INTRODUCTION The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) was created vide Act No.

48 of 1999 of The Federal republic of Nigeria, to develop the Nigerian Airspace to a level of consistent with the requirements of ICAO Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPS). ICAO is charged with the responsibility of regulating and ensuring safe Air Navigation worldwide, in lieu of this, the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency is therefore propelled to provide Air Traffic Management to ensure a safe, efficient, and economic flight operations.

VISION The organization, NAMA has set a vision of making the Nigerian Airspace rank among the safest airspaces in the African Indian Ocean Region. OBJECTIVES Towards the actualization of vision, the Company has set the following objectives: - To continue to provide safe and functional air navigation services that will meet international standards. -To increase Air Traffic Control (ATC) capacities in order to manage the increasing air traffic volume and simultaneously reduce delays. -To enhance the service quality. -To reduce the cost for users.

FUNCTIONS OF AGENCY The agency is to: - Provide Air Traffic services in Nigeria, including air traffic control, visual and non-visual aids, aeronautical telecommunication services and electricity supplies relating thereto, to enable public transport, private businesses and military aircraft fly, as far as practicable and as safe as possible. -Obviate the need for civil aircraft to obtain special air

defense clearance. - Coordinate the implementation of Aeronautical, Search and Rescue Services. -Discharge the operational, technical and financial air traffic services commitments arising from Nigerias membership of international organizations and other air navigation service agencies. -Take necessary steps to prevent as far as possible penetration of controlled airspace by any aircraft civil or military, in co-ordination with the air traffic control unit concerned. -Charge for services provided by the agency. - Undertake systems engineering development and implementation for communication, navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management. - Generally, secure the safety, efficiency, and regularity of air navigation. - Ensure an effective co-ordination in the use of Nigerian Airspace in line with established standards and procedures.

OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE The organization is guided by the following principles: -Aircraft Operating agencies and flying public are our primary customers and must be given the highest quality services. -Aviation equipment manufacturers and other related rely on for our operational

agencies are those we equipment / services.

DIRECTORATE OF THE COMPANY

NAMA has three directorates namely: (1) Operations. (2) Electronics and Engineering Services. (3) Finance and Admin.

DIRECTORATE OF ELECTRONICS AND ENGINEERING SERVICES The Air Traffic Safety Electronics Services directorate of the Nigerian Air space Management Agency (NAMA), is one of the three directorates that constitute the agency. It is structured to incorporate the following departments: Satellite Communication (SATCOM) / Electronic Communication. Air Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS). Surveillance. Electro-Mechanical / Networking Layout.

FUNCTIONS OF EACH DEPARTMENTS ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATIONS: the primary function of the department is to provide, install, and maintain communication facilities that are employed in Air Traffic Management Services, and operates for improved and enhanced Air-Navigational safety. These include: (i) (ii) (iii) Very High Frequency (VHF) Air-to-Ground Radio Communication. High Frequency (HF) Voice and Data Network. Satellite Communication Network (AFISNET) supporting the following Services: - Aeronautical Fixed Telecom Network (AFTN) -ATS Direct Speech (ATS-DS) Network. - Remote Control Air-to-Ground (RGAG) Network.

(iv)

Telephone and Switching Systems.

SURVEILLANCE: the surveillance department is responsible for the provision of both the Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR), and the Monopoles Secondary Radar (MSSR) for the purpose of Radar Control of the Air-space. The Nigerian ATM Project aimed at providing coverage for the Nigerian Air-space in progress.

ELECTROMECHANICAL: The principal duties of the department are to provide, install, and Maintain Generating plants, Air conditioners, Refrigerators, Vehicles and Pneumatic / Hydraulic based equipment that will enhance Air Navigation Safety.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION (SATCOM) Satellite technology was invented to curb the set back suffered by the Air Traffic Services in Nigeria aviation which range from unreliability to poor quality service delivery. The ability of its signal being able to penetrate the ionosphere without bending or being reflected and not being affected by electrical noise or weather makes it more effective than the old technology. It has digital signals for data and voice communication. The Satellite presently in use by NAMA SATCOM is the INTELSAT 10-02 located at 359 E. It has both hemispherical and zonal coverage.

COMPONENTS SATCOM system has two major components which are: (1) The Ground Earth Station, and (2) The Aircraft Earth Station.

WHAT IS AN EARTH STATION? An Earth Station is the transmission and reception terminal of a telecommunication link via Satellite. It operates large dishes for communicating with Satellite. An Earth Station consists of the following main subsystems: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. The Antenna System The Receiver Amplifier ( Low-noise ) The Transmitter Amplifier ( Power ) The Telecommunication Equipment (Frequency converter and MODEMS ) The Multiplexing and De-multiplexing Equipment The Equipment for connection with the terrestrial network The Auxiliary Equipment The Power Supply Equipment ix. The General Infrastructures

DESCRIPTION OF NAMA EARTH STATION It is a standard BF2 Earth Station which operates in the C-band of INTEL SAT 10-02. It operates in 6 / 4GHz band-width with medium size antenna diameter. The Up-link Frequency is 6GHz.The transmission line use elliptical wave guide while reception lines use co-axial.

Modulation technique is PSK-SCPC-FDMA telephony and data. It also employs voice Voice activation for telephony. The sub-systems of SATCOM Earth Station are described below:

THE ANTENNA SYSTEM It is the most conspicuous and the most impressive sub-system of the Earth station. It is common to transmission and reception and it must have; i. High gain for transmission and reception, requiring reflectors which are large in relation to wave length and frequency. Low level of interference (for maximum transmission) and low level of sensitivity to interference (for reception), calling for radiation diagram with low levels outside the main lobes (small side lobes). Radiation with High Polarization Purity. For reception, low sensitivity to Thermal Noise due to ground radiation and various losses.

ii.

iii. iv.

The antenna consists of: i. Mechanical System which comprises of the; main reflector, pedestal, driving gear and the servo-system. The Primary Source comprising of the; illuminating horn, and non-radiating components like tracking coupler, polarizer, diplexers, etc. Receiver of automatic tracking device (Beacon receiver and ACU).

ii.

iii.

PARABOLIC ANTENNA

SHELTER

THE LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER The signals from the Satellite is usually weak hence, the Earth Station Antenna has to be connected to a highly sensitive receiver in order to be able to capture the weak signal from the Satellite. i.e. a receiver with low inherent thermal noise. It should be connected close to the antenna to minimize feed line losses or make it less critical. i.e. additional noise caused by losses

from the wave guide and are being reduced by connecting the LNA close to the Diplexer of the antenna field. It is wideband . i.e. a single amplifier simultaneously amplifies all the carrier emerging from the receivers port of the antenna diplexer The basic parameter that characterizes the sensitivity for reception is the ratio of the antenna gain (G) to the total noise temperature (T) ; G/T.

LOWNOISE AMPLIFIER

POWER AMPLIFIER (HPA/SSPA) As a result of the directivity of the antenna, the antenna has a substantial gain which typically allows the power required at the transmitter output to be One Watt (1 W) or less per telephone channel.

The two (2) main types of microwave tubes used in power amplifiers are ; a. Travelling wave tube (TWT) and b. Klystrons. The travelling wave tube is a wide band amplifier which covers the entire usable band amplifier which covers the entire usable band of the Satellite (500 MHz or more). It allows several carriers to be transmitted simultaneously with a single tube, irrespective of the repeaters and the frequencies allocated to these carriers. On the other hand, Klystrons are narrow instantaneous pass band tubes used to transmit only a small number of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) carriers. The Solid State Power Amplifiers (SSPA) are used in small low-capacity stations like NAMA network.

SOLID STATE POWER AMPLIFIER

TELECOMMUNICATION EQUIPMENTS A Telecommunication equipment is an equipment which modulates the very high frequency signals (base-band) for emission and extracts (demodulates) these Audio-frequency signals on reception. These equipments are the; Frequency converters and the Modulating / Demodulating Equipment (MODEM). FREQUENCY CONVERTERS a. UP CONVERTER (U/C) It converts intermediate frequency signals e.g. (IF 70Hz, 140Hz etc) from modulator to radio frequency signal (6GHz or 14GHz). The signals are then amplified by the SSPA before transmission to the antenna. b. DOWN CONVERTERS The change radio-frequency signals e.g. (4GHz or 11GHz) received by the antenna and pre-amplified by the Low Noise Amplifier, LNA into Intermediate Frequency (IF) signals. These signals are then translated to the base band in the demodulator.

MODULATING / DEMODULATING EQUIPMENT (MODEM) It super imposes audio-frequency signals on the intermediate frequency (modulators) or extracts them from the intermediate frequency (IF) carrier (demodulator). The base-band

frequency used here is 70GHz. The demodulator is to recover the AM of the base-band signal which is proportional to the instantaneous frequency deviation of the received carrier.

SIGNAL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT (TIM, CODER, DECODER) For digital transmission using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), signal processing equipment is required to: i. ii. Format the digital data. Synchronize on transmission and reception position of burst in the frame (on transmission) recovery of bursts (on reception) iii. Encode / Decode to modify the bit streams for transmission via satellite as in correction coding. iv. Improve transmission and make it more reliable.

MULTIPLEX / DEMULTIPLEX EQUIPMENT

This serves as an interface between Satellite transmission and connection to the terrestrial network. Its particular functions is the multiplexing / de multiplexing the service channels which are normally transmitted in the 4 12KHz sub-base band. The multiplex / de multiplex equipment may also perform the function of digital speech Interpolation (DSI). This function ensures that the in-active periods in both directions of a duplex telephone call may be profitably used to combine the bits from the telephone channels of the multiplex and thereby increase the capacity of the transmission channel.

THE MULTIPLEX / DEMULTIPLEX EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENTS FOR CONNCETION TO THE TERRESTRIAL NETWORK A switching system (SITTI) which forms a local distribution network is used to connect the Earth Station to the Terrestrial Network for Telephony. The equipment is made up of two (2) sections; the radio and the telephone switching section. The terrestrial locations include the Control Tower, ACC of Stations on ATS / DS and

remote location of radio (RCAG).

ADDITIONAL (AUXILLIARY) EQUIPMENTS They include: Supervisory and command equipment. Measuring instruments such as spectrum analyzer, Marconi digital analyzer, Power. Other test gears; Noise generator, Oscilloscope.

The Monitoring and Control Systems (MACS) are used for: monitoring alarm signals from the Station sub-systems, Controls, sometimes automatic for switching of spare part equipment, and analogue information for supervising the operation of the sub-systems and sometimes equipments for storing and / or recording the stations most important operating parameters.

POWER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT The two (2) main sources of power used here are : I .The main power supply with stand-by capacity. ii. The Un-interrupted Power Supply (UPS). An auxiliary low voltage (24V greater than 4V) D.C source is used to supply certain automatic equipment, radios and consoles.

THE SPECTRUM ANALYZER

INFORMATION TECH AUDIT LEGAL PUBLIC AFFAIRS QUALITY ASSURANCE PROP. & MAINTENANCE LOGISTICS PROTOCOL

MANAGING DIRECTOR

DIRECTORA TE OF ADMINISTRAT ION

DIRECTORATE OF FINANCE

DIRECTORATE OF AIR TRAFFIC SAFETY

DIRECTORATE OF AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

ADMINIS TRATIO N SUPPLIE S

FINANC E COMME RCIAL

ELECTRONI CS COMM NAVIGATIO N SURVEILLA NCE

ATC & STD.SEAR CH & RESCUE AIRSPACE PLANNING / TECHNICA L EVALUATI ON AERO OPERA

FIELD REGIONS SOUTHERN REGION NORTHERN REGION

NAMA ORGANOGRAM BACK GROUND OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF) The Industrial Training Fund was established in 1971, she has operated efficiently and fair starkly within the context of the establishing laws i.e. Decree 47 of 1971. The objectives of her establishment has been vigorously and efficaciously pursued. In almost four decades of establishment, the ITF has not only ignite training consciousness in the economy but has also assisted in generating a corps of skilled indigenous man power which has been making and managing various sectors of the Nations Economy.

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the bridge between two Seemingly parallel worlds: the four walls of a classroom and the world of work hence, the participation in SIWES has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree certificates in specific disciplines in most Higher Institutions of learning in this country, in accordance with the education policy.

OBJECTIVES OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND As part of its responsibilities, the Industrial Training Fund: 1. provides direct training, vocational, and apprentice training.

2. reimburses 100% levy paid by employers of labour registered with it and administers the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). 3. provides human resource development information and training technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their effort. 4. has its main thrust of establishment to be stimulation of human performance, improving productivity and induction of value added production in Industry and Commerce. 5. through its SIWES and Vocational and Apprentice Training program, it has built capacity for Graduates and Youth Selfemployment in context of all small scale industrialization in the economy. CONCLUSION / SUMMARY In my six months of Industrial Training at The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA), I have had a practical experience of the theories learnt in class and have been built on how to handle some technical problems when they arise. Though streinous and challenging, I have been made to realize that a Engineer must be able to face any challenge boldly for in it lies his strength. NAMA has not only built me to face engineering challenges but has also trained never to give up no matter the challenge as an up-coming Engineer, this was well proven in the participation I had in all the activities in the three departments under the directorate I was attached to. In conclusion, the importance of the Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) cannot be under estimated as it has been very helpful in exposing Students to the practical experiences of the theories learnt in class in their various Institutions of learning which makes the course of study more real, thereby preparing them for the outside world and also teaches them how to usefully contribute to the industry and the economy. Though enjoyable, I encountered some limitations such as being used like a Staff without any compensation, which however thought me that learning first, reward follows. I was also faced with dealing with arrogant staff and imposing ones too, all these helped in improving my human-relation ability an additional experience beside academics. With reference to the program, I can confidently walk into the employment world in pursuit of my future career.

RECOMMENDATION The meaningful contribution of SIWES to the society development and the building of man-power cannot be under rated as it has been contributing effectively to the educational sector of this country. Kudos to the initiators and the initiative of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

I recommend that the SIWES program should not be eradicated as it has been giving students the opportunity to have Industrial experience of the theories learnt in class thereby preparing them for the outside world and also giving them the real picture of their course of study. However, companies should have a more concrete plan for the training of the Industrial trainee as it is rampant that most instructors have to combine their normal job with the training of the students, having to concentrate on their job more than the trainee. Finally, the welfare of the students should be well considered as most organizations do not pay the students while those who manage to do so give peanuts. This has been left unattended to by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

5.0

SURVEILLANCE DEPARTMENT

Surveillance simply means monitoring a particular thing. In aviation, it is simply monitoring the air space. The Surveillance Department is responsible for the provision of both the Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) and the Monopulse Secondary Surveillance Radar (MSSR) for the purpose of the radar control of the airspace.

5.1

RADAR AND ITS FUNCTIONS

RADAR is the acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. It is simply using radio waves to detect and get the range of an object. In aviation, it is simply using radio waves to and get the range of an object in the air space. The radio waves are simply microwave signals. The ones used in NAMA have a speed of 15rev/min.

5.1.1 namely:

TYPES OF RADAR

As far as NAMA is concerned, there are two types of RADAR

THE PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR; this sends signals from the ground to hit the surface of the object in air; a metal surface in the case of an air plane. The sent signal is reflected from the object surface and the radar receives an echo called SKIN RETURN. Hence, it can be said that the Primary Surveillance Radar uses the echo principle. It covers 250 Nortical miles.

It is used as back up as the Skin return is very weak, and the radar is not intelligent since it does not supply adequate information about the object in air.

5.1.1.2 it consists of the

THE MONOPULSE SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (MSSR);

Transponder; a transmitter- responder which receives a signal from a ground station ( an interrogator ) and automatically transmits a reply. The transponder reply provides the airplanes ID, altitude, and other data. It has coverage of 250 Nortical miles as specified by ICAO. It works with the transponder in the aircraft. The transponder of the aircraft sends to and receives from the top section of a surveillance radar known as a beacon integrator. IMPORTANCE OF TRACON TO NAMA The design of the Total Radar Coverage of Nigeria (TRACON) has: i. ii. addressed the complete breakdown of Surveillance in NAMA. Ensured effective surveillance of the Nigerian airspace using six (6) en-route and four (4) terminal radar and ADS-B facilities.

LIMITATIONS OF RADAR The short-comings of RADAR are:

1. Weather which reduces its coverage. Although it is minimized when the signal travels elliptically but the effect is that the RADAR will not cover the required range. 2. It cannot transmit data and voice signals.

THE RADAR