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Binomial Theoram is one chapter in which you see a question and then
realise that it can easily be done in 2 or 3 ways. Definitely one of the most
interesting chapters which uses concepts from calculus, trignometry,
complex number prognessiong and wkhat not Binomial theoram finds use in
number theory as well. So, let us prober deeper into this section.
(x + y)n n
Cr xn-r yr
Similarly (x - y) n
= nCoXn - nC1 Xn-1 y + nC2 Xn-2 y2 +.......+ (-1) n n
C n yn
The coefficients n
Co, nC1, .................nCn are called Bionomial coeff.
(iii) The bionomial coefficients of the terms equidistant from begining and
the end are equal .
(iv) The r-th term from end in (x + y)n = (h + r + 2) th term from beginning .
General term.
In the expansion of (x + y)n the (r + 1tn) term from beginning of expansion is
Tr + 1 = nCr an-r bb
Illustration 1
Expand by biobomial theoram .
= 32 a5 -
Illustration 2.
If the ratio of 7th term from beginning to the seventh term from the end in the
of (a + b)n
or
or
or ( 2 1/3
3 1/3
) n - 12
=
=>
or
So, n = 9
Introduction
Greates Binomial coefficient(or Middle terms)
(1) If n is even, then there is only one middle term which (h/2 + 1) th
term i.e.
(2) If n is each them trere are two middle terms which are th
and th
terms i.e
= a (n+1)/2
b(n-1)/2
and
Why ?
So, when
Illustration 3
Show that middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is img........... where n isa
+ve integer.
= xn
= xn
= xn.
= xn
=
= 2n xn
Illustration 4
So, r =
=7
Now T8 = 20
C7
=
Introduction
Illustration 5
Ans : We know .
Now Let us multiply the two expansions and compare the coefficient of xn on
both side .
Coeff. of xn in ( C0 + C1 x+ C2 x2 +......Cn xn ) X
= C02 + C1 2
+ C22+............+ Cn-12 + Cn2
C0 2 + C 1 2
+ C22+............+ Cn-12 + Cn2
Illustration 6
Now put x = 1
Ans Observe taht the numreicals with bionomial coefficints were one more in
value that the corresponding power of x, So we needed to multiply the
expassion by x.
Illustration 7.
And
We know
(1 + x) n
= C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 +..........+ Cnxn
2Co + 22
Introduction
Illustration 8
If (3 + 4x)n = P0+ P1x + P2x2 +...+ Pnxn then prove that (Po - P2 + P4...)2 + (P1 -
P3+ P5 ....)2 = 25n
So, we get
= 25 n
i4 = (i2)2 = (-1)2 = 1
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
Illustration 9
,|<x<2.
=
=
Coefficient of x4 = 0 +
Coefficient of x-4 =
Binomial Theoram
If n is a positive integer then
( a1 + a2 + ........+ am) n
a1n1a2n2. a3n3.......am nm
Where the summation is taken over all non-negative integers n1, n2 ..........nm
such that n1+ n2 + n3+.....+ nm = n
and the number of terms in the expansion is
n1 + n2 +..........+nm
= n + m -1
Cm-1
Illustration 10 .
of (x + y + z + w) n
(x + y + z +w )n = x1n1 y n2
zn3 wn4
where n1, n2, n3, n4 are non negative integers subject to the condition n1 + n2
+ n3 + n4 = n
= Coefficient of xn in
= n + 3Cn
=
of xn in (xo + x1 + x2+....................+xn )4 ?
Equation is n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 = n
Easy
Ans we know
Co + C1 + C2+..........Cnxn = (1 + x) n
Co + C1 + C2+..........Cn = 2n
So, L.H.S. 2 20
Cr - 20
C10 = 220
So, 2 =2 20
+ 20
C10
or (2 20
+ 20
C10)
Introduction
Illustration 8
If (3 + 4x)n = P0+ P1x + P2x2 +...+ Pnxn then prove that (Po - P2 + P4...)2 + (P1 -
P3+ P5 ....)2 = 25n
So, we get
= (32+ 42) n
= 25 n
i4 = (i2)2 = (-1)2 = 1
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
Illustration 9
,|<x<2.
=
Coefficient of x4 = 0 +
Coefficient of x-4 =
Binomial Theoram
If n is a positive integer then
( a1 + a2 + ........+ am) n
a1n1a2n2. a3n3.......am nm
Where the summation is taken over all non-negative integers n1, n2 ..........nm
such that n1+ n2 + n3+.....+ nm = n
n1 + n2 +..........+nm
= n + m -1
Cm-1
Illustration 10 .
of (x + y + z + w) n
(x + y + z +w )n = x1n1 y n2
zn3 wn4
where n1, n2, n3, n4 are non negative integers subject to the condition n1 + n2
+ n3 + n4 = n
= Coefficient of xn in
of xn in (xo + x1 + x2+....................+xn )4 ?
Equation is n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 = n
Easy
Ans we know
Co + C1 + C2+..........Cnxn = (1 + x) n
Co + C1 + C2+..........Cn = 2n
(2) find the sum kof series 20 C
r ?
Ans We know = 20
Cr = 220
So, L.H.S. 2 20
Cr - 20
C10 = 220
So, 2 =2 20
+ 20
C10
or (2 20
+ 20
C10)
Bionomial Theoram
(9) If is an odd natural lnumber then what is the value
Of ?
Ans Since n is odd, the number of terms will be n + 1 which is even, Now
since is an integer we make pairs of terms equidistant from the
beginning and end .
So,
(-1) r
(-1) r
=0
f
Hence =0
= +............up to m terms
n
Co + n+1
C1 + n+2
C2+...........+n+r Cr = n+r+1
Cr
Ans n
Co is coefficient of xn in expansion of (x + 1)n
n+1
C1 is coefficient of xn in expansion of (x + 1)n+1
....................................................................
n+r
Cr is coefficient of (x + 1) n+r
Or coefficient of xn in (x + 1) n
Or coefficient of xn in
= n+r+1
Cr
Medium.
| t4 | | t3 |, | t4 | | t5 |
Now, tr+1 = 10
Cr210-r
t4 = 10
C3 27
t 3 = 10
C2 2 8
and t5 =10 C2 26
Now, | t4 | | t3 |
=> 10
C3 27
=> | x | 2 ...........(1)
and | t4 | | t5 |
10
C3 2 7
=> |x| 0 .............(2)
Clearly
Now, [R] + f - g
=2
Now f - g = 0 i.e f = g .
R. F{ [R] + f } = ( [R] + f ) g
=
=
=4 2n + 1
Dumb Question.
Why f - g is zero ?
So, x
Dumb Question
So, | x | 2 means
x 2 or x -2
Similariey | x |
Ans R = [R] + F =
= 2n+1Co + 2n+1
C1 . 11 +............+ 2n+1
C2n+1 112n+1
.....................(1)
Let g =
= 2n+1
Co - 2n+1
C1 11 +............+ 2n+1
C2n+1 112n+1 .....................(2)
F and g both are positive proper fraction. i.e.
So, F - g con not be any integer exept zero because where both f and g not
kintegers how can there difference be.
ao + a3 + a6 +..........=a1 + a4 + a7 +.............
= a2 + a5 + a8 + .....................
So, Zn = ao + a1 + a2 +..................................(1)
0 = a0 + a1 w2 + a2 w4 ...............( 1 + w + w2 = 0 ) ...........(3)
Adding these .
= 3(a0 + a3 + a6 +................)
=>a0 + a3 + a6 + ...........3n-1
3n + O X w2 + O X W
3n = a0 (1 + w + w2 ) + a1 (1 + w2 + w4 ) +a2 (1 + w 3
+ w3 ) +.........
= 3(a2+ a5 a8+..........)
a2 + a5 + a8 +..............=3n-1
Dumb Question.
1 + w6 +w9 is 3.?
=0
=1+1+1
=3.
Ans . Let Co - C1
=
Now A =
=-n
=-n
So, C0 - C1
=A+ B
=
=0
Ans n
Cm sin (mx) cos (n - m) x.
= n
C0 (0.x ) cos nx + nC1 sin x ccos (n -1) x
.................= n
Cn sin nx cos (0 . x)
=> 2 n
Cm sin (m x) cos (n - m) x
[ n
C0 (0 . x) cos nx + n
sin nx cos 0 . x]
+[ n
C1 sin x cos (n - 1) x + n Cn-1 sin (n - 1) x . cos x ]
Using n
Cr = n
Cn-r we get
2 n
Cm sin (m x) cos (n - m ) x
= n
C0 [ sin (0 . x) cos (n x) + sin (n x) cos (0 . x)]
+ n
C1 [ sin x cos (n -1) x + sin (n - 1) x cosx ] + .......
...........+ n
Cn[ sin x cos (0 . x) + cos (n x )sin (0 . x)]
( n
C0 + n
C1 + n
C2 +.................+n Cn ) sin nx = 2n sin nx.
So, n
Cm sin (m x) cos (n - m) x = 2n-1 sin (nx)
Ans . We get an =
=1+n + .....................
=1+1+ + ..............
= 2 + Positive quantity
an > 2 . ...............(1)
Alos, an < 1 + 1 +
<1+1+
<1+
<1+
< 3 ...................(2)
2 < an < 3
So, an < 3
Or <3
or <n( n 3)
or..........img
Dumb Question
Why img..........
img............
Ans We are dividing one by a smaller no because all natural no.s except 2 are
bigger than 2 only
So,
as
3 > 2 so,
Hard
L.H.S. (-3)r-1 3n
C 2r-1 = (-3) r-1 6m
C2r-1
= 6m
C1 - 3 6m
C3 + 3 2 6m
C5-........+ (-3)3m-16m C6m -1 ..........(1)
(1 + i ) 6m
= 6m
Co + 6m
C1 (i )+ 6m
C2 (i )2+ .........+ C6m-1(i
6m
) 6m-1
+
6m
C6m(i )6mimg ................
or 26m =6m Co + 6m
C1 (i )+ 6m
C2 (i )2+ .........+ 6m
C6m-
1 (i ) 6m-1
+ 6m
C6m(i )6m
=( 6mCo - 3 6m C2 + 32 6m
- .....+ (-3) 3m 6m
C6m) + i ( Co - 3
6m 6m
C2 + 3 2 6m
-
.....+ (-3) 3m 6m C6m)
( 6m
C1 - 3 6m
C3 +32 6m
C5...........+ (-3) 3m-1 6m
C6m-1 ) = 0
Or ( 6m
C1 - 3 6m
C3 +32 6m
C5...........+ (-3) 3m-1 6m
C6m-1 ) = 0
=> (-3) r-1 6m
C2r-2 = 0
Or (-33) r-1 3n
C2r-1 = 0 (where n = 2m)
inmg........
= cos 2m + i sin 2m
So, 0 = 1 - (n - 1) + +.................+ (- 1) n-
1
..............(2)
= [ ( Rk-1x3 x2 + Rk-1 x + 4) - 2 ]2
= R2k-1 x6 + 2Rk-1 x5 + (
k-1 k-1+ 2pk-1Rk-1) x4
2
Since (x - 2)2 x2 4x + 4
We have P1 = - 4.
and so, Pk = - 4k
= P2 k-1 +4 k-1
=>P2 k-1 +4(P2 k-1 +4 )
k-2
+(- 1)n Cn (a - n) b - n) = 0
Ans Let us first of all determine constant term which is obtained from the
expression.
k times
k times
(R -1)times
= (......(4 - 2)2-............-2)2
(R - 2) times
Now let us denote ny Pk the coe fficient of x by Pkthe coefficient of x2 and the
Rk the coefficient of x3 the sum of terms involving x to the powers higher
than 2 then we can write
= 4k-1 [ 1 + 4 + 42 +..........+4k-1]
=4k-1
Ans One may note that the expression in a very symetric kind of fexpression
where things are repeated k times The subscript k denotes that repetition
olnly .