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8

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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9

wkdufpkd;

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10

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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11

wkdufpkd;

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12

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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13

wkdufpkd;

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14

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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15

wkdufpkd;

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16

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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17

wkdufpkd;

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vQif t*Fvdyfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfol a&Sm (R.B.Shaw) xHckd0if vGwfavonf/ rif;om;
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18

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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19

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rif;ESifhpmqkd

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21

wkdufpkd;

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22

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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23

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24

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25

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pyf anmif&rf;rif;om;\trnfEiS Ohf ;D aumif;\trnfonf a&m,Suv
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cJah vonf/ odaYk omf rEav;&Sd olaY qGrsKd;? olaY emufvu
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yk*KdvftcsKdUonf oDaygrif;tay:wGif pdwfysuf anmif&rf;rif;om;ESifhqufoG,fav
onf/ xdktxJwGif qifjzLr&Sifvnf; yg0ifonf/ qufoG,fykHrSm jrifuGef;jrif;ckHwkdifta&;
jzpfpOfu &efuek f ck0d ifaecJah om awmifomAkv
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rif;om;udk if;? OD;aumif;udk if; wzufvn
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om;onf umvuwm; 1885 ck ESpfOD;uyif uG,fvGefcJhavonf/ odkYaomf t*Fvdyfu
tMuHEiS zhf ;Hk zdxm;onf/ xdak emuf txufjrefrmEkid if o
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wyfESifhwygwnf; ygvmoa,mifa,mif owif;vTifhcJhonf/ xkdowif;udk ,kHMunf OD;
aumif;u jrif;jcHtxuf t*Fvyd w
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anmif&rf;rif;om;ESifhOD;aumif;qufoG,fonf[laom txufyg twGif;pum;
rSef rrSefudkum; {uefrkcs rqkdom/ tajrmftjrif&Sdaom rif;ESifhacwfrDaom tkyfcsKyfa&;
udk OD;aumif;vkdvm;onfrSm trSefjzpfavonf/ OD;aumif;om r[kwf a&eHacsmif;0efBuD;
OD;pkd? rauG;0efBuD;OD;zkd;vIdif ponfhrSL;rwfrsm;uvnf; OD;aumif;ESifhtwl pdwfwnDwnf;
jzpfavonf/ rif;aumif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif; &ygNyD? t*FvdyfwkdY\tE&m,fudk umuG,f
Ekdifrnfvm;[k ar;p&m&Sdyg\/ t*FvdyfwkdYuvnf; pD;yGm;a&;t&? xkdaemuf EkdifiHa&;t&
jrefrmEkdifiHudk vTrf;rkd;&ef jyifqifaecJhonfrSm tenf;qkH; rif;wkef;rif;acwfuwnf;uyif
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26

rif;ESifhpmqkd

onf/ xkdudprsm;udk aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf *kPfj'yf&Sdaom OD;aumif;ESifhyk*KdvftcsKdU\ t

ultnDukd awmif;cHavonf/ OD;aumif;wGif jiif;y,fEidk t
f m; r&Sad wmh/ xkad Mumifh olonf
awmifciG 0f efBuD;a[mif;OD;odik ;f ? wkid w
f m;0efBuD;a[mif;OD;zk;d wkyYd g0if Ekid if aH &;t&m&Sjd zpf
ol AdkvfrSL;BuD;pav'if (E.B.Sladen) Ou|vkyfaeaom vTwfawmfa[mif;wGif 0dkif;0ef;
ulnDcJhavonf/ 1886 ckESpftwGif; 0ef;okdapmfbGm;OD;atmifjrwfu tpdk;&tay:ykefuef
onfwGif t*Fvdyfrsm; udk,fpm;jyK OD;atmifjrwfESifhpum;urf;vSrf;cJhavonf/ 1895
-ckESpfwGif w&m;XmecsKyfrif;BuD; bm;*suf (G.D.Burgess) \arwm&yfcHcsuft& 36
apmifwGJ tarGrIcef; "rowfBuD;ESifh34 apmifwGJ tdrfrIcef; "rowfBuD;ESpfwGJudk jyKpkay;cJh
avonf/ 1897 ckEpS w
f iG f 'kb&k ifc\
H Oya'jyKvTwaf wmf rif;wkid yf iftrwfae&mudk vuf
cHcJhavonf/
OD;aumif;\aus;Zl;um; t*Fvdyftpdk;&tay:wGif BuD;ygayonf/ olYvkdyk*Kdvf
rsKd;u yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;aMumif; tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vG,fulonf/ jrefrm
trsm;udk t*FvdyfwkdYu odrf;oGif;&mwGif acsmarmonf/
xkdaMumifh tpkd;&u olYudk pDtuftkdif (C.S.I) qkdonfh tdEd,wm&mbGJUwHqdyfrsKd;
ay;tyf&kHrQru 1908 ckESpfwGif oluG,fvGefaomtcgvnf; &kH;ydwfay; t*Fvdyfppf&J
jrif;wyf jcH&H bifc&mwD; omu0efausmif;wkdufta&muf romydkYapygownf;/

27

wkdufpkd;

uif ; 0ef
uko? 1952? ]]omu0efausmif;wkduf}}&Ir0? twGJ 6? trSwf 64? rsuf 15 rS 19
txd? rsuf 201 rS 202 xd/
aumif;? OD;? 1968 ck? ememe, oacFyuAsmAEusrf;? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyf
wkduf/
aumif;? OD;? 1960 ck? aerd&uef? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
aumif;? OD;? 1936 ck? jyifopfEidk if o
H mG ; aeYpOfrw
S pf mwrf;? 2 wG?J tpd;k &ykEH ydS w
f u
dk /f
aumif;? OD;? 1953-54 ck? vef'efNrdKUoGm; aeYpOfrSwfpmwrf;? 2 wGJ? &efukef? tpdk;
&ykHESdyfwkduf/
aumif;? OD;? 1940 ck? toacFy "rowfvuFm? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
wif? OD;? 1917 ck? yo*F0daom"eDowfnTef;? rEav;wkdif;? owif;pmykHESdyfwkduf/
wif? OD;? 1932 ck? jrefrmrif; tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;? 'kwd,wGJESifhwwd,wGJ? &efukef?
tpdk;&ykHESdyfwkduf/
zkd;usm;? OD;? 1297 ck? oDaygrif; ygawmfrlta&;awmfykH? &efukef? jrefrmh*kPf&nf
pmykHESdyfwkduf/
zkd;vIdif? OD;? 1960 ck? &mZ"ro*F[usrf;? &efukef? xdef0if;pmayjzefYcsda&;/
rif;ausmf&mZm? 1962 ck? ]]0efBuD; rSL;BuD;rsm;taMumif;}}? jrefrmEkid if o
H ak woe
toif;*sme,f? twGJ 45? tydkif; 2? rsuf 137 rS 162 xd/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1936 ck? uif;0efrif;BuD;orkdif;? &efukef? jrefrmEkdifiHokaw
oetoif;/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1330 ck? ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? wwd,wGJ?
&efukef? v,fwDr@KdifykHESdyfwkduf/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1968 ck? ]]wkdifwm;rif;BuD;OD;zkd;}}? trSwfw&yk*Kdvfrsm;?
&efukef? 0dZ,pmtkyfwkduf? rsuf 116 rS 130 xd/
jrauwk? 1956 ck? ]]uif;0efrif;BuD;\tvSLawmf}} pmayAdrmefr*Zif;? twGJ
5? trSwf 5? rsuf 28 rS 32 xd/
vS? OD;? pkaqmif;ol? 1963 ck? owif;pmrsm;onf orkdif;udk ajymaeMuonf? rE
av;? BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyfwkduf/
vTwfawmf yk&ydkuftrSwftom; twkdaumufrSwfykH? 1909? 'kwd,wGJ? &efukef?
tpkd;&ykHESdyfwdkuf/
28

rif;ESifhpmqkd

odef;? armfyDq&m? 1965 ck? jrefrmZmwfyGJobifESifhjrefrmjyZmwf pmtkyfrsm;? &ef

ukef? ESvkH;vSpmaywkduf/
odyHarmif0? 1955 ck? ]]eef;wGif;a&;rsm; 1 ESifh 2}}acwfprf;&mZ0ifa&;rsm;? &ef
ukef? aMu;rIHpmayjzefYcsda&;/
Correspondence relating to Burmah since the accession of "King Thee
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Fielding, H. 1899. "Thibaw's queen." London, Harper & brothers.
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Langham, Carter, R.R. 1935. "The Kinwun Mingyi at home" "Journal of the
Burma Research Society." Vol.XXV, part III, pp.121-128.
Mc Mahon, A.R.1893. "Far Cathay & Father India." London, Hurst & Blackett.
Marks, J.E, 1917. "Forty Years in Burma." London, Hutchinson & Co.
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29

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31

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32

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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33

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34

rif;ESifhpmqkd

onf/ avmuom;rsm;tay: u&kPmjzifhapmifha&Smufaom t0avmud awo&bk&m;

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pD; vufwGif cuf&if;okH;cGponfhypnf;wkdYudk udkifaqmifaom od0ewfrif;ESifhMuif,mjzpf
ol umvDewforD;wko
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wavsmufwGif olonf wkdif;oljynfom;wkdY\pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? omoema&;wkdYudk rQw
avsmufywfpmG BudK;yrf;cJo
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35

wkdufpkd;

udk vufjzifhyGwfoyf w,kw, vkyfwwfavonfjzpfonf/ odkYaomrif;udk wkdif;ol

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rwfwkdYuvnf; cspfcifMuifemMurnfrSm rkcsjzpfonf/ &mZukrm&fuJhodkY om;uvnf; av;
pm;*&kpkdufcJhrnfrSm "rwmyif/ 1113 ckESpfwGif usefppfom;onf a0'emESdyfpuf aotHh
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a&Tqif;wkudk usefppfom;\a&SUarSmufodkY udk,fwkdif,laqmifoGm;avonf/ usefppfom;
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36

rif;ESifhpmqkd

usefppfom;
ukvm;? OD;? 1960 ck? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? yxrtkyf? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
cspfodef;? OD;? bmomjyefol? 1965 ck? a&S;a[mif; rGefausmufpmaygif;csKyf? &ef
ukef? jynfaxmifpk,Ofaus;rIXme/
azarmifwif? OD;? bmomjyefol? 1957 ck? usefppfom;rif;w&m;BuD;\eef;awmf
rGef ausmufpm? &efukef? jynfaxmifpk ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/
azarmifwif? OD;? bmomjyefol? 1956 ck? a&Tpnf;ckH rGefausmufpm? &efukef? jynf
axmifp0k efBuD;Xme/
azarmifwif? OD;? bmomjyefol? 1955 ck? jrapwDrGefausmufpm? &efukef? jynf
axmifpk,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/
jr? OD;? 1961 ck? a&S;a[mif;tkwfcGuf&kyfyGm;qif;wkawmfrsm;? yxrwGJ? &efukef?
jrefrmEkdifiHawmfa&S;a[mif;okawoeXme/
jr? OD;? 1968 ck? ty,f&wemvkP
d *f b
l &k m;? &efuek ?f jynfaxmifp,
k Ofaus;rIXme/
a&S;a[mif;okawoe nTefMum;a&;0ef\ 1958-59 ckESpftwGuf ESpfcsKyftpD
&ifcHpm? 1961 ck? &efukef? tpdk;&ykHESdyfa&;ESifhpma&;ud&d,mXme/
vlaz0if;? OD;? bmomjyefo?l 1958 ck? uvsmPDreG af usmufpm? &efuek ?f jynfaxmif
pk,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme/
oef;xGef;? OD;? 1964 ck? acwfa[mif;jrefrm&mZ0if? &efukef? r[m'*kHpmayxkwf
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38

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40

rif;ESifhpmqkd

pum;udkyif qufqkd&vQif &Sifrif;Ek BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tr&yl&ajrmufjyif aeonf/

trd tzudk tultnDoabmjzifh tdrfa&SUwGif aps;xGufonf/ aps;xGuf&mrS bdk;awmf
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r&SnfcJhav/ om;wa,muf zGm;jrifNyD;aemuf &ufydkif;twGif;yif uG,fvGefcJhavonf/
vGefcJh&aomtaMumif;wGif ppfudkif;rif;u &Sifrif;Ektay: jrwfEkd;vGef;tm;BuD; olYrSm
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41

wkdufpkd;

&yl&eef;odrf;avaomtcg &Sifrif;Ekudk tjcm;rdzk&m;rsm;tay:ausmf rdzk&m;acgifBuD;

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42

rif;ESifhpmqkd

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43

wkdufpkd;

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44

rif;ESifhpmqkd

\/ ppfudkif;rif;rSmvnf; raxG;EkdifrtefEkdif jzpfavonf/ olYvufxufwGif tavmif;

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45

wkdufpkd;

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46

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47

wkdufpkd;

&Sifrif;Ek
wif? OD;? 1933 ck? jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfykHpmwrf;? wwd,wGJESifhpwkwwGJ? &efukef?
tpkd;&ykHESdyfwkduf/
e0a';? 'k? 1934 ck? &Jwif;armfuGef;? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
ynm0Ho? OD;? ESifh? xGef;at;? OD;? 1918 ck? tk|fausmif;tr eef;rawmf r,fEk?
&mZ0ifrlrSef? rEav;? nTefYarmifwHqdyfxk pmykHESdyfwkduf/
rif;ausmf&mZm? 1962 ck? ]]0efBuD;rSL;BuD;rsm;taMumif;}}? jrefrmEkdifiHokaw
oetoif;*sme,f? twGJ 45? tydkif; 2? rsuf 137 rS 162 xd/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1329 ck? ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? 'k wd,wGJ?
&efukef? v,fwDr@KdifykHESdyfwkduf/
a&Tudkif;om;? 1966 ck? 0ufrpGwfNrdKUpm; 'kwd,e0a';? &efukef? jraZmfpm ay/
a&Tudkfif;om;? 1965 ck? ]]tif;0NrdKUa[mif; odaumif;p&m}}jr0wD? twGJ 13?
trSwf 5? rsufESm 96 rS 101 xd/
ok'e? OD;? 1321 ck? anmifuefomoem0if? rEav;? BuD;yGm;a&;ykHESdyf wkduf/
aomif;? OD;? 1969 ck? ]]eef;rawmfr,fEw
k Ydk aus;&Gm}} vkyo
f m;jynfoaYl eYpOf? rsuf
6(2-4-69 ck)? rsuf 6 (25-4-69 ck)?
odef;? armfyDq&m? 1967 ck? ypyf&mZ0if? 'kwd,wGJ? &efukef? at;at;
pmykHESdyfwkduf/
0deEmob? &Sif? 1269 ck? oDv0Daom"eDusrf;? &efukef? [Hom0wDowif;
pmykHESdyfwkduf/
OwrAk'd? OD;? ukef;abmifqufeef;wGif;a&;(vufa&;rl)/
Crawfurd, J.1834. Journal of an Embassy from the Governor General of India
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Gouger, H.1986, A personal narrative of two years Imprisonment in Burmah,
London, Murray.
Hall, D.G.E.1957. "Burney's Comments on the Court of Ava in 1832." Bulletin
48

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of the School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London. VolXX,pp.

305-314.
Knowles, J.D.1829. Memoir of Mrs. Ann H Judson London, Book Society
for Promoting Religious Knowledge.
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Gazette press.

49

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52

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54

rif;ESifhpmqkd

tjcm;r[kwf/ jAe&mZfyif jzpfavonf/ olonf armfvNrdKif rGefrsm;ESifhaygif; yJcl;udk

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t&Sifxm;vQif ta&;ysufp&m taMumif;om &Sdavonf/ xkdYaMumifh awmifil&Sd r,fawmf
55

wkdufpkd;

jzpfol rif;cifapmxH wdwfwqdwf pmydkYum rif;&JausmfpGmudk owfapavonf/

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56

rif;ESifhpmqkd

vGrf;azsmfa<uvGwf? ajywkdYwwf\___}}
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57

wkdufpkd;

tdrfa&SUt&mESif; &mZm"mwkuvsmESifhay;pm;avonf/

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58

rif;ESifhpmqkd

wESpfrausmfao;rD (anmif&rf;rif;\om;)tif;0rif; ocifvwf(taemufzufvGef)onf

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59

wkdufpkd;

ocifvwfvnf; tusKd;taMumif; Mum;od&NyD;aomf AkdvfygtvkH;t&if;ESifh oH

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ewfoQifaemif
ukvm;? OD;? 1961-ck? r[m&mZ0ifBuD;? wwd,tkyf? &efukef? [Hom0wDyd#uwf
ykHESdyfwkduf/
a'gifbDem&SLESifhoD&daZw&wfausmf? 1918-ck? ay:wl*D&mZ0if? &efukef? ol&d,
owif;pmwkduf/
ewfoQifaemif? 1966-ck? &wkaygif;csKyf? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
jrauwk? 1967-ck? pmaywefaqmif? &efukef? ESvkH;vSpmaywkduf/
jrefrmpm*kPfausmfjrifh? 1967-ck? pmaywm0ef? &efukef? atmifajrpmay/
&a0&SifaxG;? 1953-ck? ]]tefcsif;}}? jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;*sme,f? twGJ
36? tydkif; 1? rsuf 89 rS 103 xd?
oufwif? OD;? 1957-ck? oHvsifNrdKU qHawmf&iS f usKduaf cgufapwDawmfjrwforkid ;f ?
&efukef? ok0P0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
oef;xGef;? OD;? 1960-ck? ]]iZifumESifhoDwm}}? &Ir0? twGJ 14? trSwf 158? rsuf
33 rS 39 xd? rsuf 273 rS 247 xd/
]]oHvsif&mZ0if}}? 1915-ck? jrefrmEkid if H okawoetoif;*sme,f? twGJ 5? tydik ;f
1 ESifh 2? rsuf 49 rS 57 xd? rsuf 129 rS 151 xd/
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rif;tudk;uG,fcH&onfudk &Sif&|om&u tjypfrjrif/ trSefpifppf rif;aumif;? ttkyft
csKyfaumif;ygrS jynf&Gmpnfyifom,monfudk &Sif&|om& odavonf/ odvnf; rSL;rwf
tpD;tyGm;? jynfolYtpD;tyGm;udk aqmif&GufcJhaom oH0&rif;om;udk Oyrmay;um 1529
ckESpfwGif
wkdif;um;jynf&Gm? csrf;omajrmf&I?
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yGm;pdrfhiSmvQif? pmaus;Zl; qyfownf;}}
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rif;jynfh0wkdYu rw&m; tmPmvk&mwGif bk&ife&ywdu ESdrfeif;atmifjrifcJhonfudk csD;
usL;rSwfwrf;wifonfhoabmjzifhvnf; 1505 ckESpfwGif ykHawmifEkdifarmfuGef;udk a&;om;
68

rif;ESifhpmqkd

cJhonfjzpfavonf/
&Sif&|om&onf jynf&Gmpnfyifom,ma&;udk vkdvm;onf[l&mwGif rdbESifhom;
orD; qufqHa&;? vifESifhr,m;qufqHa&;udk xnfhwGufavonf/ wGif &Sif&|om&
onf &[ef;awmfjzpfcJhyg\/ &[ef;awmfjzpfcJh vlYbkHonf 'kubkHom jzpfonf/ rdbESifh
om;orD;wkdYonfvnf; woufywfvkH; cspfraeEkdif/ ocFg&awGom jzpfonf/ cspfBudKuf
,lonfqkdaom vifESifhr,m;onfvnf; oabmcsif;nDcJonf/ rif;ca,musfm;tvkyf
onfvnf; urf;em;opfyifuJhodkY jzpfwwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh twG,ftwm r&Sdaom &[ef;
b0omvQif csrf;omonf[l omreftm;jzifh rSwf,lxm;ouJhodkY &Sdonf/ &Sif&|om&\
udk;cef;ysKdUvm Zmwfausm&kd;rSmvnf; xkdoabmudk axmufcHvsufom &Sdavonf/
odkYaomf &Sif&|om&onf xkdoabmukd worwfwnf; r,l? xkdt&SifwGif tawGU
tMuKHonf&Sd\/ xkdt&SifwGif "r0wfESifhavmu0wfudk rQwatmif Munfhvkdaom pdwft
&if;cHonf&Sd\/ xkdYaMumifh t&m&monf ocFg&om[laomoabmudkvnf; ry,f/ ocFg&
abmiftwGif;yif vlonf b0udk om,matmif vkyfcsifonf? vkyfaumif;onf[laom
oabmudv
k nf; jrifocd ?hJ vufccH o
hJ nfjzpfavonf/ ywf0ef;usifudk vSnMhf unfv
h u
dk yf gav/
vlYavmuwGif pdkufysKd;xGef,ufrIonf&Sdae&onf/ Akdif;iif&ufvkyfrIonf &Sdae&onf/ xkd
vkyfief;wkdYom r&SdcJhygvQif vlwkdY\o'mw&m;tay: rSDckdae&aom &[ef;oHCmwkdYyif
tcufawGUvdrrhf nfjzpfonf/ wzef rdbonf om;orD;\&Sio
f efru
I kd ysKd;axmifay;&ouJh
odkY? om;orD;uvnf; rdbtkdrif;rpGrf; jzpfvmcsdef Munfh&Iapmifha&Smuf&avonf/
onfvnf; vlYavmuwGif &Sdoifh&Sdtyfaom 0w&m;ay/ xkdYtwl vifonf tdrfaxmift
wGuf Opmypnf; &Sm&onf/ rdef;ruvnf; tdrfwGif;rIudk r,dkrzdwf&atmif xdef;odrf;&
onf/ vifESifhr,m;onf b0c&D;azmftjzpf wOD;udkwOD; apmifha&Smufaz;rMu&onf/
oabmoGm;ukd 0daoojyK &Si&f |om&onf ud;k cef;ysdKUvm yka&m[dwyf P
k m ;ESiyhf ak P;
rBuD;tcef;wGif if;? {okum&Drif;BuD;ESiyhf ak &m[dwyf P
k m ;u wzuf? [wyd gvpaom om;
4 a,mufu wzuf tajctwif ajymMuaomtcef;wGifif; csJUxGif a&;cJhavonfjzpf
ownf;/

69

wkdufpkd;

&Si&f |om&
r[m"roBu? 1956 ck? omoemvuFm&pmwrf;? &efukef? [Hom0wDyd#uwfykH
ESdyfwkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Sif? 1958 ck? pwk"rom&udk;cef;ysKdU? &efukef? EkdifiHawmfAk'omo
etzGJUykHESdyfwkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Si?f 1924 ck? wefwm;OD;r*FvmapwDarmfueG ;f ? rEav;? [Hom0wD
yd#uwfpmykHESdyfwkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Si?f 1968 ck? yudPu
pmpk? &efuek ?f jrefrmEkid if o
H ak woetoif;/
r[m&|om&? &Sif? 1939 ck? ykHawmifEkdif armfuGef;? &efukef? jrefrmhaZ,smpmykHESdyf
wkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Sif? 1959 ck? bl&d'wfZmwfaygif;ysKdU? &efukef? EkdifiHawmfAk'omo
emtzGJUykHESdyfwkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Sif? 1964 ck? bl&d'wfvuFmBuD;? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
r[m&|om&? &Sif? 1963 ck? oH0&ysKdU? &efukef? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
&Sifr[m&|om&? ESpf 500jynfh pmwef;rsm;? 1968 ck? rEav;? &J&ifhpmay/
&Sifr[m&|om&? 830-892? 1330 ck? &efukef? jrefrmEkdifiHpmayjyefyGm;a&;t
oif;/

70

rif;ESifhpmqkd

vIdifxdyfacgifwif

71

wkdufpkd;

vI d i f x d y f a cgif w if
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wcsuf&Sdao;onf/ olonf rdef;racsmjzpfavonf/ tom;jzLjzL? rsufESm0dkif;0dkif;? t&yf
ysyfysyfESifhjzpf om,m0wDrif;\orD;awGtxJwGif tacsmqkH; t,OfqkH;[laompum;
&Sdavonf/
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0efrav;/ 1855-ckESpfwGif atmufjrefrmEkdifiHrS ta&;ykdifz,f&m acgif;aqmifaom oH
tzGJUonf jrefrmtpkd;&ESifhpmcsKyf&ef[k tr&yl&rif;aejynfodkY wufvmavonf/ a&S;OD;
pGm rif;wkef;rif;ESifhawGUqkH&avonf/ xdkYaemuf xkH;wrf;pOfvmt& tdrfa&SUuaemifrif;
om;ESifhtdrfa&SUrdzk&m;vIdifxdyfacgifwifwkdYudk awGUqkH&jyefavonf/ xdktcgwGif vIdifxdyf
acgifwifonf uaemifrif;om;ESiv
hf ufxyfNyD;cJo
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f &G,f
odkYa&mufaeNyD/ oHtzGJU\tjrifwGifum; vIdifxdyfacgifwifrSm 20-yif rausmfao;[l
jzpfonf/ vSvnf; vS? ,Ofvnf; ,Of? Pfynmvnf; &SdykH&onf[l jzpfonf/
odkY vIdifxdyfacgifwifrSm pmuvnf; qkdwwf? &kyfa&uvnf; acsmarGUavaom
aMumifh uaemifrif;om;\t,kt,? tcspftcifjzifh aecJh&vdrfhrnf[k xifp&m&Sdav
onf/ txifESifhvufawGUrSm r[yfvS/ uaemifrif;om;onf tpueOD;wGif olYtay:
*&kpkdufyg\/ xkdaemufrlum; wpwpESifholYxHodkY t0iftxGuf enf;yg;vmum udk,fvkyf
armif;rrsm;ESifh tcsdefukefonfom rsm;avonf/
uaemifrif;om;onf t&Sdeft0gBuD;ol jzpfavonf/ rif;wkef;rif;onf aemif
awmfyk*Hrif;udk ykefuefcJhNyD;aemuf rif;tjzpfodkY a&mufcJh&jcif;trIwGif nD(&if;)jzpfol
uaemifrif;om;\vkyf&nfMuH&nf trsm;BuD;ygavonf/ xkdYjyif jrefrmEkdifiHudk acwfrD
atmif rif;wkef;rif;u MuHpnftm;xkwf&mwGifvnf; uaemifrif;om;udk tvGeftm;udk;
avonfjzpfonf/ odjYk zifh uaemifrif;om;tbdYk bmukyd if vkyv
f yk f tcGit
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wwfaom 0oDp&dkufu &Sdjyefav&m olYwGif pm&if;0if udk,fvkyfarmif;r[l 53-OD;yif&Sd
aecJhonf/ pm&if;r0if rdef;rum; b,frQ&Sdrnf rajymEkdif/ pm&if;r0if rdef;rxJwGif ,if;
72

rif;ESifhpmqkd

awmfrav;vkd Zmwfrif;orD;vnf; ygavonf/ ,if;awmfrav;rSm rdrdudk ajrmufpm;yg

rnf[laom uaemifrif;om;\uwdukd ,kHpm;vufcHrdonf/ aomfarSmfaqmifokdY uaemif
rif;om;xGufonhftcg aemufawmfyg;rS xufMuyfruGm vkdufyg&onf/ odkYaomf olYcrsm
ukd,fvkyfarmif;rt&mudk r&/ ZmwfuNrJomuae&onfjzpfavonf/
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yg;NyD;jzpfonf[k qkd&avrnf/ odkYaomf cspfwwfolyDyD olYtaqmifodkY cspfvif rMumcP
vmbdkYukdum; awmihfwrnfrSm rkcsjzpfacsonf/ uaemifrif;om;\cspfwkHYjyefrIudk tjynfh
t0vkdcsifrnfrSm "rwmjzpfacsonf/ tvkdum; rjynhfcJh/ odkYjzifh]]onfr,fxifpm;ygvkdY
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ESifhaw;xyftrsm;yif &Sdonf/ zGJUqkd&mwGifvnf; pum;vkH;uoefY? teuft"dym,fu qD
avsmf? pnf;t0iftxGufu ajyjypfojzifh Mum;em&olrsm;tbdkY ESvkH;ckdufp&m jzpf&ay
onf/ odkYaomf vIdifxdyfacgifwifrSm tNrJwap ylaqG;woaeonf[kxiff rjzpfyg/ olu
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vGr;f taqG;pmrsm;&So
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Em0HoZmwf0wKudk erlem,l Munfhygav/
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73

wkdufpkd;

onf/ Zmwfvrf;ZmwfuGuft&mum; xl;jcm;vSonfr[kwf/ Zmwfaqmifjzpfaom Em

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jynfjynfvn
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om;rif;orD;rsm; b,fvcdk spfcif,,
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oufp&m jzpf&ayonf/
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onf ppfxu
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f w
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ygonf/ wnvkH; o,fukefrnfr[kwfyg[k qkdavonf/ jrrmvmvnf; ajrmufxm;0,f
wHcg;aygufrS0if&ef tm;xkwfjyefonf/ xkdtcg wHcg;0rS vlysKdawmfrsm;u ae&mwGif
wk&if? armufvl? pvG,fwkdYudk y&dwfa&jzifh aq;NyD;p jzpfygonf/ tem;ukd rvmygESifh[k
qkdavonf/ jrrmvmvnf; awmifxm;0,f wHcg;aygufrS 0if&ef aemufqkH; tm;xkwfjyef
onf/ xkdtcg wHcg;0rS vlysKdawmfrsm;u ae&mwGif "m;vSHrsm;udk tdrfrScRwf y&dwf
a&ESifhaq;xm;ygonf/ "m;OD;vSHOD;jzpfygonf[k qkdavonf/ odkYta&;udpjzpfaepOf
twGif; Em0Horif;om;onf y*kwm&Drif;orD;udk cspfa&;qkd NyD;avonf/ xkdYaemuf
vlysKdawmfrsm;tm; wHcg;0&Sdypnf;rsm;udk odrf; txdef;awmfudk taqmifwGif;odkY 0ifap
onf/
taqmifwGif;odkY a&mufvmaom txdef;awmf jrrmvmESifhEm0Horif;om;wdkY
\pum; tcsDtcsudk vIdifxdyfacgifwifu wifjyonfrSm odkYygwnf;/
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74

rif;ESifhpmqkd

rsm;rSm aeMuowkef; ar;ap/

txdef;awmf jrrmvmvnf; vuf,Suf jyKH;&,fum wif&rnfrSm-wifygonf

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vuform; Adou
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aemufom"uonf Em0Horif;om; a'grmefxonfhtcef; jzpfavonf/ rif;
om;onf wkdif;wyg;rS yef;Mum&pm&Drif;orD;? 0dwm&pm&Drif;orD;[l rif;orD;ESpfOD;udk
odr;f ydu
k u
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ESrvnf;awmfaom y*kwm&Drif;orD;u b0ifrus? b0ifrus Em0Horif;om;\a&SU
yif nDrif;om;udk jrLoa,mifa,mifjyK t&GUJ wku
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jrwfpdkvnf; aMumufaMumufESifhaumaZmatmuf 0if ykef;ae&onf/ ta&;tcif;udk
vIdifxdyfacgifwifu wifjyonfrSm odkYygwnf;/
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y*kwm&Drif;orD;vnf; vm armifBuD;bk&m; aop&m&SdvQif uRefawmfrudk owfawmfrl
ygqkd rif;om;vufu oefvsufudk vkduf vkap/
Em0Horif;om;vnf; qkwfaemf? vufudk&Srnf/ vlukd rac:vmESifhqkdNyD;vQif
oefvsufawmfudk vufawmfESifhajrmuf xm;ap/
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jrrmvmvnf; xdyfpki,f? wdwfwdwfaeawmfrlygbk&m; qkd vufESifhukyfap/
rif;orD;uvnf; [mrri,f? onfhrif;om;yif ESdyfpufcsifvSonf/ vm twGif;
awmfodkY 0ifpdkYiJhqkd xap/
Em0Horif;om;vnf; onfvkdom oGm;csifwkdif; oGm;MuvQif cufvkdYom aea&mh
75

wkdufpkd;

rnfqkd ESrawmfvufudk qGJNyD;vQif vm tdrfawmfudk oGm;pdkYiJh qkdap/

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onfhES,f vkyfprf;yg? aovkdY ravmufEkdifao;bl;? qkd;w,fqkdvkdY qkd;awmfrlvSonf rdrdiJh?
jyKH;&,fumajymap/ rif;orD;uav;uvnf; rvkdufygbl;? AkdvfykHrSm jzpfonfhuavmuf
cHonf/ vludk b,fhES,fxifvkdYwkef; ar;ap/ Em0Horif;om;vnf; jyKH;&,f &Sifbk&ifh
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om;vnf; ESrawmfudk vufqGJ qif;oGm;ap}}
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76

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77

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78

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vIdifxdyfacgifwif
csrf;jr? OD;? pDpOfol? 1961-ck? uAsm,Ofpm,Of? rEav;? vSciftifqef;pmykHESdyf
wkduf/
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aom uAsmrsm;? &efukef? jrefrmh*kPf&nfykHESdyfwkduf/
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twGJ 4? trSwf 3? rsuf 131 rS 137 xd/
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&efukef? v,fwDr@KdifykHESdyfwkduf/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1968 ck? ]]orkid ;f wGif rarhEidk af omaeY}} jrefrmrif; vufxuf
awmf pmwef;rsm;? &efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf? rsuf 177 rS 183 xd/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1940 ck? ]],if;awmfrav;}}'*kerf *Zif;? 0DowdrwG?J trSwf
238? rsuf 85 rS 89 xd/
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om0wDykHESdyfwkduf/
odef;? armfyDq&modef;? 1967 ck? aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;? &efukef? at;at;pmay
wkduf/
Secoett, J,G.1900. Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. Part I. Vol
I, Rangoon, Supdt., Government Printing, Burma.
Yule, H.1858. A Narrative of the Mission Sent by the Governor General of
India to the Court of Ava in 1855. London, Smith, Elder and Co.

80

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83

wkdufpkd;

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OD;a&Tvl
rif;ausmf&mZm? 1962 ck? ]]0efBuD;rSL;BuD;rsm;taMumif;}}jrefrmEkdifiHokawoe
toif;*sme,f? twGJ 45? tydkif; 2? rsuf 137 rS 162 xd/
armifarmifwif? OD;? 1330 ck? ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0ifawmfBuD;? 'kwd,wGJ?
&efukef? v,fwDr@KdifykHESdyfwdkuf/
Crawfurd. J.1834, Journal of an Embassy from the Governor General
of India to the Court of Ava. Vol I. London. Henry Colburn.
Desai, W.S.1939.History of the British Residency in Burma. 18261840. University of Rangoon.
Hall, D.G..E. 1957. "Burney's Comments on the Court of Ava in 1832,,
Bulletin of the School of Oriental, Vol.XX, pp.305-314.
Knowles, J. D. 1829. Memoir of Mrs.Ann H Judson. London, Book
Society for Promoting Religious Knowledge.

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