1.ALPHABETH(alfabet) A(ei);B(bi);C(si);D(di);E(i:);F(ef);G(d3i);H(eits);I(ai);J(d3ei);K(kei);L(el);M(em);N(en);O(ou);P(pi);Q(kju);R(a:);S(es);T(ti);U(ju);V(vi);W(dablju);X(eks);Y (wai);Z(zed). 2.

THE NOUN (substantivul) * Tipuri: a) comune: concrete (chair, table); abstracte (love, beauty); colective (government); numarabile (eggs, apples, chairs, pens, books, bags, boys, radios..); nenumarabile: (sugar, coffee, cheese, butter, water, lemonade, tea, bread, milk, meat, chocolate, salt, pepper, fish, silver/gold/ironetc, peace, anger/love, money,snow, soap,furniture,petrol, oil, information, news, smoke, music, Europe, football, youth, fun, light, knowledge..) si b) proprii (Ann, America) * Genuri. a) masculin - men, boy b) feminin woman, girl c) neutru table, joy *Cazuri. a) nominativ. The boys are playing tennis (who). He is a doctor (what). b) genitiv. The boys exercices are corect (whose). c) dativ. He told the child a story (to whom). d) acuzativ. I saw a boy in the street (whom/what) * Pluralul (-s). a).Daca cuvantul se termina in s,ss,sh,ch,x,o, la plural avem es. Ex: bus-buses; glass-glasses; brush-brushes; ostrich-ostriches;box-boxes;tomato-tomatoes. b).Daca cuvantul se termina in consoana +y, la plural avem ies. Ex: lady-ladies. c).Daca cuvantul se termina in vocala +y, la plural avem s. Ex: boy-boys. d).Daca cuvantul se termina in -f sau -fe, la pl avem -ves, dupa ce indepartam -f sau -fe. Ex: leaf-leaves; knife-knives. Exceptii: roof-roofs; chiefchiefs; handkerchief-handkerchiefs; proof-proofs. e).Plurale neregulate: man-men; woman-women; child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth; goose-geese; mouse-mice; fish-fish; sheep-sheep; person-people; deerdeer; ox-oxen; louse(paduche)-lice. 3. THE ARTICLE (articolul) Ex: a boy (un baiat). Exceptie: Se poate folosi A in fata unui cuvant care incepe cu U, daca cuvantul se pronunta cu sunetul Y , de ex: A UNIFORM -AN: In fata cuvintelor ce incep cu vovale. Ex: an apple (un mar); an organ (o orga). Exceptie: Se poate folosi AN in fata unui cuvant care incepe cu H, daca cuvantul se pronunta cu sunetul H tacut , de ex: AN HOUR. * Folosim A/AN doar la cu singularul substantivelor. * A/AN nu se foloseste in fata substantivelor nenumarabile. Nu spui a bread, a butter, a meat. Pentru acelea se foloseste SOME. Spui some bread etc SOME ANY Substantive nenumarabile Substantive numarabile Sg Pl Affirmative There is some bread. (Acolo este niste paine). There are some tomatoes. (Acolo sunt niste rosii.) Negative There isnt any bread. (Acolo nu este nici o paine) There arent any tomatoes.( Acolo nu este nici o rosie.) Interrogative Is there any bread? (Acolo nu este nici o paine?) Are there any tomatoes? (Acolo nu este nici o rosie?) *Folosim SOME in propozitii afirmative, indiferent daca substantivele sunt numarabile sau nenumarabile. * Folosim ANY in propozitii interogative sau negative, indiferent daca substantivele sunt numarabile sau nenumarabile. *Exceptii: a) folosim SOME in propozitii interogative pt a face oferte, cand anticipam un da. Ex: would you like some tea? b) folsim ANY in propozitii positive cand are sensul de nu conteaza care. Ex: Get any book you like! b) Articolul definit THE * The chair / the chairs (scaunul/scaunele), pronuntat cu (th) si the armchair (fotoliul), pronuntat cu (thi). * Il folosim cu substantive unice. Ex: The Acropole; in fata numelor de rauri (The Amazon); mari; insule; munti; deserturi; canale; de tari ce includ cuvinte ca state, kingdom, republic (The United Kingdom); teatre; muzee; newspapers/magazines; ships;instrumente muzicale (the piano); dansuri (the tango); institutions; galerii; substantive cu of(The Statue of Liberty); numele de familie (The Browns); la exprimarea nationalitatilor (the italians); titluri (the Queen); a cuvintelor station/cinema/pub/library/city/village; even istorice (the renaissance); la superlatic (the most beautiful). * Nu se foloseste cu substantive proprii (Nu spui The Adrian) sau cu adjective posesive (Nu spui The her father ) 4. NUMBERS(numerale) A) CARDINALE. 0 zero; 1 one; 2 two; 3 three; 4 four; 5 five;6 six ; 7 seven; 8 eight; 9 nine ; 10 ten; 11 eleven; 12 twelve ; 13 thirteen; 14 fourteen; 15 fifteen; 16 sixteen; 17 seventeen; 18 eighteen; 19 nineteen; 20 twenty ; 21 twenty-one ; 30 thirty; 40 forty; 50 fifty; 60 sixty; 70 seventy; 80 eighty; 90 ninety; 99 ninety-nine; 100 one hundred; 200 two hundred; ;900 nine hundred; 1,000 one thousand; 2,000 two thousand; 10,000 ten thousand; 11,000 eleven thousand; 20,000 twenty thousand; 21,000 twenty-one thousand; 100,000 one hundred thousand; 999,000 nine hundred ninety-nine thousand; 1,000,000 one million; 10,000,000 ten million; 1,000,000,000 one milliard / one billion B) ORDINALE. The first, second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth...twenty-first, fifty-second, seventy-third, eighty-forth.. Adica 1st , 2nd,3rd,4th... C) FRACTIONAR. a) fractie ordinara 5/9 se citeste five-ninth. b) fractie zecimala 1.32 se citeste one point three two. D) MULTIPLICATIV. single, double/twofold, triple/threefold, fourfold,tenfold... E) DISTRIBUTIV. one at a time, two at a time, three at a time=unul odata, 2 odata, 3 odata ;;;;;;; one by one, two by two= unul cate unul, 2 cate 2, 3 cate 3 ;;;;; by twos, by threes, by tens=cate 2, cate 3, cate 10;;;;;;;;by the dozen, by the hundred, by de million=cu duzina, cu suta, cu milionul... 5. PREPOSITIONS(prepozitii) *Partea de vorbire ce se fol ca elem de leg intre 2 cuv care nu au aceeasi functie sintactica. a) Of place (de loc) ON=pe IN/inside=in/in interiorul UNDER=sub BEHIND=dupa AT=la BETWEEN=intre NEAR =langa NEXT TO / BY/ BESIDE IN FRONT OF= in fata OPPOSITE=opus =de langa ABOVE = deasupra, de mai sus BELOW = de mai jos/sub INTO=in/la AROUND = imprejurul AMONG=printre b) Of time (de timp). Arata cand se intampla ceva. IN AT ON In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in At 8 oclock, at Eid, at night, at midnight, at Easter, On Sundays (days of the week), on August july (months), in summer (seasons), in 1991 (years), at the weekend, at the moment, at noon, at present 2nd, on Christmas Day, on Friday afternoon, in the 21th century on a cold day, on a summer night * On time=la timpul stabilit; In time=suficient de devreme, nu intarziat; at8.30= exact la acel ceas; by 8.30=nu mai tarziu de. c) Of movement (de miscare) OFF=a fi in afara subiectului; OUT OF=afara din; ONTO=pe; THROUGH = prin; UP=in sus/la deal; DOWN=in jos/la vale; OVER=peste (pe deasupra); ALONG=de-alungul; ACROSS=peste (traversand); FROMTO=de laspre; TOWARDS/TO= in directia lui d) Altele: ABOARD(la bord); AGAINST(contra); AMID(in mijlocul); BENEATH(dedesupt); BEYOND(dincolo de); CONCERNING(in ceea ce priveste); DESPITE(in ciuda a); DURING(in decursul); EXCEPT(cu exceptia); MINUS(minus, fara); OFF(afara,deoparte); PER(pe); REGARDING(privitor la); ROUND(circular/de jur imprejur); TILL(pana la); UNDERNEATH(de jos/inferior); UNTIL(in/pana la); UNTO(catre/spre); UPON(pe); VERSUS(contra); VIA(prin); WITH(cu). a) Articolul Nedefinit A-AN -A: In fata cuvintelor ce incep cu consoane.

6.THE CONJUNCTION (conjunctia) *Partea de vorbire ce se fol ca elem de leg intre 2 cuv care au aceeasi functie sintactica, sau 2 propozitii de acelasi fel, sau regenta de subordonata. a) Copulative. Folosim AND pt a uni 2 idei similare. Ex: He is tall. He is thin. ----He is tall and thin. ...si folosim BUT pt a uni 2 idei diferite. Ex: I can dance. I cant sing. ---I can dance but I cant sing. BESIDES (de altfel/in afara de aceasta); FURTHER(in plus/suplimentar); FURTHERMORE(in plus); AS WELL AS(la fel ca); NO LESS THAN(nu mai mic ca); BOTH...AND(atat..cat si); NEITHER..NOR(nici..); NOT ONLY...BUT OLSO(nu doar..ci si). b) Disjunctive. Folosim OR pt a uni 2 posibilitati. Ex: I can come now. I can come tomorrow. ---I can come now or tomorrow. ELSE(alt); OR ELSE(ca de nu); OTHERWISE(altminteri); EITHER..OR(sau exclusiv) c) Concluzive. ACCORDINGLY(corespunzator/deci); CONSEQUENTLY(in consecinta); HENCE(asadar/deci); SO(asa); SO THEN(deci); THEREFORE (asadar); THEN(apoi/atunci); FOR THAT REASON(pt acest motiv); ON THAT ACCOUNT(pe acest calcul); THAT IS WHY(iata de ce) d) Explicative. Folosim BECAUSE ca sa oferim o motivatie. Ex: Why are you late? Because my car didnt work AS(cum/deoarece); FOR(caci); NAMELY(si anume); FOR EXAMPLE(de exemplu); FOR INSTANCE(de exemplu); SUCH AS(ca de pilda); THAT IS(adica); VIZ.(si anume); LET US SAY(sa zicem). A) Personal Pronouns (pronume personal) Inainte de verb, Dupa verb, ca subiect ca obiect I=eu Me = mie, mi You=tu You = tie, ti He=el Him=lui,i She=ea Her=ei,i It=el/ea.. It=lui/ei We=noi Us = noua,ne, You=voi You=voua, dv They=ei/ele Them = lor, dansilor I like fish. Tell me a story. *Cand e asezat dupa un substantiv, e precedat de prepozitia to: Tell a story to me. 7. PRONUME SI EXPRIMAREA POSESIEI Possessive Adjectives B) Poseessive Pronouns (adjectiv posesiv) (pronume posesiv) Urmate de substantive Neurmate de substantive My = meu/mea/mele/mei. Your = tau/ta/tale/tai. His = lui/ei Her = lui/ei Its = lui/ei Our = nostru, noastra Your = vostru, voastra Their = lor It is my dog. Mine = al meu/a mea Yours = al tau/a ta His = al lui/ a lui Her = al ei/a ei ----------------Ours = al nostru, a noastra Yours = al vostru, a voastra Theirs = al lor, a lor That girl is mine. *Posesivitatea pt lucruri se foloseste cu OF. Ex: The trunk of the tree. (Desi sunt si exceptii, cand OF se fol pt oameni: She is a friend of mine/hers/theirs..) C) Reflexive Pronouns (pronume reflexiv) La Diateza reflexive, subiectul face actiunea si o si sufera Myself=pe mine Yourself=pe tine Himself=pe el Herself=pe ea Itself=pe el/ea Ourselves=pe noi Yourselves=pe voi Themselves=pe ei/ele I wash myself. *Se fol la sfarsitul propozitiei

B) Alte modalitati de exprimare a posesiei POSSESSIVE CASE cu s/s a) Ex1: David is Elsas husband. Whose father is David? Bob and Marys. He is Alices uncle, too. * Ex2: Whose hat is it? Its Mikes. b) Singular pt subst regulate: The boys ball ( mingea baiatului); b) Singular pt subst neregulate: mans hand c) Plural pt subst regulate : the boys balls ( mingiile baietilor); c) Plural pt subst neregulate: the men hats. D) Pronumele Demonstrativ: THIS/THESE THAT/THOSE 1 De apropiere (near) 2 De departare (far) Sg: Pl: Sg: Pl:

POSSESIVE CASE cu OF a) OF+numele lucrului. Ex: the windows of the house b) OF+POSSESIVE CASE. Ex: Thats a friend of Marys. c) OF+ POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. Ex: Ive got a book of yours.

THIS=acesta/aceasta THESE=acestia/acestea THAT=acela/aceea THOSE=aceia/acelea

E) Pronumele Interogativ. Who=cine; Whose=al/a/ai/ale/cui; To whom=cui; Who(m)=pe cine/pe care/cu cine/cu care; Which of=care dintre; What=care F. Indefinite Pronouns (pronume nehotarat) pozitiv Interogativ negativ oameni Someone=careva/cineva Anyone=careva/oricare/nimeni No one/ not anyone=nici unul/o Somebody= cineva Anybody =cineva/oricine/nimeni Nobody/not anybody=nimeni lucruri Something=ceva Anything=ceva/orice/nimic Nothing/not anything=nimic locuri Somewhere=undeva Anywhere=undeva/oriunde Nowhere/not anywhere=nicaieri *Ex: Is there anybody in the kitchen? Yes, there is somebody in the kitchen; but there is nobody in the bedroom and there is not anybody in the living room either. G. Alte Pronume * BOTH. Se refera la 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens pozitiv si ia verbul la plural. Ex: Tom is rich. Laura is rich, too. Both of them are rich / They are both rich. * ALL. Se refera la mai mult de 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens pozitiv si ia verbul la plural. Ex: John, Ann and Mary are students / All of them are students. They are all students. * NEITHER. Se refera la 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens negativ si ia verbul la singular sau la plural. Ex. Tom isnt poor. Laura isnt poor either. Neither of them is/are poor. * NONE. Se refera la mai mult de 2 oameni sau 2 lucruri. Are un sens negativ si ia verbul la singular sau plural. Ex: John, Mary and Ann havent got a car. None of them has/have a car. * ANOTHER. Se fol in fata subst numarabile cu sensul inca unul. Ex: I like this shirt. Im going to buy another one. * OTHER. Se fol in fata subst la plural cand ne referim la unul diferit. Ex: Jim likes traveling and learning about other cultures. * THE OTHER. Se fol in fata subst la sg sau la pl cu sensul cel scapat. Ex: The police arrested one man but the other one got away. * SO. Se fol pt a exprima ca se agreeaza cu cele afirmate in propozitia afirmativa. Ex: Theyre decorating their house this week. So we are. * NEITHER/NOR. Se fol pt a exprima ca se agreeaza cu cele afirmate in propozitia negative. Ex: Kate doesnt eat fish. Neither/nor do I. * An adjectivele describu un substantiv. 8. ADJECTIVES (adjective) Ex: It is an old book; A lion is a wild animal.

* Adjectivele raman la fel la plural. Ex: They are old books. (Nu se spune - there olds books). * Adjectives pot sta inaintea unui substantive Ex: John is a tall man, sau dupa verbul to be Ex: John is tall. A. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR SCURTE (monosilabice sau bisilabice) POZITIV COMPARATIV De inferioritate De egalitate De superioritate (nu asa de..ca) (tot asa deca) (maidecat) 1.big Not so/as big as As big as Bigger 2.clean Not so/as clean as As clean as Cleaner 3.happy Not so/as happy as As happy as Happier B. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR LUNGI POZITIV COMPARATIV De inferioritate De egalitate (nu asa de..ca) (tot asa deca) 1.beautiful Not so/as beautiful as As beautiful as C. COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR NEREGULATE POZITIV COMPARATIV De inferioritate De egalitate (nu asa de..ca) (tot asa deca) 1.good/well Not so/as good as As good as 2.bad/ill 3.little 4.few 5.much/many 6.old 7.far 8.near 9.fore 10. late 11.hind SUPERLATIV Relativ Absolut (cel/cea mai) (foarte) The biggest Very big The cleanest Very clean The happiest Very happy SUPERLATIV Relativ Absolut (cel/cea mai) (foarte) The most beautiful Very beautiful

De superioritate (maidecat) More beautiful than

SUPERLATIV Relativ Absolut (cel/cea mai) (foarte) The best Very good The worst The least The fewest The most The oldest/eldest The farthest/furthest The nearest/next The foremost/first The latest/last The hindmost/hindermost *Adjectivele neregulate nu respecta regula in cazul comparativului de superioritate si al superlativului relative; la celelalte forme, regula e aceeasi ca la A si B. *Reguli: a) big-bigger/biggest b) nice-nicer/nicest c) lazy-lazier/laziest (Exceptii: shy-shyer;sly-slyer;dry-dryer;wry-wryer ) De superioritate (maidecat) Better than Worse than Lesser Fewer More Older/elder Farther/further Nearer Former Later/latter Hinder 9. ADVERB * Adverbele descriu verbe. Ex: He is eating his lunch quickly. * Noi formam adverbul adaugand -ly adjectivului. Ex: careful carefully; loud loudly; easy easily. * Atentie: tragic-tragically; horrible-horribly; sleepy-sleepily. * Sunt si cateva exceptii. Ex: good-well; fast fast; hard hard. a) DE FREGVENTA. * AF ne spun cat de des ceva se intampla: ALWAYS(intotdeauna), USUALLY(de obicei), OFTEN(de multe ori/adesea), SOMETIMES (uneori / cateodata), RARELY/SELDOM(rareori), NEVER(niciodata). * Folosim AF inainte sau dupa vb-ul principal. Ex : She usually comes early. * Folosim AF inainte sau dupa vb-ul to be. Ex: He is rarely late. b) DE MOD. FAST(rapid); HARD(greu); BADLY(rau/teribil);EASILY(usor);CERTAINLY(cu siguranta); KINDLY(amabil); SURELY(cu siguranta); SO(asa); SLOWLY(incet); WELL(bine). c) DE LOC. ABOVE(deasupra), ABROAD(afara), AWAY(departe), BEFORE(inainte), BEHIND(dinapoi), BELOW(de jos), BETWEEN(dintre), BY(langa); DOWNSTAIRS(jos pe scari); UPSTAIRS(sus pe scari); FAR(departe); NEAR(aproape); HENCE(asadar); HERE(aici); THERE(acolo); IN(in); OUT(afara); INSIDE(inauntru/interior); OUTSIDE(afara/exterior); OVER(deasupra); UNDER(dedesubt); WITHIN(inauntru); WITHOUT(fara); BACKWARDS(inapoi/indarat); DOWNWARDS(in jos); UPWARDS(in sus); EASTWARD(la est); WESTWARD(la vest); NORTHWARD(la nord); SOUTHWARD(la sud); HOMEWARD(spre casa); ONWARD(inainte); WHERE(unde); WHEREVER(oriunde); ANYWHERE(oricare); ELSEWHERE (aiurea); EVERYWHERE(peste tot); NOWHERE(nicaieri); SOMEWHERE(undeva) d) DE TIMP. AFTER(dupa); AFTERWARDS(dupa aceea); AGO(in urma); ALREADY(deja); BEFORE(inainte); DAILY(zilnic); EARLY(devreme); EVER(vreodata); FIRST(intai); GENERRALY(in general); IMMEDIATELY(imediat); INSTANTLY(instant); LATE(tarziu); LATELY(de curand); LAST(ultim); LASTLY(in sfarsit); MEANWHILE(intre timp); NEVER(niciodata); NOW(acum); OCCASIONALLY(ocazional); OFTEN(adesea); ONCE (candva); PRESENTLY(indata); RARELY(rar); RECENTLY(recent); SELDOM(rareori); SINCE(din); SOMETIMES(cateodata); SOON(curand); STILL (inca); THEN(atunci); TODAY(azi); TOMORROW(maine); WEEKLY(saptamanal); YET(inca); YESTERDAY(ieri); A WEEK/YEARAGO(o sapt in urma); LAST WEEK (saptamana trecuta).; TODAY WEEK(azi o saptamana); TOMORROW WEEK(maine o saptamana). e) DE CAUZA/SCOP (raspund la intrebarea WHY(de ce); CONSEQUENTLY(); HENCE(); FOR THAT(); FOR THAT REASON(); SO(); SO THAT(); THAT IS WHY(); THEREFORE(). f) INTRODUCTIVE. ACCORDINGLY(in consecinta); CONSEQUENTLY(in consecinta/deci); HOWEVER(oricu,/totusi); THEREFORE(asadar/ prin urmare); IN ANY CASE(in nici un caz); OF COURSE(desigur). g) EXPLICATIVE. AS(asa cum); NAMELY(adica/si anume); SUCH AS (asa/atat de) h)CANTITATIVE. ABOUT(cam); ALMOST(aproape); ANY(ceva); ALTOGHETHER(cu totul); AS(in masura in care); BUT(dar); COMPLETELY (complet); ENOUGH(suficient); ENTIRELY(intreg); EVEN(chiar); EXCEEDINGLY(excesiv); EXTREMELY(extrem); FAR(cu mult); HALF(jumatate); HARDLY(anevoie); LITTLE(putin); LESS(mai putin); LEAST(cel mai putin); MUCH(mult); MORE(mai mult); MOST(cel mai mult); MOSTLY(de cele mai multe ori); NEARLY(aproape/indeaproape); ONLY(doar); PARTLY(in oarecare masura); PRETTY(destul de); QUITE(complet); RATHER(destul de); SCARCELY(abia); SOMEWHAT(oarecat); SUFFICIENTLY(suficient); TOO(prea); UTTERLY(absolut); VERY(foarte); WELL(cat trebuie); WHOLLY(cu totul). i)ALTELE. YES(da); INDEED(intr-adevar); DOUBTLESS(fara indoiala); CERTAINLY(cert); TRULY(cu adevarat); VERILY(cu sinceritate); MAYBE (poate); PERHAPS(probabil); POSSIBLY(posibil); PROBABLY(probabil); NAY(arhaic)/NO/NOT(nu); NEVER(niciodata); HARDLY(anevoie); SCARCELY(abia).

j). LOCUTIUNILE ADVERBIALE. AFTER ALL(dupa toate); AT ALL(totdeauna); AT FIRST(dintai); AT LARGE(in general); AL LEAST(barem); AT PRESENT(actualmente); AT RANDOM(la intamplare); BY ALL MEANS(musai, negresit); BY NO MEANS(nicidecum); BY THE WAY(apropo); IN FACT(de fapt); IN GENERAL(in general); IN PARTICULAR(in particular); IN SHORT(in scurt); IN VAIN(in van); NOT AT ALL(deloc); OF COURSE (desigur); OF OLD(odinioara); TOPSY-TURVY(deavalma); UPSIDE DOWN(cu susul in jos); BY AND BY(indata); TO AND FRO(dus si intors/inainte si inapoi). k) NOTE *SINCE e fol pt a exprima un punct de pornire. Ex: Ive know Ann since Octomber. * FOR e fol pt a exprima o per de timp. Ex: Ive known Mary for 2 months. * YET e fol in intrebari si negatii. Ex: Have you met him yet? I havent met him yet. * ALREADY e folosit in declaratii si intrebari. Ex: Ive already posted the letters. * JUST se fol cu PRESENT PERFECT. Ex: Ive just called the doctor. *JUST NOW se fol cu PAST SIMPLE. Ex: He left just now. 10. VERBUL

A. Timpul: trecut, prezent si viitor. B. Modul:

b1. Personal (predicativ): Indicativ (forme de prezent, trecut si viitor). Subjonctiv (s). Conditional (a). Imperativul. b2. Impersonal: Infinitiv. Participiu. Gerund. b1. Personal (predicativ): Indicativ (forme de prezent, trecut si viitor).

Forme de prezent:
PRESENT SIMPLE Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long/short form Long form Short form I eat = eu mananc I do not eat= eu nu mananc I dont eat Do I eat? = eu mananc? Yes, I do. No, I dont. You eat = tu mananci You do not eat = You dont eat Do You eat ?= tu mananci? He eats= el mananca He does not eat = He doesnt eat Does He eat? = el mananca? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. She eats = ea mananca She does not eat = She doesnt eat Does She eat? = ea mananca? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt. It eats = el/ea mananca It is does eat = It doesnt eat Does It eat?= el/ea mananca? Yes, it does. No, it doesnt. We eat = noi mancam We do not eat = We dont eat Do We eat? = noi mancam? Yes, we do. No, we dont. You eat = voi mancati You do not eat = You dont eat Do You eat ? = voi mancati? They eat = ei/ele mananca They do not eat = They dont eat DoThey eat?= ei/ele mananca? Yes, they do. No, they dont. * Noi folosim PS pt actiuni repetate sau pentru situatii permanente. Ex: Tom is student. He goes to school every day. * Expresii folosite cu PS: USUALLY(de obicei); ALWAYS(intotdeauna); OFTEN(adesea); NEVER (niciodata); EVERY DAY/YEAR/(in fiecare zi/an etc)/FRIDAYS/TEN OCLOCK, ON MONDAYS ; ONCE A WEEK (odata pe saptamana); TWICE A WEEK (de 2 ori pe saptamana ); IN THE MORNING/EVENING/AFTERNOON, AT NIGHT/THE WEEKEND . * * Reguli pt persoana 3-a singular pt verbele ce se termina in: Ss,sh,ch,x,o --- es Consoana+y ---- ies Vocala +y -----s Ex: I kiss he kisses; I go he goes; I do he does. Ex: I cry ----- he cries Ex: I play ---- he plays ############################################################################################################################### PRESENT CONTINUOUS Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I am eating =eu mananc Im eating I am not eating= eu nu mananc Im not eating Am I eating? You are eating =tu mananci Youre eating You are not eating You arent eating Are You eating? Yes, I am. No, Im not. He is eating =el mananca Hes eating He is not eating He isnt eating Is He eating? Yes, he is. No, he/she/it isnt. She is eating =ea mananca Shes eating She is not eating She isnt eating Is She eating? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. It is eating=el/ea mananca Its eating It is not eating It isnt eating Is It eating? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. We are eating =noi mancam Were eating We are not eating We arent eating Are We eating? Yes, we are. No, we arent. You are eating = voi mancati Youre eating You are not eating You arent eating Are You eating? They are eating =ei/ele mananca Theyre eating They are not eating They arent eating Are They eating? Yes, they are. No, they arent. * Noi folosim PC pt actiuni/stari temporare sau pt actiuni care se intampla acum, in momentul vorbirii. * De asemenea noi folosim urmatoarele imperative cu PC: Look! Listen! * NOW(acum), AT PRESENT, AT THE MOMENT, TODAY; TONIGHT; THIS WEEK; TOMORROW; sunt folosite cu PC; * *Reguli pt -ing: a) work working; b) cut cutting; stop stopping; run-running ; c) write writing; dive diving; see-seeing; d) play playing ; fly flying; e) lie-lying ############################################################################################################################### PRESENT PERFECT A) Pt verbele regulate. Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I have walked =eu am plimbat Ive walked I have not walked I havent walked Have I walked? = am eu? Yes, I have. No, I havent. You have walked =tu ai plimbat Youve walked You have not walked You havent walked Have You walked ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, you havent. He has walked =el a plimbat Hes walked He has not walked He hasnt walked Has He walked? = are el? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. She has walked =ea a plimbat Shes walked She has not walked She hasnt walked Has She walked? = are ea?

It has walked =el/ea a plimbat We have walked=noi am plimbat You have walked =voi ati plimbat They have walked=ei/ele au plimbat

Its walked Weve walked Youve walked Theyve walked

It has not walked We have not walked You have not walked They have not walked

It hasnt walked We havent walked You havent walked They havent walked

Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. Has It walked?=are el/ea? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt. Have We walked? =avem noi? Yes,we have. No, we havent Have You walked? = aveti voi? Yes, you have. No, you havent. Have They walked?= au ei/ele? Yes, they have. No, they havent.

*Reguli de spelling: ca la PAST SIMPLE (Verbe regulate). Affirmative Long form I have eaten =eu am mancat You have eaten =tu ai mancat B) Pt verbele neregulate(coloana a 3-a din lista, participiu trecut) Negative Interogative + Short answers Short form Long form Short form Ive eaten I have not eaten I havent eaten Have I eaten ? = am eu? Yes, I have. No, I havent. Youve eaten You have not eaten You havent Have You eaten ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, you havent. eaten Hes walked He has not eaten He hasnt eaten Has He eaten? = are el? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. Shes eaten She has not eaten She hasnt eaten Has She eaten? = are ea? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. Its eaten It has not eaten It hasnt eaten Has It eaten?=are el/ea? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt. Weve eaten We have not eaten We havent eaten Have We eaten? =avem noi? Yes,we have. No, we havent

He has eaten =el a mancat She has eaten =ea a mancat It has eaten =el/ea a mancat We have eaten =noi am mancat You have eaten =voi ati Youve eaten You have not eaten You havent Have You eaten? = aveti voi? Yes, you have. No, you mancat eaten havent. They have eaten =ei/ele au Theyve eaten They have not eaten They havent Have They eaten?= au ei/ele? Yes, they have. No, they mancat eaten havent. *Folosim PP pt a arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat intr-un trecut apropiat, este nedefinita in timp si are legatura cu prezentul, sau se desfasoara si in present. *Ex1: The Smiths HAVE BOUGHT a new house. (Cand au cumparat-o nu stim..); *Ex2: She HAS BEEN a student at this school for 2 years (ea a venit la acea scoala acum 2 ani si e inca acolo studenta) *Se traduce de cele mai multe ori cu perfectul compus, dar si cu prezentul. * Expresii temporale folosite cu PP a) ALREADY/deja (I have already cooked dinner. Have you already eaten?) b) YET/inca (Have you spoken to him yet? I havent spoken to him yet) c) JUST/doar ce (I have just finished my homework). d) EVER/vreodata (Have you ever visited Paris? Its the most beautiful city I have ever visited). e) RECENTLY/recent (He has recently bought a new car) f) SO FAR/pana acum (Ive typed 10 letters so far). g) NEVER/ niciodata (I have never seen a lion). h)SINCE/de (Shes been ill since Monday). i)FOR/de (Shes been ill for 2 days).j) HOW LONG/cat de mult. k)LATELY l)THIS year/week.. j)ONCE k)SEVERAL TIMES. ############################################################################################################################### PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I have been working = eu muncesc Ive been working I have not been I havent been working Have I been working? working Yes, I have. No, I havent. You have been working = tu Youve been working You have not been You havent been Have You been working ? muncesti working working Yes, you have. No, you havent. He has been working =el munceste Hes been working He has not been He hasnt been working Has He been working? working Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. She has been working =ea munceste Shes been working She has not been She hasnt been Has She been working? working working Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. It has been working =el/ea munceste Its been working It has not been It hasnt been working Has It been working? working Ye s, it has. No, it hasnt. We have been working = noi muncim Weve been working We have not been We havent been Have We been working? working working Yes,we have. No, we havent You have been working =voi munciti Youve been working You have not been You havent been Have You been working? working working Yes, you have. No, you havent. They have been working =ei/ele Theyve been working They have not been They havent been Have They been working? muncesc. working working Yes, they have. No, they havent. * Pt actiune care a inceput de curand si se desfasoara in mod continuu si neintrerupt pana in present. Ex: They have been making biscuits since 9 oclock. *si pt a exprima iritare, criticism. Ex: Who has been reading my newspaper?! *Se traduce prin timpul prezent. * Se folosesc urmatoarele adverbe: FOR, SINCE, HOW LONG.

Forme de trecut
PAST SIMPLE pt Verbe regulate. Affirmative Long form I did not walk = You did not walk = He did not walk = She did not walk = It did not walk = We did not walk = You did not walk = They did not walk = Negative Short form I didnt walk = You didnt walk = He didnt walk = She didnt walk = It did not walk = We didnt walk = You didnt walk = They didnt walk = Interogative + short answers Did I walk? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. Did you walk? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. Did he walk? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. Did she walk? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. Did it walk? Yes, it did. No, it didnt. Did we walk? Yes, we did. No, we didnt. Did you walk? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. Did they walk? Yes, they did. No, they didnt.

I walked = eu plimbam You walked =tu plimbai He walked = el plimba She walked = ea plimba It walked =el/ea plimba We walked = noi plimbam You walked = voi plimbati They walked = ei /ele plimbau *Folosim Past Simple a) pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat intr-un timp definit din trecut. Ex: She went to scool by bus yesterday.

b) pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat una dupa alta. Ex: First he had breakfast and then he left for work. c) pt actiuni ce s-au intamplat in trecut si nu se pot repeat. Ex: I once spoke to Princess Diana. *Reguli of spelling pt vb: a) love-loved; type-typed; move-moved b) stop stopped; travel travelled; c) play-played d) marry married; study studied; carry-carried e) mimic-mimicked * Expresii temporal folosite cu PS: AGO,HOW LONG AGO, YESTERDAY, LAST month/week/year,JUST NOW, WHEN, IN 2005, THEN.. PAST SIMPLE pt Verbe neregulate (forma a doua go/WENT/gone). Affirmative Negative Interogative + short answers Long form Short form I went = eu mergeam I did not go = I didnt go = Did I go? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. You went =tu mergeai You did not go = You didnt go = Did you go? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. He went = el mergea He did not go = He didnt go = Did he go? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. She went = ea mergea She did not go = She didnt go = Did she go? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. It went =el/ea mergea It did not go = It did not go = Did it go? Yes, it did. No, it didnt. We went = noi mergeam We did not go = We didnt go = Did we go? Yes, we did. No, we didnt. You went = voi mergeati You did not go = You didnt go = Did you go? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. They went =ei/ele mergeau They did not go = They didnt go = Did they go? Yes, they did. No, they didnt. *Unele verbe la Past Simple nu suporta terminatia ed. Acestea se numesc verbe neregulate (in lista sunt pe coloana a 2-a). PAST SIMPLE HAD ( care este PAST SIMPLE al verbului HAVE (GOT).) Affirmative Negative Interogative + short answers Long form Short form I had = eu aveam/am avut I did not have = I didnt have = Did I have? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. You had =tu aveai You did not have = You didnt have = Did you have? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. He had = el avea He did not have = He didnt have = Did he have? Yes, he did. No, he didnt. She had = ea avea She did not have = She didnt have = Did she have? Yes, she did. No, she didnt. It had =el/ea avea It did not have = It did not have = Did it have? Yes, it did. No, it didnt. We had = noi aveam We did not have = We didnt have = Did we have? Yes, we did. No, we didnt. You had = voi aveati You did not have = You didnt have = Did you have? Yes, you did. No, you didnt. They had = ei /ele aveau They did not have = They didnt have = Did they have? Yes, they did. No, they didnt. *HAD este PAST SIMPLE al verbului HAVE (GOT). PAST SIMPLE COULD ( care este PAST SIMPLE de la CAN) Affirmative Negative Long form Short form I could = eu puteam I could not = eu nu I couldnt. You could = tu puteai You could not You couldnt. He could = el putea He could not He couldnt. She could = ea putea She could not She couldnt. It could = el/ea putea It could not It couldnt. We could = noi puteam We could not We couldnt.. You could = voi puteati You could not You couldnt. They could = ei/ele puteau. They could not They couldnt. PAST SIMPLE (WAS - WERE) Affirmative Interogative + Short answers Could I ? Yes, I could. No, I couldnt. Could You ? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt. Could He ? Yes, he could. No, he couldnt. Could She ? Yes, she could. No, she couldnt. Could It ? Yes, it could. No, it couldnt. Could We ? Yes, we could. No, we couldnt. Could You ? Yes, you could. No, you couldnt. Could They ? Yes, they could. No, they couldnt.

Negative Interogative + short answers Long form Short form I was=eu am fost I was not=eu nu am fost I wasnt Was I? (Am fost eu?)Yes, I was./No, I wasnt. You were=tu ai fost You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent. He was=el a fost He was not He wasnt Was he? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt. She was=ea a fost She was not She wasnt Was she? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt. It was=el/ea a fost It was not It wasnt Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt. We were=noi am fost We were not We werent Were we? Yes, we were. No, we werent. You were=voi ati fost You were not You werent Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent. They were=ei/ele au fost They were not They werent Were they? Yes, they were. No, they werent. *Folosim PAST SIMPLE pentru actiuni care s-au intamplat intr-un timp definit din trecut si s-au incheiat la un timp specific din trecut. Ex: He bought a new car last week.. **Expresii temporale cu PS: yesterday (ieri), last week month/year/night (saptamana/luna/anul/noaptea trecut/a), a week/two weeks/hours ago..(o saptamana/ 2 saptamani/ore in urma), then(atunci), then, in 2003, when. ############################################################################################################################### PAST CONTINOUS Affirmative Negative Interogative + short answers Long form Short form I was walking =eu plimbam I was not walking I wasnt walking Was I walking? Yes, I was./No, I wasnt. You were walking =tu ai plimbai You were not walking You werent walking Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent. He was walking =el plimba He was not walking He wasnt walking Was he? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt. She was walking =ea plimba She was not walking She wasnt walking Was she? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt. It was walking =el/ea plimba It was not walking It wasnt walking Was it? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt. We were walking =noi plimbam We were not walking We werent walking Were we? Yes, we were. No, we werent. You were walking =voi plimbati You were not walking You werent walking Were you? Yes, you were. No, you werent. They were walking =ei/ele plimbau They were not walking They werent walking Were they? Yes, they were. No, they werent. *Arata o actiune care s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si neintrerupt intr-o perioada bine definite de timp din trecut. Ex: He was studying for his Maths test at 9 oclock last night * Sau o actiune care s-a desfasurat in acelasi timp cu una sau mai multe actiuni tot din trecut. Ex: Mum was reading a book while Dad was watching TV.

* Sau pt o actiune care era in progress cand alta actiune a interrupt-o. Atentie: actiunea care a interrupt tb sa fie la Past Simple. Ex: Kate was sunbathing when it started to rain. *Se traduce prin imperfect. * Expresii temporal folosite cu PC: WHILE(in timp ce), WHEN(atunci cand), AS(ca), ALL day/night/morning(toata ziua/..), ALL DAY YESTERDAY(ieri toata ziua). ############################################################################################################################### PAST PERFECT (had+V-ed/III) Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I had waited =eu asteptasem Id waited I had not waited I hadnt waited Had I walked? = am eu? Yes, I Had. No, I hadnt. You had waited =tu asteptasei Youd waited You had not waited You hadnt waited Had You walked ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, hadnt. He had waited =el asteptase Hed waited He had not waited He hadnt waited Had He walked? = are el? Yes, he Had. No, he hadnt. She had waited =ea asteptase Shed waited She had not waited She hadnt waited Had She walked? = are ea? Yes, she Had. No, she hadnt. It had waited =el/ea asteptase Itd waited It had not waited It hadnt waited Had It walked?=are el/ea? Yes, it Had. No, it hadnt. We had waited =noi asteptaseram Wed waited We had not waited We hadnt waited Had We walked? =avem noi? Yes,we Had. No, we hadnt. You had waited =voi asteptaserati Youd waited You had not waited You hadnt waited Had You walked? = aveti voi? Yes, you Had . No, you hadnt. They had waited =ei/ele asteptasera Theyd waited They had not waited They hadnt waited Had They walked?= au ei/ele? Yes, they Had. No, they hadnt. * PP exprima o actiune trecuta, anterioara altei actiuni tot din trecut. Ex: She had already left when I got home. * si o actiune terminate in trecut, al carui rezultat era vizibil in trecut. Ex: He was happy. He had won the race. * Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul (dar si prin perfect compus sau uneori prin imperfect). *Expresii temporal folosite cu PP: BEFORE; AFTER;JUST;ALREADY;FOR;SINCE;EVER;NEVER;TILL/UNTIL;WHEN;BY;BY THE TIME.. ############################################################################################################################### PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS (had+been+V-ing) Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I had been waiting =eu asteptasem Id been waiting I had not been waiting I hadnt been waiting Had I been waiting? = am eu? Yes, I Had. No, I hadnt. You had been waiting =tu asteptasei Youd been waiting You had not been waiting You hadnt been Had You been waiting ?= ai tu? waiting Yes, you have. No, hadnt. He had been waiting =el asteptase Hed been waiting He had not been waiting He hadnt been waiting Had He been waiting? = are el? Yes, he Had. No, he hadnt. She had been waiting =ea asteptase Shed been waiting She had not been waiting She hadnt been waiting Had She been waiting? = are ea? Yes, she Had. No, she hadnt. It had been waiting =el/ea asteptase Itd been waiting It had not been waiting It hadnt been waiting Had It been waiting?=are el/ea? Yes, it Had. No, it hadnt. We had been waiting =noi Wed been waiting We had not been waiting We hadnt been waiting Had We been waiting? =avem noi? asteptaseram Yes,we Had. No, we hadnt. You had been waiting =voi Youd been waiting You had not been waiting You hadnt been Had You been waiting?= aveti voi? asteptaserati waiting Yes, you Had . No, you hadnt. They had been waiting =ei/ele Theyd been They had not been They hadnt been Had They been waiting?= au ei/ele? asteptasera waiting waiting waiting Yes, they Had. No, they hadnt. * PP exprima o actiune care a inceput intr-un moment din trecut si s-a desfasurat in mod continuu si neintrerupt pana intr-un alt moment tot din trecut. Ex: She had been working as a clerk for 10 years before she resigned. * PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS este echivalentul lui Present Perfect Continous. * Se traduce prin mai mult ca perfectul sau imperfect. *Expresii temporal folosite cu PPC: FOR;SINCE.

Forme de viitor
SIMPLE FUTURE Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I will work=eu voi munci Ill work I will not work I wont work Will/Shall I work? You will work= tu vei munci Youll work You will not work You wont work Will you work? Yes, I will.No, I wont. He will work= el va munci Hell work He will not work He wont work Will he work? Yes, he will. No, he wont. She will work=ea va munci Shell work She will not work She wont work Will she work? Yes, she will. No, she wont. It will work= el/ea va munci Itll work It will not work It wont work Will it work? Yes, it will. No, it wont. We will work= noi vom munci Well work We will not work We wont work Will/Shall we work? Yes, we will. No, we wont. You will work=veti veti munci Youll work You will work You wont work Will you work? Yes, we will. No, we wont. They will work=ei/ele vor munci Theyll work They will not work They wont work Will they work? Yes, they will. No, they wont. *Noi folosim SF pt : a) a vorbi despre lucruri care pot sau nu pot sa se intample in viitor. Ex: Well visit Disney Land one day.; b) a vorbi despre decizii imediate (on the spot decisions). Ex: We havent got any sugar. Ill go and buy some. c) cu verbe ca: HOPE, THINK,BELIEVE,EXPECT; expresii ca IM SURE, IM AFRAID; cu adverbe ca PROBABLY, PERHAPS(posibil). * WILL se foloseste sa exprime, pe langa decizii pe moment/imediate si predictii sau lucruri care nu e sigur ca se vor intampla. Ex: He will probably win the race.

* SHALL poate fi folosit cu I sau cu WE in intrebari, sugestii, oferte, cand vrem sa facem ceva pentru o persoana. Ex: e diferenta intre Shall I make you a coup of tea?/Shall we go to the cinema tonight si I will wash the dishes tonight. * Expresii temporale folosite cu SF: TOMORROW, TONIGHT, NEXT week/year, IN 2 DAYS, THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW, SOON, IN A WEEK. ############################################################################################################################### BE GOING TO Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I am going to =eu planuiesc sa Im going to I am not going to = eu nu Im not going to Am I going to? Yes, I am. No, Im not. planuiesc sa You are going to =tu planuiesti sa Youre going to You are not going to You arent going to Are You going to ? He is going to =el planuieste sa Hes going to He is not going to He isnt going to Is He going to? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. She is going to =ea planuieste sa Shes going to She is not going to She isnt going to Is She going to? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. It is going to =el/ea planuieste sa Its going to It is not going to It isnt going to Is It going to? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. We are going to =noi planuim sa Were going to We are not going to We arent going to Are We eating? Yes, we are. No, we arent. You are going to = voi planuiti sa Youre going to You are not going to You arent going to Are You going to? They are going to =ei/ele Theyre going to They are not going to They arent going to Are They going to? Yes, they are. No, they planuiesc sa arent. * Folosim BGT sa vorbim despre planuri si intentii. Ex: We are going to travel France next summer. *si cand sunt evidente ca ceva urmeaza sa se intample in viitor. Ex: Look at the grey clouds. It is going to rain tonight. *si sa exprimam lucruri dj decise pt viitorul apropiat. Ex: He is going to fly to Rome tomorrow. * Expresii temporale folosite cu BGT: TOMORROW, TONIGHT, NEXT week/year, IN 2 DAYS, THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW, SOON, IN A WEEK. ############################################################################################################################### FUTURE CONTINOUS Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I will be working=eu voi munci. Ill be working I will not be working I wont be Will/Shall I be working? working You will be working = tu vei Youll be You will not be You wont be Will you be working? Yes, I will. No, I wont. munci. working working working He will be working = el va munci. Hell be He will not be He wont be Will he be working? Yes, he will. No, he wont. working working working She will be working =ea va munci. Shell be She will not be She wont be Will she be working? Yes, she will. No, she wont. working working working It will be working = el/ea va munci. Itll be working It will not be working It wont be Will it be working? Yes, it will. No, it wont. working We will be working = noi vom Well be We will not be We wont be Will/Shall we be working? Yes, we will. No, we munci. working working working wont. You will be working =veti veti Youll be You will be working You wont be Will you be working? Yes, we will. No, we wont. munci. working working They will be working =ei/ele vor Theyll be They will not be They wont be Will they be working? Yes, they will. No, they munci. working working working wont. * FC arata ca o actiune va fi in curs de desfasurare intr-un moment bine definit din viitor. Ex: At 12 oclock next Sunday, Ill be fishing with my son. * Cele mentionate in legatura cu SHALL si WILL la Simple Future sunt valabile si aici. ############################################################################################################################### FUTURE PERFECT (will/shall+have+V-ed/III) Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I will have worked =eu voi fi Ill have worked I will not have I wont have Will/Shall I have worked? muncit worked worked You will have worked = tu vei fi Youll have You will not have You wont have Will you have worked? Yes, I will.No, I wont. muncit worked worked worked He will have worked = el va fi Hell have He will not have He wont have Will he have worked? Yes, he will. No, he wont. muncit worked worked worked She will have worked =ea va fi Shell have She will not have She wont have Will she have worked? Yes, she will. No, she muncit worked worked worked wont. It will have worked = el/ea va fi Itll have It will not have It wont have Will it have worked? Yes, it will. No, it wont. muncit worked worked worked We will have worked = noi vom fi Well have We will not have We wont have Will/Shall we have worked? Yes, we will. No, we muncit worked worked worked wont. You will have worked =veti veti fi Youll have You will have worked You wont have Will you have worked? Yes, we will. No, we muncit worked worked wont. They will have worked =ei/ele vor Theyll have They will not have They wont have Will they have worked? Yes, they will. No, they fi muncit worked worked worked wont. *Noi folosim SF pt a arata o actiune viitoare desfasurata inaintea altei actiuni tot din viitor. Ex: His mother will have finished cooking by the time we arrive there; She will have finished by 8 oclock. * Expresii temporale folosite cu FP: until/till; by; before; by then; * Se traduce prin viitor anterior. * Se fol foarte rar. ############################################################################################################################### FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS Affirmative Negative Interogative+ Short answers

Long form Short form Long form Short form I will have been working =eu voi Ill have been I will not have been I wont have been Will/Shall I have been working? munci been working working working You will have been working = tu Youll have You will not have You wont have Will you have been working? Yes, I will.No, I vei fi muncit been working been working been working wont. He will have worked = el va fi Hell have been He will not have been He wont have Will he have been working? Yes, he will. No, he muncit working working been working wont. She will have been working =ea va Shell have been She will not have She wont have Will she have been working? Yes, she will. No, she fi muncit working been working been working wont. It will have been working = el/ea Itll have been It will not have been It wont have Will it have been working? Yes, it will. No, it va fi muncit working working been working wont. We will have been working = noi Well have been We will not have been We wont have Will/Shall we have been working? Yes, we will. vom fi muncit working working been working No, we wont. You will have been working =veti Youll have You will have been You wont have Will you have been working? Yes, we will. No, we veti fi muncit been working working been working wont. They will have been working Theyll have They will not have They wont have Will they have been working? Yes, they will. No, =ei/ele vor fi muncit been working been working been working they wont. * Arata o actiune care va fi in curs de desfasurare inaintea unui moment din viitor. Ex: Dont ring us up till 8 oclock, we shall have been sleeping till then (pana atunci vom dormi). * Expresii temporale folosite cu FP: by..for. *Se traduce prin viitor. *Se fol foarte rar. b1. Personal (predicativ): Subjonctiv (s). Ex. I wish he understood me (As dori sa ma inteleaga); Its time we left (e timpul sa plecam); We expect that the new building shall be finished soon; May you long live (sa traiesti multi ani); I wish you would forget it (as vrea sa uiti asta). b1. Personal (predicativ): Conditional (a). Ex: What could I do (ce-as putea face)? You might ask her (Ai putea sa o intrebi). -Imperativ. Exprima un ordin/indemn/urare. Ex: Let me go! Be quiet! Dont be rude!

b1. Personal (predicativ):

Imperativul.

We use the imperative to tell one or more Positive Negative people to do or not to do something. Close your book! (Inchide cartea! ) Do not close your book! (Nu inchide cartea!). Dont close your book! * Uneori folosim Lets pt a face astfel o sugestie. Ex: Lets run into the house (sa fugim in casa); Lets dance. Dar nu punem semnul exclamarii. b2. Impersonal: Infinitiv. Participiu. Gerund. b2. Impersonal: INFINITIVUL (TO) $$$$$$$$$ In forma to+ vb(full infinitive). a) pt a exprima scopul. Ex: Why did you go to the bakers? TO BUY bread. b) il folosim dupa WANT si WOULD LOVE/LIKE. Ex: I would like to visit Madrid. c) il folosim dupa verbe ca KNOW, REMEMBER, ASK si sunt urmate de cuvinte tipice intrebarilor WHO,WHAT,WHERE si HOW. Ex: I know how to make an omlette. d) il folosim dupa adjective. Ex: Im glad to see you here. e) il folosim dupa intrebari(mai putin WHY). Ex: I dont know what to do. $$$$$$$$$$ In forma fara to, scurt (bare infinitive). a) il folosim dupa verbele modale. Ex: He can dance but he cant sing. b) il folosim dupa LET,MAKE,HEAR/SEE. Ex: My dad lets me use the computer. $$$$$$$$$$ Chestiunea TOO(prea)-ENOUGH(destul) A) TOO+adjectiv/adverb+ to infinitive. Vine inaintea adjectivului. Are mereu sens negativ. Ex: Hes too young to travel alone.; He drove too slowly to win the race. Suporta si interferente in constructive. Ex: The ring is too expensive for me to buy; Theres too much traffic today; There are too many cars in the streets; B) a)Adjectiv/adverb+ENOUGH+to infinitive. Vine dupa adjectiv. E de obicei pozitiv. Ex: Shes old enough to drive a car.; He left early enough to catch the train. Dar poate fi si la negativ. Ex: She is not strong enough to carry her bike. There isnt enough butter left. b)ENOUGH+substantiv+to infinitive. Ex: Hes got enough money to buy a car. b2. Impersonal: PARTICIPIU Prezent (vb +ing). Descrie ce fel e cineva. Ex: Ted is an interesting person. Trecut. (vb+ed/III). Descrie cum se simte cineva. Ex: Mary is interested in English literature; The children have gone to bed. Perfect (having+V-ed/III). Se traduce printr-o intreaga propoz circumstantiala de timp, cauza etc. Ex: Having finishing the lecture, the teacher left the classroom (Dupa ce profesorul a terminat prelegerea, profesorul a parasit clasa) b2. Impersonal: GERUNDUL (-ING FORM) Folosim -ING FORM: a) ca substantiv: I like swimming b) dupa verbe ca ENJOY, LOVE, HATE, LIKE, DISLIKE, LOOK FORWARD TO, STOP. Ex: He enjoys reading. c) dupa GO pt activitati fizice. Ex: He goes fishing every Sunday. d) dupa prepozitii. Ex: Shes tired of working long hours.

C. Aspect
-Simplu. Actiunea se face general sau repetat si nu ne intereseaza durata ei. Ex: Tom wrote a letter and posted it. -Continuu. Actiunea se desfasoara in mod continuu, neintrerupt intr-o per de timp bine definita. Ex: Mary is going to school now.

D. Verbe speciale
D1) Verbe auxiliare. Ele ajuta la formarea unor constructii verbale compuse: to be, to have, to do, shall/will/should/would, to let (let me sing). VB-ul TO BE (a fi) Affirmative Negative Interogative + short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I am=eu sunt Im I am not= eu nu sunt Im not Am I ? = sunt eu? Yes, I am. No, Im not. You are=tu esti Youre You are not You arent Are You ?= esti tu? Yes, you are. No, you arent. He is=el este Hes He is not He isnt Is He? = este el? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. She is=ea este Shes She is not She isnt Is She? = este ea? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. It is=el/ea este Its It is not It isnt Is It ?=este el/ea? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. We are=noi suntem Were We are not We arent Are We? =suntem noi? Yes, we are. No, we arent. You are=voi sunteti Youre You are not You arent Are You? = sunteti voi? Yes, you are. No, you arent. They are=ei/ele sunt Theyre They are not They arent Are They ?= sunt ei/ele? Yes, they are. No, they arent. ############################################################################################################################### HAVE (GOT)=A AVEA (in engleza britanica avem GOT; in cea Americana e fara GOT) Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form Long form Short form I have got =eu am Ive got I have not got= eu nu am I havent got Have I got ? = am eu? Yes, I have. No, I havent. You have got =tu ai Youve got You have not got You haventgot Have You got ?= ai tu? Yes, you have. No, you havent. He has got=el are Hes got He has not got He hasnt got Has He got? = are el? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt. She has got =ea are Shes got She has not got She hasnt got Has She got? = are ea? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt. It has got =el/ea are Its got It has not got It hasnt got Has It got?=are el/ea? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt. We have got =noi avem Weve got We have not got We havent got Have We got? =avem noi? Yes,we have. No, we havent You have got =voi aveti Youve got You have not got You havent got Have You got? = aveti voi? Yes, you have. No, you havent. They have got =ei/ele au Theyve got They have not got They havent got Have They got?= au ei/ele? Yes, they have. No, they havent. D2) Verbe modale. * Verbele modale au aceesi forma la toate persoanele. Sunt inaintea subiectului in intrebari si suporta NOT dupa ele in negatii. Iau infinitival fara TO dupa ele. Ex: Can he sing? No, he cant sing but he can dance. A). CAN(a putea). Se foloseste pt a exprima abilitatea in present (Ex: She can type) sau pt cererea permisiunii (Ex: Can I use your pen?). Affirmative Negative Interogative + Short answers Long form Short form I can = eu pot I can not = eu nu pot. I cant. Can I ? Yes, I can. No, I cant. You can = tu poti You can not You cant. Can You ? Yes, you can. No, you cant. He can = el poate He can not He cant. Can He ? Yes, he can. No, he cant. She can = ea poate She can not She cant. Can She ? Yes, she can. No, she cant. It can = el/ea poate It can not It cant. Can It ? Yes, it can. No, it cant. We can = noi putem We can not We cant. Can We ? Yes, we can. No, we cant. You can = voi puteti You can not You cant. Can You ? Yes, you can. No, you cant. They can = ei/ele pot They can not They cant. Can They ? Yes, they can. No, they cant. *Folosim CAN I? pt a cere permisiunea atunci cand vrem sa facem ceva. Ex: Can I watch TV? No, you cant. Its time for bed. *si pt a spune ce suntem in stare sa facem in present. Ex: I can run fast. B). COULD. Se foloseste pt a exprima abilitatea in trecut (Ex: He could run fast when he was 17) sau pt cererea politicoasa a permisiunii (Ex: Could I have some tea, please?). C). MUST MUSTNT 1.Folosim MUST pt a exprima necesitatea (Ex: Its raining. I must take my umbrella) sau obligatia (Ex: I must tidy my room). Se foloseste doar cu prezentul. 2. MUST NOT/MUSTNT se fol pt a arata ca ceva e interzis sau ca cineva nu are permisiunea sa faca ceva (Ex: You mustnt eat in the class). D). HAVE TO se fol pt a exprima necesitatea; nu se poate alege sa se faca altfel. E obligatoriu. (Ex: Nurses have to wear a uniform at work). El devine HAS TO la timpul present pers 3-a sg afirmativ (Ex: She has to finish the job), sau HAD TO la toate persoanele la timpul trecut afirmativ (fiind neregulat) (Ex: He had to leave early), precum si DO/DOES/DID pt a-si forma interogativele si negatiile(Ex: Did she have to leave?/She doesnt have to finish now) Affirmative Negative Interogative Long form Short form I have to go =eu trebuie sa merg I do not have to go= eu nu I dont have to go Do I have to go ? trebuie sa merg You have to go =tu trebuie sa mergi You do not have to go = You dont have to go.. Do you have to go ? Yes, I do. No, I dont. He has to go =el trebuie sa mearga She has to go =ea trebuie sa mearga It has to go =el/ea trebuie sa mearga We have to go =noi trebuie sa mergem You have to go =voi trebuie sa mergeti He does not go = She does not go = It does not go = We do not have to go = You do not have to go = He doesnt have to go.. She doesnt have to go.. It doesnt have to go.. We dont have go.. You dont have go.. Does he have to go? Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. Does she have to go? Yes, she does. No, she doesnt. Does it have to go? Yes, it does. No, it doesnt. Do we have to go? Yes, we do. No, we dont. Do you have to go? Yes, we do. No, we dont.

They have to go =ei/ele trebuie sa They do not have to go = They dont have go.. Do they have to go? Yes, they do. No, they dont. mearga ** Noi folosim DONT HAVE TO cand vorbim despre lucruri care nu sunt necesar a fi facute, Ex: You dont have to come to the party with me. D) DONT HAVE TO/DOESNT se fol pt a exprima lipsa necesitatii. (Ex: You dont have to do the ironing. I did it yesterday). E) SHALL poate fi folosit cu I sau cu WE in intrebari, sugestii, oferte, cand vrem sa facem ceva pentru o persoana. Ex: e diferenta intre Shall I make you a coup of tea?/Shall we go to the cinema tonight si I will wash the dishes tonight.

F) WILL Se fol pt : a) a vorbi despre lucruri care pot sau nu pot sa se intample in viitor. Ex: Well visit Disney Land one day.; b) a vorbi despre decizii imediate (on the spot decisions). Ex: We havent got any sugar. Ill go and buy some. c) pt predictii sau lucruri care nu e sigur ca se vor intampla. Ex: He will probably win the race. G) WOULD se fol pt a exprima politetea sau cereri formale. Ex: Would you carry my suitcase? H) WOULD LIKE se fol pt a exprima politetea sau cereri formale sau sugestii. Ex: Would you like some more tea? I) SHOULD (e o ide buna!) / SHOULDNT (nu e o ide buna)/OUGHT TO sunt folosite pt a oferi sfat. Ex: You should see a dentist. You shouldnt eat sweets. J) MAY se fol sa arate ca ceva e posibil (Ex: There are clouds in the sky. It may rain) si pt a cere permisiunea politicos (Ex: May I use your computer?) Yes, you may(Da, poti). No, you may not (Nu, nu poti). K) MIGHT este forma de trecut a lui MAY. Ex: Theres a lot of traffic. I might be a little late for the meeting. L) NEED(a fi nevoie). Se fol in special in propozitii interogative si negative. Ex: He need no fear. M) DARE(a indrazni). Se fol in special in propozitii interogative, negative. Ex: How dare you? -(cum indraznesti?!) D3) Verbe tranzitive. E vb-ul dupa care urmeaza obligatoriu un complement direct. Ex: Tom gives a flower to Mary. D4) Verbe intranzitive. Ele nu primesc complement direct. Ex: Please yourself (fa ce-ti place). E. Probleme speciale a. THERE IS THERE ARE Affirmative Long form Short form THERE IS = acolo este THERES THERE ARE = acolo sunt Affirmative Long form THERE WAS = acolo a fost THERE WERE = acolo au fost Negative Long form THERE IS NOT THERE ARE NOT Short form THERE ISNT THERE ARENT Interogative IS THERE? ARE THERE? Interogative WAS THERE? WERE THERE?

sg pl

b. THERE WAS THERE WERE Short form Negative Long form Short form THERE WAS NOT THERE WASNT THERE WERE NOT THERE WERENT

sg pl

c. ing FORM / THE TO INFINITIVE. Noi folosim forma -ing ca substantiv.

Like/love/not like/not love + vb- ing Would like/would love + to infinitive

Ex: Swimming is good; I like swimming. Inotul este bun.; eu iubesc inotul. Ex: I would like to visit Spain one day. Mi-ar place sa vizitez Spania intr-o zi.

d. LIKE/LOVE/HATE + VB-ING We often use the -ing form after the verbs LIKE,LOVE,HATE. I like playing tennis. (Imi place tenisul) I love eating vegetables (Imi plac/iubesc vegetalele).

I hate watching TV.(Urasc privitul la TV)

e. WANT + TO VB. We often use the TO form after the verb WANT Ex: I want to buy a computer.(Eu vreau sa cumpar un computer) f. WAS/WERE GOING TO * Pt a exprima aranjamente fixe in trecut. Ex: He got up early. He was going to catch the 6 oclock train. *Pt a exprima planuri neimplinite din trecut. Ex: She was going to travel around Europe but she didnt because she fell ill. * Pt a exprima o actiune pe carfe cineva a intentionat sa o realizeze in trecut dar nu a realizat-o. Ex: She was going to buy a new car but in the end she repaired her old one. g. USED TO * Se foloseste pt a vorbi despre obiceiuri ale trecutului. Ex: I used to cry when I was a baby. * Are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele, sg si pl. * Isi formeaza negativul si interogativul cu DID. Ex: I didnt use to sleep late. ; Did you use to sleep late? h. WISHES (dorinte) I WISH+Past Simple I WISH+subiect+COULD+Bare Infinitive I WISH+subiect+WOULD+Bare Infinitive I WISH+Past Perfect I wish he were/was with us. I wish he could learn faster. I wish they would build a new house. I wish he hadnt failed his test.

*IF ONLY e echivalentul lui I WISH, dar e mai empatic. Ex: I wish he could help me --------- If only he could help me. F. Diateza. DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE) * Diateza e forma pe care o ia verbul in functie de ce face subiectul, astfel: a) DIATEZA ACTIVA: cand subiectul este activ, adica el face actiunea exprimata de verb. Ex: Mother washes the child. b) DIATEZA REFLEXIVA: cand subiectul face actiunea si o si sufera. Ex: I wash myself; I am glad; I wash my hands. c) DIATEZA PASIVA: cand subiectul e pasiv, iar actiunea exprimata de verb e facuta de altcineva si se rasfrange asupra subiectului. Se introduce cu BY, sau acesta se omite. - Ex: Daca la Diateza Activa aveam Mother washes the child, la diateza pasiva avem The child is washed by mother. - Obiectul propozitiei din diateza activa devine subiectul propozitiei din diateza pasiva - Folosim DP doar cu verbe tranzitive. Ex: They built that castle in 1600. That castle was built in 1600. -- Se formeaza folosind vb-ul TO BE+ PAST PARTICIPLE (vb+ed/III).

* Interogativul Diatezei Pasive suporta intrebarea WHO/WHATBY.Ex: Who was the TV invented by? What was the fire caused by? D. ACTIVA D. PASIVA affirmative negative interogative pt Present Simple Jack waters the plants. The plants are watered by Jack. The plants arent Are the plants watered watered every every week? week. pt Past Simple Tina sent the mail. The mail was sent by Tina. The email wasnt Was the email sent by sent by Tyna. Tyna? Pt Present Perfect He has delivered the letters The letters have been delivered. Pt Past Perfect He had delivered the letters The letters had been delivered. Pt Present Continous He is delivering the letters The letters are being delivered. Pt Past Continous He was delivering the letters The letters were being delivered. Pt Future Simple He will deliver the letters The letters will be delivered. Pt Infinitive He has to deliver the letters The letters have to be delivered. Pt Modal+Be+Past part(III) He must deliver the letters The letters must be delivered. Pt Future Perfect They will have repaired the car The car will have been repaired Perfect Infinitive She ought to have repaired the car The car ought to have been repaired Infinitive He likes people admiring his car He likes his car being admired. Perfect Gerund Having repaired the car,... The car, having been repaired,.. DIATEZA PASIVA si PRONUMELE RELATIVE * Pronumele relative WHO,WHICH,WHOSE,THATetc ne spun mai multe despre substantive si introduc relative clauses (propozitii relative). Cand ne referim: Pt Oameni, folosim WHO/THAT ca subiect si Pt obiecte, animale folosim WHICH/THAT Pt posesie, folosim WHOSE. WHO/WHOM/THAT ca obiect. ca subiect dar si ca obiect. The girl who/that is talking on the phone is Mary. The car which/that is parked outside is Jacks. Thats the man whose daughter is a president. I saw a friend who/whom/that I hadnt seen for years. Heres the bag which/that you left on my desk. Thats the bag whose handle is broken. *PR nu pot fi omise cand ele sunt subiectul din relative clause. Ex: I saw a film. It was really exciting---I saw a film which/that was really exciting. *PR pot fi omise cand ele sunt obiectul din relative clause. Ex:Thats the man. Ann met him last day.---Thats the man (which/that) Ann met last day. G. Concordanta timpurilor (The Sequence of Tenses). Se refera la un set de reguli ce reglementeaza relatia dintre predicatul propozitiei principale si predicatele propozitiilor ei secundare/subordonate. a) Cand vb in propozitia principala e la un timp prezent, in propoz subordonate putem folosi orice timp. Ex. I know that he will help me. b) Cand vb in propoz principala e la viitor, vb in secundara poate fi la un timp viitor sau la un timp prezent. Ex: Shell come when she is ready. c) Cand vb in propoz principala e la trecut, in propoz sec predicatele tb sa fie tot la un timp trecut (past tense, past perfect, future in the past). Ex: She did the cleaning after she had done the washing-up. CONDITIONALS * FRAZELE CONDITIONALE constau din 2 parti: I. THE IF-CLAUSE/ DACA - PROPOZITIA/(ipoteza) si II.THE MAIN CLOUSE/ PROPOZITIA PRINCIPALA/(rezultatul). Cand I. vine inaintea lui II, cele 2 propozitii sunt separate printr-o virgula. Ex: If it doesnt rain, we will go to the park. Cand II vine inainte de I., nu vom folosi virgule. Ex: We will go to the park if it doesnt rain CONDITIONALA DE TIP 0 CONDITIONALA DE TIP 1 IF CLAUSE II. MAIN CLAUSE IF+PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE Ex: If you heat ice, it melts. (Daca incalzesti gheata, se topeste) IF+PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE; IMPERATIVE; MODALE + (can/must/may) INFINITIV(fara to). -If he doesnt wear his coat, he will be cold. - If you have a headache, take an aspirin. - If you see her, you can give her a message. IF+PAST SIMPLE sau PAST CONTINOUS WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+ INFINITIVE(fara to) -If she had a computer, she would send him an email. I.

CONDITIONALA DE TIP 2

Nota : Putem folosi in mkn ac caz si WERE si WAS cu persoana a 1-a si a 3-a sg in IF CLOUSE. Ex: If he were/was younger, he would travel faster. CONDITIONALA DE TIP 3 IF+PAST PERFECTsau PAST PERFECT WOULD/COULD/MIGHT+ CONTINOUS PAST PARTICIPLE (III) -If you hadnt been rude, he wouldnt have punished you. Nota: a) Unless = if not. Ex: If you cant afford it, dont buy it echivalent cu UNLESS you can afford it, dont buy it Ex: Well go for picnic if it doesnt rain. echivalent cu Well go for a picnic unless it rain. b) As long as, providing that= if. Ex. As long as hes in time, we wont be late for the meeting. Propozitiile secundare/subordonate pot fi: a) subordonata de timp(Time Clause) Ex: He turned the TV as soon as he had finished studing. b) subordonata de scop (Clauses of Purpose): Ex. He phoned to invite her to dinner; Ill buy some cake in case they came; She saved money so that she can buy a house; They hurried in order not to miss the train. c) subordonate de concesie (Clauses of concession). Ex: Althout/Even though he has lived in Spain for 5 years, he cant speak Spanish; She came to work in spite of having a cold. d) subordonate de rezultat (Clauses of result). Ex:Shes such a good teacher that all her students are like her. e) subordonate relative (Relative Clauses, introduse de who, whom,whose,which, that ). Ex: Theres the boy who started the fight; I saw a film which was very good; She is Mrs Smith, whose daughter works in my office. 11. QUESTIONS (intrebari) a) YES/NO questions. Ex: Is she happy? Yes, she is. No, she isnt. b) WH- questions.

Pt oameni

Pt distanta/ lungime/inaltime who(care)/whose(al where(unde) when(cand)/what time how much(cat de how far(cat de carui; a carei; a (in ce timp)/ how mult)/how departe)/how wide(cat de caror)/which of (pe long(cat de mult)/ how many(cat de larg)/how long(cat de care dintre) often(cat de des). multi) lung)/ how high(cat de inalt) c1) Daca WHO, WHICH sau WHAT sunt subiectul intrebarii, nu punem verbul in conjugarea clasica. Ex: Nu Who does know Jane, ci Who knows Jane? c2) Daca WHO, WHICH sau WHAT sunt obiectul intrebarii, punem verbul in conjugarea clasica. Ex: Who does Jane know? d)Cand ii cerem civa sa decida/aleaga intre 2 optiuni, formam intrebarea cu OR(ori/sau). Ex: Do you like football or basketball? e) QUESTION TAGS (intrebari disjunctive). Sunt intrebari scurte puse la sfarsitul propozitiei. Le punem nu neaparat ca sa aflam informatie, ci ca sa ni se confirme parerea noastra. O QUESTION TAG are aceeasi auxiliaritate ca a verbului din propozitie. Daca in propozitie nu avem verb auxiliar, vom folosi DO/DOES/DID dupa caz. O intrebare pozitiva e urmata de o QUESTION TAG negativa (Ex: He likes apples, doesnt he?; She is sleeping, isnt she?), iar o intrebare negative e urmata de o QUESTION TAG pozitiva (Ex: She doesnt like apple, does she?). ---------Exemple si explicatii suplimentare: ## WHO-WHAT WHO is used for people. Ex: Who is she? SHE IS Ann. WHAT is used for things and animals. Ex: What is this? It is a book. ##HOW MUCH HOW MANY Folosim HOW MUCH cu substantive la singular nenumarabile:VEZI Pct2. Folosim HOW MANY cu substantive la plural numarabile: VEZI Pct2. Ex: How much cheese is there on the table? Not much./A lot. Ex: How many apples are there? Not many./A lot (sau lots of). Cat de multa branza este acolo pe masa? Nu multa./O multime. Cat de multe mere sunt acolo? Nu multe. / O multime (multimi) *MUCH si MANY pot fi folosite si la afirmativ in engleza formala. Ex: a) There is much jam in the jar. b) Many people learn English. 12. REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta) DIRECT SPEECH (vorbirea directa) REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta) Present Simple. Past Simple/Present Simple. I want to go to bed early, she said. She said she wanted to go to bed early. Present Continous. Past Continous. Shes speaking to Joe, he said. He said she was speaking to Joe. Present Perfect. Past Perfect. Ive bought you some flowers, she said. She said she had bought me some flowers. Past Simple. Past Perfect. He lost all the money, she said. She said he had lost all the money. Future. Conditional. Ill see you later, he said. He said he would see me later. Present Perfect Continous Past Perfect Continous Ive been typing since morning she said. She said she had been tying since morning *Se foloseste in limbaj academic particula THAT. Ex: I want to go to bed early, she said------ She said (THAT) she wanted to go to bed early. In engleza vorbita ea poate fi omisa. *Expresiile de timp se schimba dupa cum urmeaza. DIRECT SPEECH (vorbirea directa) REPORTED SPEECH (vorbirea indirecta) tonight,today,this week.. that night, that day, that week.. now then, at that time yesterday, last year.. the day before, the previous year tomorrow, next year.. the day after, the next year two days ago two days before *Pt a reda o intrebare in vorbirea indirecta, se fol mai degraba WHETHER si mai putin IF. Ex: Do you know Jim? Mary asked me. ---Mary asked me whether I knew Jim. * Unele cuvinte se schimba f de context. Thisthat; these---those; herethere; come -- go. * Ca sa nu repetam pronumele sau numele a 2 persoane, se fol fie numele persoanei , fie THE FORMER sau THE LATTER. Ex: Ask Tom if he is going to come to see me tonight John told Mary. ---John told Mary to ask Tom whether the latter was going to go to see him that night. * Ordinea cuvintelor din propozitia vorbirii directe. Ex: He asked: What time is it?-----He asked what time it was. * Nu doar verbul said se foloseste la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la cea indirecta, ci functie de contex, urmatoarele: ORDER, ASK,TELL, BEG, SUGGEST, OFFER,PROMISE,REFUSE,ADVISE,WARN,EXPLAIN, INVITE, ACCUSE, COMPLAIN.. Ex1: He said to me: get out of the house-----He ordered to me to get out of the house. Ex2. No, I wont buy you a computer---- She refused to buy a computer. Ex3. Please, help me!----She begged me to help her. Ex4. Lets visit Sally----She suggested visiting Sally. *La RS, modalele se modifica: wish/shallwould; cancould/would able to; maymight; shallshould; mustmust/had to. Ex: She said Ill do it later---She said (that) she would to do it latter; She said I may speak to Ann---She said (that) she might speak to Ann. Atentie la lista vb-lor neregulate!

Pt lucruri/animale actiuni/meserii what(ce/ceea ce)/which one of(care dintre)

Pt loc

Pt timp

Pt cantitate

Pt maniera si pt motiv how(cum) --why(de ce).