Chapter 3: Statistics for Describing, Exploring and Comparing Data

Entering Data into a List

Press STAT. You now see the STAT menu bar. The EDIT menu title is highlighted. The Edit... menu item (#1) is highlighted. Press ENTER. You now see the first three of six lists, with names L1, L2, L3, etc. List L1 is highlighted. If you wish to enter the data into a list other than L1, then use the arrow keys to move among the list headings. If the column in which you wish to enter the data is not empty, then Use the arrow keys to highlight the list heading. Press CLEAR. Press ENTER. Now the list is empty and the first position in the list is highlighted. Press the down arrow to move to the first position in the list. Notice that the status line at the bottom of the window shows L1(1)=. It is waiting for the first value in list L1 to be entered. Enter the first value and press ENTER. The value now appears in the list and the status line shows L1(2)=. It is waiting for the second value in list L1 to be entered. Continue in this manner, entering the rest of the data in the list. Press 2nd QUIT to return to the standard window. The list has now been stored.

Mean, Median and Standard Deviation

Enter the data into list L1. Press STAT. The Stat menu bar appears. The EDIT menu title is highlighted. Use the arrow keys to select the CALC menu title. The Calc menu appears. Select item #1, 1-Var Stats. The phrase 1-Var Stats appears in the window. Press 2nd L1. Press ENTER. A list of statistics appears.
o

X is the mean

o
o

Sx x

is the sample standard deviation

o o

is the population standard deviation Use the arrow keys to scroll down the list Med is the Median

Sample Variance Sx2

Find the sample standard deviation, as described above. Enter the value of the standard deviation. Press x2. The exponent 2 appears next to the number. Press ENTER. The result is the variance.

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Population Variance x2
Find the population standard deviation, as described above. Enter the value of the standard deviation. Press x2. The exponent 2 appears next to the number. Press ENTER. The result is the variance.

Mean and Standard Deviation Sx from a Frequency Distribution

Enter the midpoints of each class into list L1. Enter the frequencies into list L2. Press STAT. Use the arrow keys to select the CALC menu title. Select item #1, 1-Var Stats. Press 2nd L1. Enter a comma. Press 2nd L2. Press ENTER. A list of statistics appears. o o o

X is the weighted mean

Sx is the weighted sample standard deviation

we use sample standard deviation since a frequency distribution is an estimation of what the real data looks like

Sample Variance Sx2 from a Frequency Distribution

Find the weighted sample standard deviation, as described above. Enter the value of the sample standard deviation. Press x2. The exponent 2 appears next to the number. Press ENTER. The result is the sample variance.

Five Number Summary for Boxplots

Enter the data into list L1. Press STAT. Several menu titles appear. EDIT is highlighted. Use the arrow key to select the CALC menu title. The CALC menu appears. Select item #1, 1-Var Stats. Press ENTER. The phrase 1-Var Stats appears in the window. Press 2nd L1. Press ENTER. A list of statistics appears for the data in list L1. Scroll down the list, using the arrow key. The last five statistics are the five-number summary (minX, Q1, Med, Q3, maxX).

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Chapter 4: Probability
Permutations are arrangements of objects where the order matters. Combinations are arrangements of objects where the order does NOT matter. n = number of total objects r= number of objects selected from n objects

n! is the number of permutations where all n objects are selected. nPr is the number of permutations where r objects ( r n ) are selected. nCr is the number of combinations where r objects ( r n ) are selected.

Permutations (selecting all n objects if order matters)

Enter n. Press MATH. Several menu titles appear. Use the arrow key to select the PRB menu title. The PRB menu appears. Select item #4, ! . Press ENTER. The n! permutations is displayed.

Permutations (selecting r objects if order matters)

Enter n. Press MATH. Several menu titles appear. Use the arrow key to select the PRB menu title. The PRB menu appears. Select item #2, nPr. Press ENTER. The phrase nPr appears in the window. Enter r. Press ENTER. The number of permutations is displayed.

Combinations (selecting r objects if order does NOT matters)

Enter n. Press MATH. Several menu titles appear. Use the arrow key to select the PRB menu title. The PRB menu appears. Select item #3, nCr. Press ENTER. The phrase nCr appears in the window. Enter r. Press ENTER. The number of combinations is displayed.

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Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions

Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution
Enter the values of X into list L1. Enter the probabilities of X into list L2. Press STAT. The Stat menu bar appears. The EDIT menu title is highlighted. Use the arrow keys to select the CALC menu title. The Calc menu appears. Use the arrow keys to select item #1, 1-Var Stats. The phrase 1-Var Stats appears in the window. Press ENTER. Press 2nd L1. Enter a comma. Press 2nd L2. Press ENTER. A list of statistics appears. The first one is the weighted mean of X. Scroll down to x. This is the weighted population standard deviation of X.

Population Variance x2 from a Discrete Probability Distribution

Find the weighted population standard deviation, as described above. Enter the value of the population standard deviation. Press x2. The exponent 2 appears next to the number. Press ENTER. The result is the population variance.

Binomial Probability of Exactly X successes

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu titles appear. The menu title DISTR is highlighted. Scroll down to select binompdf. Press ENTER. The phrase binompdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of n (the number of trials). Press comma. Enter the value of p (the probability of success). Press comma. Enter the value of X (the number of successes for this event). Press ) (close parenthesis). Press ENTER. The binomial probability appears in the display.

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Cumulative Binomial Probabilities for Ranges of Values of X

Case 1: When the event is X t. (at most t successes)

Press 2nd DISTR. The DISTR menu titles appear. The menu title DISTR is highlighted. Scroll down to select the binomcdf. Press ENTER. Enter the value of n (the number of trials). Press comma. Enter the value of p (the probability of success). Press comma. Enter the value of t. (t is the maximum number of successes) Press ) (close parenthesis). Press ENTER. The binomial probability P(X t) appears in the display.

Case 2: When the event is X t (at least t successes)

Press 2nd DISTR. The DISTR menu titles appear. The menu title DISTR is highlighted. Scroll down to select the binomcdf. Press ENTER. Enter the value of n (the number of trials). Press comma. Enter the value of p (the probability of success). Press comma. Enter the value of t-1. (one success less than t successes) Press ) (close parenthesis). The result is P(X< ( t-1 ) ) Subtract the result from 1. The new result is P(X t).

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Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions

Computing a Probability from the Standard Normal Distribution Z is the standard normal random variable from the standard normal distribution whose population mean is 0 and whose population standard deviation is 1. Z ~ N( 0, 1 ) The three basic forms are:
P(Z < a) P(Z > a) P(a < Z < b)

Standard Normal Probability P(Z < a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf ( appears in the display. Enter -99999 (to represent negative infinity). Press the comma (comma is found above the 7 key). Enter the value of a. Press ) Press ENTER. The value of P(Z < a) appears.

Standard Normal Probability P(Z > a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press the comma. (comma is found above the 7 key). Enter 99999 (to represent positive infinity). Press ) Press ENTER. The value of P(Z > a) appears.

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Standard Normal Probability P(a < Z < b)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press the comma. (comma is found above the 7 key). Enter b Press ) Press ENTER. The value of P(a < Z < b) appears.

Find c such that P(Z < c) = p. If you know the area found to the left of c, then you can find c. In this case, p represents the probability of randomly selecting one person (or object) from the population whose z-score is less than c.
Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select invNorm,. Press ENTER. The phrase invNorm( appears in the display. Enter the area found to the left of c. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of c appears in the display.

Find c such that P(Z > c) = p. If you know the area found to the right of, then you can find c. In this case, p represents the probability of randomly selecting one person (or object) from the population whose z-score is greater than c.
Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select invNorm. Press ENTER. The phrase invNorm( appears in the display. Enter the area found to the left of c. (area to the left = 1-p) Press ). Press ENTER. The value of c appears in the display.

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Computing a Probability from the Normal Distribution (n=1) Let X be a normal random variable with mean , population standard deviation and sample size n=1. Z ~ N( , ) The three basic forms:
P(X < a) P(X > a) P(a < X < b)

Normal Probability P(X < a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter -99999 to represent negative infinity. Press comma. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P(X < a) appears in the display.

Normal Probability P(X > a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter 99999 to represent positive infinity. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P(X > a) appears in the display.

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Normal Probability P(a < X < b)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter the value of b. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P(a < X < b) appears in the display.

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Find c such that P(X < c) = p. If you know the area found to the left of c, then you can find c. In this case, p represents the probability of randomly selecting one person (or object) from the population whose data value x is less than c.
Press 2nd DISTR. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Select invNorm. Press ENTER. The phrase invNorm( appears in the display. Enter the value of p. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of c appears in the display.

Find c such that P(X > c) = p. If you know the area found to the right of, then you can find c. In this case, p represents the probability of randomly selecting one person (or object) from the population whose data value x is greater than c.
Press 2nd DISTR. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Select invNorm. Press ENTER. The phrase invNorm( appears in the display. Enter the area found to the left of c. (area to the left = 1-p) Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of c appears in the display.

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Computing a Probability from the Normal Distribution (n > 1) Let X be a normal random variable with mean , population standard deviation and sample size n>1 X ~ N( , )

The three basic forms:

P( X P( X
P(a

a) a)
X b)

Normal Probability P( X < a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter -99999 to represent negative infinity. Press comma. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P( X < a) appears in the display.

Normal Probability P( X > a)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter 99999 to represent positive infinity. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P( X > a) appears in the display.

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Normal Probability P(a < X < b)

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select normalcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase normalcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of a. Press comma. Enter the value of b. Press comma. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. Press ). Press ENTER. The value of P(a < X < b) appears in the display.

Simple Random Sample from a Normal Distribution

Let N be the size of the population. Press MATH. The MATH menu titles appear. Select the PRB menu title. Press ENTER. The PRB menu appears. Select randNorm. The expression randNORM( appears in the display. Enter the mean. Press comma. Enter the population standard deviation. Press comma. Enter the sample size. Press ). Press STO Press 2nd key. Press 1 (for L1) The random numbers will be stored in L1.

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Chapter 7: Estimates and Sample Sizes

Confidence Interval for the Proportion (np > 5 and nq > 5)
Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select 1-PropZinterval. A list of options appears. Enter the number of successes X. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size n. Press the down arrow once. Enter the confidence level either as a decimal or a percent. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The confidence interval appears, in interval notation, along with the sample proportion and sample size.

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Confidence Interval for the Mean (Population Standard Deviation is known) Method 1 If entering a list of data
Enter the sample data into a list, say L1. Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select ZInterval. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select Data. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the population standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the name of the list (L1) that contains the data. Press the down arrow twice, skipping over the Freq option. Enter the confidence level either as a decimal or a percent. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The confidence interval appears, in interval notation, along with the sample mean, sample standard deviation and sample size.

Method 2 If mean and population standard deviation are known

Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select ZInterval. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select STATS. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the population standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean of the sample. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size. Press the down arrow once. Enter the confidence level either as a decimal or a percent. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The confidence interval appears, in interval notation, along with the sample mean and sample size.

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Confidence Interval for the Mean (Population Standard Deviation is NOT known) Method 1 If entering a list of data
Enter the sample data into a list, say L1. Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select tInterval. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select Data. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the name of the list (L1) that contains the data. Press the down arrow twice, skipping over the Freq option. Enter the confidence level either as a decimal or a percent. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The confidence interval appears, in interval notation, along with the sample mean, sample standard deviation and sample size.

Method 2 If mean and sample standard deviation are known

Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select tInterval. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select STATS. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean of the sample. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size. Press the down arrow once. Enter the confidence level either as a decimal or a percent. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The confidence interval appears, in interval notation, along with the sample mean, sample standard deviation and sample size.

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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing

Testing Hypotheses for Proportions ( np >5 and nq >5 )
Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select 1 PROP-Z-Test. A list of options appears. Enter the proportion that is in the null hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. Enter the number of successes X. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size. Press the down arrow once. Select the appropriate alternative hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The calculator will display: o The alternative hypothesis o The value of the test statistic z. o The p-value of the test. o The sample proportion. o The sample size.

Testing Hypotheses for Means where Population Standard Deviation is known Method 1 - If entering a list of data
Enter the data from the first sample into a list, say L1. Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select Z-Test. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select Data. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean that is in the null hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. Enter the population standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the name of the list (L1) that contains the data. Press the down arrow two times, skipping over the Freq options. Select the appropriate alternative hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The calculator will display: o The alternative hypothesis o The value of the test statistic z.
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o o o o

The p-value of the test. The sample mean. The sample standard deviation. The sample size.

Method 2 - If sample mean and population standard deviation are given

Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select Z-Test. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select STATS. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean that is in the null hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. Enter the population standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample mean. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size. Press the down arrow once. Select the appropriate alternative hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The calculator will display: o The alternative hypothesis o The value of the test statistic z. o The p-value of the test. o The sample mean. o The sample size.

Testing Hypotheses for Means where Population Standard Deviation is NOT known (t-distribution) Method 1 - If entering a list of data
Enter the data from the first sample into a list, say L1. Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select T-Test. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select Data. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean that is in the null hypothesis. Press the down arrow once.
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Enter the name of the list (L1) that contains the data. Press the down arrow two times, skipping over the Freq options. Select the appropriate alternative hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The calculator will display: o The alternative hypothesis o The value of the test statistic t. o The p-value of the test. o The sample mean. o The sample standard deviation. o The sample size.

Method 2 - If mean and sample standard deviation are given

Press STAT. The STAT menus appear and the EDIT menu title is highlighted. Select the TESTS menu title. The TESTS menu appears. Select T-Test. A list of options appears. On the first line are two options: Data and Stats. Use the arrow keys to select STATS. Press ENTER. Press the down arrow once. Enter the mean that is in the null hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample mean. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample standard deviation. Press the down arrow once. Enter the sample size. Press the down arrow once. Select the appropriate alternative hypothesis. Press the down arrow once. The word Calculate begins to flash. Press ENTER. The calculator will display: o The alternative hypothesis o The value of the test statistic t. o The p-value of the test. o The sample mean. o The sample standard deviation. o The sample size.

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Determining the p-value where Population Standard Deviation is NOT known (tdistribution) and either sample size n>30 or data is normally distributed. NOTE: A p-value is a probability. Therefore a p-value must be a value between zero and 1, inclusive. Left Tail Test with a given test statistic t
Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select tcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase tcdf( appears in the display. Enter -99999 to represent negative infinity. Press comma. Enter the value of t. Press comma. Enter the degrees of freedom (n- 1). Press ENTER. The p-value is displayed.

Right Tail Test with a given test statistic t

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select tcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase tcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of t. Press comma. Enter 99999 to represent positive infinity. Press comma. Enter the degrees of freedom (n- 1). Press ENTER. The p-value is displayed.

Two Tail Test with a given test statistic t < 0

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select tcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase tcdf( appears in the display. Enter -99999 to represent negative infinity. Press comma. Enter the value of t. Press comma. Enter the degrees of freedom (n- 1). Press ENTER. Multiply the result by 2. The p-value is displayed.

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Two Tail Test with a given test statistic t > 0

Press 2nd VARS. The DISTR menu title is highlighted. Scroll down to select tcdf. Press ENTER. The phrase tcdf( appears in the display. Enter the value of t. Press comma. Enter 99999 to represent positive infinity. Press comma. Enter the degrees of freedom (n- 1). Press ENTER. Multiply the result by 2. The p-value is displayed.

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Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression

Chapter 10: Preparing your calculator
This procedure needs to be completed once before starting Chapter 10. Press 2nd Key Press 0 All calculator functions are listed Press the down arrow until you find DiagnosticOn Press Enter twice. DiagnosticOn function is now activated.

Linear Correlation Coefficient r

Enter the x values into List L1. Enter the y values into List L2. Press STAT. Select the CALC menu title. Select menu item #4, LinReg(ax + b). Press ENTER. The phrase LinReg(ax + b) appears in the display. Press 2nd L1. Enter a comma. Press 2nd L2. Press ENTER. The display shows the equation y=ax+b as a reminder of what a and b stand for. It also shows the values of a , b, r2and r. r is the linear correlation coefficient. r2 is the coefficient of determination.

Equation of the Regression Line NOTE: This procedure should only be done if the linear correlation coefficient is found to be significant. (see Table A-5)
Enter the x values into List L1. Enter the y values into List L2. Press STAT. Select the CALC menu title. Select menu item #4, LinReg(ax + b). Press ENTER. The phrase LinReg(ax + b) appears in the display. Press 2nd L1. Enter a comma. Press 2nd L2. Press ENTER. The display shows the equation y=ax + b. ( a is the slope, b is the y-intercept). Substitute the generated values of a and b into the equation y=ax + b

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