MUHAMMAD SAFIULLAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated from sindh board of Technical Education ELECTRICAL ESSENTIAL & NETWORKS
SOLVED PAPER 2010

DAE:1(ELECTRONICS)

SECTION B (Short Answer Question) Question No:2

(1) Prove that RT=R1+R2+R3?
If 3 resistors in series then current is same in all resistors but voltage is different. So, the total voltage will be the sum of 3 voltages in network it is given by, V=V1 + V2 + V3 Where, V1=I*R1, V2=I*R2, V3=I*R3 So, I*R=I*R1 + I*R2 + I*R3 R= R1 + R2 + R3

(6) Prove that 1/CT=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3?

If 3 capacitors in series then charge Q is same in all capacitors but voltage is different. So, the total voltage will be the sum of 3 voltages in network it is given by, V=V1 + V2 + V3 Where, V1=Q/C1, V2=Q/C2, V3=Q/C3 So, Q/CT= Q/C1+Q/C2+ Q/C3

1/CT=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3

(7) Describe Power Factor? (2) What is Valence electron?

An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms. The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50% pf). Real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. Apparent power is the product of the current and voltage of the circuit.

(3) Describe Ohms Law?

Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is: Where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms

(8) Describe Atomic Structure of Atom?

An atom is composed of central nucleus in which there are number of protons and neutrons and electron revolves around the nucleus. Proton is positively charged particle, Electron is negatively charged particle and neutron has no charge. The sum of number of protons and neutrons is called atomic weight and number of proton is always equal to number of neutrons that is called atomic number. Electron is lighter than proton and neutron therefore it revolves around nucleus.

(4) State Nortons Theorem?

Norton's Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no matter how complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source and parallel resistance connected to a load.

(9) Define Electric Current?

Electric current is a flow of electric charge through a medium. This charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. The SI unit for measuring the rate of flow of electric charge is the ampere. Electric current is measured using an ammeter.

(5) State Faradays law?

The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit OR The EMF generated is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.

(10) Describe Step-Up Transformer?

In any transformer, input is given to the primary coil and output is taken from the secondary coil.

MUHAMMAD SAFIULLAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated from sindh board of Technical Education ELECTRICAL ESSENTIAL & NETWORKS
SOLVED PAPER 2010

DAE:1(ELECTRONICS)

Ratio of output to input voltage = No. of turns of the secondary coil /no. of turns of the primary coil In a step-up transformer, output voltage is more than the input voltage and the above ratio is more than one which will require that the no. of turns of the secondary will be more than the no. of turns of the primary coil.

Law of electrostatic induction is also called coulombs law. Coulombs law states that: "The force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the multiplication of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them." This force (F) acting simultaneously on point charges (q1) and (q2), is given by

(11) What is filter & write down its types?

It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this frequency selection is called a filter. It is classified into following types Low pass filter High pass filter Band pass filter Band reject filter Where r is the separation distance and ke is proportionality constant.

(12) What is bipolar Transistor?

A bipolar (junction) transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal electronic device constructed of doped semiconductor material and may be used in amplifying or switching applications. Bipolar transistors are so named because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

(13) Define Voltage, its types, symbols and units?

Voltage is a representation of the electric potential energy per unit charge. In other words, it is a measurement of the energy contained within an electric field, or an electric circuit, at a given point. Voltage is a scalar quantity. The SI unit of voltage is the volt, such that 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb.

SECTION C (Descriptive Type Question) Question No: 3

Q.1 (a) What is resistivity, describe the formula for resistivity of a wire?
Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm metre ( m). It is commonly represented by the Greek letter (rho) .Many resistors and conductors have a uniform cross section with a uniform flow of electric current and are made of one material. So, Resistivity is given by

(14) Define waqvelength, period, frequency & unit of AC signal?

Where The distance covered by a wave is called wavelength. Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per R is the electrical resistance of material (measured in unit time. The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating ohms, ) event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. The unit is the length of the of material (measured in metres, m) of AC signal is volt A is the cross-sectional area (measured in square metres, m).

(15)Explain law of electrostatic induction?

(b) The resistivity of an alloy is 15 x 10-15 m.A sheet of this material is 1 m long.0. 5 m wide & 2 mm thick. Find resistance b/w opposite plates?

MUHAMMAD SAFIULLAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated from sindh board of Technical Education ELECTRICAL ESSENTIAL & NETWORKS
SOLVED PAPER 2010

DAE:1(ELECTRONICS)

Data:
P=15 x 10-15 m L=1 m A=2 x 0. 5 =2 x 10-6 x 0.5=10-6 103 x 103 R=? Solution, R=PL A R=15 x 10-15 x 1 10-6 R=15 x 10 _9

Q.4: What is Thevenins theorem & Explain how Vth & Rth can be calculated?
Any combination of batteries and resistances with two terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source e and a single series resistor r. The value of e is the open circuit voltage at the terminals, and the value of r is e divided by the current with the terminals short circuited.

3- In series Circuit, there is only one path for flow of current

4- In series Circuit, the total Resistance is equal to sum of individual Resistances R=R1+R2+R3 . . . . Rn

3- In parallel Circuit, there is more path for flow of current

4- In Parallel Circuit, the reciprocal of total Resistance is equal to sum of reciprocal of individual Resistances 1/R=1/R1+. . . . 1/Rn

Thevenin Voltage
The Thevenin voltage e used in Thevenin's Theorem is an ideal voltage source equal to the open circuit voltage at the terminals. In the example below, the resistance R2 does not affect this voltage and the resistances R1 and R3 form a voltage divider, giving

Q.2 Differentiate B/w Series Resistance Circuit & Parallel Resistance Circuit?
Series Resistance Circuit 1-In series Circuit, current is always same I=I1=I2. . . =In 2- In series Circuit, Voltage is always different V=V1+V2+V3. . .Vn Parallel Resistance Circuit 1-In parallel Circuit, current is not same I=I1+I2+I3 . . . . In 2-In parallel Circuit, voltage is always same V=V1=V2=V3. .. .=Vn

Thevenin Resistance The Thevenin resistance r used in Thevenin's Theorem is the resistance measured at terminals AB with all voltage sources replaced by short circuits and all current sources replaced by open circuits. It can also be calculated by dividing the open circuit voltage by the short circuit current at AB

Q.3 (a) Define charge & electric lines of force? Charge: The excess of electron is called charge Electric lines of force: It is the path along which a tiny
positive charge will move in an electric field

(b) Compare electric lines of force with magnetic lines of force?

Electric Lines
1-These start from positive charge & end on negative charge 2-No two lines intersect each other 3-Similar charges repel & opposite charges attract 4-The lines of force expand

Magnetic Lines
1-These start from north pole & end on south pole 2-No two lines intersect each other 3-Similar poles repel & opposite poles attract 4-The lines become thicker where field is strong vice versa

MUHAMMAD SAFIULLAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated from sindh board of Technical Education ELECTRICAL ESSENTIAL & NETWORKS
SOLVED PAPER 2010

DAE:1(ELECTRONICS)