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HIGHER 2 CHEMISTRY GCE A LEVELS / INTEGRATED PROGRAMME ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REVISION PRACTICE SET 1
ACJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q4 1. Describe a chemical test by which you could distinguish the following pairs of organic compounds. You should state the reagents and conditions, observations and write balanced equations. (a) (i)

(ii)

(b) With reference to the reaction scheme shown below, draw the structures of compounds A to D. State the reagents and conditions required to bring about steps 1 to 5 as labeled in the reaction scheme.

Step 1: Reagent(s): ______________________________________________________ Condition(s): _____________________________________________________ Step 2: Reagent(s): ______________________________________________________ Condition(s): _____________________________________________________ Step 3: Reagent(s): ______________________________________________________ Condition(s): _____________________________________________________ Step 4: Reagent(s): ______________________________________________________ Condition(s): _____________________________________________________ Step 5: Reagent(s): ______________________________________________________ Condition(s): _____________________________________________________

ACJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q4 Deductive Question Answer the following question on writing papers. 2. Compound A, C9H10NOCl, is a basic compound. It reacts with 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine to form a orange precipitate B, but does not react with Tollens reagent. A does not react with aqueous bromine. When A was heated with bromine and iron(III) bromide, it was found that A reacts with 2 moles of bromine. Compound C, C9H11NO2, is formed when A is heated under reflux with aqueous sodium hydroxide. C reacts with acidified potassium dichromate to produce D. 0.10 mole of D reacts completely in the presence of 0.05 moles of sodium carbonate. Upon heating A with ethanol in a sealed tube, a single organic compound E, C9H9NO, is obtained. Deduce the structures of compounds A, B, C, D and E, giving reasons for your answer. [13]

AJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q1 3. (a) Answer the following question on writing papers. Catalytic partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce margarine produces trans fat which increases a persons risk of coronary heart disease. Trans fat is a lipid molecule that contains one or more double bond in a trans configuration. One example is elaidic acid, CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH. Draw the structure of the trans isomer of elaidic acid. (b) Hex-1-ene is a co-monomer used in the production of polyethene, which is widely used to manufacture plastic shopping bags. Some reactions of hex-1-ene are shown below.

(i) Name and describe the type of reaction mechanism that occurs in step 3. (ii) State the reagents and conditions for Step 1 and 2. (iii) Compound A can exist as a pair of stereoisomers. Draw the structure of compound A.

AJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q1 4. Answer the following question on writing papers. A student was given 4 unlabelled bottles and each bottle contains one of the following organic substances. CH3COCH3 CH3CH2COO NH4 C H CHO
4 9 +

CH3CH=CHCH2(OH) Outline a sequence of simple chemical tests which the student could use to identify each of the above organic substances. For each test, state the reagents and conditions used and describe the expected observations. You are not allowed to identify the substances by elimination.

You may use a flow chart to present your answer. [6] 1

AJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q1 4. Answer the following question on writing papers. A student was given 4 unlabelled bottles and each bottle contains one of the following organic substances. CH3COCH3 CH CH COO NH
3 2 + 4

C4H9CHO CH3CH=CHCH2(OH)

Outline a sequence of simple chemical tests which the student could use to identify each of the above organic substances. For each test, state the reagents and conditions used and describe the expected observations. You are not allowed to identify the substances by elimination. You may use a flow chart to present your answer. AJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q2 5. Answer the following question on writing papers. (a) This question is about the reaction of chloromethylamine, CH ClNH .
2 2

(i) Describe the reaction mechanism in step I. Hence deduce the identity of compound A. In your answer, show any relevant charges, dipoles or lone pairs of electrons you consider to be important. (ii) State the reagents and conditions for steps II, III and IV. (iii) Suggest the identity of compound C. (b) Describe a chemical test (one in each case) you could use to distinguish chloromethylamine from compounds E and F below. Suggest a different method for each test, giving reagents, conditions and observations.

(c) Suggest why compound F does not undergo the reaction in step I.

AJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q5 6. Answer the following question on writing papers. (a) Organic halogen compounds are widely used in synthetic reactions. Iodoalkanes are often used in the synthesis of ethers from phenols in the Williamson ether synthesis, an example of which is shown below.

(i) Suggest why aqueous NaOH is required in this reaction. (ii) The rate of the synthesis decreases when CH3Cl is used in place of CH3I. Suggest an explanation for this difference in the rate of reaction.

(b) Deductive Question When aqueous bromine is added to an organic dyestuff P, C10H14O, bromine is decolourised and compound Q, C10H14OBr4, is formed. P is insoluble in aqueous NaOH. Both P and Q give silver precipitates when reacted with Tollens reagent. When P is treated with hot acidified potassium manganate(VII), two organic products, R, C3H4O3, and S, C7H10O5, are formed. R gives a pale yellow precipitate when warmed with alkaline aqueous iodine. Treatment of S with LiAlH4 produces a compound with the structure below.

Suggest the structures of P, Q, R and S, giving your reasoning. [6]

CJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q4 7. FeCl3 is used as a catalyst in the presence of CH3Cl to yield methylbenzene. This is referred to as the alkylation of benzene. A series of reactions involving methylbenzene is shown below. You are required to answer questions that follow. CH3
CH3Cl, FeCl3 Step I Step II

CH3

CCl3

NO2

NO2

Sn, conc HCl; NaOH Step VI

NaOH(aq), heat Step III

CH3
Step VII

Phenol, 0 C Step VIII

N2+ClStep IV

CO2H HO N=N azo dye NO2

PCl5 Step V Step IX

CH3

(i) What reagents and conditions are required in each of the following steps? Step I Reagents and conditions

II

(ii) What type of reaction takes place in each of the following steps? Step IV: .. Step VIII: (iii)In the boxes below, give the full structural formulae (displayed formulae) of compounds P, Q, R and S. Note that compound S is obtained from the reaction of P with R.

P:

Q:

R:

S:

CJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q5 8. Answer the following question on writing papers. Parachlorometaxylenol, also known as Dettol, is a common household antiseptic manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser. The key ingredient which provides Dettol with its unique antiseptic property is an aromatic chemical compound, chloroxylenol. This makes up 4.8 % of Dettols total composition, with the rest comprising of pine oil, isopropanol, castol oil soap, caramel and water. As several ingredients are insoluble in water, Dettol produces a white emulsion of oil droplets when diluted during use.

OH

H3C Cl

CH3

chloroxylenol (a) (i) Chloroxylenol reacts with hot potassium manganate(VII) in sulfuric acid to form W. One mole of W formed was found to react with three moles of sodium hydroxide. Account for this reaction ratio with the use of relevant equation(s). (ii) W reacts with phosphorus pentachloride to form compound X. Identify the organic compound X. X: (iii) Describe one simple chemical test that can distinguish chloroxylenol from 4-chlorophenol. Clearly state the observation expected. (b) (i) Y, with a structure as shown below, is an isomer of chloroxylenol.

OH H C CH 3

Cl
Y

Heavier isotopes like deuterium, D, which is an isotope of hydrogen, are often used in the determination of organic reaction mechanisms. Complete the table to provide the type of reaction and the organic products formed when Y reacts under the following reagents and conditions. Reagents & Conditions concentrated D2SO4, heat Type of reaction Organic products

I2, NaOD, D2O (ii) Oxidation of Y with hot potassium manganate(VII) in sulfuric acid produces an organic compound Z. Explain what you will observe when Z is heated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution.

CJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q5 9. Answer the following question on writing papers. (a) Write down the structure of the organic product formed when 1 mol of melamine reacts with: (i) 1 mol of ethanoyl chloride, (ii) 1 mol of aqueous ethanoic acid, (iii) 1 mol of bromoethane. melamine (b) When melamine is treated with excess bromoethane, a compound of relative formula mass of 291 is obtained. When aqueous silver nitrate is added to the compound, an immediate precipitate is seen. Deduce the structure of the compound. (c) Cyanuric acid (Mr = 129) exists as a keto-enol form as shown below. It is possible for melamine (Mr = 126) and cyanuric acid to interact non-covalently with each other to form a melanine-cyanuric acid complex. The interaction is reminiscent to that seen in DNA base pairing. Measurement of the relative molecular mass of the complex indicates a value of 255. cyanuric acid

Deduce the molecular structure of the melanine-cyanuric acid complex, showing and naming clearly the interaction between the two molecules.

DHS 2009 Prelims P2 Q1 10. Answer the following question on writing papers. Pyruvic acid is converted to the amino acid, alanine, in just one single step in the body by the enzyme alanine transaminase. However, to achieve the same conversion in a laboratory, multiple steps are required. Given the chemical structure of alanine below, show how pyruvic acid can be converted to alanine in not more than 4 steps. Indicate the reagents, conditions and all intermediates in your answer. The alanine formed from your suggested synthesis steps may be in its cationic, anionic or zwitterionic forms.

H H 3C C C

NH2 OH
Alanine (i) Alanine, together with the 19 other standard amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. State the two factors that cause protein denaturation and explain how the two stated factors denature the protein. (ii) When 0.200 g of alanine is subjected to complete combustion, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and water is formed. The gases produced are absorbed by 20 cm3 of 1.5 mol dm3 aqueous sodium hydroxide. The resultant solution is then titrated with 0.3 mol dm 3 H2SO4. Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required for the mixture to reach equivalence point. [4] Hint: 2NO2 + 2NaOH NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O DHS 2009 Prelims P3 Q2 11. Deductive Question Answer the following question on writing papers. When hydrogen chloride gas is added to organic compound P, C6H12, two products Q and R, which are isomers of each other, C6H13Cl, are formed in unequal proportion. When Q and R are separately boiled with aqueous sodium hydroxide, S is formed from Q, while T is formed from R. S and T are also isomers of each other, with the same molecular formula, C6H14O. When S and T are separately boiled with acidified potassium manganate(VII), no decolourisation is observed in the test tube containing S; while decolourisation is observed in the test tube containing T which results in the formation of U, C6H12O2. When some sodium carbonate powder is added to U, effervescence of carbon dioxide gas is observed. When P is

boiled with acidified potassium manganate (VII), compound V, C5H10O and CO2 are formed. V gives an orange precipitate when warmed with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. When V is heated with lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether, W, C5H12O, which does not exhibit optical activity, is formed. Deduce the structures for each lettered compound, P to W. Explain the chemistry of the reactions involved. Balanced equations are not required. [12]

HCI 2009 Prelims P2 Q2 12. Glycolic acid can undergo a series of reactions as shown below.
H O H C C OH OH Glycolic acid Multiple Steps O O Cl C C Cl C Step 1 H H H C C H OH OH Step 2 H H H C C H Cl Cl A Step 3

H H H C C Cl B

(i) (ii)

What reagents and conditions are required for Steps 1, 2 and 3? Arrange the three compounds A, B and C in order of increasing ease of hydrolysis, giving your explanations clearly. [6]

Compounds D and E below are also common -hydroxy acids.

OH O H3C C C OH CH3
OH O H3C C C OH CH3 H

H O H C C OH OH

glycolic acid

State the reagents and conditions you would use and the observations you would expect to make, in a simple chemical test, to distinguish glycolic acid from (i) (ii) compound D compound E

HCI 2009 Prelims P2 Q4 13. State the reagents and conditions required for the conversion of compound P below into mesoxalic acid in 3 steps, and draw the structures of the intermediates Q and R in the spaces provided.

CH2 CH2 CHCH2CH2 OH Br P OH

Q II

O HO

O C C C

O OH

III

mesoxalic acid R

Step I II

Reagents and conditions

III

HCI 2009 Prelims P2 Q5 14. (a) Sulfuric acid, under different conditions, can behave as a dehydrating agent, a catalyst, an acid or an oxidizing agent. (i) By means of equations, give one different reaction in each case where concentrated sulfuric acid behaves as a dehydrating agent catalyst (ii) Using the reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid and solid sodium bromide, write an equation, including state symbols, to illustrate how concentrated sulfuric acid behaves as an acid oxidising agent [4] (b) When chlorine gas is bubbled into a sodium halide solution, a brown coloration is observed. Upon addition of reagent X into the resulting mixture, a separate violet layer is observed. (i) Suggest a possible identity of reagent X. (ii) Deduce the identity of the halide present, and write an equation for its reaction with chlorine. [2] (c) Benzedrin is a stimulant and has the following structural formula: H
HO HO CH2 C CH3 NH2

Draw the structure of the organic products when benzedrin reacts with each of the following reagents. (i) dilute nitric acid (ii) ethanoyl chloride (iii) NaOH (aq), followed by CH3I and heat [3]

HCI 2009 Prelims P3 Q2 15. Reaction of A, C4H8O, with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) first yields B, and then C. B can undergo reaction to form a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone. B and C give the same organic product CH3CO2H when treated with hot concentrated acidified potassium manganate(VII). However B and C give different products, D and E respectively, when reacted with hydrogen in the presence of platinum. Deduce the structures of compounds A to E, as well as the structure of the 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazone, explaining the chemistry of the reactions described. [10]

HCI 2009 Prelims P3 Q5 16. (a) Oxygen is transported around the body in blood by haemoglobin, which is a globular protein with a quaternary structure. Chemical analysis shows that haemoglobin contains 0.34% of iron by mass. (i) Explain what is meant by quaternary structure, and how it is held together in place. (ii) What is the minimum possible relative molecular mass of haemoglobin? (iii) The actual relative molecular mass of haemoglobin is four times this minimum value. What conclusion can you draw from these data? (iv) When glutamic acid, one of the amino acid residues in haemoglobin, is replaced by valine, the protein molecules aggregate to form insoluble polymers, causing the disease known as sickle cell anaemia. The structures of glutamic acid and valine are given below. Suggest the type of intermolecular interactions which causes the aggregation of the protein molecules. Glutamic acid Valine

[4]

(b) It has been discovered that high blood pressure is caused by an overproduction of angiotensin II, a dipeptide, in the body. Angiotensin II is made from a polypeptide angiotensin I by the action of an enzyme known as ACE. The diagram shows one end of an angiotensin I molecule bound to the active site of ACE.

The rest of angiotensin I molecule

1 2

(i) Explain how angiotensin I is bonded to the three numbered groups, 1, 2 and 3, shown on the active site of the enzyme ACE. (ii) State the type of reaction which occurs when angiotensin II is made from angiotensin I, and draw the structure of angiotensin II. (iii) ACE inhibitors are small peptides used as medicine to prevent the overproduction of angiotensin II. Suggest why small peptides are not effective medicines when taken orally. [5] (c) Propanedioic acid, B, is the starting compound in the following reaction scheme.
HO2CCH2CO2H B I ClCOCH2COCl C C+E C6H10N2O2 F NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 E II C3H6N2O2 D III

(i) Suggest reagents for Steps I and II. (ii) Name the functional group present in D.

(iii) What type of reaction occurs in Step III? (iv) Draw the displayed formula of F which is formed between one mole of C and one mole of E. [5] MJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q4 17. MTBE can be made by reacting compound B with methanol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

CH3 CH3 C CH2

compound B Complete the mechanism below by inserting curly arrows to show the movement of pairs of electrons and by inserting the appropriate charges.

MJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q5 18. Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone found in animals, THC is a drug obtained from the cannabis plant, and haloperiodol is an antipsychotic drug.

CH3 O NH O N H
melatonin
O

CH3

OH

THC

N O OH
haloperiodol

Cl

(a)

Drug smugglers extract crude THC from cannabis leaves by using benzene as a solvent. Explain the rationale behind this extraction. [1]

(b)

All three organic molecules share similar reactions with some reagents only. (i) State one reagent that will react with both melatonin and haloperiodol and not with THC. State one reagent and the required condition that will react with both melatonin and THC but not with haloperiodol. State one reagent, other than MnO4- ions, and the conditions required that will react with all three compounds. [3]

(ii)

(iii)

(c)

Melatonin can be made through the reaction between two organic compounds in the laboratory. Suggest the structural formulae of these two compounds. [1]

(d)

Melatonin can undergo a series of reactions to obtain compound X.

OCH3 Br NH2

Br O NHCH2COBr

Compound X Explain the different reactivities of the three bromine atoms in compound X. [3]

(e)

Describe a chemical test that would allow you to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds. The distinguishing may rely on a preliminary breaking-up of the compounds, and subsequent testing of the reaction products. In each test, you must identify the second organic compound positively. State only the observations for the positive test. (i) (ii) THC and melatonin THC and haloperiodol [4]

MJC 2009 Prelims P2 Q6 19. (a) Prolonged hydrolysis of Enalapril maleate in the laboratory produces compound A. State, with reasoning, how you would expect the volatility of A to compare with its isomer, compound B.
H N
N H COOH

COOH

Compound A

Compound B [3]

(b) Compound C is derived from Enalaprilate. H Br

O C O H
Group 1

C O O H
Group 2

CH3

Compound C C possesses two carboxylic acid functional groups 1 and 2. When C reacts with a base, predict which group would donate its proton first. Explain your answer. [3]

MJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q1 20. Sulphuryl chloride is a very good source of Cl2. Propene undergoes free radical substitution with sulphuryl chloride to give 3-chloroprop-1-ene.

CH2=CXHCH3 + SO2Cl 2
(i)

475 K, uv light Trace of hydrogen peroxide

CH2=CHCH2Cl + SO2 + HCl

Name the type of hybridisation that is present in the carbon atom, Cx, of propene as shown above. Sketch the shape of the hybrid orbitals of Cx. [2] The initiation stage of this mechanism is unique as it consists of two steps: Step 1 Homolytic fission of hydrogen peroxide results in the formation of two hydroxyl radicals. Step 2 The hydroxyl radical will then combine with one of the Cl atoms of the sulphuryl chloride to form two stable compounds and a chlorine radical. 1 Define the term homolytic fission.

(ii)

2 Using the information given, deduce the equation for Step 2 of the initiation stage. [2] (iii) Compound A can be synthesised from 3-chloroprop-1-ene in a 3-step synthesis. Propose a suitable reaction scheme, suggesting suitable reagents, conditions and intermediate products formed, in the synthesis of compound A.

HOOCCH2CH(OH)CH2COOH
Compound A [3] (iii) The reaction of 3-chloroprop-1-ene and bromine in trichloromethane in the dark produces an equimolar mixture of compounds B and C. 1 2 Outline the mechanism that occurs for the formation of either B or C. Hence, account for the formation of the equimolar mixture of B and C. Include the structural formula of isomers B and C in your answer. [5]

MJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q3 21. The 2009 flu pandemic is a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus known as H1N1. Tamiflu is an effective drug to combat H1N1 and has been researched in great detail. The structure of Tamiflu is shown below:
O O O NH NH2 O

Tamiflu (a) (b) Name four functional groups that are present in Tamiflu. [2] Tamiflu is actually sold as the phosphate salt rather than in the form as shown above. Suggest why this is so. [1] Draw the structural formula of all organic products formed when Tamiflu is heated with excess aqueous NaOH. [2] Draw the major organic product formed when excess DBr is added to Tamiflu at room temperature and pressure. [D = 2H] [1] Two syntheses of Tamiflu have been tried and both started from the naturally occurring products quinic acid and shikimic acid.
HO OH COOH HO OH

(c)

(d)

(e)

HO

COOH

HO OH

quinic acid

shikimic acid

The first step starting from quinic acid is shown below:

HO OH

propanone+ COOH Propanone / H / H+ cat

OH O O COOH

HO OH

OH

Suggest the structural formula of the product formed if pentan-3-one was used instead of propanone. [1]

(f)

The next steps in the synthesis are outlined below. Inorganic by-products are not shown in the scheme.
OH O O OH COOH OH O S Cl CH3 O

ethanol + catalyst
I

O O OH

COOCH 2CH 3

II

OH O COOCH 2CH 3

compounds B and C

Al2O3 heat III

O O S O O CH3

(i) (ii)

What type of reaction is reaction II? Compounds B and C are structural isomers. Draw a possible structure of either compound B or C. [2]

(g)

In a later step of the synthesis of Tamiflu, compound D cyclises to give E which contains a 3-membered ring.
O O O HO O S O O CH3

strong base E +

O O

CH3 S O

The alkoxide ion was formed from D before compound E was produced. (i) (ii) Suggest a structural formula for compound E. Suggest a mechanism for the reaction. Show all relevant curly arrows and dipole moments in your answer. [2]

(h)

The final step of the synthesis of Tamiflu involves the step below. State the type of reaction and suggest what is unusual about this reaction.
O O O NH N3 O O

H2/Ni

O O NH NH2 O

[1] (i) Tamiflu can react to form the following compound F. State the reagents and conditions required and explain whether Tamiflu or compound F is more basic. [3]
O O O NH N H CH3 O

compound F MJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q4 22. Deductive Question Alkene W, C8H16, reacts with cold alkaline KMnO4, to form an optically inactive diol. When W is treated with chlorine in ultraviolet light, it produces a mixture of chlorinated compounds, including X, C8H14Cl2, which are optically inactive. When X is reacted with ethanolic NaOH, compound Y, C8H12 is the only product formed. Compound Y produces two compounds, CO2 and CH3COCOOH in equimolar amounts when it is oxidised by hot acidified KMnO4. (i) Suggest the structural formula for compounds W, X and Y. (ii) There are other possible isomers of C8H14Cl2 that could dehydrochlorination. Draw the structural formula of one of them. (iii) Suggest, with a reason, the number of stereoisomers for compound Y. [5] give Y on

MJC 2009 Prelims P3 Q5 23. Haemoglobin is a tetrameric protein consisting of two and two subunits. Two of the subunits have beta-pleated sheet structures while the other two subunits have alpha-helical structures. Haemoglobin also contains haem, which is an iron-containing molecule which gives haemoglobin its red colour and is responsible for binding the oxygen that haemoglobin transports round the blood stream. (a) Briefly state the interactions that give rise to the four different levels of protein structures found in haemoglobin. [2] (b) The following amino acids have the structural formulae: Amino Acids Alanine (ala) Structural Formula
H H2N C CH3 O C OH

Isoelectric Point

6.00

H H2N C CH 2 HN N

O C OH

Histidine (his)

7.47

H H2N C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH2

O C OH

Lysine (lys)

9.59

H H2N C CH 2 CH 2

O C OH

5.74

Methionine (met)

S CH3

H H2N C CH 2

O C OH

Tyrosine (tyr)

5.66

OH

(i)

Draw the displayed formulae of residues of a tripeptide, with the sequence hislys-tyr, indicating the peptide linkage clearly, showing the form it would exist at pH 7. Amino acids can act as buffers in solutions. Explain, with the aid of relevant equations, how alanine can act as a buffer on separate small additions of the following reagents : dilute HCl dilute KOH [5]

(ii)

(c)

Hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disease that results in deregulated iron absorption resulting in iron overload in specific organs such as the liver and heart. Excess iron deposition is associated with numerous clinical complications including liver disease such as liver cancer. (i) Suggest the type of intermolecular interactions that arise when a methionine molecule replaces a lysine molecule on two polypeptide chains in haemoglobin. [1]

(ii)

Human haemoglobin undergoes denaturation in a strongly basic medium. With respect to the globular protein subunit, explain why denaturation takes place. [1] A patient is suspected to inherit hemochromatosis due to his frequent complaints of fatigue, acute chest pains and the onset of jaundice. Blood tests can determine whether the amount of iron stored in the body is too high hence diagnose if a patient is suffering from hemochromatosis. Describe in outline the practical details you would need to follow in order to use a standard solution of potassium manganate (VII), to determine the percentage of iron in a processed blood sample containing iron (II) ammonium sulphate, Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O. You would like to note the following in your plan: The end point of the titration is sharpened markedly if phosphoric acid is present, because Fe3+ ion produced in the titration forms an essentially colourless complex with the acid. Dilution is not required as the concentration of iron is minimal.

(iii)

You should include an ionic equation for the titration reaction, and name any other chemicals and apparatus you would use. Do not include any details of the calculation. [4] END