Course materials provided for personal study only.

ENS2259/ENS5259 Thermodynamics

Dr Yasir Al-Abdeli
y.al-abdeli@ecu.edu.au

This Lecture
Coverage in this lecture will be derived from the textbook

Slide

Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of

thermal-fluid sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW (CHP 1) 1.1 Introduction to Thermal-Fluid Sciences 1.2 Thermodynamics 1.3 Heat Transfer 1.4 Fluid Mechanics 1.5 Importance of Dimensions and Units 1.6 Problem-Solving Technique

ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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This lecture in a nutshell

What sciences make up thermofluids? The basic approaches for Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Fluids What the fundamental units are? How to effectively structure our problem solving (methodology)?

Thermofluid Sciences
Introduction

Slide

Thermal-Fluid sciences (thermofluids) are physical

sciences that study energy

transfer (e.g., through walls) transport (e.g., with fluids) conversion (e.g., through devices and processes) Modern life relies on many thermal-fluid systems power plants Internal Combustion (IC) engines air conditioners / refrigerators A closer look at once such system (e.g., a radiator)
reveals that Thermodynamics identifies the magnitude of heat loss (how many kJ) heat transfer is used to size the radiator core fluids to size coolant pumps and cooling fans
ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Fig 1-1. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

Lets take a closer look at the three ingredients of

Thermofluids !

Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Thermodynamics

Slide

therme, Greek (heat) dynamics, Greek (power) term thermodynamics first used by
Lord Kelvin (1849).

thermodynamics looks at energy and

energy transformation and its manifestation through engineering devices and systems.

Conservation of Energy Principle energy changes form but its total

magnitude is conserved (one cannot create or destroy energy).
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Fig 1-3. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Thermodynamics

Slide

Conservation of Energy Principle energy changes form but its total magnitude is
conserved (cannot create or destroy energy).

Ein Eout = E
First Law of Thermodynamics Expresses the conservation of energy principle. Energy is a thermodynamic quantity. Second Law of Thermodynamics Energy also has a quality (energy transfer
happens in the direction of decreasing quality). Quality here related to our ability to harness energy for useful purposes.
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Fig 1-4 & 1.5. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Thermodynamics

Slide

Classical Thermodynamics

a macroscopic approach to studying

thermodynamics for example, in the case of a pressure vessel, this approach does not look at the behaviour of individual particles in order to study overall pressure. a pressure gauge can be used to infer this behaviour easier, more straightforward, analyses possible, good for engineering analysis.

Statistical Thermodynamics
particles More complicated.
ENS2259 Thermodynamics

investigates the average behaviour of

Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Heat Transfer

Slide

Energy transfer occurs from

higher temperature mediums to those at lower temperature.

When does this energy

transfer cease? when temperatures become the same.

What form does this energy

take? heat

ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Heat Transfer

Slide

10

ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Heat Transfer

Slide

11

heat is the transfer of energy

induced by a temperature differential (fluid flow is induced by a pressure differential)

heat transfer looks at the rates

over which this type of energy exchange occur.

thermodynamics will identify the

magnitude of energy that will be exchanged. Heat transfer will identify the period needed for that exchange to occur to, or from, the system under investigation.
ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Fig 1-6. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Fluid Mechanics (different branches)

Slide

12

Stationary and moving bodies

Fluid Statics: fluids at rest. Fluid Dynamics: fluids under motion.

Hydrodynamics

Studies moving fluids when they are

incompressible. water, low speed gases. Hydraulics: liquid flows when applied to pipes and open channels.

Gas Dynamics

High speed gas flows through nozzles.

Aerodynamics: air flows

around aeroplanes and cars at low as

well as high speeds.
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Fluid-Mechanics

Slide

13

Jet flows: laminar CO2 (right) Schlieren based flow visualisations. Jet flows: turbulent air (left) Laser based flow visualisations.

Work done at the Univ of Sydney (Al-Abdeli, 2003) ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Work done at the Univ of Tasmania (Al-Abdeli, 2006) Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Fluid Mechanics From statics Stress: force over unit area Normal component: Pressure Tangential component: Shear Stress

Slide

14

Shear Stresses and Pressures are

relevant to fluid as well.

Fluid at rest exerts pressure shear stress is zero Fluid in motion Starts to develop shear
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Fig 1-9. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Dimensions and Units

Slide

15

Fundamental dimensions
Note kelvin does not have the degree
symbol ()

Capitalisation (Yes or No?) Not capitalised if the unit is

used as a word

Capitalised

if the unit is abbreviated AND derived from a proper name Kelvin (K)

No period . is used with unit

abbreviations (unless it falls at the end of the sentence obviously).
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Table 1-1. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Dimensions and Units

Slide

16

Secondary or derived dimensions

Velocity (m/s) Energy (J) Volume (m3)

Units are used to express dimensions Different systems of units SI Decimal basis for units Easy More common English Move to phase out (most places)
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Table 1-2. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Dimensions and Units Newton: Unit of force
rate of 1m/s2)

Slide

17

1N force required to accelerate a mass of 1kg at a

Force = Mass Acceleration

Specific weight:

weight per unit volume g=9.807 m/s2 (sea level, 45latitude) = g Weight measured at the top of a mountain differs to that

Mass and weight are not the same

at sea level Body mass does not change.

W = mg
ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Fig 1-12. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Dimensions and Units Dimensional Homogeneity

Slide

18

Got to ensure terms in a thermodynamic equation have the same dimensions.

Example 1-1

E = 25kJ + 7 kJ / kg
Q: Where is the error in this step of calculation/equation? A: You cannot add the two terms on the right (units are different) A: The second term has not been multiplied by the unit mass.

ENS2259 Thermodynamics

Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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Thermal-Fluid Science

Slide

19 Suggested Problem Solving Methods A systematic approach is needed. The following are some recommended steps:

(1) Problem statement. Show

-Given important information -Quantities needed

(2) Schematic. Provide a representative sketch

-Energy and mass interactions -Convey relevant information on sketch

(3) State any assumptions and approximations.

-If any assumptions seem weak (or questionable) assumptions, then explain or justify them
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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Thermal-Fluid Science
Suggested Problem Solving Methods

Slide

20

(4) Apply the relevant physical laws.

-Identify regions of interest in the schematic (see step 2, above).

(5) List/calculate properties.

-Indicate sources of data.

(6) Calculate
-Round numbers to something reasonable.

(7) Checks.
-always good to check calculations and revise assumption. -add some comment on the result to clarify.
ENS2259 Thermodynamics Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences
Significant Digits

Slide

21

Your calculations can

only be (at best) the same accuracy as the data give.

Do the rounding only at

the last step.

Table 1-26. Cengel, Y. A., Turner, R. H. & Cimbala, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ENS2259 Thermodynamics Edith Cowan University School of Engineering | Joondalup | Sem 2 | 2010
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