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Preference Logic

Pramod Parajuli
2011
Preference Logic Pramod Parajuli, 2011
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Preference Logic Pramod Parajuli, 2011
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Sorite's Paradox: C
0
~C
1
~C
2
~~C
997
~C
998
~C
999

Solution: use of Just Noticeable Dierence ( JND)

C
i
`C
j
i, u(C
i
)-u(C
j
) `
> 0
C
0
~C
1
~C
2
C
997
~C
998
~C
999

Preferences are states of mind whereas choices are actions.
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The problem domain
! Optimal solutions are dicult to obtain.
! Finding sub-optimal solutions
Relaxing the objective function or
Relaxing the constraints
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Agenda
! To explore preference logic
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Preference types
! Label preference, e.g. nite set and alternatives
! Object preferences, e.g. orange vs. apple
! Action-object preference, e.g. drinking tea or drinking coee
! Monadic preferences, e.g. good, bad
! and many other types: intrinsic, extrinsic, conditional
preferences etc.
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Preference operators
! Preference operator:
e.g. A`B
transitive, if A`B and B`C, then A`C
! Indierence: ~
e.g. A~B
reexive, if A~B, then B~A
! At least as good as:
e.g. AB
transitive, reexive
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Basic preference operator
! At least as good as:
AB
! Preference:
A`B i AB and (BA)
! Indierence: ~
A~B i AB and BA
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Choice
! Choice is revealed preference (action).
! Choice function
Let C be a choice function.
If C is applied for set of alternatives B then
for all BCA: C(B)CB,
if B, then C(B)
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A
B
Choice properties (social)
! property (Cherno)
If BCA then B1C(A) CC(B)

Problem: C({A,B,C}) = {A}
C({A,B}) = {B}
B =
! property
If BCA and X,YC(B), then XC(A) i YC(A)

Problem: One must be Australia champion to become world champion.
! ! - property (expansion)
C(A
1
)11C(A
n
) CC(A
1
A
n
)
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Choice properties (economic)
! Weak axiom of revealed preference (WARP)
If X,YA and XC(A), then for all B,
if XB, and YC(B), then XC(B)

Problem: oensive choices
! Strong axiom of revealed preference (SARP)
Recursive closure of WARP
In words: From a set of alternatives A
1
, if X is chosen while Y is available, and
if in some other sets alternatives A
2
, Y is chosen while Z is available, then there
can be no set of alternatives containing alternatives X and Z for which Z is
chosen but X is not.
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Monadic predicates
! Good: better than its negation
A ` A
! Bad: worse than its negation
A ` A
! Goodness
B. A ` B~B
! Badness
B. B~B ` A
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Preference metrics
! Completeness (incompleteness)
! Transitivity
! Order
A
i
`X
k
`A
j
or A
j
`X
k
`A
i
holds for each pair of labels (A
i
, A
j
), ij
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Constructing preferences from choice
ree dierent methods:
i. At least as good as
XY i for some B, XC(B) and YB
X`Y i XY and (YX)
XY i XY and YX
ii. At least as good as in a binary set
XY i XC({X,Y})
X`Y i XY and (YX)
XY i XY and YX
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Constructing preferences from choice
iii. Strictly preferred to
X`Y i for some B, XC(B) and Y[B\C(B)]
XY i (X`Y)
XY i XY and YX

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Learning preferences
! Lets consider an agent is able to choose among worlds
! Lets consider two propositions dene possible set of worlds:
p e agent mostly visits Bondi beach.
q e agent plays skate on the way.
Now, four possible set of worlds can be dened:

W
1
: p.q
W
2
: p.q
W
3
: p.q
W
4
: p. q
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Learning preferences
! Now, lets consider, through interaction with many agents, we
found probability and desirability of the possible set of worlds
World Probability Desirability
W
1
: p.q 1/6 -2
W
2
: p.q 2/6 1
W
3
: p.q 2/6 -1
W
4
: p. q 1/6 3

e value of a proposition can be evaluated as:
value = for all true occurrence/s of proposition, sum(probability desirability)
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Learning preferences
! value of p, #(p) =
! value of q, #(q) =
! Similarly, #(p) = , #(q) =
! Since #(p)>#(q) and #(q)>#(p), we conclude that pq.
e agent prefers going Bondi beach than playing skate.
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1
6
2
#
$
%
&
'
(+
2
6
1
#
$
%
&
'
( = 0
1
6
2
#
$
%
&
'
(+
2
6
1
#
$
%
&
'
( =
4
6
1
6
5
6
Implementation
! Implementation of preferences has been taken as relaxation in
optimization procedure ( Jayaraman & Govindrajan & Mantha,
1998).
! It is achieved through constraint relaxation.
Lets consider, we have a function shortest-path dened as;
shortest-path(X, Y, C, P) path(X, Y, C, P). path P with distance C from
X to Y.
shortest-path(X,Y,C
1
,P
1
) shortest-path(X,Y,C
2
,P
2
) C
1
< C
2
.
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Challenges
! Expressivity and completeness
! Transitivity
! Dierent world problem, preference change, temporal preferences
! Belief
! Commitments
! Privacy
! Criticisms (People do and should act as problem solvers, not maximizers, because
they have many dierent and incommensurable goals to achieve Steven G. Kranz)
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ank you for your kind attention.

uestions and suggestions are welcome.
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Bibliography
e primary source of the concepts presented here is the article Preferences in
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/preferences/
Accessed on August 12, 2011.

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Annex-1: constructing choice from preferences
ree cases:
i. e best choice connection
C
B
(B) = {X B | `Y B: (X`Y)}
ii. e non-dominance choice connection
C
L
(B) = {X B | `Y B: (Y`X)}
iii. e optimization choice connection
When cyclic preferences exist, A`B`C`A, C
B
(A,B,C) = C
L
(A,B,C) =
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Annex-1: constructing choice from preferences
iii. e optimization choice connection continued
Let S be the set of these sets. Now, B is in S i:
a) B r(A)
b) for all X,Y: if XA\B and YB then (X `Y)
c) for all FB there is a YF such that for some XA\F: X`Y
Now, the choice function is dened as the union of S:
C
O
(A) = S
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Annex-2: details of SARP
If
X
1
,X
2
, ..., X
n
A
1
,
X
2
, ..., X
n
A
2
, ...,
X
n-1
,X
n
A
n1
,
X
n
A
n
, and
X
1
C(A
1
), X
2
C(A
2
), ..., X
n
C(A
n
),
then,
for all B with X
1
,X
2
,...,X
n
B, if X
i
C(B), i{1,...,n},
then X
1
,X
2
,...,X
i1
C(B) (SARP)
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Annex-3: questions raised at the end
Any formal model for desirability?
How would we capture desirability? ualitative desirability?
How preferences would t in automated planning? How would the cost model
developed?
Can preferences contribute to risk-modeling and mitigation?
How can the machine-learning methods be used for capturing preferences?
How preference-based model diers from Bayesian decision making theory?
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