependency on use of fossil fuels, which can be categorised in to two broad categories- Supply side measures and Demand side measures. Supply side measures mainly pertain to social factors related to availability of land for bio-fuels plantation either from wasteland or agriculture land, population, food security, employment generation, profitability to farmer and rural development. Demand side measures are related to factors that can be grouped into three broad categories, technical factors related to the design and engineering of the vehicle and type of the fuel used, economic factors related to price of bio fuel, price of fossil fuel, tax reduction or exemptions for bio-fuel, direct investment and subsidies for infrastructure adjustments, & financing schemes for infrastructure and environmental factors related to the reduction in various emission from engine which use bio fuel. In 2008 Govt. of India adopted a national level unified policy on bio fuel utilisation consisting of 20% bio-fuel blending mandate with a set of supply side and demand side supporting policies, but this policy was soon withdrawn due to a serious criticism against a lack of understanding about the economy wide impacts of the policy (Kojima, 2010). The demand side policy is combined with supply side policy such as setting minimum purchase prices for bio-fuels and minimum support prices for feedstock to encourage bio-fuel and fuel crop production and to promote rural development. Considering the potential impacts of the National Policy on Bio-fuels on Indian sustainable development, it is important to conduct policy impact assessment reflecting the above uncertainty. The papers which have been reviewed relate to viability study of Biodiesel and Bio-fuel production and use. Many aspects of the technical, social, economic, and environment viability of biodiesel and bio-fuels production have been investigated in different studies, including using different blending ratios in I C Engines and their performance in terms of power, torque and specific fuel consumption (Mayer, 1995; Karthikeyan, 2007; Senthil, 2003; Ramadhas, 2004; Sinha, 2005; Pramanik , 2003 ; Ajav, 1999; Carraretto et al., 2004; Bhattacharyya, 1994; Graboski, 1998; Constantine, 2007; Jacob et al., 2007; Bosch et al, 2002 ), changes in land use pattern of agriculture & wasteland, population, employment generation (Jrgen, 2007; Khalil, 2008; Deal, 2004; Clayton, 2009; Mitchel, 2008; Ray Grosshans, 2007, Raison, 2006; Shukla, 2006; Siddharth et al., 2010 ), economic impacts of bio-fuels production, effects on food and agricultural prices including impacts on society (Rajagopal & Zilberman, 2007; Mahendra Shah et al., 2009; Searchinger, 2008; Searchinger, T., & Heimlich, R., 2007), and environmental impacts & reduction in greenhouse gas emissions (Hong Yang et al., 2009; Avinash, 2007; Carraretto et al., 2004; J. Narayana Reddy et al., 2006; Rajagopal & Zilberman, 2007; Ramadhas, 2004; Rakopoulos et al., 2008; V. Makareviciene et al., 2003; Searchinger et al., 2007). Accordingly papers reviewed are grouped in to four categories related to technical, social, economic, and environment viability assessment and their impact. 2. Technical Viability:

Standard compression-ignition engines designed to operate on petroleum-based diesel fuel is suitable for biodiesel. Biodiesel can be easily used in existing diesel engines in its pure form or in any blend ratio with conventional diesel fuels. It can be directly used in diesel engines without any modifications for short term. Vegetable oils which are easily available in rural areas, are renewable, have a reasonably high cetane number to be used in CI engines with simple modifications and can be easily blended with diesel (J. Narayana Reddy et al., 2006). A blend of 20% bio-diesel fuel in diesel does not affect any of the measured performance (Murugesan et al., 2007; Agarwal, 2007). A 20% or less biodiesel blends or low level can be used as a direct substitute for diesel fuel in all heavy-duty diesel vehicles without any adjustment to the engine or fuel system (Rakopoulos et al., 2008; Agarwal et al., 2008; Stan, 2005). There are significant improvements observed in engine and emission characteristics for the biodiesel engine compared to diesel engine. Thermal efficiency of the C I Engine improved, brake specific energy consumption reduced and a considerable reduction in the exhaust emission was

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3777

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

observed (R. Karthikeyana et al., 2007; Narayana Reddy et al., 2006; Agarwal, 1998; Souligny, 2004; Karthikeyan, 2007; C. Arcoumanis et al., 2007; Carraretto et al., 2004). Rakopoulos et al., 2008 reported that the engine performance with the bio-diesel blends of sunflower or cottonseed oil bio-diesels is similar to that of the neat diesel fuel, with nearly the same brake thermal efficiency and showing higher brake specific fuel consumption. J. Narayana Reddy et al. (2006) reported that there is increase in the brake thermal efficiency in the case of Jatropha oil as compared to base diesel. The results from the detailed test conducted by R. Karthikeyana et al. (2007) with turpentinediesel engine are: increased specific fuel consumption (SFC) is reported at full load due to the presence of knock, maximum of 8% drop in volumetric efficiency is reported in diesel fuel engine at full load. Agarwal et al. (2008) showed that the performance and emission parameter for different fuel blends are found to be very close to diesel. Smoke density and brake specific fuel consumption are slightly higher for vegetable oil blends compared to diesel. Murugesan el al., (2007) reported that the viscosity and relative density of vegetable oil decreases with blending it with diesel. C. Carraretto et al. (2004) also reported that the average value of SFC for bio-diesel is 17% greater than that of diesel oil. Performances of engine are slightly reduced while SFC is notably increased using bio-diesel. A general conclusion from above is that all the bio-diesel blends can be used safely and advantageously in the present diesel engine. A diesel engine can perform satisfactorily on bio-diesel blends without any engine hardware modifications. Bio-diesel is a technologically feasible alternative to fossil diesel, but there is a need of engine modifications, when pure bio-diesel is used (Marina, 2002). Therefore, from technical and technological point of view, blended application of bio-diesel is more promising and feasible alternative, than utilisation of pure bio-diesel. All the above work suggests biodiesel as a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines in terms of fuel consumption and engine performance without or less engine modifications. 3. Social Viability:

The main social drivers for the implementation of bio-fuel production are job creation and regional growth. There are opportunities for new jobs along the entire pathway chain, from feedstock production or collection, to feedstock transport, feedstock handling, conversion and finally product distribution for bio fuel energy system. Job creation is an important driver in emerging and developing countries to promote secondgeneration bio-fuels (Planning Commission, 2003; Domac et al., 2005). Site preparation, planting, pruning, harvesting and processing Jatropha as bio-fuels are labour intensive jobs (Planning Commission, 2003; Francis et al., 2008; Anselm, 2010; TERI, 2005). APEC Energy Working Group estimated that current ethanol employment is around 45,000, while biodiesel employment is roughly 200,000. Most of the current bio-fuels employment in APEC is concentrated in Indonesia (about 115,000 jobs), the United States (47,000 jobs), Malaysia (24,000 jobs), Thailand (21,000 jobs), The Philippines (19,000 jobs), and Peru (9,000 jobs). It was estimated that a 7% market share for bio-fuels would lead to an increase of 105,000 jobs in the EU, while a 14% market share would lead to an increase of 144,000 jobs, increases of 190,000 in agriculture, 46,000 in bio-fuel production and distribution, and 14,000 in the food industry would be offset by reductions of 35,000 in services, 21,000 in the conventional fuel sector, 16,000 in transport, 14,000 in the energy sector, and 22,000 in other industrial sectors (Clayton et al., 2010). The issue of land occupation is one of the most controversial subjects in developing countries. A large constraint regarding the social impact of feedstock production is the occupation of arable land for energy crop cultivation and thus competition with current agricultural production (Anselm, 2010). It has been found and evaluated that the Jatropha Curcas and Pongamia pinnatta , which would be very suitable in Indian conditions. Jatropha curcas has been found most suitable for the purpose (Planning Commission, 2003). The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) estimated that six categories of wasteland spread over approximately 41.93 Million ha of land spread out in 29 states and union territories as the potential areas for jatropha plantation. According to the climatic conditions, 26 states have been selected and all these states have 40 million ha of potential area where jatropha can be planted as identified in the Detailed Project Report prepared by TERI for three macro missions for raising jatropha plantations (Linoj Kumar, 2005). Another point of criticism related to the production of bio-fuels is the issue of food security. Bio fuels is seen as green fuel with better properties and to be a safer fuel than fossil fuel, to create employment and having no negative impact on food security (Anselm, 2010; Ray Grosshans et at., 2007; Meyer et at., 2008). Studies carried out on the social, economic and ecological impacts of Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel on wasteland and on the farmers in India, especially on its effects on the livelihoods of the rural population, on food security and on land issues by conducting case studies mainly in Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra as being among the states supporting Jatropha plantations (Shiva 2008). TERI developed a risk assessment for all stages of the Jatropha Based Diesel production chain including rural development, social impact assessment, alternative energy crops, Jatropha cultivation. Jatropha curcas has the potential to become a sustainable energy

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3778

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

solution with regard to Social / rural development and food security, if restricted to wasteland and prudent use of inputs i.e no direct competition with food crops. High labour requirements of the plant are important advantage to create rural employment. 4. Economical aspects:

Estimating costs, analysing potential markets, demand, estimating revenues, and calculating expected profit or loss are main components for analysis of economic viability. The main economic criteria are the total capital investment cost, total manufacturing cost, and bio-diesel break-even price for bio diesel production. Different researchers applied different economic criteria emphasizing different points of view to assess the biodiesel production processes. The total production cost includes the direct operation cost, indirect operation cost, general expense, and depreciation. Therefore, total manufacturing cost is equal to total production cost minus the credits of by products such as glycerine. The study conducted by Yii-Der et al., 2008 has used six major economic cost factors, which include fixed capital cost, total capital investment cost, total manufacturing cost, net annual profit after taxes, after tax rate of return, and bio-diesel break-even price (Yii-Der et al., 2008). Production of Bio-diesel also supplements the economic growth by way of waste land utilization, employment generation, entrepreneurship development, augmentation of additional source of power, increasing share of organic manure in agriculture etc. Construction and operation of a biodiesel plant could provide rural economic development opportunities by increasing demand for agricultural products and demand for labour (Gustafson, 2003). The traditional top-down approach starts with the goal of a given share of bio-fuels in total transport fuels, selects a path to achieve this target, calculates the amount of feedstock required to produce this amount of bio-fuels and finds possible sources i.e. wasteland, marginal land, agriculture land diversion, import etc. and finally predicts the impact on prices (USDA, 2008). Whereas bottom-up approach starts by considering price dynamics of feedstock markets and approximates their impact on production levels of bio-fuels might deliver a more realistic picture (Elobeid, 2006). Martin Banse (2008) point out that substituting biomass for crude oil will have direct effects on the crude oil market and may have indirect effects on the global agricultural markets through exchange rate linkages. Initial investment cost may be higher for bio-fuel technologies, feedstock diversity and multi-feedstock production technologies will play a critical role in reductions in production cost and making the fuel economically viable (Linoj Kumar, 2005). Scheffran, (2007) provided a framework for examining the availability, feasibility, economic viability and sustainability of bio-energy sources in the Midwest. Meyer et al. (2008) indicated that a lack of government support of the local bio-fuels industry can seriously affect its economic viability, especially in the early stages of the industrys development. Wing-Tat Hung (2006) presented the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the Governments clean fuel programs that offer tax subsidy to lower the consumption cost of clean fuels. The cost difference in running the vehicles is the single most important factor in switching fuels to cleaner types. The taxation on fuel plays a significant role in this connection. The prices of edible vegetable oils are higher than that of Diesel fuel and nonedible crude vegetable oils take priority over the edible vegetable oils in bio-diesel production (Demirbas et al., 2006). For better acceptance of prospective Jatropha cultivation among farmers, it is important seed collection and oil pressing centres are located close to the production sites to encourage investment in remote areas and ensure that the seed cake by-product can be redistributed locally as bio-fertilizer (George Francis, 2005).

5.

Environmental Viability:

The use of biodiesel in engines brings with it environmental benefits, such as a reduction in the emission of particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO), in addition to a reduction in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is a significant element in the greenhouse gas effect (. Fergusson (2001) highlights the use of alternative fuels as being one of the technical solutions for reducing the emission of pollutants in the transport sector. Agarwal (2007) showed that CO, CO2, and PM emissions were lower than the emissions from diesel oil. However, the emissions of NOx were higher with different types of biodiesel. When considering emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke density, rapeseed oil ethyl ester had less negative effect on the environment in comparison with that of rapeseed oil methyl ester (Makareviciene et al., 2003).

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3779

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

The smoke density and CO emissions are reduced with the use of all bio-diesel blends with respect to that of the neat diesel fuel. The NOx emissions are slightly increased with the use of all bio-diesel blends (Rakopoulos et al., 2008). J. Narayana Reddy et al. (2006) reported reduction in the HC and smoke level in the case of Jatropha oil as blend. Bio-oil is characterized by high viscosity, acidity and electrical conductivity, presence of water and various oxygenated compounds, ash and other solid impurities (Stamatov et al., 2006). R. Karthikeyana et al. (2007) reported that exhaust gas temperature and NOx are found lower than that of diesel base line up to 50% load. Approximately 35% of higher CO emission is reported at full load of diesel fuel engine and 48% of higher unburned HC emission and 45% reduced smoke are reported at full load of diesel fuel engine. V. Pradeep et al. (2007) reported that exhaust gas recirculation can be used to give NOx reduction up to 15% effectively without much adverse effect on the performance, smoke and other emissions. In comparison with fossil diesel, bio-diesel shows better emission parameters. The environmental performance of road transport improves by use of it, including decreased greenhouse emissions. 6. Conclusion

Various investigations and studies of technical, social, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels indicate that it offers excellent promise as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engine in the transportation sector. Bio-fuel has been found to be an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines with different blending ratios because it helps in improving the thermal efficiency of engine, reducing brake specific energy consumption with considerable reduction in the exhaust emissions; Blends are the most feasible way for enhancing the bio-diesel share on the fuel market, giving an appropriate income to farmers, competitive prices to end-users and requiring less taxation incentives and exemptions. Factors related to social and economical aspects like employment generation, utilisation of wasteland, diversion of agricultural land for Bio fuel production, food prices, reduction in import of fossil fuel due to use of bio-fuel and energy prices can have significant impacts on bio-fuel development. It thus merits further research and development before a final decision is taken on its potential as a mass production fuel for the transportation sector. This review provides insights into the possible consequences of bio-fuel development and use as regards to technical, social, economic and environmental impacts. References:
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Agarwal AK., Vegetable oils versus diesel fuel: development and use of biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. TERI Inf. Digest on Energy, 8:191204, 1998. Ajav EA, Singh B, Bhattacharya TK, Experimental study of some performance parameters of a constant speed stationary diesel engine using ethanoldiesel blends as fuel Biomass Bioenergy;17(4):35765, 1999. Anselm Eisentraut, Information Paper on Sustainable Production of Second -Generation Bio-fuel- Potential and perspectives in major economies and developing countries, February, 2010 Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Bio fuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 33, 233271, 2007. Banse, M., A. Tabeau, G. Woltjer, G. and H. van Meijl, Impact of European Union Biofuel Policies on World Agricultural and Food Markets, paper submitted for the GTAP Conference, 2007. Barnwal B K, Sharma M P. Prospects of biodiesel from vegetable oils in India. Bhattacharyya S, Reddy CS, Vegetable oils as fuels for internal combustion engines:a review, Journal of Agriculture Engineering Resources;57:15766, 1994. Bohringer Christoph , The synthesis of bottom-up and top-down in energy policy modelling , Energy Economics, pp. 233-248, 1998 Brian Dyson, Ni-Bin Chang, Forecasting municipal solid waste generation in a fast-growing urban region with system dynamics modeling, Department of Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, MSC 213, Kingsville, Tx 78363, USA C. Carraretto, A. Macor, A. Mirandola, A. Stoppato, S. Tonon, Biodiesel as alternative fuel: Experimental analysis and energetic evaluations, Energy, 29 , 21952211, 2004. C.D. Rakopoulos, D.C. Rakopoulos, D.T. Hountalas, E.G. Giakoumis, E.C. Andritsakis, Performance and emissions of bus engine using blends of diesel fuel with bio-diesel of sunflower or cottonseed oils derived from Greek feedstock, Fuel 87 , 147157,2008. Clayton W. Ogg, Avoiding more biofuel surprises: The fuel, food and forest trade-offs, Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics Vol. 1(1), pp. 012-017, April, 2009. Cole R. Gustafson, Economic Feasibility of Biodiesel Production in North Dakota, Paper prepared for presentation at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting Montreal, Canada, July 27-30, 2003. Constantine Arcoumanis a, Choongsik Bae, Roy Crookes, Eiji Kinoshita, Review article the potential of di-methyl ether (DME) as an alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines A review, Fuel, xxx (2007) xxxxxx, 2007. Deal, B. and D. Schunk, Spatial Dynamic Modeling and Urban Land Use Transformation: A Simulation Approach to Assessing the Costs of Urban Sprawl, Ecological Economics, 51: 79-95, 2004. Deepak Agarwal, Lokesh Kumar, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy 33 , 11471156,2008. Deepak Agarwal, Lokesh Kumar, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, 2008, Performance evaluation of a vegetable oil fuelled compression ignition engine Renewable Energy 33 (2008) 11471156 Deepak Rajagopal, David Zilberman, Review of Environmental, Economic and Policy Aspects of Biofuels, Policy Research Working Paper 4341, the World Bank Development Research Group Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team September 2007.

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3780

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

[19] Domac, J., K. Richards and S. Risovic, Socio-economic drivers in implementing bioenergy projects, Biomass & Bioenergy, Vol. 28, No. 11, pp. 97-106, 2005. [20] EIA (2007), Country Analysis Briefs: India, Department of Energy, USA, Online Source [http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/India/pdf.pdf] [21] Elobeid, A. et al, The Long-Run Impact of Corn- Based Ethanol on the Grain, Oilseed, and Livestock Sectors, A Preliminary Assessment, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Briefing Paper 06-BP 49, 2006. [22] F Meyer, PG Strauss and T Funke, Modelling the impacts of macro-economic variables on the South African biofuels industry , Agrekon, Vol 47, No 3, September 2008. [23] Fabien Roques, Olivier Sassi, Cline Guivarch, Henri Waisman, Renaud Crassous, Jean-Charles Hourcade, Integrated Modelling of Economic-Energy-Environment Scenarios - The Impact of China and Indias Economic Growth on Energy Use and CO2 Emissions, Centre International de Recherche sur lEnvironnement et le Dveloppement (CIRED), 2008. [24] Fargione, F, J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky, and P. Hawthorne, Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt. Science 319, 2008. [25] Fergusson, M., Analysis for PIU on Transport in the Energy Review, for the Institute for European Environmental Policy, Final Report, December, 2001. [26] Francis Songela and Andrew Maclean, Study Report- Situational Analysis on Bio-fuel Industry within and outside Tanzania, October , 2008 [27] George Francis, Raphael Edinger and Klaus Becker, A concept for simultaneous wasteland reclamation, fuel production, and socioeconomic development in degraded areas in India: Need, potential and perspectives of Jatropha Plantations Natural Resources Forum 29, 1224, 2005. [28] Graboski MS, McCormick RL, Combustion of Fat and Vegetable Oil Derived Fuels in Diesel Engines, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science;24(2):12564, 1998. [29] Hong Yang, YuanZhou, JunguoLiu, Land and water requirements of biofuel and implications for food supply and the environment in China, Energy Policy 37, 18761885, 2009. [30] India, 2002. India Vision 2020. Planning Commission, Government of India.. Available at http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/pl_ vsn2020. pdf [31] J. Domaca,_, K. Richardsb, S. Risovicc , Socio-economic drivers in implementing bioenergy projects , Biomass and Bioenergy 28 (2005) 97106 [32] J. Narayana Reddy, A. Ramesh, Parametric studies for improving the performance of a Jatropha oil-fuelled compression ignition engine, Technical Note, Renewable Energy, 19942016, 2006. [33] Jacob Joseph Powell, Sergio Capareda, Calvin Parnell, DIESEL ENGINE ERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS USING COTTONSEED OIL BIODIESEL, Belt wide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, Louisiana, January 9-12, 2007 [34] Jrgen Scheffran, Todd BenDor, Yun Wang, Bruce Hannon, A Spatial-Dynamic Model of Bioenergy Crop Introduction in Illinois, the 25th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society, Boston, MA, 2007. [35] K. Becker and G. Francis, Bio-diesel from Jatropha plantations on degraded land, Food, Feeds and Industrial Products, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, 2000. [36] Khalil Kalantari, Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh, Factors Affecting Agricultural Land Fragmentation in Iran: A Case Study of Ramjerd Sub District in Fars Province, American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 3 (1): 358-363, 2008. [37] Linoj Kumar, M P Ram Mohan, Biofuels: The Key to Indias Sustainability energy need, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India. 2005. [38] M.F. Demirbas, Mustafa Balat, Recent advances on the production and utilization trends of bio-fuels: A global perspective, Energy Conversion and Management 47 (2006) 23712381, 2006. [39] Mahendra Shah, Gnther Fischer, Eva Hizsnyik, Sylvia Prieler, Harrij van Velthuizen, BIOFUELS and FOOD SECURITYImplications of an accelerated biofuels production, OFID PAMPHLET SERIES 38, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Vienna, Austria, March 2009. [40] Marina Engudanos, Antonio Soria, Boyan Kavalov, Peder Jensen, Techno-economic analysis of Bio-diesel production in the EU: a short summary for decision-makers, Report EUR 20279 EN, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, May 2002 [41] Martin Banse, Hans van Meijl, A. Tabeau, and G. Woltjer, Impact of EU Biofuel Policies on World Agricultural and Food Markets, Paper prepared for presentation at the 107th EAAE Seminar on Modelling of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies, Sevilla, Spain, January 29th - February 1st, 2008. [42] Murugesan , C. Umarani , R. Subramanian , N. Nedunchezhian , Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel enginesA review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2007 [43] Planning Commission, Report of the committee on Development of Bio-Fuel,, Government of India, 16 April 2003. [44] Pramanik K, Properties and use of Jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine Renew Energy; 28:239 48, 2003. [45] R. Bosch and Ullmann, J, The Influence of Biodiesel Properties on Fuel Injection Equipments, Presentation to the Seminar International on Biodiesel, Curitiba, 24-26 October, 2002. [46] R. Karthikeyan, N.V. Mahalakshmi, Performance and emission characteristics of a turpentinediesel dual fuel engine, Energy 32,12021209, 2007 [47] R.J. Raison, Opportunities and impediments to the expansion of forest bioenergy in Australia, Biomass and Bioenergy 30, 1021 1024, 2006. [48] Rajagopal, D., & Zilberman, D., Review of environmental, economic and policy aspects of biofuels, Washington, D.C.: Policy Research Working Paper 4341, Development Research Group, Sustainable Rural and Urban Development Team, World Bank, 2007. [49] Ramadhas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedharan C. Use of vegetable oils as IC engine fuelsa review, Renew Energy;29:72742, 2004. [50] Ray Grosshans, Kevin M. Kostelnik, Jake Jacobson, Sustainable Harvest for Food and Fuel, Preliminary Food & Fuel Gap Analysis Report, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, INL/EXT-07-12523, U.S. Department of Energy, 2007. [51] Rick Clayton, Glenn McDougall, Merv Perry, A Study of Employment Opportunities from Biofuel Production in APEC Economies, APEC EWG 07/2008A, APEC Energy Working Group, February, 2010. [52] Satoshi Kojima, Quantitative assessment of bio-fuel promotion policy in India, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Draft version as of 1 May 2010. [53] Searchinger, T., & Heimlich, R., Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from soy-based biodiesel when factoring in emissions from land use change, Paper presented at the Workshop on the Lifecycle Carbon Footprint of Bio-fuels, Miami, FL, January, 2007. [54] Searchinger, T., The impacts of biofuels on greenhouse gases: how land use change alters the equation, Policy Brief. Washington, DC, the German Marshall Fund of the United States, 2008. [55] Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R.A. Houghton, F. Dong, A. Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S. Tokgoz, D. Hayes, and T.H. Yu.. Use of US Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land Use Change. Science Express, February 7th 2008.

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3781

Mahate Vidosh et al. / International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST)

[56] Shukla, S.K., Experiences of the Chhattisgarh Biofuel Development Authority in Bhojvaid, Biofuels. Towards a greener and secure energy future New Delhi:TERI Press, pp. 247-253, 2006. [57] Siddharth Jain, M.P. Sharma, Prospects of biodiesel from Jatropha in India: A review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 14,763771, 2010. [58] Sinha S, Agarwal AK, Performance evaluation of a biodiesel (rice bran oil methyl ester) fuelled transport diesel engine, SAE paper no. 2005-01-1730, 2005. [59] Souligny, M., Graham, L., Rideout, G. and Hosatte, P. Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Performance and Comparative Emission Measurements for Different Biodiesel Blends Used in the Montreal BIOBUS Project, SAE 2004-01-1861, 2004. [60] Stan McMillen, Philip Shaw, Nicholas Jolly, Bryant Goulding, Victoria Finkle, Biodiesel: Fuel for Thought, Fuel for Connecticuts Future Connecticut Centre for Economic Analysis, March 24, 2005 [61] Stave, K.A, using system dynamics to improve public participation in environmental decisions, System Dynamics Review, 18, 2, 139167, 2002. [62] Stave, K.A., A system dynamics model to facilitate public understanding of water management options in Las vegas, Nevada, Journal of Environmental Management, 67, 303-313, 2003. [63] Sugandha D Tuladhar, An Integrated Approach to Modeling Land Use Implication on the U.S. Agriculture Sector under a Carbon Policy, 29thUSAE/IAEE North American Conference, Calgary, Canada 15 October, 2010 [64] Surya P. Sethi, Bio-Fuels In India, Power & Energy, 2009 [65] Tjaa Bole and Marc Londo, The Changing Dynamics between Bio fuels and Commodity Markets, Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2008/m08052.pdf [66] USDA, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, ISSN: 1554-9089, 2008. [67] V. Makareviciene , P. Janulis, Environmental effect of rapeseed oil ethyl ester, Technical note, Renewable Energy, 28, 23952403, 2003. [68] V. Pradeep, R.P. Sharma, Use of HOT EGR for NOx control in a compression ignition engine fuelled with bio-diesel from Jatropha oil, Renewable Energy 32, 11361154, 2007. [69] V. Stamatov, D. Honnery, J. Soria, Combustion properties of slow pyrolysis bio-oil produced from indigenous Australian species, Renewable Energy 31, 21082121, 2006. [70] Wing-Tat Hung, Taxation on vehicle fuels: its impacts on switching to cleaner fuels, Energy Policy 34, 25662571, 2006. [71] Witzke, P. et al. Modeling of Energy-Crops in Agricultural Sector Models A Review of Existing Methodologies, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, 2008. [72] Yii-Der You, Je-Lueng Shie, Ching-Yuan Chang, Sheng-Hsuan Huang, Cheng-Yu Pai, Yue-Hwa Yu, and Chungfang Ho Chang, Economic Cost Analysis of Bio-diesel Production: Case in Soybean Oil, Energy & Fuels, 22, 182189, 2008.

ISSN : 0975-5462

Vol. 3 No. 5 May 2011

3782