Wt at `t|

Eik Sai
Jawsayae
Kyaw Ni Soe
Nan War War Aung
Aye Thandar Aung

Content
Word order and sentence organization
Basic word order
Information structure
Fronting
Inversion
Emphasis

Subject verb object/ complement

verb subj
obj complement
Subj + Verb + Obj/ Complement
E.g.,

He cried.
She is a student.
I like ice-cream.

verb So can I, In come Mrs. Packer.

Obj
Those people I cant stand.

Preparatory it and there

- It preparatory sub(or)obj
- Introductory word
-It There

It.to + v1 + Subj + Verb

E.g.,

It was easy to know what he did.

Subj + verb _ it .. to + v1 + subj + verb

E.g.,

He made it confusion that he wrote.

** subj there
E.g.,

There is a snake in the garden.

Direct and Indirect Objective

 direct Indirect object

direct object indirect object Sub+ Verb +Direct Object +Indirect object

Subject +Verb +Indirect Object+ Preposition +Direct Object

Indirect obj direct obj preposition direct obj

preposition
E.g.,

She took the teacher some book.

She took some book from the teacher.

Questions: auxiliary before subjective

helping verb (or) auxiliary verb
Auxiliary Verb+ Subject+ Main Verb
E.g.,

Have you know him?

What were you working?
Did you call me?

Indirect question subj verb

Do you know where she was going?

Negative: auxiliary + not

Auxiliary + not
auxiliary verb not
E.g;

He did not take a opportunity.

not auxiliary verb auxiliary verb subj

E.g;

Why didnt she do?

Why did she not do?

Adjective before nouns

nouns
Adj noun adj noun

E.g;

a boring story, an expensive book

Adverbs: possible positions

adv ( verb )

E.g;

Occasio
Occasionally I forget what Im doing.
I have never seen before him.
He can speak English very well.
well

adv verb obj

E.g;

I like ice-cream very much. (I like very much ice-cream.)

Subordinate clauses (after, if , because , etc)

After ,before, when , while , if , because subordinate clauses

E.g

After I left the school I spent a year in China.(or) I spent a year in China after I left school.

E.g;

If I have a chance, I can get a degree.(or) I can get a degree if I have a chance.

Prepositions: in what / what in

(preposition) obj

In what what..in

In what hotel did the president stay?( )

What hotel did the president stay in?()
( conjunction )
What are conjunctions?
Conjunction ()
conjunction


E.g;

The story is fun and it can give a thought. ( addition )

She can type very fast but she often make a lot of mistakes. ( contrast )
We can go out or we could stay here. ( alternative )

He can not come to the party because he is ill. ( cause)

The stranger came in when the door opened. ( time )
Conjunction
1.and, or, but co-ordinating conjunction grammar independent clause

2.like, because, when, that which subordinating conjunction

subordinating conjunction
E.g;

I ll call you when I finish.

He told me a lie that he called me.
It is a question which nobody can answer.

conjunction

E.g;

I waited an extra one hour so that I could see you.

Let me see the moment that you have free.

grammar subordinate clauses dependent clause

Position of subordinate clauses

adv clauses (
)

E.g;

While I was having a dinner, I dropped the spoon on the floor. (emphasizes what it happened)
I dropped the spoon on the floor while I was having a dinner. (emphasize when it happened )
People like to listen music, because it can give them pleasure .
Because it can give them pleasure, people like to listen music.

Punctuation

commas (, )
commas(,)
E.g;

I came home and the others went dancing.

I dicided to come home earlier than I had planned, and the others spent the evening at the local
club.
subordinate clause commas clause if
clause clause comma
E.g;

If you get the correct answer, let me see it.

Let me see it, if you get the correct answer.

Leaving words out

co-ordinate clause
subordinate clause
E.g;

She was depressed, and didnt know what to do. (= and she didnt know what to do)
She was depressed, because she didnt know what to do. (Not She was depressed, because didnt

know.)
However, after if, when, while, until, once, unless (al)though pronoun subj
(be) verb common fixed ( if necessary)
E.g;

If in doubt, wait and see. (= if you are in doubt .)

Cook slowly until ready.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

(after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once until )

-ing past participles verb subj
E.g;

I always feel depression after talking to him.

Some things are never forgotten, once learnt.

Conjunctions in separate sentences

E.g;

When are you going to get up? ~ When Im ready.

Why did you do that? ~ Because I felt like it.
Im going out, Mum. ~ As soon as youve brushed your hair.

(clause)

E.g;

This government has got to go. Before it does any more damage.

(conjunction)
E.g;

Ok, I did it. But I didnt mean to.

conjunction

European clause Joined second language

conjunction

One conjunction for two clauses:

Conjunction

Conjunction

Although she was tired, she went to work.

She was tired but she went to work.
(NOT although she was tired but she went to work.)

Because I liked him, I tried to help him.

I like him, so I tried to help him.
(NOT Because I like him, so I tried to help him)

As you know, I work very hard.

You know that I work very hard.
(NOT As you know, that I work very hard.)
Repeated conjunction and or
We came back because we ran out of money, and because Ann got ill.
She didnt writ when I was ill, or when I got married.

Relative pronouns are also conjunctions

Relative pronouns (who, which and that) Claus Conjunctions

Theres the girl who works with my sister.
A relative pronoun is like the subject or object of the verb that comes after it. So we do not need another

subject or object.
Ive got a friend who works in a pub. (NOT who he works in a pub)
The man that she married was an old friend of mine. (NOT The man that she married him)
She always thanks me for the money that I give her. (NOT the money that I give her it)

That, where and when

That who which

Theres the girl that works with my sister.

when where
August 31st is a national holiday, when everybody dances in the streets.
(NOT that everybody dances)
The house where I live is very small. (NOT The house that I live is very small.)
But that in can mean the same as where.
The house that I live in is very small.
That can be used instead of where and when in a few special cases (e.g after place, day);
Ill always remember the day (that) I met you.

Information structure:
Different ways of organizing information
When we talk about a situation, we can usually organize the information in various ways for
example, by choosing different elements of the situation as the subject of a clause or sentences.
subject
()

The storm blew Margarets roof off.

Margarets roof was blown off in the storm.
Margaret had her roof blown off in the storm.

Normal order: important new information last

Hows Joe these days? ~ Oh, fine. Hes just got married to a very nice girl.
(More natural than A very nice girls just got married to him)

My father was bitten by a dog last week.

(More natural than A dog bit my father last week.)

Our dog bit the postman this morning.

(More natural than The postman was bitten by our dog this morning)
I cant find my clothes. ~ Well, your trousers are under my coat.
(More natural than My coats on your trousers.)
New element theres

Theres a cat on the roof. (More natural than A cats on the roof.)

Getting the right subject: actives, passive,

etc

 patient,agent
Agent => V2,V1,has+V3 (active form)

The storm blew Margarets roof off.

Somebodys dropped ketchup all over the floor.
Patient=> passive form

Margarets roof was blown off in the storm.

Ketchup has been dropped all over the floor.
Has +obj + V3

Margaret had her roof blown off in the storm.

The floor has had ketchup dropped all over it.

Fronting
Fronting

grammer subject

People like that I just cant stand. People like that fronting
I just cant stand people like that.

I just cant stand people like that.

People like that I just cant stand.

What Im going to do next I just dont know.

How she got the gun through customs we never found out.
Object Adj
(Ellipsis)
Adj complement Fronting
Fronting
Object Adj complement Fronting

fronting
Strange People they are!
Very good
good lesson we had yesterday.
Last for ever these shoes will.
that noun

Fool that I was!

(Ellipsis) Fronting -

Postman been?(Has postman been there?)

Subject tag verb(or)complement ellipsis

Like his beer,Stephen does.
Funny,your brother.
Nice day,isnt it?

Adverb fronting

adverb fronting

phrasal verb adverb

Off we go! (we go off.)
Down you come!(you come down.)

adverb Sub verb( V2 )

Inversion
Under no circumstances can we accept cheques.
Round the corner came Mrs Porter.

as though adjective ,adverb fronting

Young as I was,I realised what was happening.
Fast though she drove,she could not catch them.

Spoken structure and tags

clause space out

Last Wednesday it was,

was I was just going to work,
Its terrible, you know,
know the unemployment down there.

Subject object space out One of my brothers,his

wife is a singer,he says.
brothers

Me myself pronoun subject apace out Me,I

Me dont care.

Tag space out

They work very hard, most of them.

them

Subject pronoun full sentence subject

He likes his beer,John does. (Spoken)
Like his beer,John does.
Like his beer,John.

(Writing)
(Spoken)

Verb to be Very happy,your childern.

(Spoken)

Your childern are very happy.

(Writing)

Living in the cloud,you lot.

(Spoken)

You arent living in the cloud.(Writing)

Note: Lot=aint(in poem)=arent,isnt ,doesnt

Tag auxillary verb

She really got on my nerves,Sylvia did.

(I)

tags reflexive
Pronoun

dont think much of the party,myself.

Understanding Complicated
Complicated Structure
If ,when, after, because adverb clause extra information
extra information verb verb Sub verb

Clause inside clause clause if,when,after,because

E.g Ann, when she finally managed to go to sleep,

sleep had a series of bad dreams.

Sub descriptive phrase/clause(extra information)

That
That Picture of the children standing in front of the palace talking to the Prime Minister is
wonderful.

Obj noun clause, Complement noun clause relative pronoun

who ,that, which
M.V

(Noun clause)

(adj clause)

E.g She insisted that she thought that he knew that she was on the train.
train.

adjective clause object Preposition obj

relative pronoun who ,that, which
E.g The flim (that/which
that/which)
that/which she was talking about.

sub adjective clause who ,that,which

Inversion
Inversion ?

Sub Verb Inversion

Inversion (Have
Have you finished your lunch?)

(Hasnt
Hasnt she got lovely eyes!)

() (Was
Was I Mad!)

1.how+adj,what +Noun
(How beautiful are the flower!)

2.as,than,so inversion (Im hungry. So am I.)

3.place direction adverb Main
verb+Sub(new definite subject) Pronoun Subject
Subject+Verb
M.V
Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen .
(pronoun subject)
subject)
Here she comes.

Condition If inversion
(Had
Had I realised what you intended,I would have done as fast as I can.)

adverb inversion verb+Sub

Under no circumstance can we cash cheques.

Hardly,seldom,rarely,little,never,only+time expression adverb

Inversion
Little did he realise the danger he faced.

(direct speech) Inversion

What do you mean? he asked.
asked

Emphasis

emphasis
Eg. Jane phoned me yesterday.(No somebody else)
Eg. Jane phoned me yesterday.(She didnt come to see me)
Eg.Jane phoned me yesterday.(She didnt phone you)
Eg.Jane phoned me yesterday.(Not
today)
yesterday

E.g You have grown!

auxillary verb
( adverb ) word order

I am always happy . = > I always am happy.

so,much,really,just,bloody(swearword) ,(ever,the hell,on earth+question word)

Thank you so much.It was such a lovely party.I really enjoyed it.

Fronted
Asleep,then,were
you?
Asleep

It,what

It was Joun who paid for the drinks.
What I need is a good rest.

Myself ,yourself ,indeed(adjective),(superlative)next,last ,first,same

I got a latter from the Managing Director himself.

himself
I was very surprised indeed.
indeed
We were born in the very same street in the very same year.

Much,much
She looks much,much older than she used to.